SPECULATIVE CLOSURE OF META PLATFORMS:

INSIGHTS OF THE YOUTH

____________________

A Qualitative Research

Presented to
The Faculty of Accountancy and Business Management (ABM)
Ilocos Sur National High School
Senior High School
Vigan City

____________________

In Partial Fulfillment of the

Requirements for the Subject
Practical Research 1

____________________

Jannela Ashley V. Tagayuna

Sonny Tabuyo II
Paula Angel P. Peralta
Krizza Lorraine P. Rabanal

2023-2024
 Chapter I

THE PROBLEM

Introduction

Meta (formerly Facebook, etc.) and social media networks have now become not only

commonplace but also intertwined in the daily lives of most people across the world. The

ecosystem of Meta, including Facebook, Messenger, and Instagram, has impacted how people

behave, communicate, and interpret the environment around them. Hypothetically, what the

closing of Meta actually means for those digital spaces that have turned into the central nodes

in their social lives for millions of teens may only be sketched out through an exploration of

key theoretical concepts and historical contexts. Speculative closure defines a state of

something where the anticipation or the very threat of shutting down access to a platform or

service starts to trigger speculation and considerations about the future and other possible

alternatives, which itself overflows into an overpass of concepts like digital dependence,

online identity formation, and socio-cultural implications.

The history of Meta's evolution—from being a college networking site to now a globally

operational social media juggernaut—is the extremely important context in which the

importance of this move is considered.

Recent impropriety that has emerged concerning data privacy, misinformation, and also

regulatory scrutiny has only further required the speculation towards Meta. The recent events

place the high school students in a mess because they are part of many people using the

different Meta platforms. Facebook, Messenger, and Instagram do not have different
communication purposes in the lives of teenagers but also help in sustaining and developing

their social and individual identity. Speculative move to Meta shut down has therefore

profoundly reverberated, touching on the digital lives, social landscapes, and mental states of

many. Teenagers per se already stand on grounds of getting fragile and fluctuating because of

coming-of-age issues, hence this is heightened by an increasingly digitized world. Their

belongingness to social technologies made available and offered by companies like Meta pose

important questions on digital literacy, online safety, and commodification of personal data.

Even more important is the eventual risk of losing access to a familiar digital space that might

shake up the established social networks and be perceived and reshaped by adolescents.

The literature review on social media impact, particularly on adolescents, reveals a huge

gap in understanding how adolescents would interpret and react to a hypothetical shutdown of

a huge social media platform like Meta. The research which has been done regarding the

phenomenon so far concentrates on the quantitative part of the problem of social media

application and largely forgets the subtlety that represents high school student experience and

their point of view.

This paper works to bridge this gap, drawing upon insights and reflective work from the

teens themselves, in order to achieve a more comprehensive understanding of the implications

of Meta's speculative closure for teenage digital cultures.

This research study will help unveil restless attitudes and responses that will be aimed at
the speculative closure of Meta platforms such as Facebook, Messenger, and Instagram. The

study will be based on research tools, which will comprise interviews, focus group data, and

content analysis that will help to bring out complex attitudes, behaviors, and coping

mechanisms for teenagers in the event of actual or potential loss of the most primary digital

spaces. Consequently, the study aims at supporting both policy and educators towards some of

the challenges and opportunities that are surfacing within this environment while working in

the direction of further building tailored intercessions and the support mechanisms of

adolescents in the digital age.

Statement of the Problem

This study entitled “Speculative Closure of Meta Platforms: Insights of the Youth”

conceptualized a qualitative design approach in order to comprehend the attitudes, behaviors,

and coping strategies that the teenagers would adapt with reference to the forthcoming closure

of Meta company platforms, including Facebook, Messenger, and Instagram.

Specifically, it sought to answer the following questions:

1. How do teenagers react to the potential closure of Meta platforms, specifically

focusing on:

1.1 Speculative closure triggers

1.2 Considerations about the future and alternative platforms

1.3 Implications for digital dependence, online identity formation, and

socio-cultural aspects
 2. What are the potential effects of closing Meta on digital life for teenagers, their social

environment, and their mental state?

