ENG 201: ENGINEERING DRAWING II LECTURE MATERIAL

PREPARED & DELIVERED BY PASCHAL A. U.; paschalubi@unical.edu.ng

APRIL, 2018.

PRE-CLASS DISCUSSION: LECTURE OUTLINE

Review of fasteners (rivets, keys, screws, bolts, Representation and specification of
nails etc.); sectioning (revolved, partial etc.). threads. Bolts and Nuts. Assembly
Review of orthographic/auxiliary drawings. Detail drawing.
views/perspective drawing. Introduction to computer aided
graphics.
THREADS
Threads are helical grooves which can be likened to a string
uniformly wrapped around a cylindrical bar in the case of an external
thread. Threads can be cut internally or externally depending on the
designer and the purpose.
Screw threads generally provides the holding power for bolts, studs, screws
and nuts. Screw threads are used for fastening and transmitting power in
engineering manufacture/products. A knowledge and
understanding of screw threads and their uses is very essential
to the engineer.
Thread Terminology
Crest: This is the peak of the thread and may be round or
flat.
Pitch: This is the linear distance along the thread from crest to
crest. Thread pitch is usually referred to in
terms of a unit such as 20 threads per
inch or 1.5 threads per millimeter.
Lead: is the axial movement with respect
to a fixed mating part in one complete
revolution. As an illustration, the axial
movement or advance of a bolt into a nut
or thread housing for one rotation or a
complete revolution is a measure of the threads lead.
Single-Start thread: the pitch and lead are the same for the
single start thread.
Multiple thread: this consists of two
or more ridges, thereby producing a
lead greater than the pitch. E.g.
double thread produces twice the lead
of a single thread. Multiple threads are
used where fast movement is desired with minimum number of rotation.
Root: this is the bottom groove between flank lines forming the thread.
Thread depth: this is half the difference between the major diameter and the minor
diameter.

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
 ENG 201: ENGINEERING DRAWING II LECTURE MATERIAL
PREPARED & DELIVERED BY PASCHAL A. U.; paschalubi@unical.edu.ng
APRIL, 2018.

Major diameter: this is the distance across the thread from crest to crest (full outside
diameter).
Minor diameter: this is the distance across the thread rom root to root (the diameter
of the core the root).
Pitch diameter: often called the effective diameter of a parallel thread is the diameter
of the imaginary co-axial cylinder which intersects the surface of the thread in such a
manner that the intercept on a generator of the cylinder, between the points where it
meets the opposite flanks of a thread groove, is equal to half the nominal pitch of the
thread.
Thread angle: the angle contained by the flank lines of the thread.
Right-Hand thread: when the slope of the thread is towards the right hand (clockwise
rotation) i.e. this thread assembles component(s) when turned clockwise

Left-Hand thread: when the thread advances towards the left hand (anticlockwise
rotation). i.e. this thread assembles component(s) when turned anticlockwise.

TYPES OF THREADS AND THEIR PROFILE

1. Whitworth thread: made to standard specification by a Briton, Sir Joseph Whitworth
who put in great efforts towards the production of the British Standard Whitworth
(BSW) thread.

2. Isometric thread: this is the most common type of thread used in engineering work.
It is generally preferred because of the grip it produces at right angles to the mating
face. The isometric thread is produced in two forms: fine and coarse forms. The coarse
form is used for general works while the fine threads are used for special purposes.
Metric threads are designated by a standard annotation of identification such as
M10 X 1.5; The M identifies the thread as an isometric thread. The number ‘10’
represents the major diameter in mm, and the 1.5 indicates the thread pitch in mm. in
some cases, the expression may include the thread length e.g. M10 X 1.25 X 30;
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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
 ENG 201: ENGINEERING DRAWING II LECTURE MATERIAL
PREPARED & DELIVERED BY PASCHAL A. U.; paschalubi@unical.edu.ng
APRIL, 2018.

where the number 1.5 represents the thread pitch in mm and the number 30
represents the thread length.

