Smart Heart Health

SMART HEART HEALTH MONITORING USING IOT
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
In the new era of communication and technology, the explosive growth of electronic
devices, smart phones and tablets which can be communicated physically or wirelessly has
become the fundamental tool of daily life. The next generation of connected world is Internet
of Things (IoT) which connects devices, sensors, appliances, vehicles and other “things”. The
things or objects may include the radio-frequency identification (RFID) tag, mobile phones,
sensors, actuators and much more. With the help of IoT, we connect anything, access from
anywhere and anytime, efficiently access any service and information about any object. The
heart is one of the most important organs in the human body. It acts as a pump for circulating
oxygen and blood throughout the body, thus keeping the functionality of the body intact. A
heartbeat can be defined as a two-part pumping action of the heart which occurs for almost a
second.It is produced due to the contraction of the heart. When blood collects in upper
chambers, the SA (Sinoatrial) node sends out an electrical signal which in turn causes the
atriato contract.
This contraction then pushes the blood through tricuspid and the mitral valves; this
phase of the pumping system is called diastole. The next phase begins when the ventricles are
completely filled with blood. The electrical signals generating from SA node reach the
ventricle and cause them to contract. This phase of the pumping system is called systole. The
tricuspid and mitral valves are closed tightly to prevent the backflow of blood; the pulmonary
and aortic valves are opened. This system can detect pulse, temperature regularly with the
help of sensor. Doctor can set the threshold for all parameters. If the separameters cross the
maximum limit, Systems end notification on server through WIFI .In the new era of
communication and technology, the explosive growth of electronic devices, smart phones and
tablets which can be communicated physically or wirelessly has become the fundamental tool
of daily life. Then extenuation of connected world is Internet of Things (IoT) which connects
devices, sensors, appliances, vehicles and other “things”.
Department of Computer Science and Engineering Faculty of Engineering and Technology

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1.1 OVERVIEW OF INTERNET OF THINGS:

IoT systems allow users to achieve deeper automation, analysis, and integration within a
system. They improve the reach of these areas and their accuracy. IoT utilizes existing and
emerging technology for sensing, networking, and robotics.
IoT exploits recent advances in software, falling hardware prices, and modern attitudes
towards technology. Its new and advanced elements bring major changes in the delivery of
products, goods, and services; and the social, economic, and political impact of those
changes.
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a system of interrelated devices connected to a network and/or
to one another, exchanging data without necessarily requiring human-to machine interaction.
In other words, IoT is a collection of electronic devices that can share information among
themselves. Examples include smart factories, smart home devices, medical monitoring
devices, wearable fitness trackers, smart city infrastructures, and vehicular telematics.
Potential issues for Congress include regulation, digital privacy, and data security as
discussed below.
 IoT Characteristics
IoT devices are often called “smart” devices because they have sensors and can conduct
complex data analytics. IoT devices collect data using sensors and offer services to the user
based on the analyses of that data and according to user-defined parameters. For example, a
smart refrigerator uses sensors (e.g., cameras) to inventory stored items and can alert the user
when items run low based on image recognition analyses. Sophisticated IoT devices can
“learn” by recognizing patterns in user preferences and historical use data. An IoT device can
become “smarter” as its program adjusts to improve its prediction capability so as to enhance
user experiences or utility. IoT devices are connected to the internet: directly, through another
IoT device, or both. Network connections are used for sharing information and interacting
with users. The IoT creates linkages and connections between physical devices by
incorporating software applications.

 IoT − Key Features

• AI − IoT essentially makes virtually anything “smart”, meaning it enhances every aspect of
life with the power of data collection, artificial intelligence algorithms, and networks. This
can mean something as simple as enhancing your refrigerator and cabinets to detect when
milk and your favorite cereal run low, and to then place an order with your preferred grocer.
• Connectivity − New enabling technologies for networking, and specifically IoT networking,
mean networks are no longer exclusively tied to major providers. Networks can exist on a
much smaller and cheaper scale while still being practical. IoT creates these small networks
between its system devices.
• Sensors − IoT loses its distinction without sensors. They act as defining instruments which
transform IoT from a standard passive network of devices into an active system capable of
real-world integration.
 IoT – Advantages
• Improved Customer Engagement − Current analytics suffer from blind-spots and

significant flaws in accuracy; and as noted, engagement remains passive. IoT completely
transforms this to achieve richer and more effective engagement with audiences.
• Technology Optimization − The same technologies and data which improve the customer
experience also improve device use, and aid in more potent improvements to technology. IoT
unlocks a world of critical functional and field data.
• Reduced Waste − IoT makes areas of improvement clear. Current analytics give us
superficial insight, but IoT provides real-world information leading to more effective
management of resources.
• Enhanced Data Collection − Modern data collection suffers from its limitations and its
design for passive use. IoT breaks it out of those spaces, and places it exactly where humans
really want to go to analyses our world. It allows an accurate picture of everything.
1.2 PURPOSE OF PROJECT