3. What coping mechanisms do teenagers employ to deal with the potential loss of their

primary digital spaces?

4. How do teenagers modify their online interactions and usage habits if they believe

Facebook, Messenger, and Instagram are at risk of closure?

Significance of the Study

The value of this qualitative research lies in an attempt to understand how Meta's

speculation for closure unfolds on digital cultures of teenagers. Organized in five subsequent

sections, since there is a critical gap in how the attitudes, behaviors, and coping strategies of

teenagers, under these conditions, might respond to the hypothetical shutting down of Meta

platforms.

The result of this study will benefited the following:

Teenagers: This carries huge values for the teenagers since through this, they are able to get

information about attitudes and behaviors regarding how they lose their primary digital spaces

in social networking sites and others, thereby getting to be able to cope with or react to such

more efficiently.

Policy Makers: This clearly outlines findings that should significantly help policy shapers

constitute the challenge and opportunities the changing face of digital well-being and safety
offers for teenagers. Clearly, it forms knowledge of importance in the shaping of the policy to

ensure young users are kept safe online.

Educators: Each will be able to guide the educators in a more comprehensive way on how

these new digital platforms influence or influence the making of a teenager's identity and the

way they socialize with others, guiding improved educational interventions of digital literacy,

online safety, and responsible digital citizenship among teenagers.

Scope and Limitation of the Study

This phenomenological study was delimited only to explore and focus solely on youth,

particularly the teenagers, ages 15 to 17 years old, inside the Ilocos Sur National High School.

The study aims to explore the attitudes, behaviors, and coping mechanisms of these teenagers

in response to the speculative closure of Meta Platforms, including Facebook, Messenger, and

Instagram.

This qualitative study will be conducted through one-on-one interviews with the

informants who are selected through purposive, observations, and availability sampling. The

study aims to gain insights into the unique reactions, experiences, challenges, and perspective

of these teenagers regarding the speculative closure of Meta Platforms.

Conceptual Framework

The conceptual framework of the study is shown below:

Figure 1: The Research Paradigm

This study entitled “Speculative Closure of Meta Platforms: Insights of the Youth” has 3

variables – the speculative closure triggers, alternative platforms, and digital dependency. This

variables would determine the experiences of teenagers like what happened last March 5,

2024.

Data will be collected through interviews and responses will be interpreted by applying

a phenomenological research design combined with narrative analysis.

 Theoretical Framework

This section includes the discussion of hypotheses, principles, and observations gleaned

from available sources that are helpful in conceptualizing this study.

Deplatforming Platforms

Digital cultures play an essential role in radicalization processes and are always

considered a relational experience (online or offline), with a significant impact on

consolidating individual and group identity (Antonelli, 2022).

According to Dow et al. (2021), the pandemic has disrupted traditional and social

structures to which we were accustomed. Facing these disruptions, people ≪turn online to

seek alternative cognitive and social structures. Once there, social media radicalizes beliefs

and increase contagion (rapid spread) and stickiness (resistance to change) of conspiracy

theories≫ (Dow et al., 2021, p. 1).

In this way, increased online presence during the COVID-19 pandemic and the long

periods of lockdown have created a particularly fertile ground for spreading conspiracy

theories, especially of the right-wing (Bessi et al., 2015; Antonelli, 2022). The spread of

conspiracy theories is a particularly crucial problem today given the impact such beliefs have

on individual behavior and, therefore, collective behavior, for instance, the people who

believed the pandemic was all a farce and decided not to adopt the preventive behaviors

recommended by the government (Chan et al., 2021). It is even more so if we consider the

ease with which these theories generate radicalization phenomena that can lead to forms of

polarization and violent extremism. The power of mass media in social and political changes

is not new (Thompson, 2011); the real revolution is the speed at which social media platforms
respond to users' social connections and information needs worldwide. In the end, the

permanence of conspiracy theories and the subsequent radicalization process is facilitated by

the way platforms work based on algorithms that facilitate the circulation of information in

line with users' opinions (Cinelli et al., 2021). In this way, following Terren and Borge-Bravo

