Minerology

BY GROUP 4
Learning Objectives

STUDENTS WILL BE ABLE TO IDENTIFY

1 PROPERTIES, OCCURRENCE, AND
FORMATION OF MINERALS.

STUDENTS WILL BE ABLE TO DETERMINE

2 MINERAL FAMILIES AND LEARN THE
CONCEPTS OF COALS AND PETROLEUM.
 What is
Mineralogy
 What is
Mineralogy
Mineralogy is the scientific study of minerals,
structure (chemical and crystalline), properties
(physical),
processes (origin, formation & occurrence),
classification and distribution, and uses.
What are
minerals?
 Minerals
This are naturally occurring, inorganic, solid
element or compound crystalline substance, has
definite atomic structure and chemical
composition
Over 4000 Minerals exist in earth crust
All are composed of oxygen, silicon, aluminum,
iron, calcium, potassium, sodium and magnesium
Classifications and
Mineral Groups
 Classifications and
Mineral Groups
1. Rock forming minerals
Minerals found in abundance of earth crust
Forms igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic
rocks
2. Ore forming minerals
Minerals that are of economic values
Limited mode of occurrence
Formed by more unusual processes
4 PICS, 1 WORD
Answer: Color
Answer: STREAK
Answer: LUSTRE/LUSTER
Answer: STRUCTURE and FORM
Answer: CLEAVAGE
Answer: FRACTURE
Physical Properties
of Minerals
 Physical Properties of
Minerals

1. Color
Not constant in most of the minerals
Due to the stain or impurities in the minerals
May indicate that mineral has undergone peculiar
phenomena
 Physical Properties of
Minerals
PLAY OF COLORS:
Development of series of prismatic colors by
turning about in light

CHANGE OF COLORS:
Similar to play of colors but slower rotation

IRIDESCENE:
Show rainbow colors either in the interior or on
the surface
 Physical Properties of
Minerals

2. Streak
Color of mineral powder
Nearly constant than the color
Determined by marking unglazed porcelain or
simply by scratching with a knife and
observing the powder color
 Physical Properties of
Minerals
3. Lustre/Luster
Description of how much a mineral reflects
light
METALLIC(SHINY)
i. Classy (vitreous) – like broken glass
ii. Metallic – like metal
iii. Pearly – like pearls
NONMETALLIC (DULL)
 Physical Properties of
Minerals

4. Structure and Form

(Habit)
 Physical Properties of
4. Structure and Form Minerals

(Habit)
Prismatic - elongated in one direction like prism
Tabular - tabular or plate like shape
Equant - possess approximately same side length in every direction
Foliated - thin sheets, flakes, or scales
Fibrous - crystal aggregates resembling long, slender needles, hair or threadlike fibers
Reticulated - aggregate of crystals forming a network or lattice
Stellated - composed of branches which radiate star like from a central point
Dendritic - divergent branching and treelike mineral growth
Columnar or Stalactitic - thick or thin column-like structure
 Physical Properties of
4. Structure and Form Minerals

(Habit)
Micaceous - thin, flat sheets or flakes that easily peels or split off a larger mass
Acicular - contains many long, slender crystals which may radiate like needles or
bristles from common base; long narrow like pine leaf
Filiform - exhibits many hair like or threadlike filaments
Hopper - edges are fully developed but interior spaces are not filled; hollow
Plumose - fine, feathery scales resembling plumes
Bladed - blade like structure, elongated, flat crystals like knife blades
Radiated - fibrous diverging from central points
Lamellar - made of separable plates; feathery or delicate aggregates
 Physical Properties of
4. Structure and Form Minerals

(Habit)
Colloform - spherical, rounded, or bulbous shape
Botryoidal - an aggregate-like bunch of grapes or globular
Reniform - kidney shaped aggregate
Mamillary - display soft, rounded curves
Striated - display shallow parallel grooves or lines along flat crystal faces
Granular - Densely packed grain
Massive - No definite shape for minerals, large and lumpy
 Physical Properties of
5. Hardness Minerals

