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M y
N u r s e r y
F i s r t
R h my e s
b o o k
1
H u m p t y D u m p t y
2
Twinkle,,
Twinkle Twinkle,,
Twinkle
Little Star
3
This Little Pig
Went To Market
went to market.
This little pig
stayed home.
4
This little pig
had none.
“Wee-wee-wee,”
5
Pat-a-Cake,
Pat--a-Cake
Pat
e,a-Pkpct
bsm
ak’eran.
Bem
akeakc
tusaaoun.cyfjs
,tl ipRolat
”htandBm
.tawi“kair
ntAhendeotipvu
orbfandyme!
6
Oh Where Has
Oh Where,
MyLittleDogGone
Ohwhere,ohwherehasmyteil doggone?
Ohwhere,ohwherecanhebe?
Withhisearscutshortandhistacutli ol ng,
ohwhere,ohwherecanhebe?
7
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BURNING OF THE FRIGATE PHILADELPHIA IN THE HARBOR OF TRIPOLI BY
STEPHEN DECATUR.
Among the exploits of our sailors there is one which for daring is
almost unparalleled in the history of naval warfare. It was a
desperate undertaking, and had the enterprise failed those who
undertook it would probably have been laughed at as foolhardy, but
its success justified the daring of the little band of heroes and
brought not only fame, but reward to all concerned.
The story of the Barbary pirates and their former control of the
Mediterranean is too well known to need repeating. Such was once
the power of the petty states which bordered the southern shore of
the Mediterranean that they levied blackmail on every maritime
nation of the world. No ship entered or left the Mediterranean without
paying tribute to the Moors. The Deys of Algiers, of Tunis, of Tripoli,
became immensely wealthy through the contributions they levied on
Christian vessels and the tributes paid by Christian States for
immunity from piracy. The United States was one of the nations
which officially helped to fill the coffers of these barbarian chieftains,
but even the tribute which was paid did not secure immunity, and in
the early years of this century it was perceived that something must
be done by the government to protect United States commerce in
that quarter of the world. Then came the war with the Algerian
States, a conflict entirely on the sea, for the distance, of course, was
too great for an army to be sent from this country, and the war
practically amounted to a blockade of the ports and the capture of
such corsairs as attempted to enter or leave.
In the autumn of 1803, the Philadelphia, a frigate of thirty-six guns,
in those days a man-of-war of the first class, was blockading the
harbor of Tripoli. A storm came on, the ship was driven to sea, and
on returning after the wind had lulled noticed a brigantine
endeavoring to steal into the port. The Philadelphia gave chase and
pursued the corsair close into the shore and within three miles of the
guns of the forts. Capt. Bainbridge, of the Philadelphia, expressed
his uneasiness at running so close to the shore, but the sailing-
master professed an intimate acquaintance with the neighborhood,
having been there before, and the pursuit was continued. Bainbridge
did not know that he was among reefs, but without a moment’s
notice the ship grounded with such violence that many of the men
were thrown down on the deck. As soon as the corsairs perceived
that the ship was fast they sallied out from Tripoli to attack the
vessel, and during the day of October 31 the fight was kept up while
ineffectual efforts were being made to get off the ship by cutting
away the foremast and throwing overboard all the forward guns, but
toward evening Bainbridge, recognizing the inevitable, and fearing
lest when night came on the ship might be boarded and all on board
massacred by the pirates, he scuttled the ship and surrendered the
vessel.
The pirates swarmed on board, ordered the prisoners, 315 in
number, including twenty-one officers, into their boats and took them
to shore. Day, the American poet, who was one of the crew, thus
describes an experience as the captive of the Moors: “When we
approached the shore, we were thrown headlong into the waves,
foaming from a high breeze, where the water was up to our arm-pits,
and left to strangle, or get ashore as we could. At the beach stood a
row of armed janizaries, through which we passed, amidst cursings
and spittings, to the castle gate. It opened and we ascended a
narrow, winding, dismal passage, which led into a paved avenue
lined with grizzly guards, armed with sabres, muskets, pistols, and
hatchets. Here we halted again a few moments, and were again
hurried on through various turnings and flights of stairs, until we
found ourselves in the presence of his majesty, the puissant Bashaw
of Tripoli.
