4.

Second-messenger systems play a role in mediating cellular

changes.
5. Changes in membrane channels are often correlated with learning
and memory.
6. Long-term memory requires new protein synthesis, whereas short-
term memory does not.

This chapter describes several types of neural and molecular

mechanisms implicated in learning and memory. The chapter first considers
some of the paradigms that have been used to study simple forms of
nonassociative and associative learning and provides an example of
mechanistic analyses that have been performed in a selected invertebrate
model system. The later sections of the chapter describe the mechanisms of
two phenomena, which are known as long-term potentiation (LTP) and
long-term depression (LTD). Both LTP and LTD occur in forebrain
structures, and LTP and LTD are thought to be mechanisms for memory
storage in the central nervous system.