3. British Association Thread (B.A.):

 The unified threads: Unified National Fine (UNF) and Unified National Coarse
(UNC) have the same profiles as the isometric thread but based on British units.
The British Association uses the metric sizes and it is utilized majorly for
instrumentation works in the electrical and aircraft industry. The sizes of the B.A.
threads are indicated by the numbers in the range of 0 to 25. The ‘0’ B.A. thread
has a diameter of only 6mm while the 25 B.A. thread has a diameter of 0.25mm.

 Other British threads used for fastening includes the British Standard Fine (BSF)
which has the same profile as the BSW but with a finer pitch, the British Standard
Pipe (BSP) which is also the same as the BSW but used for piping and tubing.
Threads which are used for transmission rather than for fastening includes: Square
thread, Acme thread and Buttress thread. The acme thread is an improved version of
the square thread and is used for precision works.
The buttress thread is designed to combine the
square thread and the vee threads to provide
resistance to thrust in one direction only. They are
found in holding devices such as vices and press.

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
 ENG 201: ENGINEERING DRAWING II LECTURE MATERIAL
PREPARED & DELIVERED BY PASCHAL A. U.; paschalubi@unical.edu.ng
APRIL, 2018.

BOLTS:
A bolt is a cylindrical shank with threaded length a little over twice the diameter of the bolt
and towards the head of the bolt. It used for fastening purposes. The common form of
bolts and nut is the hexagonal with a chamfer at one end to remove sharp edges. In
drawing of bolts and nuts, the 30o chamfer appears in the hexagonal view of a circle
commonly called the chamfer circle having the same diameter as the distance across
flats.
Bolts can be ISO metric thread type or BSW type. They are all similar in drawing though
with different thread convention. As relating to the proportion, if the diameter of the bolt
is D, the threaded length is 2D and the
distance across flats is between 1.5D
to 1.7D. The head thickness is 0.7D.
For both ISO metric and BSW threads,
the bolt head has a chamfer of 30o.
Metric bolts are identified using the letter
M followed by the diameter in
millimeters. For e.g. M10 X 1.5 means an
ISO metric thread with a diameter of
10mm and a thread pitch of 1.5mm.
The hexagonal form is frequently used for most of the engineering fabrications because
it is lighter and occupies less space compared with the square type having the same
distance across flats. Also, one-sixth of a turn ensures similar position for a spanner when
tightening, while a square head requires one-fourth of a turn using a spanner.

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
 ENG 201: ENGINEERING DRAWING II LECTURE MATERIAL
PREPARED & DELIVERED BY PASCHAL A. U.; paschalubi@unical.edu.ng
APRIL, 2018.

The construction of bolts and nuts are same in conventional drawing proportion, however
the thickness of the head for the nuts are reduced from 0.9 to 0.8 as is illustrated in the
construction that follows.
Conventional drawing proportions
D diameter of thread hole for nut and the major diameter for the bolt
1.25D + 25 size across flats
0.9 height of the nut
1.2 radius of front chamfer
30o angle of chamfer
0.8 thickness of the bolt head
In the following illustration for the construction, we assume a diameter of 25mm for the
circle. For the purpose of this class, you can use any convenient dimension as my major
objective is for you to have a grasp of the principles governing the constructions of bolts
and nuts.

Method of construction of the bolt and nut:

I. On the plan, produce circle 1 with 12.5mm radius
II. Produce circle 2 using the proportion 1.25D + 25 which will give 31.50mm

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
 ENG 201: ENGINEERING DRAWING II LECTURE MATERIAL
PREPARED & DELIVERED BY PASCHAL A. U.; paschalubi@unical.edu.ng
APRIL, 2018.

