Sarajane Marques Peres, Ph.D. - University of São Paulo Based On Elsmari, Navathe / Silberschatz, Korth, Sudarshan S Books

Sarajane
Marques Peres, Ph.D. – University of São Paulo

www.each.usp.br/sarajane
Based on Elsmari, Navathe / Silberschatz, Korth, Sudarshan‘s books
SQL
SQL Data DefiniLon and Data Types
• SQL uses the terms:
– table, row and column
for the formal relaLon model terms
– relaLon, tuple and aOribute
respecLvely.

• The main SQL command for data definiLon is the CREATE
statement. In a basic context, we have:
– CREATE SCHEMA
– CREATE TABLE
– CREATE DOMAIN
• Schema: group together tables and other constructs that belong to the
same database applicaLon.
– Scheme elements include tables, constraints, views, domains, and other

constructs (such as authorizaLon grants) that describe the schema.
– In general, not all users are authorized to create schemas and schema
elements.
– A catalog always contains a special schema called INFORMATION_SCHEMA,
which provides informaLon on all the schemas in the catalog and all the
element descriptors in these schemas.
– Integrity constraints such as referenLal integrity can be defined between
relaLons only if they exist in schemas within the same catalog.
– Schemas within the same catalog can also share certain elements, such as
domain definiLons.
PostgreSQL 9.3.5 DocumentaLon
• CREATE TABLE command is used to specify a new relaLon by giving it a name and
specifying its aOributes and iniLal constraints.
• The key, enLty integrity, and referenLal integrity constraints can be specified
within the CREATE TABLE statement a_er the aOributes are declared, or they can
be added later using the ALTER TABLE command.
• The relaLons declared through CREATE TABLE statements are called base tables
(or base relaLons). They are disLnguished from virtual relaLons, created through
the CREATE VIEW statement.
L
J
• The basic data types available for aOributes include numeric, character
string, bit string, Boolean, date and Lme.
– CLOB (a special type of character string)
– BLOB (a special type of bit string)
• AddiLonal data types:

– Timestamp
– Interval
• Domains: this makes it easier to change the data type for a domain that is
used by numerous aOributes in a schema, and improves schema
readability.
Specifying Constraints in SQL
• Specifying AOribute Constraints and AOribute Defaults
– Constraint NOT NULL
– DEFAULT <value>
– CHECK
• Specifying Key and ReferenLal Integrity Constraints
– PRIMARY KEY
– UNIQUE
– FOREIGN KEY
• ReferenLal triggered acLon (ON DELETE or ON UPDATE)
– SET NULL
– CASCAFE
– SET DEFAULT
Tests
Test
Test
Test
Test
Basic Retrieval Queries in SQL
• IMPORTANT: SQL allows a table (relaLon) to have two or
more tuples that are idenLcal in all their aOribute values.

• The SELECT-‐FROM-‐WHERE Structure of Basic SQL Queries
Retrieve the birth date and address of the employee(s) whose name is ‘John B.
Smith’.
Retrieve the name and address of all employees who work for the ‘Research’
department.
For every project located in ‘Stafford’, list the project number, the controlling
department number, and the department manager’s last name, address, and
birth date.
• Ambiguous AOribute Names, Aliasing, Renaming, and Tuple
Variables
For each employee, retrieve the employee’s first and last name and the first
and last name of his or her immediate supervisor.
• Unspecified WHERE Clause and Use of the Asterisk
Select all EMPLOYEE Ssns.

Select all combinaLons of EMPLOYEE Ssn and DEPARTAMENT Dname in the
database
Retrieve all the aOribute values of any EMPLOYEE who works in DEPARTMENT
number 5.

Retrieve all the aOributes of an EMPLOYEE and the aOributes of the
DEPARTMENT in which he or she works for every employee of the ‘Research’
department.
• Tables as Sets in SQL
Retrieve the salary of every employee and all.