Detecting heart attacks and monitoring heart rate using IoT (Internet of Things) and Arduino
devices serve several purposes:
Early Detection of Heart Attacks: IoT sensors can continuously monitor vital signs such as
heart rate, blood pressure, and ECG (electrocardiogram) signals. By analyzing these data in
real-time, abnormalities indicative of a heart attack can be detected early, allowing for
prompt medical intervention and potentially saving lives.
Remote Patient Monitoring: IoT-enabled devices equipped with sensors can transmit heart
rate data to healthcare providers in real-time, enabling remote monitoring of patients' cardiac
health. This is particularly beneficial for individuals with a history of heart problems or those
recovering from cardiac events, as it allows healthcare professionals to intervene promptly if
abnormalities are detected.
Personal Health Management: Individuals can use IoT devices equipped with heart rate
monitoring capabilities to track their own cardiac health and make informed decisions about
their lifestyle and activities. Continuous monitoring can provide valuable insights into how
daily habits, stress levels, exercise routines, and dietary choices impact heart health,
empowering individuals to take proactive steps to maintain or improve their cardiac well-
being.
Data-driven Insights: By collecting and analyzing data from a large number of individuals
over time, IoT-enabled heart rate monitoring systems can provide valuable insights into
population-level cardiac health trends. This data can inform public health initiatives, guide
medical research, and aid in the development of more effective preventive strategies and
treatments for cardiovascular diseases.
Cost-effective Healthcare: IoT-based heart rate monitoring solutions can offer cost-effective
alternatives to traditional medical devices and services. By leveraging low-cost sensors and
wireless communication technologies, these systems can provide continuous monitoring.

1.3 SCOPE OF PROJECT

Detecting heart attacks and monitoring heart rate using IoT (Internet of Things) and Arduino
involves the integration of hardware components, sensors, and software to gather, process,
and transmit data related to heart health. Here's a detailed breakdown of the scope:
1.3.1 Hardware Components:

• Arduino Board: Arduino is a popular open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use
hardware and software. It serves as the main controller for the project.
• Sensors: Various sensors are used to collect data related to heart rate and other physiological
parameters. Common sensors include ECG (Electrocardiogram) sensors, pulse rate sensors,
and blood pressure sensors.
• Communication Modules: IoT connectivity modules such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, or GSM are
integrated into the system to transmit data wirelessly to a remote server or a mobile
application.
• Power Supply: Depending on the deployment scenario, power can be supplied
throughbatteries or mains power.
1.3.2 Data Acquisition and Processing:

• The sensors collect physiological data such as ECG signals and pulse rates.
• The Arduino board processes the raw data, filtering out noise and artifacts to extract
meaningful information about the heart's activity.
• Algorithms may be implemented on the Arduino to analyze the data in real-time, detect
abnormalities, and identify patterns indicative of a potential heart attack.
1.3.3 Heart Attack Detection:

• Real-time monitoring of ECG signals allows for the early detection of abnormalities such as
irregular heart rhythms (arrhythmias), ST-segment elevation (a sign of myocardial
infarction), and other indicators of a heart attack.
• Machine learning algorithms can be trained to analyze ECG data patterns and provide
predictive analytics for detecting the likelihood of a heart attack.
• The system can trigger alerts or notifications to healthcare professionals or emergency.
1.3.4 Heart Rate Monitoring:

• Continuous monitoring of heart rate provides valuable insights into overall cardiovascular
health.
• The system can track heart rate variability (HRV), which is a measure of the variation in time
intervals between heartbeats. HRV analysis can offer insights into stress levels, fitness levels,
and autonomic nervous system function.
• Historical heart rate data can be stored and analyzed over time to identify trends and patterns,
enabling personalized health monitoring and intervention.
1.3.5 Data Transmission and Visualization:

• Processed data is transmitted wirelessly to a remote server or a mobile application using IoT
connectivity modules.
• Visualization tools such as dashboards or mobile apps provide users with real-time feedback
on their heart health metrics.
• Historical data can be stored in the cloud for long-term analysis, trend identification, and
sharing with healthcare professionals.

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
 Authors: M. K. Islam, M. M. Hossain, M. S. Alam, and M. R. A. Beg
Published in: 2019 International Conference on Robotics, Electrical and Signal Processing
Techniques (ICREST)
Abstract: This paper proposes an IoT-based smart healthcare system for monitoring cardiac
patients. It discusses the design and implementation of the system, which includes wearable
sensors for real-time monitoring of heart rate, blood pressure, and ECG signals. The system
utilizes IoT technology for data transmission and cloud computing for storage and analysis.
 Authors: A. Al-Fuqaha, M. Guizani, M. Mohammadi, M. Aledhari, and M. Ayyash
Published in: IEEE Internet of Things Journal, vol. 3, no. 6, pp. 997-1004, Dec. 2016
Abstract: This paper presents an IoT-based system for heart disease monitoring and alerting.
The system integrates wearable sensors to continuously monitor vital signs such as heart rate,
blood pressure, and ECG signals. Data collected from the sensors are transmitted to a cloud-
based platform for analysis and processing. The system can provide real-time alerts to
healthcare providers and patients in case of abnormal readings.
 Authors: P. Zhang, Z. Gao, and Q. Tang
Published in: 2017 IEEE International Conference on Computational Science and

Engineering (CSE) and IEEE International Conference on Embedded and Ubiquitous
Computing (EUC), pp. 384-387, July 2017
Abstract: This paper describes an IoT-based real-time heart monitoring system designed for
remote patient monitoring. The system utilizes a wearable ECG sensor to continuously
monitor heart activity and transmit the data to a central server through the Internet. The server
performs real-time analysis of the ECG signals and provides feedback to both patients and
healthcare providers. The system aims to improve the early detection and management.
 Authors: A. P. More, M. A. Patil, and S. R. Patil
Published in: 2018 International Conference on Smart City and Emerging Technology
(ICSCET)
Abstract: This paper presents the design and implementation of a smart healthcare system
for cardiac patients using IoT technology. The system includes wearable sensors for
monitoring vital signs such as heart rate, blood pressure, and ECG signals. Data collected
from the sensors are transmitted to a cloud-based platform for storage and analysis. The
system also incorporates a mobile application for real-time monitoring and alerts.