Resistance of minerals to abrasion or

scratching
Measured relative to a scale of ten of
minerals
 Physical Properties of
6. Specific Gravity Minerals

the density of the mineral compared to the

density of water metallic minerals have high
SG, non-metallic minerals have lower SG
 Physical Properties of
Minerals
7. Cleavage
tendency of a crystallized mineral
to break along certain definite
planes yielding more or less
smooth surfaces
cubic : 3cleavages
octahedral: 4 cleavages
Dodecahedral: 6cleavage
Basal: 1 cleavage
 Physical Properties of
Minerals

8. Fracture
as the appearance of its broken
surface
CONCHOIDAL: concentric rings or
curved surface
EVEN: smooth and flat
UNEVEN: irregular surface
SPLINTERY: breaks with a rough
 Crystallography
and
Crystalline Systems
Crystallography
the science concerned with the formation,
properties, and structure of crystals
deals with the geometric forms of crystals

Mineral Crystal System

also called Mineral Habits
refers to the way crystals form within a specific
mineral
Diamond: two pyramids attached at their bases
Quartz: has six sides
Crystal Forms:
internal atomic arrangement of mineral
manifested outwardly by development of
geometrical shapes or crystal characters
 3 TYPES
OF
CRYSTAL FORM
1. Crystallized
mineral occurs in the form of well-defined
crystals

2. Amorphous
shows absolutely no signs or evidence of
crystallization

3. Crystalline
well-defined crystals are absent but a tendency
towards crystallization is present
Symmetry and Lattices
Symmetry and Lattices

Symmetry
Describes the repetition
of structural features
Symmetry
2 GENERAL TYPES:

Translational
Periodic repetition of structural feature across a
length or through an area or volume

Point
Periodic repetition of structural feature at a point
Reflection, rotation, and inversion are examples of point
symmetry
Symmetry and Lattices

LATTICES
Directly related to translational
symmetry
A network or array composed of
single motif that has been translated
and repeated at fixed intervals
throughout the space
Symmetry and Lattices

Bravais Lattice
▪ There are only fourteen (14) different lattices that may be
formed in a 3D space
▪ Divided into six (6) crystal systems
▪ Has three (3) types:
Primitive
Face centered
Body-centered
Symmetry and Lattices

Crystal Systems
All minerals form crystals in one of the systems and are defined by
a combination of three factors:Mineral Crystal System
also called Mineral Habits
refers to the way crystals form within a specific mineral
Example:
Diamond – two pyramids attached at their bases
Quartz – has six sides
Symmetry and Lattices

Crystal Forms
internal atomic arrangement of mineral manifested outwardly by
development of geometrical shapes or crystal characters.

Three (3) types of Crystal Form

1. Crystallized – mineral occurs in the form of well-defined crystals.
2. Amorphous – shows absolutely no signs or evidence of
crystallization.
3. Crystalline – well-defined crystals are absent but a tendency
towards crystallization is present.
Symmetry and Lattices
Symmetry and Lattices

Symmetry
- Describes the repetition of structural features

Two (2) general types:

1. Translational – periodic repetition of structural feature across a
length or through an area or volume.
2. Point – periodic repetition of structural feature at a point.
Reflection, rotation, and inversion are examples of point symmetry.
1. Number of axis
2. Length of axis
3. Angles the axes meet
Lattices
Mineral Systems
 Mineral Systems
1. Isometric System: Basic Shape
 Mineral Systems
2. Orthorhombic System: Basic Shape
 Mineral Systems
3. Tertragonal System
 Mineral Systems
4. Monoclinic System
 Mineral Systems
5. Triclinic System Basic Shape
 Mineral Systems
6. Hexagonal System: Basic Shape
- Directly related to translational symmetry
- A network or array composed of single motif that
has been translated and repeated at fixed intervals
throughout the space.
- Bravais Lattice
- There are only fourteen (14) different lattices that
may be formed in a 3D space
- Divided into six (6) crystal systems
Has three (3) types:
1. Primitive
2. Face centered
3. Body-centered
 Set of faces that are geometrically
equivalent and whose spatial positions are
related to one another according to
symmetry

