Thermodynamics (H. B. Sta. Maria)

Boiler
Condenser
HIPOLITO 8. STA. MARIA

RAYMUNDO M. MELEGRITO
NELSON M. PASAMONTE
RENATO M. SIAPNO
..,
'
\
HIPOLITO 8. STA. MARIA
RAYMUNDO M. MELEGRITO
NELSON M. PASAMONTE
RENATO M. SIAPNO
-/dinasoox sroRE, Mc.

PUBL ISHE RS O M ET RO MANIL A
PHILIPPINE S
Published by National Book Store, Inc.
COPYRIGHT, 1991 by
National Book Store, Inc.
Hipolito B. Sta. Maria
RaymundoM. Melegrito
Nelson M. Pasamonte &
Renato M. Siapno
First Year of Publication, 1991
All rights reserved.

No part of this book may be
reproduced in anyform or by
any means, except brief quotations
for a review, without permission
in writingfrom the Publisher.
PCPM Certificate of
Registration No. SP 594
Cover Design by
'
I
Lino Traquiia
Printed by
ECHAN!S PRESS, INC.
760 Boni Avenue, Mandaluyong
Metro Manila
ISBN 971-08-5105-5
CONTENTS
Preface vi
Chapter
1 Properties of Steam 1
Definition of Terms. Changes of Phase at
Constant Pressure. The pv and Ts planes for
Water. Properties of Wet Mixture. Mollier
Diagram.
2 Processes of Vapors 25
Constant Pressure Process. Constant Volume
Process. Isothermal Process. Adiabatic Process.
Polytropic Process. Throttling Process.
3 Power Cycles 59
Ideal Rankine Cycle. Ideal Rankine Engine.
Actual Rankine Cycle. Actual Rankine Engine.
Ideal Reheat Cycle. Ideal Reheat Engine. Actual
Reheat Cycle. Actual Reheat Engine. Ideal
Regenerative Cycle. Ideal Regenerative Engine.
Actual Regenerative Cycle. Reheat-Regenerative
Cycle. Incomplete-Expansion Cycle. Incomplet-
Expansion Engine. Topping.
PREFACE
This book is primarily intended for Mechanical Engineer-

ing students but can also be used by students majoring in
other fields of engineering. The book does not aim to replace
any standard textbook in Thermodynamics, instead it serves
to aid the students learn Thermodynamics the easy and effec-
tive way.
CHAPTER 1 deals with the characteristics and properties

of a two-phase consisting of vapor and liquid, and discusses
the use of steam tables and Mollier's chart as an aid in
analyzing Thermodynamics processes. CHAPTER 2 shows
the various processes of vapor. CHAPTER 3 presents the
fundamental ideas of power generation from two-phase sys-
tem and the different vapor power cycles with emphasis on
steam power.
The authors wish to express their profound gratitude to

persons who have contributed one way or the other in the
completion of this book.
The Authors
] Properties of Steam
Definition of terms
Saturation Temperature
Saturation temperature is the temperature at which liq-
uids start to boil or the temperature at which vapors begin to
condense. The saturation temperature of a given substance
depends upon its existing pressure. It is directly proportional
to the pressure, i.e., it increases as the pressure is increased
and decreases as the pressure is decreased.
Examples:
a. Water boils at 100°C at atmospheric condition
(101.325 kPa)
b. Water boils at 179.91°C at a pressure of 1000 kPa.
c. Steam condenses at 311.06°C at 10 MPa.
d. Steam condenses at 39°C at 0.0070 MPa.
Subcooled Liquid
A subcooled liquid is one which has a temperature lower
than the saturation temperature corresponding to the exist-
ing pressure.
Example:
Liquid water at 60°C and 101.325 is a subcooled liquid.
Why?
From the steam tables, the saturation temperature at
101.325 kPa is 100C. Since the actual temperature of liquid
water of 60°C is less than 100°C, therefore, it is a subcooled
liquid.
Compressed Liquid
A compressed liquid is one which has a pressure higher
than the saturation pressure corresponding to the existing
temperature.
Question:
Is liquid water at 110kPa and 100°C a compressed liquid?
·
From steam tables Pat at 100°C = 101.325 kPa.
Comparing:' .
The actual liquid water pressure of 110 kPa 1s greater
than Psat at 100°C. Therefore, it is a compressed liquid.
Saturated Liquid
A saturated liquid is a liquid at the saturations (satura-
tion temperature or saturation pressure) which has tempera-
ture equal to the boiling point corresponding to the existing
pressure. It is a pure liquid, i.e., it has no vapor content.
Examples:
a. Liquid water at 100C and 101.325 kPa.
b. Liquid water at 233.90°C and 3 MPa.
c. Liquid water at 324.75°C and 12 MPa.
From Steam Tables:
t.at 101.325 kPa = 100°0
t••t at 3 MPa = 233.90°C
t..t at.12 MPa = 324.75°C
Vapor
Vapor is the name given to a gaseous phase that is in
contact with the liquid phase, or that is in the vicinity of a
state where some ofit might be condensed.
Saturated Vapor
A saturated vapor is a vapor at the saturation conditions
(saturation temperature and saturation pressure). It is 100%
vapor, i.e., has no liquid or moisture content.
Examples:
a. Steam (water vapor) at 100°C and 101.325 kPa.
b. Steam at 212.42°C and 2 MPa.
c. Steam at 352.37°C and 17 MPa.
2
Superheated Vapor
A superheated vapor is a vapor having a temperature

