Reviewer for English 101 Silent Reading

I. intensive
Language- is the ability to produce and comprehend a. Linguistic
spoken and written words. b. Context

Macro Skills- refers to the primary, key, main, and ii. extensive
largest skill set relative to particular context. It is a. Skimming
commonly referred to in English language. b. Scanning
C. Global
THE FIVE MACRO SKILLS IN
COMMUNICATION Writing
- entails control of language variables since it is an
1. Listening extremely complex cognitive activity.
- A perquisite to understanding. - Writing is also a process in which person can share his
- A skill of grasping and decoding during the exchange thoughts and feelings through symbols.
of messages.
- Listening is the beginning of understanding and Steps for writing
valuable key to effective communication. Decide the topic
- research and collect information - outline and plan -
10 tips to effective listening: start writing by a simple draft - (back to) decide a topic
Step 1- look at the speaker in the face an eye.
Step 2- focus and give attention but relax. Viewing Skills
Step 3- be open minded - allow students to pause and reflect and think about the
Step 4 - listen and pictures what the speaker is saying images they are seeing and analyze or evaluate further
Step 5- don't speak while the person is talking. these visuals for better use.
Step 6- when the speaker pauses, you can may ask
clarifying questions. Types of Viewing
Step 7- ask relevant questions Visual Literary
Step 8- put yourself in the speaker's place - skill to decipher the meaning for visuals.
Step 9- give feedback - Ability to create visuals to convey effectively the ideas
Step 10- focus as well to nonverbal cues. in mind.