Retrieve all disLnct salary values.
Make a list of all project numbers for projects that involve an employee whose
last name is ‘Smith’, either as a worker or as a manager of the department
that controls the project.
Duplicate tuples are eliminated form the result.

Use [UNION | EXCEPT | INTERSECT] ALL if you want to implement mulGset
operaGons.
• Substring PaOern Matching and ArithmeLc Operators
Retrieve all employees whose address is in Houston, Texas.
Find all employees who were born during the 1950s.

Show the resulLng salaries if every employee working on the ‘ProductX’
project is given a 10 percent raise.
Retrieve all employees in department 5 whose salary is between $30,000 and
$40,000.
• Ordering of Query Results
Retrieve a list of employee and the projects they are working on, ordered by
department and, within each department, ordered alphabeLcally by last
name, then first name.
INSERT, DELETE and UPDATE
Statements in SQL
• The INSERT Command
Statements in SQL
• The DELETE Command
Statements in SQL
• The UPDATE Command
More SQL
Retrieve the names of all employees who do not have supervisors
More SQL
• Nested queries
More SQL
• Nested queries
Make a list of all project numbers for projects that involve an employee whose
last name is ‘Smith’, either as a worker or as a manager of the department
that controls the project.
More SQL
• Nested queries
More SQL
• Nested queries
Select the Essns of all employees who work the same (project, hours)
combinaLon on some project that employee ‘John Smith’ (whose Ssn=
“123456789” works on.
More SQL
• Nested queries
More SQL
• Nested queries
List the names of employees whose salary is greater than the salary of all the
employees in department 5.
More SQL
• Nested queries
More SQL
• Nested queries
Retrieve the name of each employee who has a dependent with the same first
name and is the same sex as the employee.
More SQL
• EXISTS and UNIQUE FuncLons
More SQL
Retrieve the name of each employee who has a dependent with the same first
name and is the same sex as the employee.
More SQL
More SQL
Retrieve the names of employees who have no dependents.

More SQL
More SQL
List the names of managers who have at least one dependent.
More SQL
More SQL
Retrieve the name of each employee who works on all the projects controlled
by department number 5.
More SQL
More SQL
Is the project in depto 5?
Does E.Essn
work in that
project?
EMP Project Project
A 1 5 A 1
B 2 5 A 2
C 3 3 B 1 SSN = B (?)
C 3 A,1 False
SSN = A (?) A,2 True
A,1 Is project 1 in depto 5? IN B,1 False
YES C,3 False
Does A work in project 1 NOT
YES EXIST
SSN = C (?)
True AND False
A,1 True
False
A,2 True
A,2 False
B,1 True
B,1 False
C,3 False
C,3 False
NOT EXIST = True YES = A
More SQL
Retrieve the name of each employee who works on all the projects controlled
by department number 5.
More SQL
• Joins
More SQL
• Joins
More SQL
• Aggregate FuncLons
Aggregate FuncLons and NULL values
More SQL
• Group by and Having
More SQL
More SQL
More SQL
• Group by and Having
PostgreSQL -‐ SELECT
PostgreSQL -‐ WITH
PostgreSQL – OVER / PARTITION
Window FuncLon
PostgreSQL – Limit / Offset
PostgreSQL -‐ Lateral
Review
Queries (consultas)
• Liste os nomes dos instrutores junto com os wtulos dos cursos que eles
ministram.
• Encontre os nomes de todos instrutores que recebem um salário mais alto
do que algum instrutor de “Ciência da Computação”.
• Encontre os nomes de todos os instrutores cujos nomes incluem a
substring “dar”.
• Liste os nomes de todos os instrutores, em ordem alfabéLca.
• Encontre os cursos que ocorream durante o Inverno de 2009 ou a
Primavera de 2010.
• Encontre o número total de instrutores que ministram(ministraram) um
curso durante a primavera de 2010.
• Encontre os nomes e médias de salários de todos departamentos cuja
média de salários é maior que 42000.
• Encontre todos os estudantes que estão cursando todos os cursos
ofertados pelo departamento de Biologia.
Review
List the names of instructors along with the
Ltles of courses that they teach.
select name, title
from instructor natural join teaches, course
where teaches.course_id = course.course_id;"
select name, title