III. Use across the flats method to get the hexagonal head i.e. with the aid of a 60 o set-
square, draw lines tangential to the circle and form a hexagon that inscribes the circle.
If a square head is desired, form a square that inscribes the circle in it with the edges
being tangential to the circle.
IV. From the plan, project upwards to produce the elevation of the nut
V. Produce arc BC with radius 1.2D.
VI. Connect A,B,C,D,E,F,G with a Tee Square to obtain the points.
VII. Join KB and bisect it to obtain the radius for arc AB. Do same for arcs CD, EF, and
FG to complete the construction.

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
 ENG 201: ENGINEERING DRAWING II LECTURE MATERIAL
PREPARED & DELIVERED BY PASCHAL A. U.; paschalubi@unical.edu.ng
APRIL, 2018.

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
 ENG 201: ENGINEERING DRAWING II LECTURE MATERIAL
PREPARED & DELIVERED BY PASCHAL A. U.; paschalubi@unical.edu.ng
APRIL, 2018.

Representation of threads
The three common forms of thread representation are: schematic representation,
simplified representation and detailed representation.

Construction of representation conventions of threads:

Make ABCD to represent a cylindrical piece in its 2-D form with a pitch (P) of 1: 4 or 1/4.
I. Draw the rectangle ABCD
II. Divide the rectangle into the required number of equal parts (1:4 for this illustration)
III. At the bottom line DC, make the first division P/8 = 1/8
IV. Join A to P/2 or 0.5P and project lines from each point parallel to the first line. This
forms the crest of the thread as shown in phase 2.
V. Indicate the depth lines of the thread = 0.64 X P = 0.16, this is represented by ‘d’ and
gives the schematic representation of threads as shown in phase 1.
VI. Project lines between and parallel to the crest lines to obtain the root lines.
VII. Connect the crest points and the root points to obtain the detailed representation of
threads as shown in Phase 2.
VIII. Draw a line from the crest line to meet the root line at an angle of 45 o. This produces
the simplified representation of threads as shown in phase 3.

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
 ENG 201: ENGINEERING DRAWING II LECTURE MATERIAL
PREPARED & DELIVERED BY PASCHAL A. U.; paschalubi@unical.edu.ng
APRIL, 2018.

ASSEMBLY DRAWING
An assembly drawing shows the drawing of an entire system or machine with all of its
parts (or units) located and identified in their relative functional or working positions. The
knowledge of assembly drawing
is required to effectively put or
couple the machine components
together. Assembly drawings are
however NOT used as a
manufacturing print.
An assembly drawing can also
consist of sub-assembly (two or
more parts that form a portion of
an assembly). Examples of sub-assemblies include a car differential, a motor bike engine
and a compressor in an air-conditioner.
Assembly drawing can be classified into the following:
Designed assembly: This assembly drawing is prepared at the design-stage on a
larger scale.
Layout assembly: This is an assembly drawing showing how the parts are
assembled with their basic proportions (dimensions).
Installation assembly: This is prepared for the installation or erection of a machine.
This is also sometimes known as an outline assembly.
Working drawing assembly: A complete set of working drawings of a machine
comprises of detailed drawings, giving all necessary information for the production of
individual parts and assembly drawing showing the location of each part. The
assembly drawing should be ready before the detailed drawings are accepted as
finished and the blue-prints are made.
General assembly: It comprises of the detailed drawings of the individual parts, sub-
assembly and the assembly drawings of the machine.
Assembly drawings usually do not show sizes or explicit dimensions of the parts. It only
locates the parts. A detailed drawing is used to show dimensions of the part. A complete
set of drawing(s) that gives the necessary to manufacture a design/product is known as
working drawing. A typical working drawing includes the following:
Assembly drawing
Detailed drawing
Standard parts sheet
Drawings included in a working drawing package should be presented in the following
order:
 Assembly drawing (first sheet)
 Part No. 1

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
 ENG 201: ENGINEERING DRAWING II LECTURE MATERIAL
PREPARED & DELIVERED BY PASCHAL A. U.; paschalubi@unical.edu.ng
APRIL, 2018.