CHAPTER 3
PROBLEM STATEMENT
Heart diseases are a leading cause of mortality worldwide, and timely detection of heart-
related abnormalities such as arrhythmias and sudden cardiac arrests is crucial for preventing
fatalities. Existing monitoring systems often lack real-time data transmission and may not be
accessible to individuals in remote or underserved areas. Moreover, traditional monitoring
methods can be expensive and require specialized equipment.
3.1 DEFINATION OF THE PROBLEM:

Heart attack detection and heart rate monitoring using IoT and Arduino involve the
development and implementation of a system that utilizes Arduino microcontrollers, sensors,
and IoT connectivity to continuously monitor and analyze physiological data related to heart
health. This includes detecting abnormalities in heart rhythms, such as arrhythmias or ST-
segment elevation indicative of a heart attack, as well as monitoring heart rate variability and
other metrics associated with cardiovascular health. The system integrates hardware
components to collect data, processes it in real-time using algorithms running on Arduino
boards, and transmits relevant information wirelessly to remote servers or mobile applications
for visualization and analysis.
3.2 SIGNIFICANCE
3.2.1 Early Detection and Prevention:
By continuously monitoring physiological parameters such as heart rate and ECG signals, the
system can detect abnormalities associated with heart attacks at an early stage. This early
detection enables timely intervention and potentially life-saving medical treatment, reducing
the risk of serious complications or fatalities.
3.2.2 Remote Monitoring and Care:

IoT connectivity allows for real-time transmission of heart health data to remote servers or
mobile applications, enabling remote monitoring by healthcare providers and caregivers. This
capability is particularly beneficial for individuals with chronic cardiovascular conditions or
those at high risk of heart attacks, providing peace of mind and improving access to timely.
3.2.3 Personalized Healthcare:

The data collected through IoT-enabled monitoring can be analyzed to provide personalized
insights into an individual's cardiovascular health status and trends. By tracking parameters
such as heart rate variability, exercise tolerance, and stress levels over time, the system can
offer tailored recommendations for lifestyle modifications, medication adjustments, or
preventive measures to optimize cardiac health.
3.2.4 Improved Patient Outcomes:

Early detection of heart attacks and proactive monitoring of heart rate and other cardiac
parameters contribute to improved patient outcomes by facilitating timely intervention,
reducing the risk of complications, and supporting informed decision-making by healthcare
professionals. This can lead to better management of cardiac conditions, enhanced quality of
life, and reduced healthcare costs associated with emergency hospitalizations or long-term
complications.
3.2.5 Data-driven Insights and Research:

Aggregated data from IoT-enabled monitoring systems can provide valuable insights into
population-level trends in cardiovascular health, contributing to epidemiological research and
the development of preventive strategies at the community or public health level.
Additionally, anonymized data collected from individuals participating in research studies or
clinical trials can support advancements in cardiac care and the development of new
diagnostic tools or treatment modalities.
3.3 LIMITATIONS:
Limitations of Heart Attack Detection and Heart Rate Monitoring using IoT and Arduino:
• Accuracy: The accuracy of sensors and algorithms used for heart rate monitoring and heart
attack detection may vary, potentially leading to false positives or negatives.

• Technical Challenges: IoT connectivity, sensor calibration, and hardware reliability pose
technical challenges that may affect the reliability and performance of the system.
• Privacy and Security: The transmission and storage of sensitive health data raise privacy
and security concerns, requiring robust encryption and authentication mechanisms to protect
patient confidentiality.
3.4 EXISTING SYSTEM

In the current scenario, monitoring heart health typically involves periodic visits to healthcare
professionals or using standalone heart rate monitoring devices. While these methods are
effective to some extent, they lack real-time monitoring capabilities and may not provide
immediate alerts in case of abnormalities such as a heart attack.
Standalone heart rate monitors often require manual operation and do not offer continuous
monitoring, which can be a limitation, especially for individuals at risk of heart-related
issues. Additionally, traditional monitoring methods do not leverage the potential of IoT
technology to provide remote monitoring and real-time alerts to both patients and healthcare
providers.
Moreover, existing heart attack detection systems may rely solely on symptoms reported by
the patient or observations made by caregivers, which can lead to delays in seeking medical
assistance or inaccurate assessments.

CHAPTER 4
OBJECTIVES OF THE PROPOSED WORK
• Develop a cost-effective and portable system for heart attack detection and heart rate
monitoring.
• Integrate sensors such as pulse oximeters and heart rate sensors with Arduino Uno
microcontroller.
• Establish communication between Arduino Uno and IoT platform (Adafruit IO) for real-time
data transmission.
• Design a user-friendly interface using LCD display and switches for system interaction.
• Implement an alarm system (buzzer) for immediate alerts in case of detected abnormalities.
4.1 STATEMENT OF OBJECTIVES

