BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES

CHAPTER 4
(THEORY)
2000 – 2021

Compiled by

Lubna Nadeem
M. Phil (Biotechnology)
Pakistan International School (English Section)
Riyadh, KSA
 [Chapter: 4 Biological Molecules]

2 (a) carbon + hydrogen + oxygen ; Ⓡ chemical symbols [1]

(b)(i) sweet potato ; Ⓡ potato unqual. [1]
(ii) peas; Ⓡ chick peas [1]
(c)(i) sweet potato; Ⓡ potato unqual. [1]
(ii) AWARD TWO MARKS FOR CORRECT ANSWER, WITH NO
CALCULATION MAX 1 WITH NO UNIT
MARK ANSWER BASED ON THAT GIVEN FOR (c)(i)
some working involving: 20.5 – 8.9 = 11.6 or 11.6 X 5
58g ; [2]
(d)(i) energy level would increase / AW;
potato gains fat/oil from frying;
fat/oil is an energy source / AW; max. 2
(ii) i. animal fats contain cholesterol;
ii. which can build up in arteries/arterioles;
Ⓐ ref. to atheroma/atherosclerosis/arteriosclerosis/hardening of arteries
Ⓐ ref. to fatty substances Ⓡ refs to fats
iii. to obesity/overweight;
iv. which can lead to heart disease or attack//strain on heart/ high blood pressure/joint
problems/diabetes; max. 2
(e)(i) 400g; Ⓡ with no unit [1]

(ii) cabbage/other names green vegetable;

citrus fruit/named citrus fruit;
blackcurrants;
tomatoes;
kiwi fruit; max. 1

(iii) ref. to skin covered with bruises/ulcers/ref. to broken skin/sores;

ref. to soft/bleeding + gums;
ref. to loss of teeth;
ref. to poor healing of wounds;
ref. to bleeding around connective tissue AW;
ref. to heart failure;
ref. to anaemia; max. 2
[Total : 14]
0610/3/O/N/03

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 [Chapter: 4 Biological Molecules]

[Total: 9]
0610/03/O/N/04

7 (a) (i) allows/assist peristalsis;

reduces constipation;
reduces risk of colon cancer; Any two - 1 mark each [2]
(ii) herbivore/primary consumer/2nd trophic level/decomposer; [1]
(iii) chemical; [1]
(iv) form cell walls; [1]
(b) calcium;
vitamin D;
phosphate;
fluoride; Any two - 1 mark each [2]
[Total: 7]
0610/02/M/J/05
3 (a)

(b) [amino acids]

broken down/deaminated;
formed into urea;
passed into/transported by blood/to be excreted/OWTTE; I – refs to kidney functions
[glucose]
changed to glycogen;
stored (in liver/muscles); R – stored as fat Any four – 1 mark each [4]
[Total: 9]
0610/02/M/J/08

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 [Chapter: 4 Biological Molecules]

5 (b) (i) muscle, growth / development / repair ; A ‘make / build up, muscle’ [1]
(ii) to build up, energy / glycogen, reserves / stores ;
muscle / liver, glycogen ;
converted to fat / stored as fat ; [2]
0610/31/O/N/08