(2021) and Del Vicario et al. (2017), if a user tends to consume conspiratorial content on

social media, then the platform will tend to offer him more content in line with his

conspiratorial interest to optimize his user experience. Consequently, the platform will

indirectly reinforce his opinion and not allow him to come into contact with content that may

question his conspiratorial opinion.

At the same time, many studies have discussed the role of traditional social media in

disseminating alternative information related to COVID-19 and vaccines (Chan et al., 2020;

Gesser-Edelsburg, 2021). On the one hand, it is possible to hypothesize that alternative social

media platforms can become attractive to conspiracy theorists and other users marked by

radical positions already banned by traditional social media platforms; on the other hand, they

are also frequented by users who have intentionally migrated from other digital spaces not

attended by institutional actors and where content regulation policies are not (or differently)

addressed (Innes and Innes, 2021).

Alternative Platforms

These actions have in turn led to the emergence of a substantial “alternative ecosystem”

(Rogers, 2020), i.e., a set of discussion platforms (microblogging, social media, and

messaging services) of less regulation and moderation that are used to host content and

content creators that are not tolerated by traditional social media platforms (like Twitter and
Meta group). What is “alternative social media”? How can we distinguish it from “traditional”

social media? To answer these questions, Gehl (2015) conceptualizes alternative social media

platforms using the classic alternative media theory that arose before the dominance of social

media giants such as Facebook and Twitter. Alternative media were born as a response to

older mass media and to counter its large corporate power to promote communication and the

construction of public opinion along democratic lines.

This definition makes it difficult to consider “traditional” social media as an alternative

to mainstream media. On the one hand, the dominant social media – Facebook and Twitter –

may be seen as a first response to the public's demand for broader participation in the

production and distribution of content. On the other hand, however, it cannot be denied that

these platforms have maintained or even intensified some of the characteristics of mainstream

mass media power described by earlier alternative media theorists, such as centralized and

controlled communication (Gehl, 2015).

Indeed, traditional social media, being proprietary profit-seeking companies, can become

hostile to ideas, discourses, and organizations, especially when in conflict with corporate

hegemony, while allowing people to be content producers. So, as Gehl (2015) claims,

alternative social media can be seen as a critical response to traditional social media that

allows users to share content and connect and have more access to shape the underlying

technical infrastructure and radically experiment with surveillance regimes.

Media Effects Theory

I define media effects as the deliberate and non deliberate short- and long-term

within-person changes in cognitions, emotions, attitudes, and behavior that result from media

use (Valkenburg et al., Reference Valkenburg, Peter and Walther2016). And I define a (social)

media effects theory as a theory that attempts to explain the uses and effects of (social) media

use on individuals, groups, or societies as a whole (Valkenburg & Oliver, Reference

Valkenburg and Oliver 2019). To be labeled a (social) media effects theory, a theory at least

needs to conceptualize media use, and the potential changes that this use can bring about

within individuals, groups, or societies (i.e., the media effect).

Over the past decades, dozens of media effects theories have been developed. These

theories differ substantially in how they conceptualize the media effects process. Some

theories, particularly the early ones, focus primarily on unidirectional linear relationships

between media use and certain outcomes. Other, more comprehensive theories pay more

attention to the interactive effects of media use and non media factors (e.g., dispositions,

social contexts) on certain outcomes. Valkenburg et al. (Reference Valkenburg, Peter and

