Transport in Animals

Circulatory System
Transport system
Circulatory System
Transport system

Transportation of what??
 Circulatory System
It is network of tubes called BLOOD VESSELS

There is also a pump, THE HEART, that

keeps blood flowing through the vessels.

VALVES in the heart make sure the blood flows

in the right direction.
DEOXYGENATED BLOOD OXYGENATED BLOOD
DOUBLE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Why do you think the human

circulatory system is a “double
circulatory system”?
DOUBLE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

The blood passes through the

heart twice on one complete
circuit of the body!
 DOUBLE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Also, it has two main parts:

pulmonary system systemic system

The blood vessels that take the The blood vessels that take the
blood to the lungs and back blood to the rest of the body
and back
Fish have a SINGLE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

The blood passes through the heart only

once in a complete circuit
 What advantages do double
circulatory systems have over single ?
circulatory systems?

Tip: You can find information on this topic on

page 108 of the IGCSE Biology Coursebook!
 re !
s s u
pre
o d
Blo
The Heart
 The Heart
The heart pumps blood
around the body

It is made of a special type of

muscle called CARDIAC
MUSCLE
 Atria receive
blood

The walls of the left

Ventricles pump ventricle are thicker than
blood out of the the walls of the right
heart ventricle
Heart beat
Most people’s heart beats around 60 to 75 times
a minute (at rest)

A way to measure the rate of your heart is by

taking your pulse rate.

It is caused by the expansion and relaxation of an

artery, caused by the heart pushing blood
through it.
 In the hospital the activity of the heart can be
Heart beat recorded as an ECG (electrocardiograph)

Electrodes are stuck onto the person’s body and the

electrical activity in the heart is recorded.
Heart beat
When a person exercises, their
heart beats faster.

A faster heart rate, means faster

delivery of blood to the muscles,
providing oxygen for cellular
respiration.
Who controls the heart
beat rate?

How is it controlled?
The heart beat changes according to the needs of the body

For example…what do you think

happens when we do a lot of Great
exercise? What is the body going question…
to need?
The heart beat changes according to the needs of the body

For example…what do you think

the body going to need when you ENERGY!
do a lot of exercise?
The heart beat changes according to the needs of the body

For example…what do you think TO OBTAIN ENERGY IT

the body going to need when you ENERGY! NEEDS TO DO CELLULAR
do a lot of exercise? RESPIRATION
The heart beat changes according to the needs of the body

For example…what do you think TO OBTAIN ENERGY IT

the body going to need when you ENERGY! NEEDS TO DO CELLULAR
do a lot of exercise? RESPIRATION

AND FOR CELLULAR

RESPIRATION IT
NEEDS…
The heart beat changes according to the needs of the body

For example…what do you think TO OBTAIN ENERGY IT

the body going to need when you ENERGY! NEEDS TO DO CELLULAR
do a lot of exercise? RESPIRATION

AND FOR CELLULAR

OXYGEN! RESPIRATION IT
NEEDS…
The heart beat changes according to the needs of the body

For example…what do you think TO OBTAIN ENERGY IT

the body going to need when you ENERGY! NEEDS TO DO CELLULAR
do a lot of exercise? RESPIRATION

AND FOR CELLULAR

OXYGEN! RESPIRATION IT
NEEDS…
The heart beat changes according to the needs of the body

The body needs oxygen, so it

would be a smart move for the
heart to beat faster in order to
deliver oxygenated blood to the
muscles
The heart beat changes according to the needs of the body

Ok, but how

does the body
know it needs
oxygen?
The brain monitors the
pH of the blood that
flows through it
Your breathing rate is controlled by your brain.

The brain monitors the

pH of the blood that
flows through it

High levels of CO2 or Lactic

Acid cause the pH to fall
High levels of CO2 or Lactic
Acid cause the pH to fall

n d s
s e t h e
k e r g h
When the brain senses this, m a ro u l a r
a c e s t h regu
sends nerve impulses to the e p n a l at h e
h
T al s i g a t
r ake t
PACEMAKER, a patch of ri c h e m
e c t t h e i c h t.
l
e lls o f w h tr a c
muscle in the right atrium. , n
wa ervals cle co
int mus
 If the pacemaker
stops working
properly, an artificial
pacemaker can then
be placed in the
person’s heart

It produces an
electrical impulse at
a regular rate of
about one impulse
per second
 The cardiac
The Heart The cardiac
muscles contract muscles relax

Blood flows in

Blood is squeezed out

 Valves in the heart
Atrioventricular valves

(bicuspid)
 Valves in the heart
Atrioventricular valves

(bicuspid)
Function: Stop blood
flowing from the
ventricles back to the
atria.
Blood vessels

Arteries

Capillaries

Veins
 Arteries
When the blood enters the
arteries, it is at a very high
pressure.

Therefore, they need very

strong walls to withstand
the high pressure of the
blood flowing through them
 Arteries
The blood does not flow smoothly through
the arteries. It pulses through as the
ventricles contract and relax.

Arteries have elastic tissue in their walls

which can stretch and recoil with the force
of the blood. You can feel your arteries
stretch and recoil when you feel your pulse
in your wrist.
 Arteries

A Sphygmomanometer
is used to measure the
pressure in the arteries
of your arm.
 Capillaries Function: Take nutrients,
oxygen and other materials
Capillaries are very small and penetrate to every part to all the cells in the body,
of the body. No cell is very far away from a capillary. and to take away their
waste materials.

To do this the walls must be

very thin so that substances
can get in and out of them
easily
Veins By the time the blood gets to the
veins, it is at a much lower pressure
than it was in the arteries.

No need for the walls to be thick

strong and elastic.

The lumen is much wider than the

lumen of the arteries

To keep the blood moving easily

through them
 Veins

Veins have valves in them to stop

the blood flowing backwards.

Valves are not needed in the

arteries, because the force of the
heart beat keeps blood moving
forwards through them.
 Blood is also kept moving in the Veins
veins by the contraction of muscles
around them.

If a person is confined to bed for a

long time the blood in the veins
will not circulate.

A clot may form (thrombosis). If

this is carried to the lungs it could
get stuck in the arterioles
(pulmonary embolism) and cause
death.
Blood vessels comparative table