higher than the saturation temperature corresponding to the
existing pressure.
Examples:
a. Steam at 200°C and 101.325 kPa.
2000 > (t,at 101.325 kPa = 100°C)
b. Steam at 300°C and 5 MPa.
300c > (tat 5 MPa = 263.99°C)
Degrees of Superheat, 0SH
The degrees of superheat is the difference between the

actual temperature of superheated vapor and the saturation
'temperature for the existing pressure.
In equation form:
0
SH = Actual superheated temperature - t,, at existing
pressure
Example:
Determine the degrees of superheat of superheated steam
at 200°C and 101.325 kPa. '
From steam tables:
t. at 101.325 kPa = 100%C
·SH = 200- 100 = 100 0°
Degrees Subcooled, SB
The degrees subcooled of a subcooled liquid is the differ-

ence between the saturation temperature for the given pres-
sure and the actual subcooled liquid temperature.
·SB = tsat at b
given p - actual liquid temperature
3
Example: 1 ·id ten t 90°C
Determine the degrees subcooled of liqui wa r a
and 101.325 kPa.
From steam tables:
t,,,at 101.325 kPa = 100%C
" ·sB = 100°0-900 = 10 0°
Wet Vapor
A wet vapor is a combination of saturated vapor and
saturated liquid.
Quality, x
The quality of wet vapor or wet steam is the percent by

weight that is saturated vapor.
Percent Moisture, y
The percent moisture ofwet vapor is the percent by weight

that is saturated liquid.
Let m = mass of wet vapor
m8 = mass ofthe saturated vapor content ofwet
vapor
m, = mass of the saturated liquid content ofwet
vapor
Then, m = m, + m,
Following the definitions of quality (x) and percent mois-

ture (y),
x = E,(10o)
m
m
Y = -=-r.
m
(100)
For saturated liquid:

y = 100%
x .= 0%
For saturated vapor:
X = 100%
y = 0%
4
For wet vapor:
0 < x < 100
0 < y < 100
But x + y = 100 in percent form
x+y= 1 in decimal form
Latent Heat of Vaporization
The latent heat of vaporization of a pure substance is the

amount of heat added to/remove from the substance in order
to convert it from saturated liquid/saturated vapor to satu-
rated vapor/saturated liquid with the temperature remaining
constant. It is inversely proportional to the temperature or
pressure of the substance.
Example:
Determine the latent heat of vaporization of water at:
(a) 100°C, (b) 200°C, and (c) 300°C.
From steam tables:
(a) h,, at 100°C = 2257.0 kJ/kg
b) h,, at 200°0 = 1940.7 kJ/kg
(c) h,, at 300°C = 1404.9 kJ/kg
Critical Point
The critical point represents the highest pressure and

highest temperature at which liquid and vapor can coexist in
equilibrium. The state of water at critical conditions whether
it is saturated liquid or saturated vapor is unknown. Hence,
the latent heat of vaporization of water at this conditions is
either zero or undefined.
Sensible Heat
Heat that causes change intemperature without a change

in phase.
Examples:
a. Heat added in raising the temperature of steam from
100°C at 101.325 kPa to 150°0.
b. Heat removed in lowering the temperature of water
from 90C to 80°0.
5
Latent Heat
. h; se without a change in
Heat that causes change in pl1as
temperature.
Example: f t at 100°C and

Heat added in converting 1 kg o wa e; 315 kPa
101.325 kPa to 1 kg of steam at 100°C and 101. "
Change of Phase at Constant Pressure
(i:)
(a) Saturated Liquid
Subcooled Liquid
: ·.·•.
...1oc ;
+++ • •
.
: :... ·. . . . . .
(d) (c) (0
Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor Superheated Vapor
Saturated Vapor
(Wet Vapor)
Fig. 1-1. Heating at Constant Pressure.
Let the piston-cylinder arrangement contains subcooled