 Part No. 2
 ....
 Standard parts sheet (last sheet)

Most times, assembly drawings are presented in different views as it takes to locate the
part(s) especially in cases where only one view is insufficient in the parts identification as
illustrated in the diagrams below.

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
 ENG 201: ENGINEERING DRAWING II LECTURE MATERIAL
PREPARED & DELIVERED BY PASCHAL A. U.; paschalubi@unical.edu.ng
APRIL, 2018.

In assembly drawings, sectional views are often used to show hidden parts which are
necessary parts of the assembly especially as relating to parts which are fitting to or
overlapping other parts as illustrated in the figure below.

Section Hatch: in assembly drawing the adjacent parts are drawn in opposing directions;
In the largest area, section hatch are drawn at 45°
Next largest = 135° (- 45o)
For additional areas = 30° and 60°
For smaller areas = the distance between the section hatch may also be varied
to further distinguish between parts as illustrated below.

HINTS/RULES IN ASSEMBLY DRAWING:

In assembly drawing, hidden lines should be used only when necessary for clarity and
shouldn’t be used in areas where it would impair the clarity/neatness of the drawing. When
a section view is used, hidden lines shouldn’t be used in that view. Some lines that are
necessary in a detailed drawing may be left off the assembly drawing to enhance clarity
and better communication. As a rule, dimensions are not given on assembly drawings or
included on individual detail components. If dimensions are given, they are limited to
some function of the object as a whole i.e. they are used to give an overall representation
of size only. As a standard practice in assembly drawings, a part is located and identified
by using a circle of about 9mm diameter, containing the part number and a leader line
that points to the corresponding part. The circle containing the part number re usually
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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
 ENG 201: ENGINEERING DRAWING II LECTURE MATERIAL
PREPARED & DELIVERED BY PASCHAL A. U.; paschalubi@unical.edu.ng
APRIL, 2018.

placed in vertical or horizontal rows orderly. The leader lines should not cross and should
be as parallel as possible.
The parts list is an itemized list of the parts that make up the assembled machine and
contains: the part number, the part name, the number required and the material of the
part. Other information can be included, such as: stock sizes of materials and weights of
the parts. Parts are listed in order of their part number and these part numbers are usually
assigned based on the size or importance of the part. The part list is can be placed on
the right top corner or right bottom corner of the drawing paper.
Sequences for preparing an assembly drawing
i. Study the functional requirements of each component and their inter-relationship.
ii. Learn the actual working of the machine.
iii. Study carefully the views of each component in the detailed drawing and decide the
relative location of each part for the proper functioning of the machine.
iv. Decide the mating dimensions between two components which are required to be
assembled.
v. Prepare a free-hand sketch of the main view or an important view (generally front-
elevation). Add additional views, if necessary.
vi. Select a suitable scale for the entire assembly drawing.
vii. Lay out the views of the assembly drawing so that it become easier to understand.
viii. Prepare the parts list/bill of materials.
ix. Label each component by the leader-line and number it.
x. Show overall dimensions.
xi. Draw the section-lines according to the convention.
xii. Show required fits and tolerances between the two mating components.
DETAIL DRAWING
A detail drawing is a drawing of an individual part, which includes an orthographic
projection and dimensions.
Detail Drawings must provide sufficient information to enable the manufacture of a part.
• Enough orthogonal views: enough views to adequate describe the component.
• Dimensions: Must be evenly distributed, structured and not duplicated.
• Scale: Drawing must state the scale used to fit the component onto the drawing
sheet.
• The type of projection: Third Angle Projection is the most commonly used.
• The name or title of drawing: What is the name of the component?
• The drawing number: What is the number (in-house system) of the component?
• Dimensional units used: mm, m, inches, feet etc.
• Tolerances: What are the manufacturing tolerances for each part of the
component?
• Surface texture (or roughness): How smooth/rough each part of the component
has to be.
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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
 ENG 201: ENGINEERING DRAWING II LECTURE MATERIAL
PREPARED & DELIVERED BY PASCHAL A. U.; paschalubi@unical.edu.ng
APRIL, 2018.