Certainly! "Adjectives of the heart attack detection and heart rate monitoring using IoT and
Arduino" can include terms like efficient, accurate, real-time, non-invasive, remote,
continuous, and automated.
• Efficient: The system should be able to quickly detect any abnormalities in heart rate and
provide timely alerts.
• Accurate: It needs to provide precise measurements of heart rate and reliable detection of
potential heart attack symptoms.
• Real-time: Data should be collected and analyzed instantly to ensure immediate response in
case of emergencies.
• Non-invasive: The monitoring process should not require invasive procedures or discomfort
to the user.
• Remote: It should allow monitoring from a distance, enabling caregivers or healthcare
professionals to assess the user's condition remotely.
• Continuous: The monitoring should be continuous, providing a comprehensive picture of the

user's heart health over time.
CHAPTER 5
METHODOLOGY
 Hardware Setup:
• Arduino Uno: Acts as the main microcontroller for data processing and control.
• Sensors: Pulse oximeter (SpO2 sensor) and heart rate sensor for monitoring vital signs.
• LCD Display: Provides real-time display of heart rate and system status.
• Switches: User input for system interaction, such as starting or stopping monitoring.
• Buzzer: Generates audible alerts in case of detected abnormalities.
• Node MCU (ESP8266): Facilitates communication with Adafruit IO via Wi-Fi.
 Software Implementation:
• Arduino IDE: Programming the Arduino Uno and Node MCU for sensor data acquisition and
IoT communication.
• Adafruit IO: Setting up feeds and dashboards for receiving and visualizing sensor data in
real-time.
• System Operation:
• The sensors continuously monitor the user's heart rate and blood oxygen levels.
• Sensor data is processed by the Arduino Uno and transmitted to Adafruit IO using Node
MCU.
• Users can interact with the system through switches to start, stop, or configure monitoring
settings.
• In case of abnormal readings, the buzzer is activated to alert the user, and relevant data is
• displayed on the LCD.

5.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM:
LCD DISPLAY 16*2
POWER SUPPLY
BUZZER
SPO2 SENSOR
ESP 32
MICROCONTRO
LLERS
HEART RATE
SENSOR
NODEMCU
ESP8266
SWITCH
SERVE
R

MOBILE OR PC
Fig 5.1: Block Diagram of Smart Heart Health Monitoring Using IOT
FUNCTIONAL UNIT DESCRIPTION:

In the figure 5.1 we shown the hardware requirements & Technical approach in the way to
design the system. The system consists of mainly parts like Microcontroller (ATmega328),
Sensors, Nodemcu which are described briefly below
5.2 ARDUINO MICROCONTROLLER:

Arduino is an open-source contraptions stage subject to easy to-use hardware and
programming [6][7]. Arduino sheets can examine inputs – light on a sensor, a finger on a
catch – and change it into a yield – starting a motor, turning on a Drove. A microcontroller is
a little PC on a singular consolidated circuit. In present day phrasing, it is a system on a chip.
It contains at any rate one PC processors nearby memory and programmable
information/yield peripherals. Microcontrollers are anticipated inserted application. There are
utilized in this manner-controlled things and gadgets, for example, motor control structures,
implantable clinical gadgets, controllers, office machines and other installed systems
[6]. Figure 2 shows the Arduino Microcontroller
Fig 5.2: Arduino Microcontroller

HEART RATE SENSOR

A heart rate sensor is a device or component that measures the heart rate or pulse of an
individual. It is commonly used in various applications, including fitness trackers, medical
monitoring devices, and wearable technology. The sensor detects the subtle changes in blood
volume in the skin caused by each heartbeat and converts this information into a measurable
signal. There are different types of heart rate sensors, and one commonly used in DIY and
prototyping projects is the photoplethysmography (PPG) sensor.
ESP8266
ESP8266 can be a very simple and cheap tool for net production. The module will work
individually as an Associated Objective access point (can display hotspot) and as a channel
(can connect to Wi-Fi), where it will simply download information and transfer it to the web
creating a Web of things as simple as accessibility. It can also download information from the
web exploitation API where any project can access any information available on the web, so
it builds smarter. Another interesting feature of this. module is that it is often programmed to
exploit Arduino IDE which makes it easy to use a lot. The ESP8266 module works with 3.3V
only, sometime 3.7V can kill the module when it alerts you and your circuits. Here is the
description of its anchors
I2C LCD
I2C LCD is an easy-to-use display module, it can make the display easier and reduces the
difficulty of connections because it uses just four wires. I2C module has an inbuilt PCF8574
I2C module that translates I2C serial data to parallel data for the LCD Display. This system
used the I2C LCD to display the current Bus stop name.
MAX30100 OXIMETER
Pulse oximeter is a method for monitoring a person’s oxygen saturation and heart rate.
Basically, Oximeter calculates the percentage oxygen saturation in the blood on basis of
amount of different light absorb in it. In this approach, a sensor device is placed on a thin part
of the patient’s body, usually a fingertip or earlobe, or an infant’s foot. Fingertips and
earlobes have higher blood flow rates than other tissues, which facilitates heat transfer.

BUZZER
A buzzer is an electromechanical device that produces a buzzing or beeping sound when an
electrical signal is applied to it. It's commonly used in electronic circuits and systems to
provide audible alerts, notifications, or alarms. In the context of the project you mentioned,
the buzzer serves as an alarm system to alert the user in case of detected abnormalities.
ARDUINO UNO BOARD
Fig 5.3: ARDUINO UNO BOARD
The Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P. It has 14 digital input/output
pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz quartz crystal, a
USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header and a reset button. It contains everything
needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or
power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started. You can tinker with your UNO
without worrying too much about doing something wrong, worst-case scenario you can
replace the chip for a few Rupees and start over again.
"Uno" means one in Italian and was chosen to mark the release of Arduino Software (IDE)
1.0. The Uno board and version 1.0 of Arduino Software (IDE) were the reference versions of
Arduino, now evolved to newer releases. The Uno board is the first in a series of USB
Arduino boards, and the reference model for the Arduino platform.