Crystal
Each crystal systems may obtain different
crystal forms
Types of Crystal forms:
▪ Monohedron
▪

Forms
Parallelohedron
▪ Dihedron
▪ Disphenoid
▪ Prism
▪ Pyramid
▪ Dipyramid
▪ Trapezohedron
▪ Scalenohedron
▪ Rhombhohedron
▪ TetrahedronCrystal Systems
 Mineral Families
CRYSTAL SYSTEMS
- All minerals form crystals in one of the
systems and are defined by a combination of
three factors:
1. Number of axis
2. Length of axis
3. Angles the axes meet
Crystal Forms
Set of faces that are geometrically equivalent and
whose spatial positions are related to one
another according to symmetry
Each crystal systems may obtain different crystal
forms
Types of Crystal forms:
1. Monohedron
2. Parallelohedron
3. Dihedron
4. Disphenoid
5. Prism
6. Pyramid
7. Dipyramid
8. Trapezohedron
9. Scalenohedron
10. Rhombhohedron
11. Tetrahedron
Mineral Families
QUARTZ FAMILY
German “quarz” meaning uncertain origin
Word crystal was originally used only for
quartz
An important rock forming mineral next to
feldspar
A non – metallic refractory mineral – have
high melting points
Member of the SILICATE mineral group
QUARTZ FAMILY
Chemistry:
Chemical Formula: SiO2
Molecular Weight: 60.08 g

Composition:
Silicon: 46.74%
Oxygen: 53.26%
QUARTZ FAMILY
Formation
Formed by crystallization of
silica-rich molten rock
(magma)
Formed in pegmatites during
and after pneumatolytic
processes (metamorphic
process due to hot vapors)
Grow in hot watery solutions (
hydrothermal environments)
between 100C to 450C, often
at very high pressure p
 QUARTZ FAMILY

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES:
CRYSTAL SYSTEM: Hexagonal
HABIT: Crystalline or Armophous
CLEAVAGE: indistinct
FRACTURE: Conchoidal
COLOR: Pure - Colorless, Colored
-indicate impurities
LUSTER: vitreous
HARDNESS: 7
TENACITY: Brittle
SPECIFIC GRAVITY: 2.6 – 2.7
STREAK: White
TRANSPARENCY: Transparent/
Semi transparent/Opaque
 QUARTZ FAMILY

POLYMORPHIC TRANSFORMATION:
Quartz, tridymite, cristobalite,
moganite, coesite, keatite

OCCURRENCE:
Mostly found in igneous,
sedimentary and metamorphic rocks

USE:
used in the glassmaking industry
FELDSPAR FAMILY
Came from German word “feldspat” meaning
a rock that does not contain a core
Most abundant of all minerals
Composes more than 50% of the earth’s
crust by weight
Non- metallic and silicate
FELDSPAR FAMILY

Chemical Formula: Na Al Si3O8

Plagioclase: K Al Si3O8
Potassium Feldspar (Alkali
Feldspar)(or Soda-lime Feldspar):
Ca Al2 Si2O8
 FELDSPAR FAMILY
OCCURRENCE:
crystallize from magma as both intrusive and extrusive
igneous rocks and are also present in many types of
metamorphic rock; also found in many types of
sedimentary rocks

USE:
a common raw material used in glassmaking, ceramics, and to
some extent as a filler and extender in paint, plastics, and rubber;
alumina from feldspar improves product hardness, durability, and
resistance to chemical corrosion. In ceramics, the alkalis in feldspar
act as a flux, lowering the melting temperature of a mixture.
consumed in glassmaking, including glass containers and glass fiber
PLAGIOCLASE
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES:
CRYSTAL SYSTEM: Triclinic
HABIT: Tabular (Crystalline)
CLEAVAGE:Perfect 2Directional
FRACTURE: Conchoidal
COLOR: white to dark gray
STREAK: white
PLAGIOCLASE
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES:
LUSTER: Vitreous usually pearly
HARDNESS: 6 - 6.5
TENACITY: brittle
SPECIFIC GRAVITY: 2.6 – 2.8
TRANSPARENCY:translucent to
transparent
ORTHOCLASE
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES:
CRYSTAL SYSTEM: Monoclinic
CRYSTAL HABIT:
CLEAVAGE: perfect
FRACTURE: Uneven, Conchoidal
COLOR: Colourless, greenish, greyish yellow,
white, pink
STREAK: White
ORTHOCLASE
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES:
LUSTER: Vitreous, pearly
HARDNESS: 6
Tenacity: Brittle
SPECIFIC GRAVITY: 2.55–2.63
TRANSPARENCY:Translucent to transparent
PYROXENE GROUP