liquid water at 30°C and 101.325 kPa (Fig. a). Then let heat
be added continuously at constant pressure. First, the water
gets warmer. The addition of (sensible) heat causes an in-
creased in water temperature, say, from 30°C to 70°C (Fig. b).
Further addition of(sensible) heat causes a further increased
in water temperature until it reaches 100°C, the boiling or
saturation temperature at 101.325 kPa. Water at this point is
at saturated liquid state (Fig. c). Then as more (latent) heat is
added to the now saturated liquid water causes some of it to
be converted to saturated rvapor with the temperature re-
6
maining at 100°C. Water is now a mixture of saturated liquid
and saturated vapor. Hence, it is now in wet vapor state (Fig.
d): Further addition of (latent) heat causes the transforma-
tion of the remaining saturated liquid water to saturated
water vapor at 100°C. Water is now at the saturated vapor
state (Fig. e). Finally, as more (sensible) heat is added to the
saturated water vapor at 100°C its temperature rises say
until it reaches 110°C. Water is now at the superheated vapor
state Fig. D.
1
Supercritical region
Jc criticnl region
subcooled or
subcoolcd
or compressed compre ssed
region saturated re gion
liquid line
oupcrhcntal line
re gion ·
saturated so turated
liquid line vap or lin e
saturated
vapor line
wet
region
V . s
Fig. 1-2. The pv and Ts Planes for Water
Properties of Wet Steam
Subscripts Used/Symbols Used.

f represents properties of saturated liquid
g represents properties of saturated vapor
fg represents to a change by evaporation
v specific volume, m"/kg
s specific entropy, kJ/kg.K
u specific internal energy, kJ/kg
V = v, + v, vrg = v, ,
,'
g =
=
», =
h, + »"
s, +
Ur +
fg
srg
hrg =
% = ,
hg h,
Sr
urg h= », Ur
7
p
Fig. 1-3. Specific Volume of a Wet Mixture.
v = specific volume of its saturated liquid content+

specific volume of its saturated vapor content
kg liquid m"
kg mixture · I"
kg liquid
= ---=---
kg mixture
kg vapor • m3
xv=
g
Fe mixture 1Gar = kg mixture
From v = y,+ xv,

But y = 1-x
Then v = (1-x)vg + xvg
= v,+xv,-v)
V = v,+ xv,
or x = 1-y
V = yv,+(d-y)v
. g
= vg -y(vg -v,)f
V = Vg -yvfg
Similarly,
h = h, + xh, or h = hg - yh
s = s, + XS,, or s = 8,- ys,
fg
u = u, + xu,, or u = U,- yu,,

8
NOTE:
At saturated conditions, p and t are dependent on one
another and therefore, are considered as one independent
property. At superheated conditions, p and tare independent
from each other and therefore, are considered as two inde-
pendent properties.
Quality could not be more than 100% and per cent mois-
ture could not be lower than 0%.
Fig. 1-4. Specific Entropy of a Wet Mixture.
(1-1) Specify whether the steam is wet, dry, or super-

heated for the following conditions:
(a) t = 200°0, p = 1.44 MPa
(b) t = 220°C, p = 2.318 MPa.
(c) p = 1.0 MPa, s = 6.672 kJ/kg•K
(d) P = 3.0 MPa, t = 234°0
(e) t = 250°C, v = 54.2x10 m?kg
(f) p = 11.0 MPa, h = 2805 kJ/kg
(g) p = 4.0 MPa, s = 5.897 kJ/kg•K
(h) P = 15.0 MPa, t = 310°C
SOLUTION:
r
a) t, at 1.44 MPa = 196.39°C
Since 200°C> tat 1.44 MPa, the steam is super-
heated.
9
MP: 220C
(b),t681 at 2.318 0
a:t at 2.318 MPa, the steam is dry
Since 220 C - sat
saturated._ kJ/kg•K
5865
e) s,aSmee1.0 ""%,,#he·K>
6.6
s, at 1.0 MPa, the stea
's
superheated.
(d) t at 3 O MPa = 233.90°C
sat , •
.
cc > t at 3.0 MPa, the steam is super.
Since 234 'at
heated. ,w 3/k
e V at t = 250cc = 50.13xlv . m g 0
g s·
( )
mce v-_ 54.210?/kg
• > v,s at 250 C, the steam is
superheated.
( ) s at 4 0 MPa = 6.0701 kJ/kg• K
" s;ce s = 5.897 kJ/kg· K<s, at 4.0 MPa, the steam
is a wet mixture.
(h) t at 15.0 MPa = 342.24°C
aai Since t = 310C<tat 15.0 MPa, the steam is a
wet mixture.
(1-2) What are the specific volume, internal energy, en-

thalpy, and entropy of steam at 1.50 MPa and 254°C?
SOLUTION
The steam is superheated, since the temperature of254°C

is greater than the saturation temperature, 198°C, at 1.50
MPa.
At 1.50 MPa
g
50
254
~260
}gins»r}
0.l5559 ci 2713.L_ 2946.a 6.753u
40 = x1 - ~ - x3 - x
1 0.00364 18.T 234 0.0445
, = 0.00146; v = 0.15195 + 0.00146 = 0.15341 mf
%,
- 7.24; u = 2695'.3 + 7.24 = 2702.5 kJ/kg
x, = 9.36;
h = 2923.3 + 9.36 = 2932.7 kJ/kg
x, = 0.0178;
s = 6.7090 4 0.0178 = 6.7268 kJ/(kg) (10
IO
(1-3) At 250°C a mixture of saturated stea,.m _eil4 Htuid water
exists in equilibrium. If the specific vol_unte' of Ui§...ixlwe is ..
0.04159 m3/kg, calculate the following: (a) percent moisture,
(b) enthalpy, and (c) entropy.
SOLUTION:
... ,,
At 250°C
V, = 0.0012512 h, = 1085.36. 4,27927