NODE MCU (ESP8266):

Node MCU is a microcontroller which is connected to IOT server through internet. MCU
will receive the ON OFF packets from server and switches appliances respect to server
signal.
Express if Systems Smart Connectivity Platform (ESCP) is a set of high performance, high
integration wireless SOCs, designed for space and power constrained mobile platform
designers. It provides unsurpassed ability to embed WIFI capabilities within other systems, or
to function as a standalone application, with the lowest cost, and minimal space requirement.
Fig 5.4: Node MCU (ESP8266)
ESP8266EX offers a complete and self-contained WiFi networking solution; it can be used to
host the application or to offload WiFi networking functions from another application
processor. When ESP8266EX hosts the application, it boots up directly from an external
flash. In has integrated cache to improve the performance of the system in such applications.
Alternately, serving as a WiFi adapter, wireless internet access can be added to any micro
controller-based design with simple connectivity (SPI/SDIO or I2C/UART interface).
ESP8266EX is among the most integrated WiFi chip in the industry; it integrates the antenna
switches, RF balun, power amplifier, low noise receive amplifier, filters, power management
modules, it requires minimal external circuitry, and the entire solution, including front-end
module, is designed to occupy minimal PCB area.

5.3IMPLEMENTATION:
#include <LiquidCrystal_I2C.h>
#include <Wire.h>
#include "MAX30100_PulseOximeter.h"
#define REPORTING_PERIOD_MS 1000
Pulse Oximeter pox;
uint32_t tsLastReport = 0;
LiquidCrystal_I2C lcd (0x27, 16, 2);
#define USE_ARDUINO_INTERRUPTS true // Set-up low-level interrupts for most accurate
BPM math.
#include <PulseSensorPlayground.h> // Includes the PulseSensorPlayground Library.
const int PulseWire = A1; // PulseSensor PURPLE WIRE connected to ANALOG PIN A4
int Threshold = 550; // Determine which Signal to "count as a beat" and which to ignore.
PulseSensorPlayground pulseSensor;
int HeartSensor = 6;
int buzzer = A2;
void onBeatDetected ()
{
Serial.println("Beat!");
}
void setup () {
Serial.begin(9600);
lcd. init ();

lcd. backlight ();

pulseSensor.analogInput(PulseWire);
pulseSensor.setThreshold(Threshold);
if (pulseSensor.begin())
{
Serial.println("We created a pulseSensor Object!"); //This prints one time at Arduino
power-up, or on Arduino reset.
}
pinMode (HeartSensor, INPUT);
pinMode (buzzer, OUTPUT);
lcd. set Cursor (0, 0);
lcd.print (" **WEL-COME");
delay (3000);
lcd. clear ();
lcd. Set Cursor (0, 0);
lcd.print ("IOT Based Cardio");
lcd. Set Cursor (0, 1);
lcd.print ("Monitoring System");
delay (3000);
Serial.print("Initializing pulse oximeter..");
if (!pox.begin()) {
Serial.println("FAILED");
for(;;);
} else {
Serial.println("SUCCESS");
}
pox.setIRLedCurrent(MAX30100_LED_CURR_7_6MA);
pox.setOnBeatDetectedCallback(onBeatDetected);
}
void loop() {
if (digitalRead(HeartSensor) == HIGH)
{
lcd.clear();

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
lcd.print("Measuring HR");
int myBPM = pulseSensor.getBeatsPerMinute();
if (pulseSensor.sawStartOfBeat()) {
Serial.println("♥ A HeartBeat Happened ! ");
Serial.print("BPM: ");
Serial.println(myBPM);
lcd.clear();
lcd.print("Heart Rate: ");
lcd.print(myBPM);
Serial.print("Heart Rate: ");
Serial.println(myBPM);
delay(2000);
if (myBPM > 60 && myBPM < 100)
{
lcd.print("Normal HR");
digitalWrite(buzzer, LOW);
Serial.println("Normal HR");
delay(2000);
}
else
{
lcd.print("Abnormal HR");
digitalWrite(buzzer, HIGH);
Serial.println("Abnormal HR");
delay(2000);
}
}
}

pox.update();
if (millis() - tsLastReport > REPORTING_PERIOD_MS) {
lcd.clear();
lcd.print("Heart Rate: ");
lcd.print(pox.getHeartRate());
lcd.print("SpO2: ");
lcd.print(pox.getSpO2());
lcd.print("%");
Serial.print("Heart rate:");
Serial.print(pox.getHeartRate());
Serial.print("bpm / SpO2:");
Serial.print(pox.getSpO2());
Serial.println("%");
tsLastReport = millis();
}

CHAPTER 6
PERFORMANCE OR RESULT ANALYSIS
6.1 SENSOR & COMPARATORS

Sensors are sophisticated devices that are frequently used to detect and respond to
electrical or optical signals. A Sensor converts the physical parameter (for example:
temperature, blood pressure, humidity, speed, etc.) into a signal which can be measured
electrically.
6.1.1 CRITERIA TO CHOOSE A SENSOR

There are certain features which have to be considered when we choose a sensor. They are as
given below:
1. Accuracy
2. Environmental condition - usually has limits for temperature/ humidity
3. Range - Measurement limit of sensor
4. Calibration - Essential for most of the measuring devices as the readings changes
with time
5. Resolution - Smallest increment detected by the sensor
6. Cost
7. Repeatability - The reading that varies is repeatedly measured under the same
Environment
6.2 EASY PULSE - HEARTRATE SENSOR

The new version uses the TCRT1000 reflective optical sensor for
photoplethysmography. The use of TCRT100 simplifies the build process of the sensor part
of the project as both the infrared light emitter diode and the detector are arranged side by
side in a leaded package, thus blocking the surrounding ambient light, which could otherwise
affect the sensor performance. I have also designed a printed circuit board for it, which
carries both sensor and signal conditioning unit. and its output is a digital pulse which is
synchronous with the heart beat. The output pulse can be fed to either an ADC channel or a
digital input pin of a microcontroller for further processing and retrieving the heart rate in
beats per minute (BPM).