2. Speaking Critical Viewing

- the ability to makes us superior to other species. - skill to understand and evaluate information from
- It is a complex cognitive and linguistic skill that visuals.
involves words and sounds.
- Ability to analyze the composition of the pictures.
Functions of speaking
 Interaction First Language vs. Second Language
 Transaction
 Performance First Language
- the first language is the mother tongue or native
3. Reading language.
- a multifaceted process involving word recognition, -the first language is like an instinct which is triggered
comprehension, fluency and motivation. by birth and developed with the experience of being
- The process of analyzing symbols for you to exposed to it.
understand the message conveyed by the sender. -normal and does not need to exert an effort to learn the
- Reading is meaning from print - identify the word in first language.
print - a process called world recognitions. -natural form of learning- learning acquisition-primary
environment.
2 Category of Reading
Oral Reading Second Language
- reading a loud - second language is a language that a person learns in
- A technique to improve readers word identification in order to communicate with the native speaker of that
context language.
-a second language is a personal choice of a person.
-there's a step-by-step process in learning the second
language
Learning- 2nd language
Acquisition- knowledge/conscious
Macro and Micro Linguistic Studies
Micro Linguistics
 looks at linguistics with a narrower view
 The focus is more on the structures of the
language system in itself and for itself.
Phonetics- a branch of linguistics that focuses on the
sounds. In particular, it looks into how the sounds be
articulated, transmitted and received.
Phonology- the study of the functions of speech sounds
in a language. Focused is on the ways of speech sounds
are organized.
Morphology- the study of construction and formation of
the words.
Syntax- the study of relationship between linguistic
forms, and how they are arranged in sequences and
which sequences are well-formed.
Semantics- the study of the relationships between
linguistic forms and entities in the world, it focuses on
the meaning of a sentences.
- The study of conceptual meaning of words and
sentences.
Pragmatics- the study of relationships between
linguistics forms and the users of those forms.
- The study of meaning in a context - beyond what its
literally means.
Macro Linguistics
Psycholinguistics- the study of language and mind; the
mental structures and processes, which are involved in
the acquisition, comprehension and production of
language.
Sociolinguistics- studies the relations between
language and society: how social factors influence the
use of language.
Neurolinguistics - the study of language processing and
language representation in the brain. Typically studies
the disturbances of language comprehension and
production caused by the damage of certain areas of the
brain.
Discourse Analysis- the study of how stretches of the
languages used in communication assume meaning,
purpose and unity for their users.
Computational Linguistics- the application of
linguistics theories and computational techniques to
problems of natural language processing.
Applied Linguistics- the field that looks at how can
linguistics help understand real life problems in areas
such as psychology, sociology, and education.
PLURALITY OF ENGLISH WORLD ENGLISH
VS. WORLD ENGLISHES
WORLD ENGLISH- the language used in business,
unite and diplomacy and other international activities.
WORLD ENGLISHES- refers to the varieties of
English from the different regions of the world.
Globalization considered as an important factor in the
spread of English (schneider, 2011) Additionally, quirk
(1998, cited in Kachru 1990) states that because of
demographical. Economic, cultural, and imperial factors
- language spreads.
Nativization Continuum of World Englishes (NCWs)
Diffusion- English spread as a result of colonization,
globalization o by any other means.
Induction- English is officially accepted as a language
used for education, trade, communication, so on.
Customization- LI and other local language start to
reshape English slowly by giving it a local touch.
Indigenous words form and structure get incorporated
into English.
Native Recognition- People start to use English
unconsciously without associating with its parents’
varieties.
Kachru's Concentric Circle- (1985) Kachru proposes
this concentric circle to illustrate the spread of English
all over the world.
1. Inner Circle (ENL) countries of English colonizer the
parent
2. Outer Circle (ESL) territories colonized by the
parents’ countries of English
3. Expanding Circle (EFL) - foreign language
encompasses countries where English has no historical
or government roles.
 The power of English
1986- Kachru established the authority of the English
language by looking into its "depth" and "range"
Range- refers to the totality of functions which it has
acquired as it spread around the globe.
Depths- refers to the amount of societal penetration it
has achieved.
6 types of power of English
Demographical & numerical- unprecedented spread
across cultures and languages; on practically even
continent.
Functional- provides access to the most important
scientific, technological and cross-cultural domains of
knowledge and interaction.
Attitudinal- symbolizes certainly to a large group across
cultures one or more of the following; neutrality,
liberalism, status and progressivism.
Accessibility- provide international accessibility in the
outer circle and international mobility across regions.
Pluricentricity- resulted in the nativization and
acculturation of the language.
Material- a tool for mobility, economic gains, & societal
status.
PHILIPPINE ENGLISH
Philippine English- Philippine culture is a complex
colorful mosaic combining indigenous. Asian features
with varied western influences.
American Colonial Period- Arrival of American
educators and missionaries, English began to gain
prominence alongside. Spanish English was initially
used primarily by the American ruling class but
gradually spread to other sectors of society.
- English was promoted as the language of governance
education and business.
Late 20th Century to Present- the late 20th century
saw increased globalization and technological
advancement which further influenced the evolution of
Philippine English.
Philippine English Variations
Standard Philippine English- this follows standard
English grammar vocabulary & convention but may
incorporate some Filipino linguistic Features and 12
expressions.
Tagish- a hybrid that combines Tagalog and English
involving code-switching between the two languages
within the same sentence.
Biglish/Bigalog- a variation spoken in areas where
Bisaya is widely spoken, incorporating Bisaya
vocabulary, grammar, pronunciation elements into
English speech.
Filipinisms- linguistics features unique to Philippine
English including loanwords, calques, & grammatical
constructions borrowed from Filipino languages.
MULTILINGUALISM
Multilingualism- a word we use when someone can
speak several languages or when several languages are
spoken in one community.
- If a person can communicate effectively, be it writing,
speaking or even singing, he/she is considered
multilingual or polyglot.
- Mastered the languages
- A multilingual can also listen or read passively and
understand the messages in different language
Bilingual- can communicate proficiently in 2 languages.
Multilingual- can communicate effectively in using two
or more languages.
Polyglots- a person with high proficiency in using
different languages.
2 types of Multilingual
Maximal Multilingual- speakers who are equally
proficient in two or more languages.
Minimal Multilingual- Speakers who can successfully
cut across their message even if they are not fluent in the
second or third language.
Causes of Multilingualism
Globalization- cultural exchanges are the usual causes
of multilingualism specially that technology has helped
shape and aid in the access of information and the flow
of ideas.
Colonialism- colonizers live with their territories, the
native in their colony have to accommodate and lear the
colonizer language.
Migration of People- Due to the advancement of
technology and support system, it has become asy for
people to move and live to one place to another.
Intermarriages- when a couple live together, they are
forced to teach each other with their languages causing
one to learn and be proficient.
 Benefits of being Multilingual

More Job Opportunities- the ability to communicate

with people in more than one language could help in
acquiring gainful employment.

Improved Intellect- exposing yourself to foreign

languages the way you look at the world and create
comprehensive avenues.

Increased understanding of language- learning other

language can help you gain better understanding.

International travel benefits- learning languages can

make all aspects of travel easier, from getting through
customs to finding your way around foreign locales.