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CNS 5
CNS 5
Basal nuclei
o Involved in the control of posture and voluntary movement
o Have no direct input or output connections with the spinal cord
o 3 basal nuclei
Corpus striatum
Caudate nucleus
Lentiform nucleus
o Globus pallidus
o Putamen
Amygdaloid nucleus
Claustrum
o Subthalamic nuclei, substantia nigra and red nucleus are related to basal nuclei but not
included in with them
Terminology
Caudate nucleus
Lentiform nucleus
o Globus pallidus
o Putamen
Claustrum
Corpus striatum
o Caudate nucleus
o Lentiform nucleus
Neostriatum (striatum)
o Caudate nucleus
o Putamen
Amygdaloid body
o Amygdaloid nucleus
Corpus striatum
Lies lateral to the thalamus
Almost completely divided by the internal capsule (band of nerve fibers) into
o Caudate nucleus
o Lentiform nucleus
Caudate nucleus
Closely related to the lateral ventricle
Lies lateral to the thalamus
Related laterally to the internal capsule
o Separate it from the lentiform nucleus
Divided into
o Head
Form the lateral wall of the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle
Continuous inferiorly with the putamen of the lentiform nucleus
Superior to this point, strands of gray matter pass through the internal
capsule, giving the region striated appearance, hence corpus striatum
Neostriatum or striatum
Caudate nucleus
Putamen
o Body
Continuous with the head in the region of interventricular foramen
Form part of the floor of the body of the lateral ventricle
o Tail
Continuous with body in the region of the posterior end of the thalamus.
Follow the contour of the lateral ventricle and continues forward in the roof of the
inferior horn of the lateral ventricle
Terminates anteriorly in the amygdaloid nucleus
Lentiform nucleus
Related medially to the internal capsule
o Separate it from the caudate nucleus and the thalamus
Related laterally to the external capsule
o Separate it from the claustrum
Separate the external capsule from the subcortical white matter of the insula
(extreme capsule)
Divided into
o Putamen
Continuous with the head of caudate nucleus inferiorly
o Globus pallidus
Its paleness due to high concentration of myelinated nerve fibers
Amygdaloid nucleus
Lies in the temporal lobe, close to the uncus
Part of the limbic system
In the sense of fear it can change the
o Heart rate
o Blood pressure
o Skin color
o Rate of respiration
Located partly anterior and partly superior to the tip of the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle
Fused with the tip of the tail caudate nucleus
Stria terminalis emerges from its posterior aspect
Consist of nuclei grouped into
o Larger basolateral group
o Smaller corticomedial group
Claustrum
Thin sheet of gray matter
Separated from the lateral surface of lentiform nucleus by external capsule
Related laterally to the subcortical white matter of insula (extreme capsule)
Efferent fibers
Striatopallidal fibers
o Pass from caudate nucleus and putamen to the globus pallidus
o Have gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) as their neurotransmitter
Striatonigral fibers
o Pass from caudate nucleus and putamen to the substantia nigra
o Use GABA, acetylcholine or substance P as neurotransmitter
Efferent fibers
Pallidofugal fibers
o Divided into
Ansa lenticularis
Pass to thalamic nuclei
Fasiculus lenticularis
Pass to Subthalamus
Pallidotemental
Terminate in caudal tegmentum of the midbrain
Pallidosubthalamic fibers
Pass to subthalamic nuclei
Cross sections
Midbrain
Superior colliculi
o Cavity
Cerebral aqueduct
o Nuclei
Superior colliculus
Substantia nigra
Oculomotor nucleus
Edinger-Westphal nucleus
Red nucleus
Mesencephalic nucleus of CN V
Inferior colliculi
o Cavity
Cerebral aqueduct
o Nuclei
Inferior colliculus
Substantia nigra
Trochlear nucleus
Mesencephalic nuclei of CN V
Pons
Facial colliculus
o Cavity
4th ventricle
o Nuclei
Facial nucleus (CN VII)
Abducent nucleus (CN VI)
Medial vestibular nucleus (CN VIII)
Spinal nucleus of CN V
Pontine nuclei
Trapezoid nuclei
Trigeminal nuclei
o Cavity
4th ventricle
o Nuclei
Main sensory and motor nucleus of CN V
Pontine nuclei
Trapezoid nuclei
Medulla oblongata
Just inferior to pons
o Cavity
4th ventricle
o Nuclei
Lateral vestibular nucleus (CN VIII)
Cochlear nucleus (CN VIII)
Olives, inferior cerebellar peduncle
o Cavity
4th ventricle
o Nuclei
Inferior olivary nucleus
Spinal nucleus of CN V
Vestibular nucleus (CN VIII)
Glossopharyngeal nucleus (CN IX)
Vagal nucleus (CN X)
Nucleus ambiguus (CN IX, X, IX)
Nucleus of tractus solitarius
Decussation of medial lemnisci
o Cavity
Central canal
o Nuclei
Nucleus gracilis
Nucleus cuneatus
Spinal nucleus of CN V
Accessory nucleus (CN XI)
Hypoglossal nucleus (CN XII)
Decussation of pyramids
o Cavity
Central canal
o Nuclei
Nucleus gracilis
Nucleus cuneatus
Spinal nucleus of CN V
Accessory nucleus (CN XI)
Corpus callosum
Largest commissure of the brain
Connect the 2 cerebral hemispheres
Lies at the bottom of the longitudinal cerebral fissure
Divided into
o Rostrum
Located anteriorly
Continuous with the lamina terminalis
o Genu
Forceps minor: is a fibers bundle, which connects the lateral and medial surfaces
of the frontal lobes and crosses the midline via the genu of the corpus callosum.
o Body
Its fibers extend laterally as the radiation of the corpus callosum
Tapetum: fibers that form the
Roof and lateral wall of the posterior horn of the lateral ventricle
Lateral wall of the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle
o Splenium
Its fibers form the forceps major