“The throne on which he was seated was raised about 4 feet from
the surface, inlaid with mosaic, covered with a cushion of the richest
velvet, fringed with gold, bespangled with brilliants. The floor of the
hall was of variegated marble, spread with carpets of the most
beautiful kind. The person of the Grand Bashaw made a very tawdry
appearance. His clothing was a long robe of blue silk, embroidered
with gold. His broad belt, ornamented with diamonds, held two gold-
mounted pistols and a sabre with a golden scabbard, hilt and chains.
On his head he wore a large white turban, decorated in the richest
manner. His whole vestments were superb in the extreme. His dark
beard swept his breast. I should suppose him to be about 40, is
rather corpulent, 5 feet 10 inches in height, and of a manly, majestic
deportment.
“When he had satisfied his pride and curiosity, the guard
conducted us into a dreary and filthy apartment of the castle, where
there was scarcely room for us to turn round and where we were
kept for nearly two hours, shivering in our wet clothes and with the
chills of a very damp night. The Neapolitan slaves, of whom the
Bashaw had more than 150, brought us dry clothing to exchange for
our wet, and we sincerely thanked them for their apparent kindness,
expecting to receive ours again when dry; but the trickish scoundrels
never returned our clothes nor made us any restitution. Our clothing
was new, and what they brought us in exchange was old and
ragged.”
Two days after the ship had grounded the Moors got her off,
recovered most of her guns and brought her into the harbor of
Tripoli, where she formed a substantial addition to the Bashaw’s
fleet. While in captivity Bainbridge found means to communicate
through the Danish Consul in Tripoli with the Americans, and wrote a
letter to Capt. Edward Preble, of the Constitution, then in the
Mediterranean, describing the position of the Philadelphia in the
harbor and suggesting that an expedition be sent to destroy her.
Stephen Decatur was then a young Lieutenant, in command of the
sloop Enterprise. A few days after the letter from Bainbridge was
received he had captured, south of Sicily, a ketch named the
Mastico, filled with female negro slaves, and brought his prize into
Syracuse, where the slaves were liberated and the property on
board was sold for the benefit of the crew. As soon as Decatur heard
of Bainbridge’s suggestion he was eager to undertake the task in his
own ship, the Enterprise. But his proposal was rejected by Preble,
who believed the Mastico better suited for the task, and ordered that
she be employed. “Volunteers for an unusually dangerous service”
were called for, and sixty-two responded, the number being
subsequently increased to sixty-nine, and among them, besides
Decatur himself, then a mere boy of 24, were two other boys
destined to play an important part in naval affairs. One was James
Lawrence, a midshipman of 16 years, the other Thomas
McDonough, of 20.
THE CLERMONT—FULTON’S FIRST STEAMBOAT—1807.
FIGHT WITH ALGERINE PIRATES.
ince the last of the naval battles recorded in preceding chapters was fought, the
advance in ships, engines, and guns has been such that warships of the past are
considered obsolete; while the introduction of smokeless powder and projectiles
containing heavy charges of dynamite or gun-cotton has increased the efficacy of
modern ordnance.
The use of armor for ships is so recent, only dating from the time of our civil war,
that modern war-ships have been little in action. In fact the war between England and
the United States, in 1812-15, was the last important naval war previous to the
introduction of steam. The revolution in naval tactics caused by steam was very great,
but our civil war afforded little experience in fleet actions, the important naval affairs
being for the most part attacks of fleets upon land fortifications. The only fairly well-
matched, stand-up fight of that war between vessels was that of the Kearsarge and
Alabama.
Steel has come into use for the hulls of vessels—and the invention, by our own
citizens, of nickel-steel, and of the Harvey process for plates, has caused a revolution
in the application of defensive armor.
We may instance the armor for the battle-ship Maine, which vessel carried on her sides alone four
hundred and seventy-five tons of metal—Harveyized nickel steel. The plate which was tried at the Naval
Proving Ground, at Indian Head, on the Potomac, and upon the proof of which depended the receiving
of the whole quantity from the contracting company, was thirteen feet seven inches long, seven feet
wide, and twelve inches in thickness at the top, tapering to six inches. These measurements may give
some idea of the tremendous power of the implements employed in forging and tempering such a mass
of metal.