An important group of rock forming

minerals occur in dark colored igneous and
metamorphic rocks
Rich in calcium, magnesium, iron and silicates
Show a single chain structure of silicate
PYROXENE GROUP
Classified into:

ORTHOPYROXENE:
Enstatite: Mg SiO3
Hyperthene: (Mg, Fe) SiO3

CLINOPYROXENE:
Augite: (Ca,Na)(Mg,Fe,Al)(Al,Si)2O6
Diopside: Ca Mg Si2O6
Hedenbergite: Ca Fe Si2O6

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES:
PYROXENE - AUGITE
CRYSTAL SYSTEM: Monoclinic
HABIT: Crystalline
CLEAVAGE: Good (prismatic)
FRACTURE: Conchoidal
COLOR: Greyish green and black
STREAK: white
PYROXENE GROUP
LUSTER: Vitreous (cleavage and crystal
surface); dull (on other surface)
HARDNESS: 5.5 – 6.0
TENACITY: brittle
SPECIFIC GRAVITY: 3.2 – 3.6 (Medium)
TRANSPARENCY:Translucent/Opaque
 PYROXENE GROUP

OCCURRENCE:
Occurs in ferro magnesium mineral of igneous rock

For AUGITE:
commonly occurs in mafic and intermediate igneous rocks such as
basalt,
`gabbro, andesite, and diorite
HORNBLENDE

Principal component of amphibole

A Complex inosilicate series of minerals
The general formula:
-(Ca,Na)2–3(Mg,Fe,Al)5(Al,Si)8O22(OH,F)2

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES:
CRYSTAL SYSTEM: Monoclinic
HABIT: Hexagonal, granular
CLEAVAGE: imperfect
FRACTURE: uneven
COLOR: black, Dark Green to
Brown
LUSTER: Vitreous to dull
PYROXENE GROUP
HARDNESS: 5 - 6
SPECIFIC GRAVITY: 2.9
STREAK: colorless, white to pale gray
TRANSPARENCY:
Translucent/ Opaque
 HORNBLENDE

OCCURRENCE:
common constituent of many igneous and metamorphic
rocks such as granite, syenite, diorite, gabbro, basalt,
andesite, gneiss, and schist

USE:
crushed hornblende is used for highway construction and as
railroad ballast; cut hornblende is use as dimension stone
MICA GROUP
Form sheet like structure
Can be split into very thin sheets along one
direction
Rich in Aluminum and magnesium
Occupy 4% of earth’s crust
MICA – BIOTITE

Group of black mica minerals

ChemicalComposition:
K(Mg,Fe)3(Al Si3)O10(F,OH)2
 MICA – BIOTITE

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES:
CRYSTAL SYSTEM:Monoclinic SPECIFIC GRAVITY: 2.7 – 3.4
HABIT: TENACITY: brittle to flexible, elastic
Prismatic, massive to platy STREAK: white to grey, flakes produced
CLEAVAGE: Basal, Perfect TRANSPARENCY:Transparent/
FRACTURE: micaceous Translucent
COLOR: dark brown to black, white
LUSTER: Vitreous to pearly
HARDNESS: 2.5 – 3.0
 MICA – BIOTITE