Walther 2016) argued that media effects theories can be organized along five paradigms that

specify the conditions under which media effects can (or cannot) occur. This chapter discusses

the three paradigms that are most relevant to our understanding of the effects of social media

use, the selectivity, transactionality, and conditionality paradigm. The term “message” in this

chapter refers to all textual, auditory, visual, and audiovisual content that is shared on social

media.
Social Context Factors

Social context refers to the surroundings within which individuals or groups act or

interact, and whose norms and affordances may influence the cognitions, emotions, attitudes,

and behaviors that occur within it. On the macro level, structural aspects of the media system

(e.g., platform availability) can affect media choices (e.gWebster, Reference Webster and

Hartmann 2009), whereas on the micro level, parents and schools can forbid adolescents from

spending time on social media during dinner or in the classroom (Valkenburg & Piotrowski,

Reference Valkenburg and Piotrowski 2017). In addition, especially in adolescence, peer

groups can exert a strong influence on certain preferences and behaviors (Brechwald &

Prinstein, Reference Brechwald and Prinstein 2011), including media preferences (Valkenburg

& Cantor, Reference Valkenburg, Cantor, Zillmann and Vorderer2000). Members of a peer

group share norms that they have created themselves. Adolescents typically form strong social

antennas for these norms, including those pertaining to social media use. Environmental

influences on social media use can thus occur overtly (e.g., by parental restriction or

monitoring) or more covertly, for example through adolescents’ sensitivity to the prevailing

norms in their peer group.

Review of Related Literature

Presented in this section, the review of the related literature and studies relevant to the

current research.
Social Media Dependency

The Social Media Dependency Model proposes that problematic, addictive use of social

media platforms arises from the convergence of three core elements: persuasive design

practices employed by the platforms themselves, inherent psychological vulnerabilities of the

user, and negative reinforcement cycles that develop between the two. Specifically, persuasive

techniques like infinite scrolling, auto-play, push notifications etc. combine with social reward

metrics of likes, comments and follower counts to create powerful incentive loops that

activate adolescent brain pathways around reward and belonging. For teenagers already

contending with developmental needs around identity, self-worth and social acceptance, the

lure of virtual social validation can initiate compulsive checking and posting behaviors that

are negatively reinforced by temporary anxiety relief. As more importance gets placed on

virtual social feedback, users correspondingly begin to retreat from real-world activities and

relationships, leading to emotional distress that can only be alleviated by re-engaging with

social media - completing a self-perpetuating cycle of dysfunctional dependency. Ultimately,

ethical limitations around persuasive design alongside therapeutic support systems targeting

user vulnerabilities are necessary to disrupt the psychological and behavioral patterns

underlying social media addiction according to this model.A systematic approach to the study

of the effects of mass media on audiences and of the interactions between media, audiences,

and social systems. It was introduced in outline by the American communications researchers

(Sandra Ball-Rokeach and Melvin DeFleur in 1976.)

Mental Health

The literature review up to this point demonstrates that teenagers operate at a vulnerable

precipice: as a population, teenagers are at a high risk of developing mental health problems

as they experience emerging adulthood. These same teenagers are the most active users of

social media, which has a distinct connection with mental health problems.

This precarious situation demands more understanding: knowing that social media and

mental health are related is merely a jumping off point. Understanding how and why social

media might be affecting teenagers' mental health is the next step to illuminating the

connections at play between teenagers, their environments, their health, and the role of social

media.

A number of theories that may help explain why social media shows a connection to

mental health will now be discussed. Although many of these theories offer an intriguing

perspective on how social media could be affecting mental health in the teenage population,

none of them provide definitive proof that social media use causes a decline in mental health.

The purpose of this discussion is to explore the possible causes of the connection between

social media and mental health.

The discussion of theoretical perspectives is divided into two sections: individual theories

and social theories. Individual theories seek to account for how social media affects people

due to individual behaviors and personality traits, ignoring social media’s effects on the

person’s social relationships. The second set of theories can be classified as social theories, or
theories that look at how social media use affects people as they relate to each other and their

larger environment. These two theoretical perspectives are not mutually exclusive; it is likely

that a combination of these theories impact the relationship between mental health and social

media use in teenagers. Strickland, Amelia, "Exploring the Effects of Social Media Use on the

Mental Health of Young Adults" (2014). HIM 1990-2015. 1684.