 Theory: This project is based on the principle of photoplethysmography (PPG) which is a

non-invasive method of measuring the variation in blood volume in tissues using a light
source and a detector. Since the change in blood volume is synchronous to the heart beat,
this technique can be used to calculate the heart rate. Transmittance and reflectance are
two basic types of photoplethysmography. For the transmittance PPG, a light source is
emitted in to the tissue and a light detector is placed in the opposite side of the tissue to
measure the resultant light. Because of the limited penetration depth of the light through
organ tissue, the transmittance PPG is applicable to a restricted body part, such as the
finger or the ear lobe. However, in the reflectance PPG, the light source and the light
detector are both placed on the same side of a body part. The light is emitted into the
tissue and the reflected light is measured by the detector. As the light doesn’t have to
penetrate the body, the reflectance PPG can be applied to any parts of human body. In
either case, the detected light reflected from or transmitted through the body part will
fluctuate according to the pulsatile blood flow caused by the beating of the heart.
 The following picture shows a basic reflectance PPG probe to extract the pulse signal
from the fingertip. A subject’s finger is illuminated by an infrared light-emitting diode.
More or less light is absorbed, depending on the tissue blood volume. Consequently, the
reflected light intensity varies with the pulsing of the blood with heart beat. A plot for this
variation against time is referred to be a photoplethysmography or PPG signal.
 The PPG signal has two components, frequently referred to as AC and DC. The AC
component is mainly caused by pulsatile changes in arterial blood volume, which is
synchronous with the heart beat. So, the AC component can be used as a source of heart
rate information. This AC component is superimposed onto a large DC component that
relates to the tissues and to the average blood volume. The DC component must be
removed to measure the AC waveform with a high signal-to-noise ratio. Since the useful
AC signal
is only a very small portion of the whole signal, an effective amplification circuit is also
required to extract desired information from it.

Fig 6.1: Switch
The figure 6.1 shows the sensor used in this project is TCRT1000, which is a reflective
optical sensor with both the infrared light emitter and phototransistor placed side by side and
are enclosed inside a leaded package so that there is minimum effect of surrounding visible
light. The circuit diagram below shows the external biasing circuit for the TCRT1000 sensor.
Pulling the Enable pin high will turn the IR emitter LED on and activate the sensor. A
fingertip placed over the sensor will act as a reflector of the incident light. The amount of
light reflected back from the fingertip is monitored by the phototransistor.
Fig 6.2: Oscilloscope

 The figure 6.2 shows the output (VSENSOR) from the sensor is a periodic physiological
waveform attributed to small variations in the reflected IR light which is caused by the
pulsatile tissue blood volume inside the finger. The waveform is, therefore, synchronous
with the heartbeat. The following circuit diagram describes the first stage of the signal
conditioning which will suppress the large DC component and boost the weak pulsatile
AC component, which carries the required information.

 In the circuit shown above, the sensor output is first passed through a RC high-pass filter
(HPF) to get rid of the DC component. The cut-off frequency of the HPF is set to 0.7 Hz.
Next stage is an active low-pass filter (LPF) that is made of an Op-Amp circuit. The gain
and the cut-off frequency of the LPF are set to 101 and 2.34 Hz, respectively. Thus the
combination of the HPF and LPF helps to remove unwanted DC signal and high
frequency noise including 60 Hz (50 Hz in some countries) mains interference, while
amplifying the low amplitude pulse signal (AC component) 101 times.
 The output from the first signal conditioning stage goes to a similar HPF/LPF
combination for further filtering and amplification (shown below). So, the total voltage
gain achieved from the two cascaded stages is 101*101 = 10201. The two stages of
filtering and amplification converts the input PPG signals to near TTL pulses and they are
synchronous with the heartbeat. The frequency (f) of these pulses is related to the heart
rate (BPM) as,
Beats per minute (BPM) = 60*f.
 Operation of the Board: The operation of the board is very simple. After powering the
board from a 3-5.5V supply, the Enable (EN) pin must be pulled high to activate the IR
sensor. Next, place the tip of your forefinger gently over the sensor on its face. Your
finger should be still and should not press too hard on the sensor. Within a couple seconds
the circuit stabilizes and you will see the LED flashing synchronously with your heart
beat. You can feed the output signal (Vout) to either a digital I/O or an ADC input pin of
the microcontroller for measurement of the heart beat rate in BPM. The output voltage
waveform can also be viewed on an oscilloscope. I connected Digi lent’s Analog
Discovery
tool to check the input PPG and the output waveforms from the two LPF stages. The
following pictures show these signal waveforms as displayed on the PC.
6.3 PULSE OXIMETER (SPO2) SENSOR
The MAX30102 is an integrated pulse oximetry and heart-rate monitor module. It includes
internal LEDs, photodetectors, optical elements, and low-noise electronics with ambient light
rejection. The MAX30102 provides a complete system solution to ease the design-in process
for mobile and wearable devices. The MAX30102 operates on a single 1.8V power supply
and a separate 5.0V power supply for the internal LEDs. Communication is through a
standard I2C-compatible interface. The module can be shut down through software with zero
standby current, allowing the power rails to remain powered at all times.
Benefits and Features

 Heart-Rate Monitor and Pulse Oximeter Sensor in LED Reflective Solution
 Integrated Cover Glass for Optimal, Robust Performance
 Ultra-Low Power Operation for Mobile Devices
 Programmable Sample Rate and LED Current for Power Savings
 Low-Power Heart-Rate Monitor (< 1mW)
 Ultra-Low Shutdown Current (0.7µA, typ)
 Fast Data Output Capability
 High Sample Rates
 Robust Motion Artifact Resilience
 High SNR

