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Group R Corrected - 014234
Group R Corrected - 014234
REALISM
Aristotle (384-322 BC), who is often considered its founder. In his works,
that the universe is real, and that matter, knowledge, and values exist
Philosophical realism
a stance towards other subject matters – is the view that a certain kind
i.e. that it exists even in the absence of any mind perceiving it or that
the past and future, other minds, and the self, though may also apply
truths, and thought itself. However, realism may also include various
reality entirely.
1. Plato
Plato's realism is often associated with his theory of Forms. In "The
realm of true reality. Plato believed that objects in the physical world are
2. Aristotle
Aristotle's realism is grounded in his concept of substance and essence.
3. Thomas Aquinas
Aquinas integrated Aristotelian metaphysics with Christian theology,
advocating for a realism that acknowledges both the natural world and
God as the ultimate ground of reality, while affirming the reality of the
4. René Descartes
Descartes' realism, often called Cartesian dualism, posits the existence of
two distinct substances: mind (res cogitans) and matter (res extensa). In
5. John Locke
Locke's realism is characterized by direct realism, which asserts that the
6. Immanuel Kant
Kant's realism is complex, blending elements of realism with
transcendental realism.
8. Bertrand Russell
Russell's critical realism emphasizes the distinction between appearance
TYPES OF REALISM
CLASSICAL REALISM
argues that humans are not inherently benevolent but instead they are
began to grow during this era. Classical realism during the inter-war
during the 1930s. After World War II, classical realism became more
During the 1960s and 70s classical realist theories declined in popularity
and became less prominent as structural realist (neorealist) theorists
states can engage in but does not determine state behavior. In contrast
to neorealism, classical realists do not hold that states' main goal is
Theoretical origins
Classical realist writers have drawn from the ideas of earlier political
Thucydides
interest and state power which motivate states and that idealistic
arguments disguise this. His writings have been a significant topic for
and his account of the conflict between Athens and Sparta. Rusten
Niccolo MMachiavelli
1527). His work diverged from the traditions of political theory during his
time. In his text the Prince he advocated for a separation of morals and
religious ideals. Machiavelli also argues that people should view things
as they are, not how they should be, and justified the use of power as a
relations field where his writings have been the source of liberal and
realist debate.
SCIENTIFIC REALISM
Wikipedia is the pseudo scientific belief that the human species can be
from the 1600s to the end of World War II, and was particularly
19th century through the early-20th century. Since the second half of
the 20th century, scientific racism has been discredited and criticized as
After the end of World War II, scientific racism in theory and action was
"The Race Question" (1950): "The biological fact of race and the myth of
recent years, it has taken a heavy toll in human lives, and caused untold
suffering." Since that time, developments in human evolutionary
of human
and race.
MAJOR CONTRIBUTORS TO SCIENTIFIC REALISM
François Bernier
and a few other physical traits. The article was published anonymously
Europe, and titled "New Division of the Earth by the Different Species or
1) The first race included populations from Europe, North Africa, the
3) the third race consisted of the east- and northeast Asians; and,
4) the fourth race were Sámi people. A product of French salon culture,
beyond physical traits, and he also accepted the role of climate and diet
humanity, but he did not establish a cultural hierarchy between the so-
placed white Europeans as the norm from which other 'races' deviated.
Robert Boyle
matter how diverse, came from the same source: Adam and Eve. He
white, and that whites could give birth to different coloured races.
Theories of Robert Hooke and Isaac Newton about color and light
via optical dispersion in physics were also extended by Robert Boyle into
mentioned that at his time, for "European Eyes," beauty was not
parts of the body, and good features in the face." Various members of
"disturbing" or "amusing.
CONTEMPORARY REALISM
art, where the object is to portray the "real" and not the "ideal".
country. Alex Colville who taught in the Fine Arts program at Mount
limited to) Jane Freilicher, Jane Wilson, Lois Dodd, Janet Fish, Catherine
Social studies and history curricula may focus on examining past events,
societal trends, and political systems to develop students' awareness of
are objectively true and based on empirical evidence. Here, are the
methods of teaching as postulated by realism, drawing from
reasoning.
further understanding.
4. Teacher-Centered Instruction: Realism often involves a teacher-
and the objective nature of reality. Realism posits that knowledge exists
and experimentation.
Implementing realism in Nigeria's education system involve:
critical thinking skills and their ability to analyze and interpret empirical
evidence.
fostering innovation.
experiments.
REFERENCE
Norton, Heather L.; Quillen, Ellen E.; Bigham, Abigail W.; Pearson,
Laurel N.; Duns worth, Holly (July 9, 2019). "Human races are not like
03-29.