It successfully resisted four shots from an eight-inch rifled gun, firing, at only a few yards’ distance, the
best armor-piercing shot, breaking the latter to fragments. Then a ten-inch gun was tried upon the same
plate. Again the shot was broken up, and the plate, already hit four times before, was cracked, but
remained still capable of affording perfect protection. It is not at all probable that any one plate would be
hit five times in the course of an action—and so this armor is considered as near perfection as it is
possible for metallurgists to come, in the present state of knowledge. The Maine and Texas, and the
battle-ships of the Iowa class, as well as the great monitors, Puritan and Monadnock, all of which
vessels are of the latest construction, have these plates, thereby saving much weight, and allowing of
additional armor protection to the upper works. The heavy armor extends from one barbette to the other,
in the Iowa being about 180 feet, and from four and a half feet below the water line to three feet above
it. At the level of the belt is a curving steel deck, three inches thick, to deflect plunging shot; while the
mass of coal is so arranged in the bunkers as to protect the boilers and machinery.
The Iowa carries four 12-inch rifles, mounted in pairs in two turrets, eight 8-inch rifles, also mounted in
pairs in turrets, six rapid-fire 4-inch rifles, and an ample secondary battery of twenty 6-pounder and six
1-pounder rapid-fire guns, and two gatlings—all high powered breech-loading guns of the best American
manufacture.
In the last few years there have also been great changes and improvements in different forms of
explosives, the development of torpedo boats and torpedo-catchers, and modes of defence against
such attacks. Almost all the large vessels have double bottoms, divided in many separate cells like
honeycombs—and packed with a preparation of cocoa-nut fibre, which swells when in contact with
water, thus effectually stopping shot holes. There are also many transverse bulkheads, making many
compartments of the vessel’s hull; while the engines are so cut off by them that one is independent of
any injury to the other. There are also many small engines, for various purposes, and electric light
makes the deepest part of the interior of the great ship’s hull as plain as the upper deck, in full sunlight.
Lastly, the great increase in speed and power of engines tend to make the war-ship a very different thing
from what she was at the time spoken of in the previous chapter.
There are, of course, limitations to the range and efficiency of the new Navy, owing to the necessity of
replenishing supplies of fuel,—a most difficult and extremely costly process in many parts of the world.
Such modern cruisers as the Columbia carry, to be sure, an immense quantity of coal—and there are
others, such as the New York and the Olympia, which not only possess great speed, but also carry more
fuel than most vessels of their class. They need to do so, for our coaling stations abroad are very few.
Some nations, especially the Italians, who have a very formidable navy, and one far above their
means, have experimented extensively with petroleum, in its crude form, as a fuel, and, it is stated, with
a certain degree of success. But this for the most part is a consideration for those nations which have no
mines of coal under their own control, and we must remember that, in time of war, the supply of
petroleum might be cut off even more effectually than that of coal. But to return:—The use of steel for
the hulls of vessels, the armor, protective decks, and other purposes of construction, has greatly
multiplied the strength of those parts, while it has made the whole much lighter, so that the same
expenditure of steam will carry the structure much farther and much faster. We have already stated that
nickel-steel is able to resist very effectually the most modern projectiles from the latest guns. When, a
few years ago, such qualities were claimed for it by us, the English experts in such matters rather
sneered at the idea, and said that more extensive trials should be had before they could believe in its
value. The experiments were so triumphantly successful that not only was all opposition withdrawn, but
the object then was to get hold of the process as soon as possible. Nickel-steel is what may be called a
great fact, and subsequent discoveries in metallurgy will never destroy its value for certain purposes.
The Harvey process was another thing upon which the Europeans looked with great doubt until the
perfect success of armor made in that way, in trials against very powerful guns at short range, opened
their eyes. This process consists in the hardening of the outside surface of a thick plate to a certain
depth, leaving the back part of the plate with the toughness of the untempered metal, so that the shot
which strikes it has to encounter obstacles of two kinds—the hardness which breaks it up, and the
toughness which prevents serious entry.
