Introduction to Electrical Engineering

EE-153
Fall 2023
Lab Report Obtained
Marks
Total Marks

Lab Engineer Signature &

Comments
Section & Group

Student Name
1. Misbah Rafique
2. Manahil Munir
3. Hussain Maqbool
4. Hanan Arif
5. Muhammad Umer

Section:A Group:2
Experiment No: 08 Date of Submission:05-12-23

Experiment Title: Experimental Study of Diode

Characteristics

Batch: Teacher:
BSME 21-25 Engr. Noman Khan

Semester Lab Engineer:

5th Engr. Muhammad Waqas Arshad
Engr. Muhammad Nouman Rasool

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Table of Contents
1. Objectives ..................................................................................................................... 1
2. Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1
3. Apparatus ...................................................................................................................... 2
4. Procedure ...................................................................................................................... 2
5. Results........................................................................................................................... 5
6. Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 5

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List of Tables
Table 1: Measurements and observations ............................................................................. 4

List of Figures
Figure 1: Diode Symbol Figure 2: Basic
circuit using diode ................................................................................................................ 1
Figure 3: Circuit ................................................................................................................... 2
Figure 4: color code ............................................................................................................. 2
Figure 5: VA reading on multi-meter ................................................................................... 3
Figure 6: VR2 voltage across R2 .......................................................................................... 3
Figure 7: current and voltage across diode theoretically ....................................................... 4
Figure 8: ID2 and VD comparison ....................................................................................... 5

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1. Objectives
Following are the reasons and objectives of performing this experiment.
 Gaining a thorough understanding of the fundamental traits and actions of diodes,
including how they operate in forward and reverse bias.
 Verifying Diode Equations: To verify theoretical ideas, compare experimental findings
with the diode behavior-describing theoretical equations (e.g., Shockley diode equation).

2. Introduction
A tiny piece of semiconductor material, typically silicon, is used to create a diode. Half of the
material is doped as a “p” region and the other half as “n” region, with a depletion region and
p-n junction in between. The p region is linked to a conductive terminal and is referred to as
the anode. The area that is linked to a second conductive terminal is referred to as the cathode.
Diodes are connected in a circuit in two ways:
1. Forward Biased: The state of forward bias permits current to flow through the PN
junction. Two main requirements for a forward biased diode is that positive terminal of
the source should be connected to p region and negative terminal of the source with n
region of diode. The bias voltage or V (BIAS), needs to be higher than the barrier potential
as a second prerequisite.
2. Reverse Biased: The condition that essentially stops current from flowing through the
diode is called reverse bias. In this state, negative terminal of V (BIAS) is connected to p
region of diode and positive terminal of source is connected to n region of diode. It’s
depletion region is much wider as compare to that one of forward bias.
Uses of Diodes: some common uses of diodes are listed below:
 Rectifiers
 Clamping and clipper circuits
 Voltage multipliers
 Protection circuits
 In logic gates
 Fly-back circuits
Symbol and Basic Diagram:

Figure 1: Diode Symbol Figure 2: Basic circuit using diode

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3. Apparatus
 2 resistors of 1kΩ
 2 diodes (IN4007)
 DMM
 Oscilloscope

4. Procedure
1. Establish the circuit as Figure below instructs. Also find the resistance by color code which
comes out to be 1kΩ and by DMM that gives it to be 0.983kΩ.

Figure 3: Circuit

Figure 4: color code

2. When choosing the multi-meter's Ohms Scale, check the meter reading.

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3. Based on that reading, the diode is either forward biased or reverse biased. The meter's
reading will indicate that the diode is conducting if you flip the probes.
4. Connect the circuit and set the VA to +2.12V VDC, as shown in Figure below.

Figure 5: VA reading on multi-meter

5. Now find voltage across R1 and R2, which are as following: VR1= 0; VR2=1.49V.

Figure 6: VR2 voltage across R2

6. Current through Diode 2 (lower one) is forward biased.

7. Connect the circuit and adjust VA to -2.12V VDC, you will observe that now Diode 1 will
be forward biased and VR1= 1.49V, and through VR2= 0V.
8. Do the same procedure at different voltages and note the values in table.