SYSTEM DIAGRAM
Figure 1: System Diagram of SPO2
Detailed Description
The MAX30102 is a complete pulse oximetry and heart-rate sensor system solution module
designed for the demanding requirements of wearable devices. The device maintains a very
small solution size without sacrificing optical or electrical performance. Minimal external
hardware components are required for integration into a wearable system.
The MAX30102 is fully adjustable through software registers, and the digital output data can
be stored in a 32-deep FIFO within the IC. The FIFO allows the MAX30102 to be connected
to a microcontroller or processor on a shared bus, where the data is not being read
continuously from the MAX30102’s registers.
Fig 6.3.1: SPO2 Sensor

One sample of the Red filtered signal, Red baseline, IRed filtered signal, and IRed baseline
are taken every 1 ms. Samples are captured using the embedded 16-bit ADCs and filtered
using a 0.5 Hz to 150 Hz FIR (Finite Impulse Response) software filter on the Kinetis K53
MCU for high frequency and DC component removal, taking advantage of the MAC
(Multiply and Accumulate) DSP instruction. Samples are stored on a software buffer and
averaged. A peak detection algorithm is used to determinate the AC component of the signal
that is generated by the pulsatile arterial blood absorption. This is the part of the signal which
is used for SpO2 and beats per minute (bpm) calculation. The samples taken and the
calculated data (SpO2 and bpm) are sent to a GUI on a computer. More information about the
software process can be found in Software model.
6.4 HARDWARE IMPLIMANTATION
6.4.1 Regulated Power Supply Unit
Definition: A power supply (sometimes known as a regulated power supply unit or RPSU) is
a device or system that supplies electrical or other types of energy to an output load or group
of loads. The term is most commonly applied to electrical energy supplies, less often to
mechanical ones, and rarely to others.
Block diagram
 The first section
Fig 6.4: Block diagram of Regulated Power supply Unit

voltage and isolates the power supply from the power line.
 The rectifier section converts the alternating current input signal to a pulsating direct
current. However, as you proceed in this chapter you will learn that pulsating dc is not
desirable.
 For this reason a filter section is used to convert pulsating dc to a purer, more desirable
form of dc voltage.
 78xx chip family gives different output voltage as regulator. The last numbers in the chip
code tells the output voltage.

6.4.2 OUTPUT VOLTAGES

If you need other voltages than +5V, you can modify the circuit by replacing the 7805 chips
with another regulator with different output voltage from regulator 78xx chip family. The last
numbers in the chip code tells the output voltage. Remember that the input voltage must be at
least 3V greater than regulator output voltage to otherwise the regulator does not work well.
CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
FIG 6.5: SCHEMATIC/CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF +5V RPS

 Output Voltages: Gives out well-regulated +5V output, output current capability of 100
ma
 Circuit protection: Built-in overheating protection shuts down output when regulator IC
gets too hot
 Circuit complexity: Very simple and easy to build
 Circuit performance: Very stable +5V output voltage, reliable operation
 Availability of components: Easy to get, uses only very common basic components
 Design testing: Based on datasheet example circuit, We used this circuit successfully as
part of many electronics projects
 Applications: Part of electronics devices, small laboratory power supply
 Power supply voltage: Unregulated DC 8-18V power supply
 Power supply current: Needed output current + 5 ma
 Component costs: Few rupees for the electronics components + the input transformer
cost.
6.4.3 LCD (16X2) DISPLAY

 LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module and find a wide
range of applications. A 16X2 LCD display is very basic module and is very commonly
used in various devices and circuits. These modules are preferred over seven segments
and other multi segment LEDs. The reasons being: LCDs are economical; easily
programmable; have no limitation of displaying special & even custom characters (unlike
in seven segments), animations and so on.
 A 16X2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such lines. In this
LCD each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. This LCD has two registers, namely,
Command and Data.
 The command register stores the command instructions given to the LCD. A command is
an instruction given to LCD to do a predefined task like initializing it, clearing its screen,
setting the cursor position, controlling display etc. The data register stores the data to be
displayed on the LCD. The data is the ASCII value of the character to be displayed on the
LCD. Click to learn more about internal structure of a LCD.
 Adafruit IO is a system that makes data useful. Our focus is on ease of use, and allowing
simple data connections with little programming required.
 IO includes client libraries that wrap our REST and MQTT APIs. IO is built on Ruby on
Rails, and Node.js.
 Adafruit IO is currently in beta. If you would like to join the beta, head over to
io.adafruit.com to sign up.
RESULT SNAPSHOT’S:
SNAPSHOT1
The Snapshots (1) shows the smart heart health monitoring using iot project kid where it
consist of Arduinomicrocontroller, buzzer,node mcu, display, oximeter sensor and heartbeat
sensor.

SNAPSHOT 2
The snapshot (2) shows the output of smart heart health monitoring using iot project. The
display shows the individual calculated heart rate and condition. the condition depends on the
heart rate calculated, if the heart rate is less than 60 and greater than 120 then the condition is
abnormal. If the heart rate is between 60 to 120 then the condition is normal.

CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION
We used a cloud computing mechanism to store information; this data can be stored safely
over time and can be accessed at any moment. Cloud processing is additionally helpful to
keep an update on the patient. Specialists and doctors can easily look into the patient reports
at the time of emergency and can take appropriate steps accordingly. Hence giving proper
suggestions at the proper time to prevent a crisis. The concerned person can deal with the
patient without their actual physical presence the system automatically creates the diagram of
body changes and reports to the doctor about the recent change of events. The body
temperature parameter is so significant that a doctor can easily predict the problem patient is
going through and also will save time. This project is very helpful for people living in remote
areas and doesn’t have access to all the medical facilities. This can be signified as a small
home clinic where u can just sit and get a regular checkup done.