As it is, the contest between gun and armor is continually going on. When armor is found which
resists very powerful guns and the newest explosive, a more powerful gun is built, which makes another
increase in armor necessary. At the present time there is no predicting how long this contest may go on,
for the improvements in guns and armor keep equal pace.
New explosives have the same story to tell. They vary in name and in effect, but most of them are
based upon the same chemical principles. Some keep better than others, and are thus best suited for
preservation in the magazines of ships, where, especially in case of faulty construction, or of prolonged
stay in hot climates, the delicate chemical combination of which the modern explosive consists is very
much more likely to undergo change than the old-fashioned “black power”—especially when the latter
was well made.
There is, therefore, constant experimenting, and constant change in opinion in regard to explosives.
Torpedoes are another source of trouble to experts in naval warfare; the fact being that they have
never been sufficiently tried in actual service to settle completely their respective values. Of the mobile
torpedoes one was used with destructive effect during the Chilean War, and some spar-torpedoes were
effective during our Civil War, and during the Russo-Turkish War, where mobile torpedoes were also
used, but it is still a matter of doubt with many naval officers of experience as to what part the mobile
torpedo is to play in any future contest.
As regards torpedo-boats, which launch their torpedoes one at a time, and directly in the line in which
the boat is pointed, the opinion is that they will prove very useful for coast and harbor defence, but unfit
for severe weather or heavy seas, very wearing upon their crews, liable to accidents of a serious nature,
and only able to carry fuel for short runs. Many of the accidents to this class of boats have involved loss
of life, and, while the French and English have increased their number, other nations, such as the
Italians and the Germans, have rather decided against their increase. At one time within recent years
the Italians encouraged torpedo-boats, and in Germany one of the most successful of all builders is the
Shichau Company, which has built boats for all the world but France, America, and England.
The “torpedo catchers,” so called, are quite different affairs from the ordinary torpedo-boat. They are
quite large and swift vessels compared with the ordinary torpedo-boat, and are intended as “counter-
miners,” and, by speed, and ability to keep the sea better, to prevent the swarm of ordinary torpedo-
boats from doing serious damage. Sufficient experience has not been gained in the experimental trials
to know just how much these vessels will do in case of actual warfare, but much is expected of them.
Very lately a well-known English builder of torpedo boats and other small craft has launched a boat
which is said to have made twenty-seven knots, or about the average speed of a passenger train on a
good railroad.
Submarine torpedo-boats have received much attention of late years, when improvements and
inventions, especially in electricity, have rendered them comparatively easy to handle. In France and
Spain, especially, very successful boats have been experimented with. In our own country, where the
idea originated early in the century, there have been several submarine boats built which have remained
for a long time under water, being directed by the crew in any wished-for course. Not long ago Congress
appropriated a large sum for building a sub-marine torpedo boat; but experiments conducted to show
whether an explosion effected by such means would not be also fatal to the boat herself, led to
hesitation on the part of the authorities as to expending the money in that way, and to a proposal to build
surface torpedo boats instead.
Speed is becoming more and more a factor in naval problems. Speed, fuel capacity, a powerful
battery, and protection, especially to the vital parts and to the crew, are now recognized as the requisites
which go to make a fine, or capable ship, and one most likely to be generally useful in war. Among such
vessels may be mentioned the New York, Olympia, and the Columbia, of our own navy. The battle-
ships, so called, come under a different category—being heavily armored, and supposed to be able to
resist heavy projectiles at close quarters. We have a few of these under construction, but none of the
great size which we see in some foreign navies, principally for the reason that many of our ports will not
admit vessels of such great draught of water—and that our authorities consider smaller vessels capable
of being more readily manœuvered. The largest battle-ships we are building will only measure 10,200
tons, while in foreign navies they have them of 15,000 tons. But the best naval opinion is that the latter
are too large; and experts are advocating a return to smaller size and greater number—just as a
reaction has taken place against 110-ton guns.
The latest completed battle-ships are the Iowa, Indiana, Massachusetts and Oregon, all of 10,200
tons, with twin screws, and carrying sixteen guns in the main battery, beside smaller ones of the most
modern type.
The Maine and Texas are battle-ships of the second class—of about 9000 tons, with twin screws, and
carrying about ten guns in the main battery, and a proportion of rapid-fire smaller guns.
