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Full Ebook of Slavery at Mount Vernon 1St Edition Janey Levy Online PDF All Chapter
Full Ebook of Slavery at Mount Vernon 1St Edition Janey Levy Online PDF All Chapter
Full Ebook of Slavery at Mount Vernon 1St Edition Janey Levy Online PDF All Chapter
Janey Levy
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First Edition
Published in 2017 by
Gareth Stevens Publishing
111 East 14th Street, Suite 349
New York, NY 10003
Photo credits: Cover, pp. 1, 11 (inset) MPI/Getty Images; cover, pp. 1–32 (tear
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Slave Labor
Slave Quarters
Slave Clothing
Glossary
Index
EXCAVATIONS AT THE
HOUSE FOR FAMILIES
In 1989 and 1990, archaeologists excavated the site where
Mount Vernon’s House for Families once stood. It was the main slave
quarters at the Mansion House Farm, George Washington’s
residence. The discoveries shed new light on the lives of the slaves
who dwelled there.
The artifacts uncovered—including ceramics, glass, tobacco
pipes, and table utensils—suggested the slaves received material
benefits from living so near Washington’s family. Yet the fact remains
that they were slaves.
Mount Vernon holds a special place in US history and in the
hearts of many Americans. But its history of slavery has remained
largely hidden until recently. That’s because it’s difficult to accept the
contradiction of a Founding Father who fought for liberty, but
engaged in the practice of slavery.
A VISITOR’S VIEW
In 1798, a Polish visitor spent 12 days at Mount Vernon and wrote this about
Washington and his slaves: “General Washington treats his slaves far more
humanely [compassionately] than do his fellow citizens of Virginia.” But he
also wrote, “We entered one of the huts of the Blacks, for one cannot call
them by the name of houses.
They are more miserable than the most miserable of the cottages of our
peasants.”
WASHINGTON’S WILL
In his will, Washington wrote: “Upon the decease [death] of my wife, it is my
Will & desire that all the Slaves which I hold in my own right, shall receive
their freedom.” However, only 123 of the 317 slaves then at Mount Vernon
belonged to him. Most of the rest were Martha’s and legally belonged to her
first husband’s estate. They would return to the Custis family after Martha’s
death. Neither George nor Martha had the right to free them.
The Marquis de Lafayette (right) was a wealthy young French nobleman who
came to America to support the colonies in the American Revolution. He and
Washington became close friends. Lafayette strongly supported the right of
people to rule themselves and firmly opposed slavery.
SLAVE LABOR
What was it like to work as a slave at Mount Vernon? Usually,
slaves worked from sunrise to sunset, with about 2 hours off for
meals. That meant slaves worked about 8 hours a day during the
winter, when there are fewer hours of daylight. During the summer,
when days are longer, slaves might work as much as 14 hours a day.
Slaves labored 6 days a week, with Sundays off. They also
received a few holidays a year. However, when a job such as
harvesting had to be completed within a limited time, slaves had to
work through their days off. When the job was finished, they might
receive money or another day off to make up for time off they
missed.
The slaves on Mount Vernon’s other farms had more privacy. For
one thing, they lived much farther from Washington and his watchful
eye. For another, they lived in either their own cabin or a cabin
meant to house two families in separate spaces. However, the
quality of construction was much poorer than at the House for
Families or the Greenhouse Slave Quarters.
One visitor described these cabins as “log-houses.” They were
smeared with mud in an unsuccessful effort to keep out wind and
p
rain. A cabin for one family had a single room and often a wooden
chimney made of sticks plastered with mud on an exterior wall. A
cabin for two families had two rooms, each with its own entrance,
separated by a chimney in the middle.
A VISITOR’S ACCOUNT
A man who visited Washington at Mount Vernon left an account of the
interior of a slave cabin. Keep in mind that a single small room served as
living room, kitchen, and bedroom: “The husband and wife sleep on a mean
pallet, the children on the ground; a very bad fireplace, some utensils for
cooking, but in the middle of this poverty some cups and a teapot.”
