What we're going to think about for review is what we did.

And we had the topics that we looked

at were we introduced anthropology and we were talking about things like ethnocentrism and

cultural relativism. And of course, food taboos were front and center for that discussion. And

then we talked about methods, which really has to do with critical thinking and even in terms of

the information you're getting about something like a pandemic. How do you read that critically?

How do you understand that information? So know that field work was talking about how

anthropologists do their research, but to give you a toolkit to think critically. You are relying on

someone like me to give you an account of what it is like somewhere.

And so you want to think about that as both the strength and the weakness of doing anthropology

is you're getting firsthand data, but firsthand data through the eyes of a cultural person. And then

one of the other major themes throughout the class was globalization. So for thinking about

patterns of culture, our topics were subsistence, economics, kinship, marriage, gender,

Stratification, political organization, the impact of globalization. So for each of our case studies,

you should think, oh, wait, all right. What was the subsistence? What is their economic system

does the does this fit with the pattern or is it atypical? And if it's atypical why uh there and know

that for some areas, it's not like there's so much variety that you can't say there's a pattern with

that subsistence.

And a good example of that would be horticultural kinship systems. It's just, you find everything.

Whereas if you're talking about kinship and pastoralism, you're going to have a clear pattern

there. Hey, where are the people you've learned about? Our film, The Anthropologist, so that was

our film that we did the week on field work. One of the places that you got to see the first place,

the Saka, they were in Siberia. And they were pastoralists, but they were sedentary pastoralists,

right? Remember what their houses looked like? So know that you got to see, that was your first
chance to see... But no, it was in a film where we saw a lot of different cultures. So it's not one of

those ones where I'm going to be able to ask you, hey, what was family life like?

You just didn't see enough to be able to answer that. But in that film, you got to see Siberia. And

then here is Kiribati. And you can see here you've got Kiribati. Here you have Australia. Here

you've got Papua New Guinea. Here you've got Indonesia. Down here, you've got Java and Bali.

And look, here's the Philippines. So again, Kiribati right in Polynesia. And they were

horticultural. And you also got to see that globalized plantation element and the impacts of

climate change on the disruption of a village lifestyle. Peru. And of course, Peru was agriculture.

And obviously now for anyone, wait, where did I put it? Oh, here. Anyone who likes potatoes,

you have to be very grateful for Peru's existence. And again, so that was also where you got to

see shaved ice.

A week on subsistence. It was a big unit, so we actually had more than one film. But again, we

have the world, and this is where we got to see our one typical foraging group. We did see

another group of foragers. So this is the Kung of the Kalahari Desert, so I'm pointing to you on

the world map. The Kalahari Desert, and you can see that part of it is in South Africa. You've got

some that's in Zimbabwe. You've got Namibia. The world does not conform. Nation states don't

conform to geographic lines. So they conform to post-colonial lines. So if you think about bitter

melons in the San, think about some of those features. What type of economic system did the

San have?

Kinship. What type of kinship system do you find amongst pedestrian foragers? So when you

think kinship system, the first thing you want to think is like having a big extended family a good

thing or not having it. Do you want to have tons of relatives or do you want to have clear lines

about who's in and who's outside of the group? Of marriage? Well, if you need to be mobile,
what's the best type of marriage to have? equality. So gender or, and in this case, equality in

gender. How equal or stratified do we find foraging groups? And you want to think about those

factors like contributions to the material welfare, everybody, right? Access to key resources,

everybody. The, the issues regarding dissent systems.

So does it, is it patrilineal matrilineal those ones? It's hard to know, but yes, egalitarian. So it's

gender egalitarian and it's also politically egalitarian. And what type of political organization do

we find for forging groups? Uh, Papua New Guinea. So. We, our first worlds apart was in the

trobrian islands where malinowski did his research trobrian islands uh trobrian islands

horticultural uh let's think, so, uh, the subsistence is horticultural their um their economic system.

So horticultural, yams, yam hot What type of organizing principle do we have in horticultural

groups for their economics? For the Trobriand Islanders who are matrilineal, but avunculocal,

you could still see gender roles, but you also saw that women and men were both valued. But in

terms of absolute labor,

women seem to do consistent labor and men would do labor in spurts. What is the political

organization that we find for the tropian Islands? You know, it's a chiefdom because when he

arrives, he's like, I'm the chief. But then when he gets the village, he also sees like, oh, there are a

bunch of other chiefs. And he know, you know, if someone's a chief by that marker. So if they're

a chiefdom, you also know that that part of the power of a chief is that they can command

redistribution. And that means also, what is the stratification if you're a chiefdom? That's a

ranked society. Chiefdoms are ranked because you have the inherited position of chief. While

most foragers have, so know that they're atypical in so many different ways.