0.04888 h,, = 1716.2. 4,3.2802
"g
V = 0.05013 h,= 2801.5 ,;_ = ·.CJ,0729
·
, ..
v=v,+xv,,
..
_ V -Vf _ 0.04159 - 0.0012512, _ 0 A!>lt3 fl-r 82 53r:1
x= 6.04888 · °:" •~ · _.,.. • -;o
(a) y· = 100 - 82.53 = 17.47%

(b) h = hr + xhfi . . . . ·~ ·
h = 1o85.3 (0.8253) (1716.2) 2501.7 kJ/kg=
(c) s- = s,+xs,11 -. ·
s = 2.7927 + (0.8253) (3.2802) = 5.4998 kJ/kg) (K)
(1-4) Steam at a pressure of 0.90 MPa ·has entropy of an

4.9678 kJ/(kg) (K). What are the specific volume, internal
energy, and enthalpy?
SOLUTION:
The entropy of saturated vapor at a pressure c;,f0.90 MPa

is 6.6185 kJ/(kg) (K), therefore, steam with an entropy of
4.9678 kJ/(kg) (K) is a wet-mixture.
At 0.90 MPa
V,= 0.0011212 u,- 741.83 h,= 742.83 Sr= 2.0946

v,11 = 0.21388 U 1838.6 h,,= 2031.1 Srg = 4.5280
v,=0.215 u,=2580.5 h,= 2773.91 s, = 6.6226
11
4,9678-2.0946 _ 0.6345
X = 4.5280
v = v,+xv,
V = 0.0011212 + (0.6345) (0.21388) = 0.1368 m"kg
u = u,+ U,
kJ
u = 741.83 + 0.6345 (1838.6) = 1908.4 kg
h = h,+xh,
h = 742.83 + (0.6345) (2031.1) = 2031.6 kJ/kg
(1-5) Steam at a temperature of 300°C has a specific

volume of 0.09765 m"/kg. Determine the pressure, specific
internal energy, enthalpy, and entropy.
SOLUTION:
Since the specific volume, 0.09765 m3/kg, is greater than

the specific volume of saturated steam, 0.02167 m3/kg, at
300°C, the steam is superheated.
At 300°C
~, ~ [o.09681
~ ~ l.9.09765
0
__:'__J).09890
p-
2.50 "3jl}
0 U
2761.6
_I .--l h
3008.
J>< _ S -
6.643 .
0.00084
0.00209
x, = 0.02; p=2.55 - 0.02 = 2.53 kPa

,= 0.50;
u = 2760.4 + 0.5 = 2760.9 kJ/kg
% = 0.60;
h = 3007.3 4 0.6 = 3007.9 kJ/kg
12
X4 = 0.0045; s = 6.6326 + 0.0045 = 6.6371 kJ/kg) (KO
(1-6) Steam at a pressure of 0.58 MPa has an internal
energy of 2725.2 kJ/kg. What are the temperature, specific
volume, enthalpy, and entropy?
SOLUTION:
The steam is superheated because the internal energy,

2725.2 kJ/kg, is greater than the internal energy of saturated
steam, 2566.3 kJ/kg, for a pressure of 0.58 MPa.
At 0.58 MPa.
0.407[]
~N;;:
_[lg
212i.47.,
2725.2f
I.le, 2957.9,.,1~
h j>< ci
7.1088.£
S
K,
>
0.4162 ci 2737.5 2978.8 " 7.2380 °
, = 2.4; t = 250 + 2.4 = 252.4°C

,- 0.002; v = 0.4077 + 0.002 = 0.4097 m"/kg
, = 4.9; h = 2957.9 + 4.9 = 2962.8 kJ/kg
, = 0.0094; s =7.1983 + 0.0094 =7.2077 kJ/(kg)(K)
(1-7) A 0.0856-m3 drum contains saturated water and

saturated vapor at 370°C. (a) Find the mass of each if their
volumes are equal. What is the quality? (b) Find the volume
occupied by each if their masses are equal.
SOLUTION:
LetV, = the volume of saturated vapor
V,= the volume of saturated liquid
m,, = the mass of saturated vapor
m,= the mass of saturated liquid
v,at 370°C = 0.004925 m3/kg