from (instructor natural join teaches)
join course using(course_id);"
Review
• Find the names of all instructors who have a
higher salary than some instructor in “Comp.
Sci”.
select distinct T. name

from instructor as T, instructor as S
where T.salary > S.salary and S.dept_name = ‘Comp. Sci.’"
Review
• Find the names of all instructors whose name
includes the substring “dar”.
select name
"from instructor
"where name like '%dar%'
Review
• List in alphabeLc order the names of all
instructors
select distinct name
"from instructor
" order by name"
Review
• Find courses that ran in Fall 2009 or in Spring
2010.
(select course_id from sec+on where sem = ‘Fall’ and year = 2009)
union
(select course_id from sec+on where sem = ‘Spring’ and year = 2010)
Review
• Find the total number of instructors who
teach a course in the Spring 2010 semester.
select count (distinct ID)

from teaches
where semester = ’Spring’ and year = 2010"
Review
• Find the names and average salaries of all
departments whose average salary is greater
than 42000
select dept_name, avg (salary)

from instructor
group by dept_name
having avg (salary) > 42000;
Review
• Find all students who have taken all courses
offered in the Biology department.
select disGnct S.ID, S.name

from student as S
where not exists ( (select course_id
from course
where dept_name = ’Biology’)
except
(select T.course_id
from takes as T
where S.ID = T.ID));
Review
• Find the average instructors’ salaries of those
departments where the average salary is
greater than $42,000.
select dept_name, avg_salary

from (select dept_name, avg (salary) as avg_salary
from instructor
group by dept_name)
where avg_salary > 42000;"
Review
∏instructor.ID,course_id (σdept_name=“Physics” (
σ instructor.ID=teaches.ID (instructor x teaches)))"
∏instructor.ID,course_id (σinstructor.ID=teaches.ID (
σ dept_name=“Physics” (instructor) x teaches))"
∏ name, +tle (σ dept_name=“Comp. Sci.” (instructor teaches course))
dept_name avg(salary) (instructor)

Review
• RelaLonal model
license
Review
• Find the total number of people who owned cars
that were involved in accidents in 1989
• Ou?

select count (disGnct name)
from (((car join parLcipated on car.license = parLcipated.car)
natural join owns) natural join person) join accident on
accident.report_number = parLcipated.report_number
where date between ‘1989-‐01-‐01’ and ‘1989-‐12-‐31’
Review
• Add a new accident to the database; assume
any values for required aOributes.
Name = Jones model = Toyota
Review
• Delete the Mazda belonging to ‘John Smith’.
Review
• RelaLonal Model
Review
• Find the company that has the most employees.
Review
• Write an efficient relaLonal-‐algebra
expression that is equivalent to this query:
Sarajane Marques Peres, Ph.D. – University of São Paulo
www.each.usp.br/sarajane
Based on Elsmari, Navathe / Silberschatz, Korth, Sudarshan‘s books
SQL

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Available Formats

Sarajane

Marques Peres, Ph.D. – University of São Paulo

– Scheme elements include tables, constraints, views, domains, and other

• AddiLonal data types:

Select all EMPLOYEE Ssns.

Retrieve the salary of every employee and all.

Duplicate tuples are eliminated form the result.

Retrieve all employees whose address is in Houston, Texas.

Find all employees who were born during the 1950s.

Retrieve the names of employees who have no dependents.

Is the project in depto 5?

select name, title

select distinct T. name

select count (distinct ID)

select dept_name, avg (salary)

select disGnct S.ID, S.name

select dept_name, avg_salary

∏ name, +tle (σ dept_name=“Comp. Sci.” (instructor teaches course))

dept_name avg(salary) (instructor)

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