Such great battle-ships as these have never been tried in a close general engagement, and, though
viewed with some distrust—especially since the accidental sinking by collision of the Victoria—nations
go on building them in rivalry, and the end is not yet. In case of a grand battle between fleets of these
giant ships, the force being anywhere near equal, the chances would be in favor of the fleet which is
best handled. That is all that anyone can say at present. It may give the reader some idea of these great
armaments to say that, in 1894, England had in her Mediterranean fleet twenty-four vessels of the first
class, none less than 7350, and most of them above 10,000 tons. Thirteen of these were battle-ships,
and eleven protected cruisers.
France and Russia, combined, had at the same period in those parts thirty-three ships, none of which
were below 4000 tons, and most of which were of 10,000 tons or more.
In addition to this we must count numerous torpedo-boats, despatch vessels and gunboats in such
fleets.
The Italian navy is now a very powerful one, and contains in its list some of the largest men-of-war
afloat; and the German navy has made great strides in advance. The Spaniards have some fine ships,
but mostly of the fast cruiser class, armed with powerful guns.
We have heard very much of late regarding the Chinese and Japanese navies. The vessels which
compose these forces have mostly been constructed in France and England—and a few, of moderate
size, have been built at home. The Chinese have a very fine gun-factory, as well as shops for repairs,
but many of their vessels, especially in what has been called their Southern fleet, are in very bad
condition as to hulls, engines—and especially as to the discipline of the crews. This has become much
worse since they dispensed with the services of European officers. Their Northern fleet is in much better
condition, but time alone can prove what it is worth. Neither China nor Japan have any vessels above
8000 tons displacement, and many are much smaller. Their important fighting craft consist of what are
called cruisers—protected and unprotected—but armed with excellent modern high-powered guns, and
torpedoes of the latest model.
The vessels of the Japanese navy are kept in exceptionally good condition in every respect, and their
officers are considered the more able, and their men, with a natural aptitude for the sea, are in excellent
training and discipline. Thus Japan should prove superior to China, if only on account of the better
personnel. Many of the Japanese officers have passed through our own naval school with credit, and
others have been educated in the German service. Some of them, thus educated, have already attained
high command—and all show great enthusiasm and military ardor.
The battle of the Yalu, between these two fleets and treated in a subsequent chapter, was a most
instructive lesson to the navies of the world at large.
While we do not pretend to say that we need such a navy as England (the national life of which
country depends upon her ability to furnish food and clothing from abroad for her population), it is
evident to anyone who thinks for a moment that a country like ours, with the most extensive coast-line of
any, should have a moderately large and very effective navy, if only as a matter of sea-police for our own
shores, while the protection of our vessels and of citizens living and doing business abroad comes
under another head.
Persons, especially those living in the interior of our great country, are apt to think, and to say, that
there is little chance of our becoming embroiled with any of the nations of whose great navies we have
just been speaking. But we have to go back a very few years to show in what danger we have been of
having our coasts invested by hostile fleets for want of proper force to resist them. Spain was very
threatening in the troubles about Cuba in 1873. The attitude of Italy, with her powerful vessels, at the
time of the difficulty about the New Orleans riots, was disquieting for a time, and, had her financial
condition been better, that country would have certainly made a naval demonstration here. Then there
was the still more threatening attitude of Chili, which might have been very serious. However sure we
might be of eventually putting down that warlike little country, immense damage might have been done
by her in a naval raid on our west coast. There is constant need for ships in China; not only for the
protection of Americans, but to assist in keeping down piracy, a very present danger in that part of the
world. Few months pass that it is not necessary to send ships to Hayti, always on the verge of
revolution, or actually in the throes of civil war; and the same may be said of the countries comprising
Central America. Then Brazil may be added to the list of unsettled countries, and we have a large and
important trade there. Of the troubles in Hawaii, and of the cruising against the seal robbers in the North
Pacific, the whole country has heard more than enough, and everyone knows that without a navy we
should be perfectly helpless in such emergencies. The very establishment and maintenance of great
dock-yards and naval stations at Vancouver, Halifax and Bermuda by England admonishes us to at least
partially prepare to resist the threats of naval coercion which was that nation’s favorite mode of treating
with us not so many years ago.