OCCURRENCE:
Found mostly in igneous and metamorphic rocks

USE:
used extensively to constrain ages of rocks, by either potassium-
argon dating or argon–
argon dating; useful in assessing temperature histories of
metamorphic rocks
MICA – MUSCOVITE

most common mineral of the mica family

chemical composition:KAl2(Si3AlO10)(OH)2

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES:
CRYSTAL SYSTEM: Monoclinic
HABIT: Massive, Platy
CLEAVAGE: Perfect
FRACTURE: Micaceous
COLOR: black or brown (thick)
colorless with tint of yellow,
brown or rose (thin)
MICA – MUSCOVITE
LUSTER: Pearly to Vitreous
HARDNESS: 2.5 – 3.0
TENACITY: Elastic
SPECIFIC GRAVITY: 2.8 – 2.9
STREAK: white, often sheds flakes
TRANSPARENCY:Transparent/
Translucent
 MICA – MUSCOVITE

OCCURRENCE:
Present in igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary
rocks
Formed during regional metamorphosis o argillaceous
rocks

USE:
Used chiefly as an insulating material in the manufacture of
electrical apparatus
Used as a transparent material, isinglass, for stove doors,
lanterns, etc.
CALCITE
A rock forming mineral
Considered an “ubiquitous mineral” – found
everywhere
A principal constituent of limestone and marble
Serves as one of the largest carbon
repositories on Earth
Chemical Formula: CaCO3
 CALCITE

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES:
CRYSTAL SYSTEM: Hexagonal LUSTER: Vitreous
HABIT: Rhombohedral 3D HARDNESS: 3.0
CLEAVAGE: Perfect TENACITY: brittle
FRACTURE: Conchoidal SPECIFIC GRAVITY: 2.7
COLOR: usually white, colorless, STREAK: white
grey, red, green, blue, yellow, TRANSPARENCY: Transparent to
brown, orange Translucent
 CALCITE

OCCURRENCE:
occurs in major rock-forming minerals such as limestones,
marbles, and chalks

USE:
as a construction material, abrasive, agricultural soil treatment,
construction
aggregate, pigment, pharmaceutical and more
GARNET FAMILY
A rock forming mineral under the Silicate
Group
Share common crystal structure and
generalized chemical composition
Chemical Formula: X3Y2(SiO4)3
X may be Calcium, Magnesium, iron or
Magnesium
Y may be aluminum, Iron, Manganese,
vanadium or Chromium
 GARNET FAMILY

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES:
CRYSTAL SYSTEM: Isometric LUSTER: Vitreous to
HABIT: Rhombic dodecahedron or subadamantine
cubic HARDNESS: 6.5 – 7.5
CLEAVAGE: None SPECIFIC GRAVITY: 3.1 – 4.3
FRACTURE: conchoidal to uneven STREAK: white to colorless
COLOR: virtual all colors, rarely TRANSPARENCY: Transparent to
blue Translucent
 GARNET FAMILY

OCCURRENCE and FORMATION:

most common in metamorphic rocks. A few occur in
igneous rocks, especially granites and granitic pegmatites

USES:
widely used as a gemstone; crushed garnet is used to make
abrasives
COAL AND PETROLEUM
What is
COAL AND
PETROLEUM ?
 COAL

-A combustible sedimentary rock

formed through the process
“coalification”.

-Formed from ancient vegetation

which has been consolidated
between other rock strata and
transformed by the combined effects
of microbial action, pressure and heat
over considerable time period
 Occurs as layers or seams, ranging in
thickness; composed mostly of carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen and smaller amounts
of nitrogen, Sulphur and other elements;
also contains water and particles of
other inorganic matter

Broadly separated into brown and black

which have different thermal properties
and uses
 BROWN
COAL
(lignite)
-Has low energy and high
ash content.
-Unsuitable for export
and us used to generate
electricity in power
stations located at or
near the mine.
BLACK COAL
Harder than brown coal and has higher energy
content
Thermal (steaming) coal
Used mainly for generating electricity in power
stations where it is pulverized and burnt to heat
steam generating boilers
Metallurgical (coking) coal
Suitable for making coke used in production of pig
iron
Have low Sulphur and phosphorous contents and
relatively scarce
Attract higher price than thermal coals
Underground mining – accounts 60% of world coal
production
Open cut mining – economic when coal seam(s) is
near the surface
WHAT IS PETROLEUM?
Download this background and use it in the online call
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 An inflammable liquid composed
Called mineral oil, of hydrocarbons which constitute
obtained from to 90 – 95% of
petroleum, remaining are organic
sedimentary rocks of compounds consisting of oxygen,
earth nitrogen, Sulphur and races of
organo-metallic compounds
 CRUDE PETROLEUM

Consists of mixture of hydrocarbons

(solid, liquid and gaseous).