3
Yr at 370°C = 0.002213 m /kg
13
(a)
m,
Saturated
Vapar
8.69 kg
\
.fass of the vapor

quality, .i =::, rnhs of the mixture
x '= - ·.. .S.69 •· = 0.31 or 31%

.. ,
8.69+ 19.34
.. '
• • t
, .. , ..~
o».5
Sau,tntcd
Vnpor
m,
-- -- -
---.....-----
-------
HP"
- --
-------·-"
--------
(1)
(2)
~ I
substituting in equation (2),
0.004925m, + 0.002213m, = 0.0856
0.004925m,, + 0.002213m, = 0.0856
m, = 11.99 kg
m, =11.99 kg
VV = mvvg = (11.99) (0.004925) = 0.05905 m3
V,= m,v, = (11.99) (0.002213) = 0.02653 m°
(1-8) A 60-liter rigid tank with adiabatic walls is divided

into equal parts A and B by a partition. On one side is steam
at 0.68 MPa, 170C; on the other side is steam at 4 MPa,
370°C. '.I'he partition is removed and thorough mixing occurs.
Determine the equilibrium state (p, t) neglecting the thick-
ness of the partition.
SOLUTION:
diabatic Walls
A B
0.68 MPa 4MPa
170C 370'C
System: Seam
From Steam Tables:

h, = h at 0.68 MPa and 170°C = 2777 kJ/kg
UA = u at 0.68 MPa and 170C = 2582.9 kJ/kg
, = vat 0.68 MPa and 170°C = 285.5x10" m"kg
h, = hat 4MPa and 370°C = 3141.7 kJ/kg
ull = h at 4 MPa and 3700 = 2864.6 kJ/kg
v8 = hat 4 MPa and 370°C = 69.29xl0---J m3/kg
15
Law of conservation of mass:
Initial stored mass = Final stored mass

m, + m= me
. V, 9,030 _ 0.105 kg
IDA ::: -v; := o.2855 -
m = Vn = 0.030 = 0.433 kg
B Y8 0.06929
Therefore m, = 0.105 + 0.433 = 0.538 kg3
'Ve= V,+V,=60 = 0.060 ID
. Ve 0.60 3
\
Specific volume, vc = me = o.538 = 0.1115 m /kg
or 11 l.5xlo-3 m3/kg
First law of Thermodynamics:
Initial stored energy = Final stored energy
U,+U,= U,
mu, + mu = mu
I .
I
I
I = (0.105) (2582.9) + (0.433) (2864.6)
0.538
= 2809.62 kJ/kg
Heat balance:
Heat lost by Steam B= Heat gained by Steam A
m,ct-t) =m,et- t)
ma4ct + m,ct,
, A =
16
C
(0.433) (3141.7) + (0.105) (2777)

= 0.538
= 3070.52 kJ/kg
By definition, h=
3070.52 - 2809.62
Pe = =
0.1115
= 2339.9 kPa
= 2.34 MPa
From the Mollier Chart

t=(tat 3070.52 kJ/kg and 2.34 MPa) = 324°C
(1.9) Steadily flowing streams of steam A and B meet

and mix, then flow in a steady state in a pipe C, all under
adiabatic conditions. Stream A is at 5.5 MPa, 370°C and flows
at 45 kg/s; stream B is saturated vapor at 5.5 MPa and flows
at 160 kg/s. (a) Determine the state of the mixture C if 6.KE =
0 and APE = 0. (b) Ifthe speed of the fluid in C is 30 mis, what
is the pipe diameter?
SOLUTION:
Adiabatic Walls; Q=0
System: Steam
17
(a) From Steam Tables:
Steam A: a
370C = 3109.6 kJ/kg
h. =hat 5.5 MPa an
A
Steam B: MP _ Z789.65 kJ/kg (by
h = h at 5.5 a-
B g • )
interpolation
Since p = Pa = 5.5MPa +P
Then lrouows that Pc = 5·5 a
Law of conservation of mass:
m, + m= me
\ m. e-
= 45 + 160 = 205 kgls
First law of Thermodynamics:
E, +E, =E
U,+ B,V,+ U, + P=p +U
(45) (3109.6) + (160) (2789.65)

=
205
= 2859.88 kJ/kg
To determine the state of C compare h with hg at p, = 5.5

M~. C C
[h, at Pc= 5.5 MPa] = 2789.65 kJ/kg

18
Since h > h, at p, therefore, the state of the mixture is
superheated.
From the Superheat Tables
5.5 MPa
t h V
285 2851.5 38.13x10°
tc 2859.88 VC
290 2869.8 38.89x10°
(b) By interpolations:
t, = 287.34°C
v, = 38.49x10" m?/kg
(205) (0.003849)
= 30
= 0.02630 m2
Ac - ..Jl.D2
4 C
4A
7t
(4) (0.02630)
= T
= 0.183 m or 183 mm
19
h
Wet Regi on
Fig. 1-5. Enthalpy-Entropy (Mollier) Diagram for