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Table 1: Measurements and observations

VA VR2 ID2 VD2 VR1 ID1 ID2=VR2/R2 VD=VA-

(mA) VR2
(V) (V) (mA) (V) (V) (mA) (V)
+15.74 15 14.34 0.74 0 0 15.2 0.74
+12.5 11.84 11.21 0.66 0 0 12.04 0.66
+10.16 9.44 8.9 0.72 0 0 9.6 0.72
+7.31 6.61 6.19 0.7 0 0 6.7 0.7
+5.02 4.36 4.10 0.66 0 0 4.4 0.66
+2.12 1.49 1.39 0.631 0 0 1.5 0.631
0.626 0.09 0.09 0.536 0 0 0.09 0.536
0.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-12.5 0 0 0 11.84 11.21 0 -12.5
-15.74 0 0 0 15 14.34 0 -15.74
9. When choosing your multi-meter's Ohms Scale, make sure to check the meter reading.
10. Use ohms law for finding IR2=VR2/R2.
11. To verify the measured results, compute the last few columns of the above table.
12. Plot the calculated values for VD and ID2 on the same graph.

Figure 7: current and voltage across diode theoretically

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Figure 8: ID2 and VD comparison

5. Results
We were observing the ease of current flow during forward and reverse biasing of diodes. In
the setup, D1 and D2 are both are connected in parallel with each other and has resistors in
series with each. Resistors are of 1kΩ values. Voltages range provided by the source is from
+15.74 to -15.74Volts. In positive voltages D2 was forward biased and D1 was reverse biased,
whereas D2 was reversed in negative applied voltages and D1 was forward biased. Readings
required were taken and then results were plotted at the end. Some deviations exists measured
and theoretical current ID2, and for VD2 whose value on theoretical basis is always
considered to be 0.7V. Reason behind these types of deviations is internal resistance of diode
and also resistance in other electrical components of circuit, environmental factors can also
have some effect in such deviations but careful and proper work and working conditions can
lead to more appropriate results. But results are much satisfying after taking in account of
tolerance for such kind of circuits.

6. Conclusion
We could learn more about the behavior of the diode and its requirements for operation by
measuring variables like voltage and current. Verify the meter reading when choosing the
multi-meter's Ohms Scale. This study expands on our fundamental understanding of how to
utilize diodes to their fullest potential in a range of electronic applications, emphasizing their
vital role in communication processing, amplification, and the general significance of
rectification techniques in power supplies. The results we want in start of this analysis and

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what we gain at the end are very closely related and expected ones. If there is any deviation,
that might be possible due any instrumental error, human error or may be due to internal
resistances of the electrical instruments. Careful work always reduce error.

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Department of Mechanical Engineering

Pakistan Institute of Engineering and
Applied Sciences (PIEAS)
Experiment Risk and Safety Proforma

Lab: Date:

Equipment code: Equipment Name:

1. Was the experiment safe to perform? ☐ Yes ☐ No
2. Were the working conditions appropriate for the experiment? ☐ Yes ☐
No Comment (No):

3. Please mention the risks and their severity associated with the experiment performed:
a. Fire/Burn Hazard: ☐ Applicable ☐ Not Applicable
 Severity: ☐ Low ☐ Moderate ☐ High
 Likelihood: ☐ Low ☐ Moderate ☐ High
b. Electrical Hazard: ☐ Applicable ☐ Not Applicable
 Severity: ☐ Low ☐ Moderate ☐ High
 Likelihood: ☐ Low ☐ Moderate ☐ High
c. Sharp edges / falling items hazard:☐ Applicable ☐ Not Applicable
 Severity: ☐ Low ☐ Moderate ☐ High
 Likelihood: ☐ Low ☐ Moderate ☐ High
d. Slippage hazard: ☐ Applicable ☐ Not Applicable
 Severity: ☐ Low ☐ Moderate ☐ High
 Likelihood: ☐ Low ☐ Moderate ☐ High
e. Any other risk:
 Severity: ☐ Low ☐ Moderate ☐ High
 Likelihood: ☐ Low ☐ Moderate ☐ High

Student Name and Signature:

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