• Treatments (coatings, tempers etc.): Does the component need protective

coatings?
• Reference to assembly drawing: What does my component fit into?
• Material: What material is the component manufactured from?
• Drafter (who drew it), Checker (who checked it), Approver (who approved it) and
dates
• Zones: Where on the drawing are you referring to?
• Revision: What has been revised and why and what revision is this drawing?
• Sheet Size : A4, A3, A2, A1 or A0
• Company : School of AMME, University of Sydney
• Sheets Reference (e.g. Sheet 1 of 3): When more than one sheet is required.
The drawing below illustrates the detailed drawing of an engine piston and that of a
connecting rod respectively.

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
 ENG 201: ENGINEERING DRAWING II LECTURE MATERIAL
PREPARED & DELIVERED BY PASCHAL A. U.; paschalubi@unical.edu.ng
APRIL, 2018.

INTRODUCTION TO CAD
CAD means Computer Aided Design/Drafting. There are several CAD softwares used
to achieve engineering drawings, models and simulations. As an introductory measure
and for the purpose of this course, you will be introduced to AutoCAD basic tools.
AutoCAD is a universal drafting software which is used for drafting purposes by
engineers. To be able to understand the principles of Computer Aided Manufacturing
(CAM) systems, you need to have a grasp of the basic knowledge of CAD wares.
Other CAD wares used by engineers includes ProEngineer, SolidWorks, Mechanical
Desktop, HYSIS, ANSYS, VectorWorks etc. Each CAD ware has its peculiarity and
function in drafting projects.
Presented in the following pages are basic AutoCAD tools which you will be working
with in the part 3 of this course (ENG 202: Engineering Drawing III).

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
 ENG 201: ENGINEERING DRAWING II LECTURE MATERIAL
PREPARED & DELIVERED BY PASCHAL A. U.; paschalubi@unical.edu.ng
APRIL, 2018.

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
 ENG 201: ENGINEERING DRAWING II LECTURE MATERIAL
PREPARED & DELIVERED BY PASCHAL A. U.; paschalubi@unical.edu.ng
APRIL, 2018.

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
 ENG 201: ENGINEERING DRAWING II LECTURE MATERIAL
PREPARED & DELIVERED BY PASCHAL A. U.; paschalubi@unical.edu.ng
APRIL, 2018.

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
 ENG 201: ENGINEERING DRAWING II LECTURE MATERIAL
PREPARED & DELIVERED BY PASCHAL A. U.; paschalubi@unical.edu.ng
APRIL, 2018.

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
 ENG 201: ENGINEERING DRAWING II LECTURE MATERIAL
PREPARED & DELIVERED BY PASCHAL A. U.; paschalubi@unical.edu.ng
APRIL, 2018.

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
 ENG 201: ENGINEERING DRAWING II LECTURE MATERIAL
PREPARED & DELIVERED BY PASCHAL A. U.; paschalubi@unical.edu.ng
APRIL, 2018.

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
 ENG 201: ENGINEERING DRAWING II LECTURE MATERIAL
PREPARED & DELIVERED BY PASCHAL A. U.; paschalubi@unical.edu.ng
APRIL, 2018.

Assignment
1. Draw a front view of a single start thread with the following dimensions:
Outside diameter of cylinder = 25 mm
Length of cylinder = 100mm
Pitch = 25mm
Depth of thread = 6mm
2. Draw a left and right hand thread having a major diameter of 25mm and a minor
diameter of 12mm. On your drawing, neatly label the crest, root, pitch and indicate the
thread angle.
3. Reproduce the bolts and nuts used as illustrations in this material to the stated
specifications for the hexagonal, metric and square bolts and nuts.
4. Using an A2 paper and a scale of 1:1, reproduce the working drawing of the
connecting rod shown on page 14 (to specifications stated). On the drawing sheet,
include the part lists.
5. Using freehand sketching, draw an exploded assembly view of a ceiling fan.

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING