MODULE:=X IELTS

TOPIC:=PAS GANJIL 2021

Q:21) Pilihan Ganda Kompleks

Look at the passage below!

The World Wide Web from its origins

Science inspired the World Wide Web, and the Web has responded by changing science.

Information Management: A Proposal’. That was the bland title of a document written in March 1989 by
a then little- known computer scientist called Tim Berners-Lee, who was working at CERN, Europe’s
particle physics laboratory, near Geneva. His proposal, modestly called the World Wide Web, has
achieved far more than anyone expected at the time.

In fact, the Web was invented to deal with a specific problem. In the late 1980s, CERN was planning one
of the most ambitious scientific projects ever, the Large Hadron Collider*, or LHC. As the first few lines
of the original proposal put it, 'Many of the discussions of the future at CERN and the LHC end with the
question "Yes, but how will we ever keep track of such a large project?" This proposal provides an
answer to such questions.

The Web, as everyone now knows, has many more uses than the original idea of linking electronic
documents about particle physics in laboratories around the world. But among all the changes it has
brought about, from personal social networks to political campaigning, it has also transformed the
business of doing science itself, as the man who invented it hoped it would.

It allows journals to be published online and links to be made from one paper to another. It also permits
professional scientists to recruit thousands of amateurs to give them a hand. One project of this type,
called Galaxy Zoo, used these unpaid workers to classify one million images of galaxies into various types
(spiral, elliptical and irregular). This project, which was intended to help astronomers understand how
galaxies evolve, was so successful that a successor has now been launched, to classify the brightest
quarter of a million of them in finer detail. People working for a more modest project called
Herbaria@home examine scanned images of handwritten notes about old plants stored in British
museums. This will allow them to track the changes in the distribution of species in response to climate
change.

Another new scientific application of the Web is to use it as an experimental laboratory. It is allowing
social scientists, in particular, to do things that were previously impossible. In one project, scientists
made observations about the sizes of human social networks using data from Facebook. A second
investigation of these networks, produced by Bernardo Huberman of HP Labs, Hewlett-Packard's
research arm in Pato Alto, California, looked at Twitter, a social networking website that allows people
to post short messages to long lists of friends.

At first glance, the networks seemed enormous - the 300,000 Twitterers sampled had 80 friends each,
on average (those on Facebook had 120), but some listed up to 1,000. Closer statistical inspection,
however, revealed that the majority of the messages were directed at a few specific friends. This
showed that an individual's active social network is far smaller than his 'clan'. Dr Huberman has also
helped uncover several laws of web surfing, including the number of times an average person will go
from web page to web page on a given site before giving up, and the details of the 'winner takes all'
phenomenon, whereby a few sites on a given subject attract most of the attention, and the rest get very
little.

Scientists have been good at using the Web to carry out research. However, they have not been so
effective at employing the latest web-based social-networking tools to open up scientific discussion and
encourage more effective collaboration. Journalists are now used to having their articles commented on
by dozens of readers. Indeed, many bloggers develop and refine their essays as a result of these
comments.

Yet although people have tried to have scientific research reviewed in the same way, most researchers
only accept reviews from a few anonymous experts. When Nature, one of the world's most respected
scientific journals, experimented with open peer review in 2006, the results were disappointing. Only 5%
of the authors it spoke to agreed to have their article posted for review on the Web - and their instinct
turned out to be right, because almost half of the papers attracted no comments. Michael Nielsen, an
expert on quantum computers, belongs to a new wave of scientist bloggers who want to change this. He
thinks the reason for the lack of comments is that potential reviewers lack incentive.

adapted from The Economist

* The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is the world's largest particle accelerator and collides particle beams.
It provides information on fundamental questions of physics.

Do the following statements are True/False/ or Not Given with the information on the passage? There
is more than one answer!

Condition:

True if the statements agree with the information.

False if the statements contradict with the information.

Not Given if there is no information on this.

A:) Not Given : Herbaria@home’s work will help to reduce the effects of climate change.

B:) True : The second galaxy project aims to examine more galaxies than the first.

C:) False : The Web has allowed professional and amateur scientists to work together.

D:) Not Given : Tim Berners-Lee has also been active in politics.

E:) True : The original intention of the Web was to help manage one extremely complex project.

Q:22) Isian Singkat

Instruction:
Look at the passage below!

The World Wide Web from its origins

Science inspired the World Wide Web, and the Web has responded by changing science.

Information Management: A Proposal’. That was the bland title of a document written in March 1989 by
a then little- known computer scientist called Tim Berners-Lee, who was working at CERN, Europe’s
particle physics laboratory, near Geneva. His proposal, modestly called the World Wide Web, has
achieved far more than anyone expected at the time.

In fact, the Web was invented to deal with a specific problem. In the late 1980s, CERN was planning one
of the most ambitious scientific projects ever, the Large Hadron Collider*, or LHC. As the first few lines
of the original proposal put it, 'Many of the discussions of the future at CERN and the LHC end with the
question "Yes, but how will we ever keep track of such a large project?" This proposal provides an
answer to such questions.

The Web, as everyone now knows, has many more uses than the original idea of linking electronic
documents about particle physics in laboratories around the world. But among all the changes it has
brought about, from personal social networks to political campaigning, it has also transformed the
business of doing science itself, as the man who invented it hoped it would.

It allows journals to be published online and links to be made from one paper to another. It also permits
professional scientists to recruit thousands of amateurs to give them a hand. One project of this type,
called Galaxy Zoo, used these unpaid workers to classify one million images of galaxies into various types
(spiral, elliptical and irregular). This project, which was intended to help astronomers understand how
galaxies evolve, was so successful that a successor has now been launched, to classify the brightest
quarter of a million of them in finer detail. People working for a more modest project called
Herbaria@home examine scanned images of handwritten notes about old plants stored in British
museums. This will allow them to track the changes in the distribution of species in response to climate
change.

Another new scientific application of the Web is to use it as an experimental laboratory. It is allowing
social scientists, in particular, to do things that were previously impossible. In one project, scientists
made observations about the sizes of human social networks using data from Facebook. A second
investigation of these networks, produced by Bernardo Huberman of HP Labs, Hewlett-Packard's
research arm in Pato Alto, California, looked at Twitter, a social networking website that allows people
to post short messages to long lists of friends.

At first glance, the networks seemed enormous - the 300,000 Twitterers sampled had 80 friends each,
on average (those on Facebook had 120), but some listed up to 1,000. Closer statistical inspection,
however, revealed that the majority of the messages were directed at a few specific friends. This
showed that an individual's active social network is far smaller than his 'clan'. Dr Huberman has also
helped uncover several laws of web surfing, including the number of times an average person will go
from web page to web page on a given site before giving up, and the details of the 'winner takes all'
phenomenon, whereby a few sites on a given subject attract most of the attention, and the rest get very
little.
Scientists have been good at using the Web to carry out research. However, they have not been so
effective at employing the latest web-based social-networking tools to open up scientific discussion and
encourage more effective collaboration. Journalists are now used to having their articles commented on
by dozens of readers. Indeed, many bloggers develop and refine their essays as a result of these
comments.

Yet although people have tried to have scientific research reviewed in the same way, most researchers
only accept reviews from a few anonymous experts. When Nature, one of the world's most respected
scientific journals, experimented with open peer review in 2006, the results were disappointing. Only 5%
of the authors it spoke to agreed to have their article posted for review on the Web - and their instinct
turned out to be right, because almost half of the papers attracted no comments. Michael Nielsen, an
expert on quantum computers, belongs to a new wave of scientist bloggers who want to change this. He
thinks the reason for the lack of comments is that potential reviewers lack incentive.

adapted from The Economist

* The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is the world's largest particle accelerator and collides particle beams.
It provides information on fundamental questions of physics.

Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS!

Question:

Whose writing improves as a result of feedback received from readers?

Q:13) Isian Singkat

Intruction:

Look at the passage below!

The World Wide Web from its origins

Science inspired the World Wide Web, and the Web has responded by changing science.

Information Management: A Proposal’. That was the bland title of a document written in March 1989 by
a then little- known computer scientist called Tim Berners-Lee, who was working at CERN, Europe’s
particle physics laboratory, near Geneva. His proposal, modestly called the World Wide Web, has
achieved far more than anyone expected at the time.

In fact, the Web was invented to deal with a specific problem. In the late 1980s, CERN was planning one
of the most ambitious scientific projects ever, the Large Hadron Collider*, or LHC. As the first few lines
of the original proposal put it, 'Many of the discussions of the future at CERN and the LHC end with the
question "Yes, but how will we ever keep track of such a large project?" This proposal provides an
answer to such questions.

The Web, as everyone now knows, has many more uses than the original idea of linking electronic
documents about particle physics in laboratories around the world. But among all the changes it has
brought about, from personal social networks to political campaigning, it has also transformed the
business of doing science itself, as the man who invented it hoped it would.

It allows journals to be published online and links to be made from one paper to another. It also permits
professional scientists to recruit thousands of amateurs to give them a hand. One project of this type,
called Galaxy Zoo, used these unpaid workers to classify one million images of galaxies into various types
(spiral, elliptical and irregular). This project, which was intended to help astronomers understand how
galaxies evolve, was so successful that a successor has now been launched, to classify the brightest
quarter of a million of them in finer detail. People working for a more modest project called
Herbaria@home examine scanned images of handwritten notes about old plants stored in British
museums. This will allow them to track the changes in the distribution of species in response to climate
change.

Another new scientific application of the Web is to use it as an experimental laboratory. It is allowing
social scientists, in particular, to do things that were previously impossible. In one project, scientists
made observations about the sizes of human social networks using data from Facebook. A second
investigation of these networks, produced by Bernardo Huberman of HP Labs, Hewlett-Packard's
research arm in Pato Alto, California, looked at Twitter, a social networking website that allows people
to post short messages to long lists of friends.

At first glance, the networks seemed enormous - the 300,000 Twitterers sampled had 80 friends each,
on average (those on Facebook had 120), but some listed up to 1,000. Closer statistical inspection,
however, revealed that the majority of the messages were directed at a few specific friends. This
showed that an individual's active social network is far smaller than his 'clan'. Dr Huberman has also
helped uncover several laws of web surfing, including the number of times an average person will go
from web page to web page on a given site before giving up, and the details of the 'winner takes all'
phenomenon, whereby a few sites on a given subject attract most of the attention, and the rest get very
little.

Scientists have been good at using the Web to carry out research. However, they have not been so
effective at employing the latest web-based social-networking tools to open up scientific discussion and
encourage more effective collaboration. Journalists are now used to having their articles commented on
by dozens of readers. Indeed, many bloggers develop and refine their essays as a result of these
comments.

Yet although people have tried to have scientific research reviewed in the same way, most researchers
only accept reviews from a few anonymous experts. When Nature, one of the world's most respected
scientific journals, experimented with open peer review in 2006, the results were disappointing. Only 5%
of the authors it spoke to agreed to have their article posted for review on the Web - and their instinct
turned out to be right, because almost half of the papers attracted no comments. Michael Nielsen, an
expert on quantum computers, belongs to a new wave of scientist bloggers who want to change this. He
thinks the reason for the lack of comments is that potential reviewers lack incentive.

adapted from The Economist

* The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is the world's largest particle accelerator and collides particle beams.
It provides information on fundamental questions of physics.
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS! USE LOWERCASE LETTER!

Question:

What type of writing is not reviewed extensively on the Web?

Q:24) Isian Singkat

Intruction:

Look at the passage below!

The World Wide Web from its origins

Science inspired the World Wide Web, and the Web has responded by changing science.

Information Management: A Proposal’. That was the bland title of a document written in March 1989 by
a then little- known computer scientist called Tim Berners-Lee, who was working at CERN, Europe’s
particle physics laboratory, near Geneva. His proposal, modestly called the World Wide Web, has
achieved far more than anyone expected at the time.

In fact, the Web was invented to deal with a specific problem. In the late 1980s, CERN was planning one
of the most ambitious scientific projects ever, the Large Hadron Collider*, or LHC. As the first few lines
of the original proposal put it, 'Many of the discussions of the future at CERN and the LHC end with the
question "Yes, but how will we ever keep track of such a large project?" This proposal provides an
answer to such questions.

The Web, as everyone now knows, has many more uses than the original idea of linking electronic
documents about particle physics in laboratories around the world. But among all the changes it has
brought about, from personal social networks to political campaigning, it has also transformed the
business of doing science itself, as the man who invented it hoped it would.

It allows journals to be published online and links to be made from one paper to another. It also permits
professional scientists to recruit thousands of amateurs to give them a hand. One project of this type,
called Galaxy Zoo, used these unpaid workers to classify one million images of galaxies into various types
(spiral, elliptical and irregular). This project, which was intended to help astronomers understand how
galaxies evolve, was so successful that a successor has now been launched, to classify the brightest
quarter of a million of them in finer detail. People working for a more modest project called
Herbaria@home examine scanned images of handwritten notes about old plants stored in British
museums. This will allow them to track the changes in the distribution of species in response to climate
change.

Another new scientific application of the Web is to use it as an experimental laboratory. It is allowing
social scientists, in particular, to do things that were previously impossible. In one project, scientists
made observations about the sizes of human social networks using data from Facebook. A second
investigation of these networks, produced by Bernardo Huberman of HP Labs, Hewlett-Packard's
research arm in Pato Alto, California, looked at Twitter, a social networking website that allows people
to post short messages to long lists of friends.
At first glance, the networks seemed enormous - the 300,000 Twitterers sampled had 80 friends each,
on average (those on Facebook had 120), but some listed up to 1,000. Closer statistical inspection,
however, revealed that the majority of the messages were directed at a few specific friends. This
showed that an individual's active social network is far smaller than his 'clan'. Dr Huberman has also
helped uncover several laws of web surfing, including the number of times an average person will go
from web page to web page on a given site before giving up, and the details of the 'winner takes all'
phenomenon, whereby a few sites on a given subject attract most of the attention, and the rest get very
little.

Scientists have been good at using the Web to carry out research. However, they have not been so
effective at employing the latest web-based social-networking tools to open up scientific discussion and
encourage more effective collaboration. Journalists are now used to having their articles commented on
by dozens of readers. Indeed, many bloggers develop and refine their essays as a result of these
comments.

Yet although people have tried to have scientific research reviewed in the same way, most researchers
only accept reviews from a few anonymous experts. When Nature, one of the world's most respected
scientific journals, experimented with open peer review in 2006, the results were disappointing. Only 5%
of the authors it spoke to agreed to have their article posted for review on the Web - and their instinct
turned out to be right, because almost half of the papers attracted no comments. Michael Nielsen, an
expert on quantum computers, belongs to a new wave of scientist bloggers who want to change this. He
thinks the reason for the lack of comments is that potential reviewers lack incentive.

adapted from The Economist

* The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is the world's largest particle accelerator and collides particle beams.
It provides information on fundamental questions of physics.

Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS! USE LOWERCASE LETTER!

Question:

Which publication invited authors to publish their articles on the World Wide Web?

Q:15) Isian Singkat

Look at the passage below!

The World Wide Web from its origins

Science inspired the World Wide Web, and the Web has responded by changing science.

Information Management: A Proposal’. That was the bland title of a document written in March 1989 by
a then little- known computer scientist called Tim Berners-Lee, who was working at CERN, Europe’s
particle physics laboratory, near Geneva. His proposal, modestly called the World Wide Web, has
achieved far more than anyone expected at the time.

In fact, the Web was invented to deal with a specific problem. In the late 1980s, CERN was planning one
of the most ambitious scientific projects ever, the Large Hadron Collider*, or LHC. As the first few lines
of the original proposal put it, 'Many of the discussions of the future at CERN and the LHC end with the
question "Yes, but how will we ever keep track of such a large project?" This proposal provides an
answer to such questions.

The Web, as everyone now knows, has many more uses than the original idea of linking electronic
documents about particle physics in laboratories around the world. But among all the changes it has
brought about, from personal social networks to political campaigning, it has also transformed the
business of doing science itself, as the man who invented it hoped it would.

It allows journals to be published online and links to be made from one paper to another. It also permits
professional scientists to recruit thousands of amateurs to give them a hand. One project of this type,
called Galaxy Zoo, used these unpaid workers to classify one million images of galaxies into various types
(spiral, elliptical and irregular). This project, which was intended to help astronomers understand how
galaxies evolve, was so successful that a successor has now been launched, to classify the brightest
quarter of a million of them in finer detail. People working for a more modest project called
Herbaria@home examine scanned images of handwritten notes about old plants stored in British
museums. This will allow them to track the changes in the distribution of species in response to climate
change.

Another new scientific application of the Web is to use it as an experimental laboratory. It is allowing
social scientists, in particular, to do things that were previously impossible. In one project, scientists
made observations about the sizes of human social networks using data from Facebook. A second
investigation of these networks, produced by Bernardo Huberman of HP Labs, Hewlett-Packard's
research arm in Pato Alto, California, looked at Twitter, a social networking website that allows people
to post short messages to long lists of friends.

At first glance, the networks seemed enormous - the 300,000 Twitterers sampled had 80 friends each,
on average (those on Facebook had 120), but some listed up to 1,000. Closer statistical inspection,
however, revealed that the majority of the messages were directed at a few specific friends. This
showed that an individual's active social network is far smaller than his 'clan'. Dr Huberman has also
helped uncover several laws of web surfing, including the number of times an average person will go
from web page to web page on a given site before giving up, and the details of the 'winner takes all'
phenomenon, whereby a few sites on a given subject attract most of the attention, and the rest get very
little.

Scientists have been good at using the Web to carry out research. However, they have not been so
effective at employing the latest web-based social-networking tools to open up scientific discussion and
encourage more effective collaboration. Journalists are now used to having their articles commented on
by dozens of readers. Indeed, many bloggers develop and refine their essays as a result of these
comments.

Yet although people have tried to have scientific research reviewed in the same way, most researchers
only accept reviews from a few anonymous experts. When Nature, one of the world's most respected
scientific journals, experimented with open peer review in 2006, the results were disappointing. Only 5%
of the authors it spoke to agreed to have their article posted for review on the Web - and their instinct
turned out to be right, because almost half of the papers attracted no comments. Michael Nielsen, an
expert on quantum computers, belongs to a new wave of scientist bloggers who want to change this. He
thinks the reason for the lack of comments is that potential reviewers lack incentive.

adapted from The Economist

* The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is the world's largest particle accelerator and collides particle beams.
It provides information on fundamental questions of physics.

Instruction:
Complete the notes below by reading the “World Wide Web from its Origins” Passage!
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Social networks and Internet use

Web used by Social scientists (including Dr Huberman) to investigate the A ______ of social networks.
Most B ______ intended for limited number of people - not everyone on list.
Dr Huberman has also investigated:
 C _______to discover how long people will spend on a particular website,
 why a small number of sites get much more D ________ than others on same subject.
What is the answer for A? USE LOWERCASE LETTER!

Q:16) Isian Singkat

Look at the passage below!

The World Wide Web from its origins

Science inspired the World Wide Web, and the Web has responded by changing science.

Information Management: A Proposal’. That was the bland title of a document written in March 1989 by
a then little- known computer scientist called Tim Berners-Lee, who was working at CERN, Europe’s
particle physics laboratory, near Geneva. His proposal, modestly called the World Wide Web, has
achieved far more than anyone expected at the time.

In fact, the Web was invented to deal with a specific problem. In the late 1980s, CERN was planning one
of the most ambitious scientific projects ever, the Large Hadron Collider*, or LHC. As the first few lines
of the original proposal put it, 'Many of the discussions of the future at CERN and the LHC end with the
question "Yes, but how will we ever keep track of such a large project?" This proposal provides an
answer to such questions.

The Web, as everyone now knows, has many more uses than the original idea of linking electronic
documents about particle physics in laboratories around the world. But among all the changes it has
brought about, from personal social networks to political campaigning, it has also transformed the
business of doing science itself, as the man who invented it hoped it would.

It allows journals to be published online and links to be made from one paper to another. It also permits
professional scientists to recruit thousands of amateurs to give them a hand. One project of this type,
called Galaxy Zoo, used these unpaid workers to classify one million images of galaxies into various types
(spiral, elliptical and irregular). This project, which was intended to help astronomers understand how
galaxies evolve, was so successful that a successor has now been launched, to classify the brightest
quarter of a million of them in finer detail. People working for a more modest project called
Herbaria@home examine scanned images of handwritten notes about old plants stored in British
museums. This will allow them to track the changes in the distribution of species in response to climate
change.

Another new scientific application of the Web is to use it as an experimental laboratory. It is allowing
social scientists, in particular, to do things that were previously impossible. In one project, scientists
made observations about the sizes of human social networks using data from Facebook. A second
investigation of these networks, produced by Bernardo Huberman of HP Labs, Hewlett-Packard's
research arm in Pato Alto, California, looked at Twitter, a social networking website that allows people
to post short messages to long lists of friends.

At first glance, the networks seemed enormous - the 300,000 Twitterers sampled had 80 friends each,
on average (those on Facebook had 120), but some listed up to 1,000. Closer statistical inspection,
however, revealed that the majority of the messages were directed at a few specific friends. This
showed that an individual's active social network is far smaller than his 'clan'. Dr Huberman has also
helped uncover several laws of web surfing, including the number of times an average person will go
from web page to web page on a given site before giving up, and the details of the 'winner takes all'
phenomenon, whereby a few sites on a given subject attract most of the attention, and the rest get very
little.

Scientists have been good at using the Web to carry out research. However, they have not been so
effective at employing the latest web-based social-networking tools to open up scientific discussion and
encourage more effective collaboration. Journalists are now used to having their articles commented on
by dozens of readers. Indeed, many bloggers develop and refine their essays as a result of these
comments.

Yet although people have tried to have scientific research reviewed in the same way, most researchers
only accept reviews from a few anonymous experts. When Nature, one of the world's most respected
scientific journals, experimented with open peer review in 2006, the results were disappointing. Only 5%
of the authors it spoke to agreed to have their article posted for review on the Web - and their instinct
turned out to be right, because almost half of the papers attracted no comments. Michael Nielsen, an
expert on quantum computers, belongs to a new wave of scientist bloggers who want to change this. He
thinks the reason for the lack of comments is that potential reviewers lack incentive.

adapted from The Economist

* The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is the world's largest particle accelerator and collides particle beams.
It provides information on fundamental questions of physics.

Instruction:
Complete the notes below by reading the “World Wide Web from its Origins” Passage!
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Social networks and Internet use
Web used by Social scientists (including Dr Huberman) to investigate the A ______ of social networks.
Most B ______ intended for limited number of people - not everyone on list.
Dr Huberman has also investigated:
 C _______to discover how long people will spend on a particular website,
 why a small number of sites get much more D ________ than others on same subject.
What is the answer of B? USE LOWERCASE LETTER!

Q:17) Isian Singkat

Look at the passage below!

The World Wide Web from its origins

Science inspired the World Wide Web, and the Web has responded by changing science.

Information Management: A Proposal’. That was the bland title of a document written in March 1989 by
a then little- known computer scientist called Tim Berners-Lee, who was working at CERN, Europe’s
particle physics laboratory, near Geneva. His proposal, modestly called the World Wide Web, has
achieved far more than anyone expected at the time.

In fact, the Web was invented to deal with a specific problem. In the late 1980s, CERN was planning one
of the most ambitious scientific projects ever, the Large Hadron Collider*, or LHC. As the first few lines
of the original proposal put it, 'Many of the discussions of the future at CERN and the LHC end with the
question "Yes, but how will we ever keep track of such a large project?" This proposal provides an
answer to such questions.

The Web, as everyone now knows, has many more uses than the original idea of linking electronic
documents about particle physics in laboratories around the world. But among all the changes it has
brought about, from personal social networks to political campaigning, it has also transformed the
business of doing science itself, as the man who invented it hoped it would.

It allows journals to be published online and links to be made from one paper to another. It also permits
professional scientists to recruit thousands of amateurs to give them a hand. One project of this type,
called Galaxy Zoo, used these unpaid workers to classify one million images of galaxies into various types
(spiral, elliptical and irregular). This project, which was intended to help astronomers understand how
galaxies evolve, was so successful that a successor has now been launched, to classify the brightest
quarter of a million of them in finer detail. People working for a more modest project called
Herbaria@home examine scanned images of handwritten notes about old plants stored in British
museums. This will allow them to track the changes in the distribution of species in response to climate
change.

Another new scientific application of the Web is to use it as an experimental laboratory. It is allowing
social scientists, in particular, to do things that were previously impossible. In one project, scientists
made observations about the sizes of human social networks using data from Facebook. A second
investigation of these networks, produced by Bernardo Huberman of HP Labs, Hewlett-Packard's
research arm in Pato Alto, California, looked at Twitter, a social networking website that allows people
to post short messages to long lists of friends.

At first glance, the networks seemed enormous - the 300,000 Twitterers sampled had 80 friends each,
on average (those on Facebook had 120), but some listed up to 1,000. Closer statistical inspection,
however, revealed that the majority of the messages were directed at a few specific friends. This
showed that an individual's active social network is far smaller than his 'clan'. Dr Huberman has also
helped uncover several laws of web surfing, including the number of times an average person will go
from web page to web page on a given site before giving up, and the details of the 'winner takes all'
phenomenon, whereby a few sites on a given subject attract most of the attention, and the rest get very
little.

Scientists have been good at using the Web to carry out research. However, they have not been so
effective at employing the latest web-based social-networking tools to open up scientific discussion and
encourage more effective collaboration. Journalists are now used to having their articles commented on
by dozens of readers. Indeed, many bloggers develop and refine their essays as a result of these
comments.

Yet although people have tried to have scientific research reviewed in the same way, most researchers
only accept reviews from a few anonymous experts. When Nature, one of the world's most respected
scientific journals, experimented with open peer review in 2006, the results were disappointing. Only 5%
of the authors it spoke to agreed to have their article posted for review on the Web - and their instinct
turned out to be right, because almost half of the papers attracted no comments. Michael Nielsen, an
expert on quantum computers, belongs to a new wave of scientist bloggers who want to change this. He
thinks the reason for the lack of comments is that potential reviewers lack incentive.

adapted from The Economist

* The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is the world's largest particle accelerator and collides particle beams.
It provides information on fundamental questions of physics.

Instruction:
Complete the notes below by reading the “World Wide Web from its Origins” Passage!
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Social networks and Internet use

Web used by Social scientists (including Dr Huberman) to investigate the A ______ of social networks.
Most B ______ intended for limited number of people - not everyone on list.
Dr Huberman has also investigated:
 C _______to discover how long people will spend on a particular website,
 why a small number of sites get much more D ________ than others on same subject.
What is the answer of C? USE LOWERCASE LETTER!

Q:18) Isian Singkat

Look at the passage below!

The World Wide Web from its origins

Science inspired the World Wide Web, and the Web has responded by changing science.

Information Management: A Proposal’. That was the bland title of a document written in March 1989 by
a then little- known computer scientist called Tim Berners-Lee, who was working at CERN, Europe’s
particle physics laboratory, near Geneva. His proposal, modestly called the World Wide Web, has
achieved far more than anyone expected at the time.

In fact, the Web was invented to deal with a specific problem. In the late 1980s, CERN was planning one
of the most ambitious scientific projects ever, the Large Hadron Collider*, or LHC. As the first few lines
of the original proposal put it, 'Many of the discussions of the future at CERN and the LHC end with the
question "Yes, but how will we ever keep track of such a large project?" This proposal provides an
answer to such questions.

The Web, as everyone now knows, has many more uses than the original idea of linking electronic
documents about particle physics in laboratories around the world. But among all the changes it has
brought about, from personal social networks to political campaigning, it has also transformed the
business of doing science itself, as the man who invented it hoped it would.

It allows journals to be published online and links to be made from one paper to another. It also permits
professional scientists to recruit thousands of amateurs to give them a hand. One project of this type,
called Galaxy Zoo, used these unpaid workers to classify one million images of galaxies into various types
(spiral, elliptical and irregular). This project, which was intended to help astronomers understand how
galaxies evolve, was so successful that a successor has now been launched, to classify the brightest
quarter of a million of them in finer detail. People working for a more modest project called
Herbaria@home examine scanned images of handwritten notes about old plants stored in British
museums. This will allow them to track the changes in the distribution of species in response to climate
change.

Another new scientific application of the Web is to use it as an experimental laboratory. It is allowing
social scientists, in particular, to do things that were previously impossible. In one project, scientists
made observations about the sizes of human social networks using data from Facebook. A second
investigation of these networks, produced by Bernardo Huberman of HP Labs, Hewlett-Packard's
research arm in Pato Alto, California, looked at Twitter, a social networking website that allows people
to post short messages to long lists of friends.

At first glance, the networks seemed enormous - the 300,000 Twitterers sampled had 80 friends each,
on average (those on Facebook had 120), but some listed up to 1,000. Closer statistical inspection,
however, revealed that the majority of the messages were directed at a few specific friends. This
showed that an individual's active social network is far smaller than his 'clan'. Dr Huberman has also
helped uncover several laws of web surfing, including the number of times an average person will go
from web page to web page on a given site before giving up, and the details of the 'winner takes all'
phenomenon, whereby a few sites on a given subject attract most of the attention, and the rest get very
little.
Scientists have been good at using the Web to carry out research. However, they have not been so
effective at employing the latest web-based social-networking tools to open up scientific discussion and
encourage more effective collaboration. Journalists are now used to having their articles commented on
by dozens of readers. Indeed, many bloggers develop and refine their essays as a result of these
comments.

Yet although people have tried to have scientific research reviewed in the same way, most researchers
only accept reviews from a few anonymous experts. When Nature, one of the world's most respected
scientific journals, experimented with open peer review in 2006, the results were disappointing. Only 5%
of the authors it spoke to agreed to have their article posted for review on the Web - and their instinct
turned out to be right, because almost half of the papers attracted no comments. Michael Nielsen, an
expert on quantum computers, belongs to a new wave of scientist bloggers who want to change this. He
thinks the reason for the lack of comments is that potential reviewers lack incentive.

adapted from The Economist

* The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is the world's largest particle accelerator and collides particle beams.
It provides information on fundamental questions of physics.

Instruction:
Complete the notes below by reading the “World Wide Web from its Origins” Passage!
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Social networks and Internet use

Web used by Social scientists (including Dr Huberman) to investigate the A ______ of social networks.
Most B ______ intended for limited number of people - not everyone on list.
Dr Huberman has also investigated:
 C _______to discover how long people will spend on a particular website,
 why a small number of sites get much more D ________ than others on same subject.
What is the answer of D? USE LOWERCASE LETTER!

Q:19) Pilihan Ganda

Read the passage “The Birth of Blue” below and then answer the question!

The Birth of Blue

As a primary colour, blue has been the most difficult for artists and scientists to create.

Artists have always been enchanted by blue, yet fine blues have long been difficult to obtain. Blues are
relatively rare in nature, and painters throughout the ages have therefore found themselves at the
mercy of what contemporary chemical technology could offer. Some blues have been prohibitively
expensive, others were unreliable. The quest for a good blue has driven some crucial technological
innovations, showing that the interaction of art and science has not always been a one-way affair. The
first pigments were simply ground-up colored minerals dug from the earth. But few blue minerals are
suitable as pigments - so there are no blues in cave art. Ancient Egyptian artists used blue prominently,
however, because they knew how to make a fine artificial pigment, now known as Egyptian blue.

The discovery of Egyptian blue, like that of many other artificial pigments, was almost certainly an
accident. The Egyptians manufactured blue-glazed stones and ornaments Galled faience using a
technique they inherited from the Mesopotamians. Faience manufacture was big business in the ancient
world - it was traded all over Europe by 1500 вс Faience is made by heating stone ornaments in a kiln
with copper minerals such as malachite. Egyptian blue, which was made from at least 2500 BC, comes
from firing chalk or limestone with sand and copper minerals, and probably appeared by the chance
mixture of these ingredients in a faience kiln.

Scientists recently deduced the secrets of another ancient blue: Maya blue, used for centuries
throughout central America before the Spanish Conquest. This is a kind of clay -a mineral made of sheets
of atoms - with molecules of the blue dye indigo wedged between the sheets. Using indigo in this way
makes it less liable to decompose. No one has made colors this way since the Mayas, and no one knows
exactly how they did it. But technologists are now interested in using the same trick to make stable
pigments from other dyes.

The finest pigment available to medieval artists was ultramarine, which began to appear in Western art
in the 13th century. It was made from the blue mineral lapis lazuli, of which only one source was known:
the remote mines of Badakhshan, now in Afghanistan. In addition to the difficulty of transporting the
mineral over such distances, making the pigment was a tremendously laborious business. Lapis lazuli
turns greyish when powdered because of impurities in the mineral. To extract the pure blue pigment,
the powder has to be mixed to a dough with wax and kneaded repeatedly in water.

As a result, ultramarine could cost more than its weight in gold, and medieval artists were very selective
in using it. Painters since the Renaissance craved a cheaper, more accessible, blue to compare with
ultramarine. Things improved in 1704, when a Berlin-based colour maker called Diesbach discovered the
first "modern" synthetic pigment: Prussian blue. Diesbach was trying to make a red pigment, using a
recipe that involved the alkali potash. But Diesbach's potash was contaminated with animal oil, and the
synthesis did not work out as planned. Instead of red, Diesbach made blue

The oil had reacted to produce cyanide, a vital ingredient of Prussian blue. Diesbach kept his recipe
secret for many years, but it was discovered and published in 1724, after which anyone could make the
colour. By the 1750s, it cost just a tenth of ultramarine. But it wasn't such a glorious blue, and painters
still weren't satisfied. They got a better alternative in 1802, when the French chemist Louis Jacques
Thenard invented cobalt blue.

Best of all was the discovery in 1826 of a method for making ultramarine itself. The French Society for
the Encouragement of National Industry offered a prize of 6,000 francs in 1824 to anyone who could
make artificial ultramarine at an affordable price.
The Toulouse chemist Jean-Baptiste Guimet was awarded the prize two years later, when he showed
that ultramarine could be made by heating china clay, soda, charcoal, sand and Sulphur in a furnace.
This meant that there was no longer any need to rely on the scarce natural source, and ultramarine
eventually became a relatively cheap commercial pigment (called French ultramarine, as it was first
mass-produced in Paris).

In the 1950s, synthetic ultramarine became the source of what is claimed to be the world's most
beautiful blue. Invented by the French artist Yves Klein in collaboration with a Parisian paint
manufacturer, Edouard Adam, International Klein Blue is a triumph of modern chemistry. Klein was
troubled by how pigments lost their richness when they were mixed with liquid binder to make a paint.
With Adam's help, he found that a synthetic resin, thinned with organic solvents, would retain this
vibrant texture in the dry paint layer. In 1957, Klein launched his new blue with a series of monochrome
paintings, and in 1960 he protected his invention with a patent.

Question:
What was the main disadvantage in using ultramarine for medieval artists?

A:) It contained а number of impurities.

B:) It was excessively expensive.
C:) The color wasn’t permanent.
D:) The preparation process was hazardous.
E:) It was not common at that time.

Q:20) Pilihan Ganda

Read the passage “The Birth of Blue” below and then answer the question!

The Birth of Blue

As a primary colour, blue has been the most difficult for artists and scientists to create.

Artists have always been enchanted by blue, yet fine blues have long been difficult to obtain. Blues are
relatively rare in nature, and painters throughout the ages have therefore found themselves at the
mercy of what contemporary chemical technology could offer. Some blues have been prohibitively
expensive, others were unreliable. The quest for a good blue has driven some crucial technological
innovations, showing that the interaction of art and science has not always been a one-way affair. The
first pigments were simply ground-up colored minerals dug from the earth. But few blue minerals are
suitable as pigments - so there are no blues in cave art. Ancient Egyptian artists used blue prominently,
however, because they knew how to make a fine artificial pigment, now known as Egyptian blue.

The discovery of Egyptian blue, like that of many other artificial pigments, was almost certainly an
accident. The Egyptians manufactured blue-glazed stones and ornaments Galled faience using a
technique they inherited from the Mesopotamians. Faience manufacture was big business in the ancient
world - it was traded all over Europe by 1500 вс Faience is made by heating stone ornaments in a kiln
with copper minerals such as malachite. Egyptian blue, which was made from at least 2500 BC, comes
from firing chalk or limestone with sand and copper minerals, and probably appeared by the chance
mixture of these ingredients in a faience kiln.

Scientists recently deduced the secrets of another ancient blue: Maya blue, used for centuries
throughout central America before the Spanish Conquest. This is a kind of clay -a mineral made of sheets
of atoms - with molecules of the blue dye indigo wedged between the sheets. Using indigo in this way
makes it less liable to decompose. No one has made colors this way since the Mayas, and no one knows
exactly how they did it. But technologists are now interested in using the same trick to make stable
pigments from other dyes.

The finest pigment available to medieval artists was ultramarine, which began to appear in Western art
in the 13th century. It was made from the blue mineral lapis lazuli, of which only one source was known:
the remote mines of Badakhshan, now in Afghanistan. In addition to the difficulty of transporting the
mineral over such distances, making the pigment was a tremendously laborious business. Lapis lazuli
turns greyish when powdered because of impurities in the mineral. To extract the pure blue pigment,
the powder has to be mixed to a dough with wax and kneaded repeatedly in water.

As a result, ultramarine could cost more than its weight in gold, and medieval artists were very selective
in using it. Painters since the Renaissance craved a cheaper, more accessible, blue to compare with
ultramarine. Things improved in 1704, when a Berlin-based colour maker called Diesbach discovered the
first "modern" synthetic pigment: Prussian blue. Diesbach was trying to make a red pigment, using a
recipe that involved the alkali potash. But Diesbach's potash was contaminated with animal oil, and the
synthesis did not work out as planned. Instead of red, Diesbach made blue

The oil had reacted to produce cyanide, a vital ingredient of Prussian blue. Diesbach kept his recipe
secret for many years, but it was discovered and published in 1724, after which anyone could make the
colour. By the 1750s, it cost just a tenth of ultramarine. But it wasn't such a glorious blue, and painters
still weren't satisfied. They got a better alternative in 1802, when the French chemist Louis Jacques
Thenard invented cobalt blue.

Best of all was the discovery in 1826 of a method for making ultramarine itself. The French Society for
the Encouragement of National Industry offered a prize of 6,000 francs in 1824 to anyone who could
make artificial ultramarine at an affordable price.

The Toulouse chemist Jean-Baptiste Guimet was awarded the prize two years later, when he showed
that ultramarine could be made by heating china clay, soda, charcoal, sand and Sulphur in a furnace.
This meant that there was no longer any need to rely on the scarce natural source, and ultramarine
eventually became a relatively cheap commercial pigment (called French ultramarine, as it was first
mass-produced in Paris).
In the 1950s, synthetic ultramarine became the source of what is claimed to be the world's most
beautiful blue. Invented by the French artist Yves Klein in collaboration with a Parisian paint
manufacturer, Edouard Adam, International Klein Blue is a triumph of modern chemistry. Klein was
troubled by how pigments lost their richness when they were mixed with liquid binder to make a paint.
With Adam's help, he found that a synthetic resin, thinned with organic solvents, would retain this
vibrant texture in the dry paint layer. In 1957, Klein launched his new blue with a series of monochrome
paintings, and in 1960 he protected his invention with a patent.

Question:
Thе discovery оf Prussian blue wаѕ thе result оf?

A:) Using the wrong quantity of an ingredient.

B:) Mixing the wrong ingredients together.
C:) Including an ingredient that was impure.
D:) Using an ingredient of the wrong colour.
E:) Including the authentic ingredient.