REFERENCES
[1] D.Shiva Rama Krishnan, Subhash Chand Gupta, Tanupriya Choudhury, “An IoT based
Patient Health Monitoring System” 2018 IEEE Conference on Advances in Computing and
Communication Engineering (ICACCE-2018) Paris, France 22-23 June 2018
[2] Prajna Valsalan1, Tariq Ahmed BarhamBaomar, Ali Husain Omar Baabood, “IOT
BASED HEALTH MONITORING SYSTEM”, Journal of Critical Reviews, ISSN- 2394-
5125 Vol 7, Issue 4, 2020
[3] Jorge Gómez, Byron Oviedo, Emilio Zhuma, “Patient Monitoring System Based on
Internet of Things”, The 7th International Conference on Ambient Systems, Networks and
Technologies (ANT 2016), Elsevier journal Procardia Computer Science Volume 83, 2016,
Pages 90-97
[4] Pratiksha W. Digarse Sanjay Kumar L. Patil; “Arduino UNO and GSM basis wireless
health check system worn for the patient”, 2017 IEEE International Conference on Intelligent
Computing and Control Systems (ICICCS)
[5] S. Jayaa Pradhan, P. M. Durai Raj Vincent, “An IOT based human healthcare monitoring
system using Arduino Uno board”, 2017 IEEE International Conference on Intelligent
Computing, Instrumentation and Control Technology (ICICICT)
[6] J. Geetha Ramani, Madhusudan S, Nila A L, Pradeep A, “IOT Based Employee Health
Monitoring System”, 2020 6th International Conference on Advanced Computing and
Communication Systems (ICACCS)
[7] Mehmet Taştan, “IoT Based Wearable Good Health Monitoring System”, Celal Bayar
University Journal of Science, Volume 14, Issue 3, 2018, p 343-350


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SMART HEART HEALTH MONITORING USING IOT

Department of Computer Science and Engineering Faculty of Engineering and Technology

1.1 OVERVIEW OF INTERNET OF THINGS:

Department of Computer Science and Engineering Faculty of Engineering and Technology

 IoT − Key Features

• Improved Customer Engagement − Current analytics suffer from blind-spots and

1.2 PURPOSE OF PROJECT

Department of Computer Science and Engineering Faculty of Engineering and Technology

1.3 SCOPE OF PROJECT

1.3.1 Hardware Components:

1.3.2 Data Acquisition and Processing:

1.3.3 Heart Attack Detection:

• The system can trigger alerts or notifications to healthcare professionals or emergency.

1.3.4 Heart Rate Monitoring:

1.3.5 Data Transmission and Visualization:

Department of Computer Science and Engineering Faculty of Engineering and Technology

 Authors: A. Al-Fuqaha, M. Guizani, M. Mohammadi, M. Aledhari, and M. Ayyash

 Authors: P. Zhang, Z. Gao, and Q. Tang

Published in: 2017 IEEE International Conference on Computational Science and

 Authors: A. P. More, M. A. Patil, and S. R. Patil

Department of Computer Science and Engineering Faculty of Engineering and Technology

3.1 DEFINATION OF THE PROBLEM:

3.2.2 Remote Monitoring and Care:

Department of Computer Science and Engineering Faculty of Engineering and Technology

3.2.3 Personalized Healthcare:

3.2.4 Improved Patient Outcomes:

3.2.5 Data-driven Insights and Research:

Department of Computer Science and Engineering Faculty of Engineering and Technology

3.4 EXISTING SYSTEM

Department of Computer Science and Engineering Faculty of Engineering and Technology

4.1 STATEMENT OF OBJECTIVES

• Continuous: The monitoring should be continuous, providing a comprehensive picture of the

Department of Computer Science and Engineering Faculty of Engineering and Technology

5.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM:

LCD DISPLAY 16*2

Department of Computer Science and Engineering Faculty of Engineering and Technology

FUNCTIONAL UNIT DESCRIPTION:

5.2 ARDUINO MICROCONTROLLER:

Fig 5.2: Arduino Microcontroller

Department of Computer Science and Engineering Faculty of Engineering and Technology

HEART RATE SENSOR

Department of Computer Science and Engineering Faculty of Engineering and Technology

ARDUINO UNO BOARD

Fig 5.3: ARDUINO UNO BOARD

Department of Computer Science and Engineering Faculty of Engineering and Technology

NODE MCU (ESP8266):

Fig 5.4: Node MCU (ESP8266)

Department of Computer Science and Engineering Faculty of Engineering and Technology

Department of Computer Science and Engineering Faculty of Engineering and Technology

lcd. backlight ();

Department of Computer Science and Engineering Faculty of Engineering and Technology

Department of Computer Science and Engineering Faculty of Engineering and Technology

Department of Computer Science and Engineering Faculty of Engineering and Technology

PERFORMANCE OR RESULT ANALYSIS

6.1 SENSOR & COMPARATORS

6.1.1 CRITERIA TO CHOOSE A SENSOR

6.2 EASY PULSE - HEARTRATE SENSOR

Department of Computer Science and Engineering Faculty of Engineering and Technology

 Theory: This project is based on the principle of photoplethysmography (PPG) which is a

Department of Computer Science and Engineering Faculty of Engineering and Technology

Fig 6.1: Switch

Fig 6.2: Oscilloscope

Department of Computer Science and Engineering Faculty of Engineering and Technology