This reconstructed, or rebuilt, slave cabin provides an idea of the kind of
living quarters most of Mount Vernon’s slaves occupied.
SLAVE CLOTHING
Washington provided clothing for his slaves, but he supplied the
least amount possible, and it was plain and often coarse. Most slaves
received clothing annually, plus an additional item or two as
necessary for the changing seasons. Since slaves received few items
of clothing, they often wore the same clothes day after day. The
poorest clothing went to children and adults too old to work. In fact,
an overseer reported one December that children on one farm had
no clothes.
Some clothing was made from cloth produced at Mount Vernon
or imported cloth, while some was ordered ready-made in large
quantities. Fabrics included wool and unbleached coarse linen called
osnaburg. Washington complained when a seamstress made long
pants for the men instead of short breeches because they used too
much cloth.
What did Mount Vernon slaves do with the money they earned?
Some, such as the Washingtons’ chef Hercules, spent it on better
clothing. Hercules was renowned for his cooking skill. He
accompanied them to Philadelphia, the nation’s capital at the time,
while Washington served as president. There, he earned up to $200
a year selling leftovers from the kitchen. This income allowed him to
purchase fine white linen, a black silk waistcoat, a blue cloth coat
with a velvet collar, and a gold-headed cane—clothing far superior to
that of even the most favored house slave.
Other slaves preferred to buy food. They purchased items from
Washington such as fine flour and pork. They also purchased
imported foods such as tea, coffee, molasses, and sugar from shops
in Alexandria.
ESCAPE!
Escape was the most dramatic and powerful form of resistance. Seventeen
slaves escaped Mount Vernon during the American Revolution when a British
warship was anchored nearby. Supplies were offered to the ship in exchange
for the slaves, but the captain refused to return them. Somewhat to the
puzzlement of the Washingtons, the desire for freedom was so strong that
house slaves who enjoyed privileged positions—Hercules, the chef, and
Martha’s personal maid, Oney (Ona) Judge—both escaped.
Would Washington have been able to detect all these forms of slave
resistance?
DIGGING UP MOUNT
VERNON’S PAST
Archaeologists continue to work on learning more about Mount
Vernon’s history of slavery. In 2014, they began a multiyear project
to excavate the Slave Burial Ground. It’s especially important
because so little is known about the burial ground. In fact, it was
never mentioned during Washington’s lifetime.
The earliest account comes from the journal of a woman who
visited Mount Vernon in 1833, when the Washington family still
owned it. She wrote that near Washington’s tomb “you see the
burying place of his slaves.”
It’s not even known how many graves are in the burial ground.
The 1833 account mentions 150 graves. An account from 1838 says
100 graves. It’s hoped the project can locate all the graves and thus
honor the slaves who lived and died at Washington’s home.
NAMING NAMES
It’s possible graves in the Slave Burial Ground once had markers with names,
but any such markers are long gone. However, it’s believed certain well-
known slaves were buried there, including William Lee, Washington’s
personal servant, and Frank Lee, William’s brother and Mount Vernon’s butler.
It’s also believed West Ford, a longtime servant of the Washington family
who died at Mount Vernon in 1863, was the last person buried there.
This marker honoring the slaves buried in Mount Vernon’s Slave Burial
Ground was erected in 1983.
GLOSSARY
artifact: something made by humans in the past
ceramics: useful objects made from clay and then fired at high
temperatures
chimney: a vertical structure that is part of a building and is
designed to carry off the smoke from a fireplace
coat of arms: a design of symbols standing for a family, city, or
country
contradiction: conflict, disagreement
WEBSITES
George Washington’s Mount Vernon for Students
www.mountvernon.org/education/for-students/
Explore Mount Vernon, the colonial era, George Washington’s life, primary sources,
and more on this amazing site!
Mount Vernon, Virginia
www.nps.gov/nr/travel/presidents/mount_vernon.html
Read about the history of Mount Vernon and the Washington family on this
website.
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INTER MVNDANAS VARIETATES