2 (a)
1. weigh the nut / use known mass of nut ;
2. put 25 cm3 water into the (boiling) tube ;
3. (take) start temperature of water ;
4. set nut on fire ;
5. hold nut under boiling tube until it has stopped burning ;
6. reignite nut if it goes out / keep heating water until temperature stops rising ;
7. stir water ;
8. (take) final / maximum, temperature of water ; A record temperature rise
9. repeat with other masses of nut ; [max 5]
(b) award two marks if correct answer (2520) is given
if no answer or incorrect answer award one mark for correct working
if answer space blank check the table on page 4 of the script
25 × 24 × 4.2
2520 (J) ;; [max 2]
(c) (i) x-axis labelled ‘mass of nut / g’ ;
y-axis labelled ‘energy / J’ ;
point plotted in square 2500 – 2600 + line through points ;
ecf from (b) for plotted point, ecf if no value given in (b)
line must not extend beyond plotted points A lines between points, straight line of best fit [3]
(ii) as mass increases, energy increases ; A energy content directly proportional to mass of nut [1]
(d) (i) (3045 / 0.5 × 100 =) 609 000 / 6.09 × 105 ; [max 1]
(ii) heat / energy, lost to, air / surroundings ;
groundnut not completely burnt / AW ;
some energy lost when setting nut on fire ;
official procedure involves burning in oxygen ;
heat transfer to, needle / boiling tube (not to water) ; R ‘no repeats’ [max 2]
(e) nitrogen-containing compound absorbed from soil
nitrate / ammonium (ions) ;
dissolved in soil water ;
absorbed by root hairs ;
active transport / diffusion ;
nitrate / ammonium, used to make amino acids (in plant) ;
nitrogen fixation in legume
nitrogen-fixing bacteria / Rhizobium (in/on nodule) ;
bacteria in root nodules ;
convert nitrogen (N2) to, ammonia / amino acids ;
amino acids / AW, to legume (tissue) ; [max 5]
[Total:19]
0610/32/O/N/08
4 (a)

0610/02/O/N/09

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 [Chapter: 4 Biological Molecules]

6 (a)

0610/31/O/N/09

0610/21/M/J/11

0610/22/M/J/11

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 [Chapter: 4 Biological Molecules]

2 (c)

0610/31/M/J/11

0610/31/M/J/12

[Total: 5]
0610/22/O/N/12

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 [Chapter: 4 Biological Molecules]

3 (b)

0610/33/MJ/13

9 (b)

0610/21/O/N/13

5 (a) constipation;
starvation;
coronary heart disease / obesity; [3]
0610/23/O/N/13
2 (a)

0610/31/O/N/13

2 (a)

0610/33/O/N/13

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 [Chapter: 4 Biological Molecules]

5 (a) (i) carbohydrates;

fats;
proteins; max [2]
(ii) anaemia / reduced oxygen transport / symptoms of anaemia; [1]
(iii) Rickets / poor formation of bones or teeth; [1]
(b) (i) gender / sex;
age;
occupation / activity; max [2]
(ii) (idea of) requirement is less than intake / use of figures from bar chart / ORA;
excess will be converted to fat (for storage) / AW; [2]
(c) (i) (molecule) cannot be absorbed / too big / insoluble; max [1]
(ii) enzyme / amylase (in saliva);
converts starch to sugar / maltose / glucose; max [2]
(iii) provides protein / amino acids; [1] AVP e.g. iron
(iv) bread; pasta; corn; potatoes; maize; cassava; A any valid food with high starch content max [2]
(v) excessive weight gain / obesity; A skin blemishes
blockage of blood vessels / AW;
heart disease;
diabetes;
joint damage / AW; max [2]
[Total: 16]
0610/22/M/J/14
5 (c) 25;;
100 – (6 + 32 + 37) = 1mark if answer incorrect / not given [2]
(d) (i) protease;
amino acids; [2]
(ii) to reduce the size / make them smaller;
increase their solubility;
so they are able to diffuse through membranes; max [2]
[Total: 6]
0610/23/M/J/14

2 (c) add lime(stone) / calcium carbonate / CaCO3 / alkali, to, lakes / rivers / soils ;
use less fossil fuels ; ignore stop using fossil fuels
use low sulfur fuels ; A stop using sulfur fuels
desulfurisation of, coal / oil ;
flue gas desulfurisation / ‘use (wet) scrubbers’ / neutralise waste gases
with lime ;
catalytic converters / use electric cars ;
idea of international treaty for reducing emissions ; max [2]
0610/31/M/J/14
7 (e) obesity;
(which) leads to joint damage;
blockage of blood vessels / heart disease / CHD / atherosclerosis / cardiac arrest;
high blood pressure;
type 2 diabetes;
cancer;
AVP; [max 1]
0610/22/F/M/15