Steam.
20
The enthalpy-entropy chart (h-s chart), generally known
as a Mollier diagram, is a chart on which enthalpy is the
ordinate and entropy the abscissa. This chart can be found at
the back of Steam Tables by Keenan, Keyes, Hill and Moore.
It is presented in skeleton form on Fig. 1.5. On this chart, a
series of constant pressure lines, a series of constant percent
moisture and superheat lines, and a series of constant tem-
perature lines are plotted. The constant temperature lines co-
incide with the constant pressure lines in the wet region
(below the saturated vapor line) but bend toward the right
away from the constant pressure lines in the superheat re-
gion.
(1-10) Determine the h, s, 'SH of steam at 0.09 MPa and
370°0.
t
SOLUTION:
Locate the intersection of 0.09 MPa constant pressure line

with 370°C constant temperature line. Their intersection rep-
resents the condition/state of steam.
I
S=8.50
3300
3200
Answers:
h = 3217 kJ/kg
s = 8.50 kJ/kg·K°
·SH = 2730
21
re and temperature of steR-
. the pressu /k Ko ~
(1-11) Determine 7.51 kJl g ·
/k
having h = 3034 kJ g ands== ·
SOLUTION:
· . of h ::: 3034 kJ/kg constant en.
0
Locate the i_nterset~~:) and 8::: 7.51 kJ/kg•K constant
thalpy line (horizontal
entiopy line (vertical hne) 7.5
S=7.51
8.0 so"
3100
\
\ v
I
/
/
.,,,i---
/
'
/
i..---
e
\ I
V L"
M /
\ I
/ /
-3034 ✓
I
3000 4 \
I\
Answers:
p = 0.40 MPa
t = 283°C
4, f
%,
(1-12) Determine the h, t, ands of saturated steam at 0.10

MPa.
SOLUTION:
Locate the intersection of 0.10 MPa constant pressure line

with the saturated vapor line.
-
5=7.36
7.00
.... /.°
=>
I 27 0 0
......
.. '/
V
I
,.. h =2 6 75
V 5_@,
I/
I
i/
260 0
()'rt
o·
<t'
22
Answers:
h = 2675 kJ/kg
t = 100°C
s = 7.36 kJ/kg·K°
(1-13) Determine the p and h of steam at y 4% and t =

60°0.
SOLUTION:
S=7.625
The isothermal lines and isobaric lines coincide in the wet

region.
Answers:
h = 2515 kJ/kg
p = 0.020 MPa
23
Problems
·e of2so°C has a specific vol urn
t
(1) Steam at a temperaturthe pressure, spec1·if1c internale
or o.14a6kg. ""
energy, enthalpy, an en K
$ s. 1.48 MPa, 2696 ke '
2924.2 kJ/kg, 6. 717 kJ/kg• f 3 5 MPa is known to have
a pressure O •
(2) St e am at 3r5o10"m"/kg. • • • a
What is its specific enthalpy?
specific volume o x ·
Ans. 2581.39 kJ/kg f t 6 35 MP
(3) A rigid vessel contains 2 kg ot ste am a · a and
375C. Determine its enthalpy in kJ using ste am tables only. '
Ans. 6208.15 kJ kilc f t ·
(4) A tank contains exactly one logram or water consist-
ing of liquid and vapor in equ1hbnum at_ 1 MPa. If the liquid
and vapor each occupy one-half the volume of the tank, what
is the enthalpy ofthe contents of the tank?· Ans. 774.4 kJ/kg
.,) (5) Steam at a temperature of210°C has a specific entropy
f 7.1167 kJ/kg·K. Determine the pressure, internal energy,
enthalpy and volume. Ans. 0.49 MPa, 2877.3 kJ/kg, 2659.7
kJ/kg, 0.4467 m3/kg ·
(6) Saturated steam vapor at 250°C moves along its isoth-
ern until the pressure becomes 1 MPa. Locate the end state
points on the Mollier chart and for each kilogram of steam
processed determine (a) the initial pressure, (b) the change of
enthalpy, and (c) the change ofentropy. Ans. (a) 4 MPa, (b) 144
kJ/kg, (c) 0.90 kJ/kg·K
(7) Steam undergoes an isentalpic (h = C) process from 1.5
MPa, 350°C to 10 MPa. Find the final temperature using the
Mollier chart. Ans. 418°C
(8) Consider 1 kg of water that is heated at constant
pressure (0.50 MPa) from a wet state (x, = 85%) to 400°C.
Locate the end state points on the Mollier chart and deter-
mme (a) the change of enthalpy and (b) the change of entropy.
Ans. (a) 739 kJ/kg, (b) 1.70 kJ/kg
24
2 Processes of Vapors
Introduction
Although vapors and ideal gases have similarity in forms

and in their processes, all of the equations that are based on
the characteristic equation ofa perfect gas or on Joule's Law,
for instance, are not generally applicable to vapors. But the
general energy equation,
and the simple energy equation,
are not based on any limitations concerning the substance.