The Trick Mirror

Jia Tolentino’s essay The I in the Internet, the first chapter in Trick Mirror, is perhaps the

most important single text on life as a user of social media, as it tracks the slow souring of the

dream of total connectivity within her lifetime. She locates 2012 as the moment when the

balance shifted: “Where we had once been free to be ourselves online, we were now chained

to ourselves online.” While Tolentino acknowledges the valuable things that have been

enabled by social media – including the #MeToo movement, and her own career as a writer

after a decade of marketing her selfhood – her conclusions about its future are pessimistic,

since Web 2.0 is “governed by incentives that make it impossible to be a full person while

interacting with it.”

The Twittering Machine

Richard Seymour is wide-ranging in his analysis of the destructive effects of the “social

industry” on personal and political life. He shows how the “variable rewards” of social media

alerts are geared to perpetuate addictive and depressive cycles of engagement; how the

imperative to think of yourself as a micro-celebrity, with a personal brand that constantly

needs to be maintained and is always in danger of trashing, has poisoned private life; how the
attention economy incentivises trolling and reactionary politics; and how the “degradation of

information” perpetuated by social media outruns even liberal diagnoses of Trumpian “fake

news”. By the end, if you weren’t already, you will be on the verge of deleting your Twitter

account. And yet Seymour himself is still on there, professionally compelled as a freelance

writer to plug into the machine

Literature and Social Media

From Instapoetry to BookTube, contemporary literary cultures and practices are

increasingly intertwined with social media. In this lively and wide-ranging study, Bronwen

Thomas explores how social media provides new ways of connecting with and rediscovering

established literary works and authors while also facilitating the emergence of unique and

distinctive forms of creative expression. The book takes a 360˚ approach to the subject,

combining analysis of current forms and practices with an examination of how social media

fosters ongoing collaborative discourse amongst both informal and formal literary networks,

and demonstrating how the participatory practices of social media have the potential to

radically transform how literature is produced, shared and circulated. The first study of its

kind to focus specifically on social media, Literature and Social Media provides a timely and

engaging account of the state of the art, while interrogating the rhetoric that so often

accompanies discussion of the ‘new’ in this context.

The Impact of Social Media on Society

It is the objective of this article to present evidence from several researches that were

done by many scholars in different environments that distinctly demonstrates the negative

impact of social media in three main categories. First, social media fosters a false sense of

online "connections" and superficial friendships leading to emotional and psychological

problems. The Second harm of social media is that it can become easily addictive, taking

away family and personal time as well as diminish interpersonal skills, leading to antisocial

behavior. Lastly, social media has become a tool for criminals, predators and terrorists

enabling them to commit illegal acts. And the third analysis will consist of showing the link

between the psychological problems caused by social media and criminal activities

committed. (Amedie, Jacob, "The Impact of Social Media on Society" (2015). Pop Culture

Intersections)

The Impact of Social Media on Children Adolescents, and Families

Engaging in various forms of social media is a routine activity that research has shown to

benefit children and adolescents by enhancing communication, social connection, and even

technical skills. Social media sites such as Facebook and MySpace offer multiple daily

opportunities for connecting with friends, classmates, and people with shared interests. During

the last 5 years, the number of preadolescents and adolescents using such sites has increased

dramatically. According to a recent poll, 22% of teenagers log on to their favorite social media

site more than 10 times a day, and more than half of adolescents log on to a social media site

more than once a day. Seventy-five percent of teenagers now own cell phones, and 25% use
them for social media, 54% use them for texting, and 24% use them for instant messaging.

Thus, a large part of this generation's social and emotional development is occurring while on

the Internet and on cell phones.

Because of their limited capacity for self-regulation and susceptibility to peer pressure,

children and adolescents are at some risk as they navigate and experiment with social media.

Recent research indicates that there are frequent online expressions of offline behaviors, such

as bullying, clique-forming, and sexual experimentation, that have introduced problems such

as cyberbullying, privacy issues, and “sexting.” Other problems that merit awareness include

Internet addiction and concurrent sleep deprivation.

Many parents today use technology incredibly well and feel comfortable and capable with the

programs and online venues that their children and adolescents are using. Nevertheless, some

parents may find it difficult to relate to their digitally savvy youngsters online for several

reasons. Such parents may lack a basic understanding of these new forms of socialization,

which are integral to their children's lives. They frequently do not have the technical abilities

or time needed to keep pace with their children in the ever-changing Internet landscape.8 In

addition, these parents often lack a basic understanding that kids' online lives are an extension

of their offline lives. The end result is often a knowledge and technical skill gap between

parents and youth, which creates a disconnect in how these parents and youth participate in

the online world together.

Operational Definition of Terms

For clearer and better understanding of the study, the following words were defined in

the context of the study:

Meta Platforms. These are platforms that operate at a higher level of abstraction, providing

tools, services, or frameworks that enable the development, integration, or management of

other platforms. Meta platforms often offer services such as data integration, analytics,

identity management, or deployment infrastructure. This includes Facebook, Messenger, and

Instagram.

Media. Media refers to the communication channels through which we disseminate various

forms of information, including news, music, movies, educational content, and more. These

channels can take various forms, from printed paper to digital data. Examples of media

include television, radio, newspapers, websites, and social media platforms.

Coping Mechanisms. strategies or behaviors that individuals use to deal with stress,

adversity, or difficult situations. These mechanisms help people manage their

emotions, reduce anxiety, and adapt to challenging circumstances.

Speculative Closure. the tendency of individuals or groups to form conclusions or make

decisions based on incomplete or insufficient information, often relying on speculation or

assumptions rather than verified facts. This concept is particularly relevant in cognitive

psychology and decision-making studies, where it highlights the human tendency to seek

closure or resolution even when faced with ambiguity or uncertainty.

 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents a discussion of the research design, sources of data, locale of study,

population of study, population of the respondents, data gathering instrument, data gathering

procedure, data analysis, and ethical considerations.

Research Design

This study is qualitative in nature since the research questions we seek to answer will lead

to non-numerical data. The researchers will employ Phenomenological Study focused on

understanding the underlying meaning of the experiences of the research informants from

viewpoint and perspective.

For instance, the phenomenological research design can be used to explain the themes and

patterns that are displayed through the informants of study. By considering that the informants

of study will be displayed in an open-ended interview regarding their past experiences can be

recognized. Moustakas (1994) explained, "The empirical phenomenological approach requires

a return to experience in order to obtain comprehensive descriptions that provide the basis for

a reflective structural analysis that portrays the essences of the experience" (p. 13).

Research tools used were the interview in any dialect that the informants can be comfortable

with and naturalistic observation, whereby informants are observed and interviewed in its

natural setting. Informant observation was private and done on a volunteer basis after the

formal consent by the head of the households

Sources of Data

Data will be obtained through the answers of the informants on the interview and on the

open-ended questionnaires. The questions introduce a data set that presents the different

experiences of students regarding strand discrimination. Answers will be interpreted through

analysis to easily understand the obtained data and produce a general result and conclusion.

Locale of Study

This study will be conducted at Ilocos Sur National High School (ISNHS), in the capital of

Vigan City, one of the places where Heritage Culture is clearly evident. This school was

selected due to the convenience of researchers because they’re also from ISNHS. 10 Grade 10

students and 10 Grade 11 students were chosen to conduct this study.

Population and Sample

Hesse-Biber and Leavy (2011) explained that qualitative research projects usually work with

small samples. Avila (2016) is in support of this that qualitative research follows a certain

sample size in the use of the subjects or informants of the study. It is usually a small number

of non-representative cases informants selected to fulfill a given quota.