Foragers have usually lots and lots of different food items. but for northwest coast indians fish,

but what kind of fish? Salmon. Think about the way they process that salmon. And then that's the
way they do their representation so they are so they are they are foragers but unlike most

foragers, they are sedentary. Unlike most foragers, they have long houses, right? Those heavy

wooden houses. unlike most foragers, they have a lot of heavy stuff. Unlike most foragers, they

have different types of political organization. They have something part they've got big men and

they have chiefs. So you can't even say like, oh, like what is their political organization? Because

they fall between the categories. They have more than one thing going on at the same time.

And of course, relying on that one food item gives them a mono diet that looks a bit more like

horticultural groups because horticultural groups, again, the majority of your calories come from

that chief crop that you just plant over and over again. The Mosuo who, who have no marriage,

um, they are in China. So let's look where they are. They're in this province of China. So look,

we got Vietnam, Laos, Burma. And then if we get to Yunnan here, you're getting this in detail.

And then even more detail, this is that area where you find those 13 culture groups that don't

have marriage. But what was the subsistence of the Mosuo? So agriculture, And if you're

agriculture, what is your economic system? Matrilineal.

Yes. And in terms of marriage, they were special because they don't have marriage. Now, in

terms of gender, know that because they don't have a like they don't because of their not being

marriage, you don't have a residence pattern. You stay in your house for life. You trace your

relatives through the female line. Both males and females are owners of property, so they are

relatively an egalitarian society, which is very uncommon for agricultural groups for gender

egalitarian. Then we also looked at Dottie's family. Dottie's family would be a more typical

agricultural group, so we're going to be thinking here on Earth. So it was the Haryana district is

where we found Dottie's family. And again, here you can just see that more clearly.
Then the next for our week on gender, we looked at the Maasai. The Maasai were pastoralists.

Pastoralists, one of the first things you want to think, are they sedentary or are they nomadic or

are they semi-nomadic? Maasai or semi-nomadic? The issue of being nomadic versus sedentary

is like the American stuff versus not having a lot of stuff. If you move around a lot, you're

always going to have less stuff. If you're a pastoralist, you can use your animals to carry some

stuff, so you will have more. But again, compared to an agriculturalist, you look like the ultimate

minimalist. So for the Maasai, They've got a market economy. Their kinship system, patrilineal.

Their marriage pattern, patrilocal. They are polygynous, and therefore they have bride wealth,

right?

So you got to see that wedding. Know that one of the interesting things is that you got to see the

woman's part of the wedding. Do you know what the man's part of the wedding is? Dropping off

the cattle. their side of it is like, it's nothing to do, like the bride follows after. The men, the man's

part of the wedding is men in relationship to men. The woman's part of the wedding is the

women related to other women. And it's why that is so much more important. Notice she does

not sleep with her husband until five nights after the wedding. And that's letting you know that

it's more important that she's adjusted the other women of the village than it is for her to start

worrying about like reproducing with her husband.

The husband relationship is less important than a woman in relationship to the other women. And

you get to see that as well in the marriage where the man's part of it has to do with the

transactions with other men. So here, Kenya, messiah are here in the southern region. And then

just a little bit more, right? And here's Nairobi, but core is up here. Then we got to see the Qualca

of Papua New Guinea. And again, Papua New Guinea, great examples of horticultural groups.

Horticultural, so that's their subsistence. What's the chief crop? So yams, tapioca. So the Quokka
of Papua New Guinea were our example. You got to see Anka's big mocha in the Highland areas

of Papua New Guinea. So again, this is showing you that same one, but instead they are in this

Highland area.

So the Trobriand that you've got all that ocean around them, they're wealthier. So they're a

chiefdom. And then here in the Highland area, you have Anka and it's a tribe. And of course it

showed you in really great detail, tribal organization. And here is the region that you find the

Quokka. And so it's a redistribution economy. You got to see the Mocha, which is a big

redistribution event. In terms of kinship, you can't really tell, but they're patrilineal. Uh, you

know that the marriage pattern is polygynous, right? because Anka had four wives and he got a

fifth one while we were, while we were watching. Um, of course they've got those pigs so that

you also have bride wealth. Look at Kenya. We've got over here, we, we go to africa and here

you've got kenya there's nairobi you're gonna have the messi down here.

And here is the marzabet Here you've got the Ren Dilley. Okay, so that's just to give you a sense

of where on earth all of the people that you learned about are from.