They are applicable, therefore, to processes of vapors as well
as of gases. Therefore in this chapter, compare the equations
obtained with analogous one for a gas. This way we can avoid
the improper application of a perfect gas equation to a vapor.
Constant Pressure Process
(a) The process on the pv and Ts planes.

T
P 2
Im 2
rg
V s'
Fig. 2-1. Constant Pressure Process.
25
I
r
Defining the cond1·t·10n of the substance

. t 1 . • the liquid region and the condition of th
Pomnt 1s mn d" li id. e
substance is "subcooled" or "compressec uqu1. It is gene
ally defined by giving its pressure and temJ>:rature. r.
Point flies on the saturation curve and IS therefore sat
rated liquid at a given pressure or temperature. "
Point m is in the wet region, is a mixture of liquid any
vapor. A quality x and a pressure or temperature genera] 1
defines the condition of the substance. Thus, for the entha} Y
· t
ai t pomnt m,
PY l
I
Point g is on the saturation vapor curve. A pressure
temperature defines the state or condition of the substan.," I
Point 2 in the superheat region is generally, but not ne e.
sarily, defined by giving its temperature and pressure. ces-
(b) The work of a reversible nonflow constant press
process. Sure
p T
I
W-/ . •
pdv is the area on the
pressure process.
I ,.
s
pv P ane under the constant I

I
At p=C,
, =p fdv= pv,-v,)
2
[
un mass]
For steady flow process, the work W .
,1s
W,=h,-h,- AK + Q
26
I
(c) Transferred heat, Q.
From the simple energy equation,
Q= u,-u,+W, [unit mass]
For steady flow and nonflow processes,
Q =
If the change in specific internal energy is desired, we use

the relation, •
(2-1) Steam with a specific volume of 0.09596 m3/kg

undergoes a constant pressure process at 1.70 MPa until the
specific volume becomes 0.13796 m3/kg. What are (a) the final
temperature, (b) Au, (c) W, (d) As, and (e) Q?
SOLUTION:
Steam at a pressure of 1.70 MPa and with a specific

volume of 0.09596 m3/kg is a wet-mixture, the specific volume
of saturated steam at 1.70 MPa is 0.11673 m3/kg.
At p, = 1.70 MPa
, = 0.0011634 u,, = 870.09 h,, = 872.06 s,, = 2.3718

"a,= 0.11557 U= 1727.2 h,, = 1923.6 s,,, = 4.0282
Y,= 0.11673 =2597.3 h, = 2795.7 s,,
= 6.400
0.09596 - 0.0011634
= 0.8203
0.11557
_ = 870.09 + (0.8203) (1727.2) = 2286.9 1n.
u, =u,,+>ha "g
.· _ h h = 872.06 + (0.8203) (1923.6) = 2450.0 kJ!k
h1 - n + X1 rg1 . g
- 2.3718 + (0.8203) (4.0282) = 5.6761 kJ/(kgX1r1
8,=S,+3,Sn7·« )
At a pressure ofl.70 MPa and a specific volume of 0.13796
m3/kg, the steam is superheated
At p, = 1.70 MPa
£g:enp13-e3,@j
&lo.13796 t,
o o 0.13944 270 _
,"ls,h,'
2725.9 - 2963.0
[? s,-" lg
6.7290 _ g
0.00175 _ 2.i_ = ~ = X
0.00323 - 10 18.2 0.0441
x, = 0.542; t, = 260 + 5.42 = 265.4°C
;
x2 = 9.86; u,= 2707.7 + 9.86 = 2717.6 kJ/kg
~ = 12.84; h,= 2939.3 + 12.84 = 2952.1 kJ/kh
,= 0.02389; s,= 6.6849 + 0.02389 = 6.7088 kJ/(kg) (K)

(a) t,= 265.4°C
(b) t.u = u,- u,= 2717.6 - 2286.9 = 430.7 kJ/kg
(c) W = pv,-v,)= 1700 (0.13796-0.09596) = 71.4 kJ/kg
(d) 6s =S,-S,= 6.7088 - 5.6761 = 1.0327 kJ/(kg) (K)

(e) Q =h,-h,= 2952.1 - 2450.0 = 502.1 kJ/kg
p
T 2
V
28 s
(2-2) Steam with an enthalpy of2843.5 kJ/kg undergoes
a constant pressure process at 0.9 MPa until the enthalpy
becomes 2056.1 kJ/kg. What are (a) the initial temperature or
quality, (b) ~u, (c) W, (d) As, and (e) Q.
SOLUTION:
Steam with an enthalpy of 2843.5 kJ/kg at a pressure of