Participants of this study will be chosen by using purposive sampling. Taken from different

sections to ensure data collection is done in a diverse manner. In criteria based on the

following:

1. Should be aged of 15 to 17 years old

2. A grade 10 or 11 student;

3. Must be studying in Ilocos Sur National High School;

 4. Knowledgeable and aware to Meta Platforms;

5. Have experienced issues on their social media usage; and

6. Willingness to participate in the study.

Data Gathering Instrument

Data were obtained by using a face-to-face interview and an open-ended questionnaire to

gather information on the reactions of teenagers regarding speculative closure of Meta

Platforms. Interviews are applicable when one requires information explicitly about opinions,

thoughts, experiences, and feelings among people. Interviews are indicated when the issue

surrounding the inquiry has questions and probing that are intensive regarding density. It is

warranted to conduct direct interviews when the target population can effectively

communicate through face to face conversation relative to writing forms or through a phone

discussion (Easwaramoorthy & Fataneh Zarinpoush, 2006).

Data Gathering Procedures

The researchers will follow a strict procedure to be conducted in April-May 2024. The

procedure will be as follows:

a. Prepare a content-validated interview schedule in English.

b. Secure permission to conduct the study from the Principal of Ilocos Sur

National High School, advisers of the respondents, and the respondents.

c. Conduct and assist the respondents during the interview and explain the

objectives and requested extent of their participation in the research.

d. Analyze and interpret the collected data from the interview.

 e. Support results of the data gathered through credible sources found in the

theoretical framework.

Data Analysis

This qualitative research study will use a Phenomenological study design in interpreting

data. The interview questions will be directed to the participant’s experiences and feelings. At

the root of phenomenology, “the intent is to understand the phenomena in their own terms to

provide a description of human experience as it is experienced by the person allowing the

essence to emerge” (Cameron, Schaffer, & Hyeon-Ae, 2001, p. 34). This research method

correlates well with the intent of the study to understand the insights of teenagers on the

speculative closure of Meta

For the analysis of this study, transcriptions of the audio recording were done,

translations of the answers in Filipino and Iloko were made; and finally extractions from

interviews were also done to further elicit the information obtained from the respondents.

In all cases, the researcher treats the evidence fairly to produce analytic conclusions

answering the original “how” and “why” research questions. This analysis helped create an

effective knowledge base for working toward the goal (Yin, 2003).

Ethical Considerations

Researchers must adhere to ethical norms to ensure trust, accountability, mutual respect, and

fairness (Resnik, 2015). They are as follows:

Informed Consent

The participants of this study knowingly, voluntarily, intelligently, in a clear, and manifest

way give their consent. Full consent from the participants was obtained prior to the study and

is fully informed about the evaluation conducted. Participants are made aware of the purpose

of the project, how the findings will be used and who will have access to the findings.

Voluntary Participation

Participation in this study is highly voluntary and no penalties are involved in refusal to

participate. Participants are freely given the decision whether or not to do so, without the

exercise of any pressure or coercion. In case of any withdrawal in participation, the

researchers sought other willing participants to be included in the sample.

Respect for anonymity and confidentiality

Any identifying information is not made available to, or accessed by anyone other than the

researchers. Anonymity and confidentiality of the participants are of paramount importance,

ensuring that any identifying information is excluded from any published report or document.
 Chapter II

PRESENTATIONS, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter presents the analysis and interpretation of data obtained as specified in the

statement of the problem in Chapter I. These data helped the researcher to generate conclusion

of this study.

Problem 1.

Problem 2.

Chapter III

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

 This chapter presents the summary of the study, the conclusion, and the recommendations

forwarded by the researcher.

Summary

Findings

Recommendation
DOCUMENTATION

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 APPENDICES

Appendix A

LETTER OF REQUEST
Appendix B

LETTER OF REQUEST

Appendix C

LETTER OF REQUEST

Appendix D

LETTER OF REQUEST
Appendix E

Appendix E

CURRICULUM VITAE