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 [Chapter: 4 Biological Molecules]

8 (c)

[6]
0610/21/M/J/15
5 (a) (i)

0610/32/O/N/15

6 (b) (i)

0610/42/F/M/16
9 (a) (i)

[3]
0610/31/M/J/16
4

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 [Chapter: 4 Biological Molecules]

[Total: 11]
0610/33/M/J/16
1 (a) protein to max 1
for growth / making new cells / repair / replacement (of
tissues) / making (named) tissue;
provides amino acids (for making protein);
lactose
(provides) energy / (glucose for) respiration;
calcium to max 1
(strengthening) bones / teeth;
needed for vitamin D to function;
blood clotting;
for muscle contraction;
for nerve impulse conduction; [3]
0610/42/O/N/16

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 [Chapter: 4 Biological Molecules]

2 (a)

[2]
0610/42/O/N/16

5 (a)

0610/43/O/N/16

0610/42/F/M/17

0610/32/M/J/17

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 [Chapter: 4 Biological Molecules]

1 (a) 1 (for) energy / energy source / respiration ;

2 storage / stored ; (fat or vitamins or energy)
3 insulation / reduce heat loss / maintains temperature / ref to myelin ;
4 protection (against mechanical damage) / cushions organs / shock absorber ;
5 AVP ; [3]
0610/41/M/J/17

0610/42/M/J/17

3
carbon ;
oxygen ;
nitrogen ;
carbohydrate ;
glycogen ;
starch ;
cellulose ; [7]
[Total: 7]
0610/32/O/N/18
1 (b) fatty acids ;
glycerol ; 2
(c) CHO;
N; 2
0610/32/M/J/19

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 [Chapter: 4 Biological Molecules]

[Total: 11]
0610/31/O/N/19
2 (d) carbon, hydrogen, oxygen ;
nitrogen ; 2
(e)

[4]
0610/33/O/N/19

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 [Chapter: 4 Biological Molecules]

2 (a) carbohydrates
cellulose ;
for cell walls ;
starch ;
for energy/respiration ;
to attract insects to flowers / nectar / fruits ;
amino acids
to make (named) proteins ;
for enzymes ;
for growth ;
AVP ; [4]
0610/41/O/N/19

3 (a) (i) any three from:

blue at time 0 indicates no glucose present ;
ensures that no glucose on outer surface of dialysis tubing / in water, as a result of an error ;
green / yellow / red, indicates presence of glucose ;
glucose, diffuses / moves, out of dialysis tubing / into water ;
(movement is) down the concentration gradient / high to low concentration ;
dialysis tubing is permeable to glucose ;
AVP ; 3
(ii) idea that (Benedict’s solution) changes colour quicker / gives more intense colour / AW ; 1
0610/41/M/J/20

6 (d) (i) carbon, hydrogen, oxygen ;

nitrogen ; [2]
0610/33/O/N/20

6 (a) (i) T ; 1
(ii) C and G ; 1
(b) 1 store of, genetic information / genetic make-up / genes / AW ;
2 DNA / genes / alleles / genetic information / base sequence, codes for / makes, (named) proteins ;
3 sequence of bases in DNA codes for sequence of, amino acids ;
4 transfer of information to daughter cells (during mitosis) ;
5 DNA copied as mRNA ;
6 AVP ; 2
0610/42/O/N/20

2 (a) (i) C, H, O [1]

(ii) N [1]
(c)

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 [Chapter: 4 Biological Molecules]

[5]
0610/32/M/J/21

9 (b) (i) (fats) insulation / protection / energy (store) ;

(carbohydrates) energy source / respiration ;
(proteins) growth / repair / enzymes ; 3
(ii) nitrogen ; 1
0610/33/M/J/21

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 [Chapter: 4 Biological Molecules]

1 (a) (i) water ; [1]

(ii)

[4]
0610/43/M/J/21

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