Includes compounds belonging to paraffin and

some unsaturated hydrocarbons
and small proportion of benzene group.
 UTILIZATION OF PETROLEUM:

-Mainly used as motive power and Utilized

in transportation.
-Easily transported from the producing areas
to the consuming areas with the help
of tankers and more conveniently, efficiently,
and economically by pipelines.

-Emits very little smoke and leaves no ash

and used up to the last drop.

- Provides the most important lubricating

agents and is used as an important raw
material for various Petro-chemical
products
 Origin and Occurrence

1.
Has an organic origin and is found in sedimentary basins,
shallow depressions and in the
seas (past and present).

Most of the oil reserves in India are associated with anticlines and

2. fault traps in the

sedimentary rock formations of tertiary times, about 3 million
years ago.

Oil and natural gas originated from animal or vegetable matter

3.
contained in shallow
marine sediments, such as sands, silts and clays deposited during
the periods when land and aquatic life was abundant in various
forms, especially the minor microscopic forms of flora and fauna.
4.
Conditions for oil formation were favourable especially in the lower
and middle Tertiary period

5.
Dense forests and sea organisms flourished in the gulfs, estuaries,
deltas, and the land surrounding them during this period

Decomposition of organic matter in the sedimentary rocks has led

6.
to the formation of oil.
Note: Though oil is mainly found in sedimentary rocks, all
sedimentary rocks do not
contain oil
 PRE-REQUISITE
CONDITIONS OF OIL
RESERVOIR (i) Porosity to
(ii) Permeability
to discharge oil
accommodate
sufficiently large and/or gas
amounts of oil when well has
been drilled.

(iii) The porous sand beds sandstone,

conglomerates of fissured limestone
containing oil should be capped by
impervious beds so that oil does not
dissipate by percolation in the
surrounding rocks
 Reserves:
Result 1 Result 2

Indian Mineral Yearbook 1982

In 1984, the reserves were
estimated a reserve of 468 million
estimated at 500 million tons
tons of which 328 million tons was
available in Mumbai High
 Result 3 Result 4

The Indian Petroleum and Natural Prognosticated hydrocarbon

Gas Statistics put the total reserves resource base in Indian
of crude oil at 581.43 million tons in sedimentary basins including deep
1986-87 water has been estimated at about
28 billion tons

Result 5

Only about one-fourth of

hydrocarbon reserves have been
established as on 1 April 2002
 Result 7 Result 8

About 70 per cent of the Recoverable hydrocarbon reserves

established hydrocarbon reserves are of the order of 2.6 billion tons
is oil and rest are gas
 Production:

India was a very insignificant Off-shore production did not start

producer of petroleum at the time till the mid-1970s and the entire
of Independence and remained so production was
till Mumbai High started production received from on-shore oil fields.
on a large scale. .
In 1980-81 about half of the
production of crude oil came from
on-shore fields while the remaining
half was received from the off-
shore resources.
Off-shore production increased at
a much faster rate than the on-
shore produ,

About two-thirds of production of

crude oil is provided by the off-
shore fields for more than two
decades.
 Petroleum
Refining:

Oil extracted from the oil wells is in It is refined in oil refineries before
its crude form and contains many use.
impurities.

After refining, various products
such as kerosene, diesel, petrol,
lubricants, bitumen, etc. are
obtained.
India’s first oil refinery started
working way back in 1901 at Digboi
in Assam, it remained the only
refinery in the whole of India for
more than half a century
 Imports:
1. Consumption of oil and its products has always outstripped
production in India

2.
In 1950-51, India produced only 2,700,000 tons of oil against
consumption of 3,400,000 tons.
3.
Need for oil has increased dramatically in the post-independent
era as industries and transport progressed

4.
Imports of oil were more than three times the indigenous
production.
thank
you