0.90 MPa is a superheated vapor.
At p, = 0.90 MPa
l,ml° mi.leg
210 _
t,J l e
I .-1
v. I _''l5
0.2364
O
u,_lt s,
I
2644.2
.-1 I
-?'/.
6.8008 - 0
99,± 3 ±,
23.3 - 107 0.0061 - 17.97 0.0 86
xi = 4.2; ti= 200 + 4.2 = 204.2°C
x2 = 0.00259; v, = 0.2303 + 0.00259 = 0.2329 m3/kg

X3 = 7.6; u, = 2626.3 + 7.6 = 2633.9 kJ/kg
·x4 = 0.0206; s, = 6.7522 + 0.0206 = 6.7728 kJ/(kg) (K)
Steam with an enthalpy of 2056.1 kJ/kg at a pressure of

0.90 MPa is a wet mixture.
At p, = 0.90 MPa
v12 = 0.0011212 h12 = 742.83 s, = 2.09046 u12 = 741.83
Ya = 0.2139 h,, =2031.1 S, = 4.5280 u, = 1838.6
v g2 = 0.215 . h g2 = 2773.91 Sg2 = 6.6 sg2 = 2580.5
2056.1- 742.83 = 0.6466

2031.1
29
v, =+,,, = 0.0011212 + (0.6466) (0.2139) = 0.1394 m"kg
l½ = Urz + 'X.i_Urg2 = 741:83 + (0.6466) (1838.6) = 1930.7 kJ/kg
S,=S+ X,8,, = 2.0946 + (0.6466) (4.5280) = 5.0224 kJ/kg) (K)
(a) t, = 204.2C
b) Au = u,-u, = 1930.7 - 2633.9 = -703.2 kJ/kg
(c) W= p,-v,)= 900 (0.1394 - 0.2329) = -84.15 kJ/kg
(d) As = s,-s, = 5.0224 - 6.7728 = -1.7505 kJ/kg) (K)
(e) Q = h,-h,= 2056.1- 2843.5 = -787.4 kJ/kg
p
T
Constant Volume Process
(a) The process on the pv and Ts planes.
p
T
2
V
s
Fig. 2-3. Reversible Constant V I .

Proc olume (Isometric) .
ess.
30
---------=::::::_
Point 1 is in the superheat region and point 2 in the wet
region so that,
(b) Work of the nonflow process, Wn.
Wn 0
(c) Transferred heat, Q.
or Q=(h,-p,)-(h,-pv,)
(2-3) One kg of steam at 260C and with an enthalpy of

1861 kJ/kg is confined in a rigid container. Heat is applied
until the steam becomes saturated. Determine (a) Q, b) Ah,
(c) As, and (d) the final temperature.
SOLUTION:
P T
The enthalpy of saturated vapor at 260°C is 2796.9 kJ/kg,

a
point 1 is wet-mixture.
31
At t, = 260C
- 1128.39 hn = 1134·37 8
n = 2.8838
Un
Vn = 0.0012755
• 1470.6 h,, = 1662.5 s,, =3.1181
V,,gl = 0.0409345 fgl
u = 2599.0 h 8, = 2·796-9 8
81 = 6.0019
V gl = 0.04221 - gl
h, - hn. 1861 - 1134.37 = 0.4371

x, = = 1662.5
ha
V = V +XV = 0.0012755 + (0.4371) (0.0409345) = 0.019168
I n I fgl .
m"/kg
u - u + x u = 1128 39 +(0.4371) (1470.6) = 1771.2 kJ/kg
I- n I fgl '
s = s + x s = 2 8838 + (0.4371) (3.1181) = 4.2467 kJ/(kg) (K)

I n I fgl •
v,=vg2 =YV,= 0.019168 m /kg

3
7
o. o
oo
6
gee%4
t.-" 0.019168 2
0.018975 308
5 u,
-:I
2550.1
~
· ±l
h2 Jx CN· s 2 - >< 0
273_2.0 - 5.6397 _ o
o
0.000126 = ~- = ~ _ x
0.000319 1 1.7 2.3 - 0.0682
X, = 0.4; t,= 307 + 0.4 = 307.4°C

x2 = 0.7; u,= 2551.8- 0.7 = 2551.1 kJ/kg
x, =0.9; h2 = 2734.3 - 0.9 = 2733.4 kJ/kg
.;
X4 = 0 • 0032·, S2 -
- 5 • 6479 - 0.0032 = 5.6447 kJ/(kg) (K)
;k" 2
?-ma-rs.se
I - 2733.4 - 1861 : 872 4 kJ/k
(C ) LlS =S -S = 5 6447 4 24 . g
(d) t2 = 307.4°C . - · 67 = 1.398 kJ/(kg) (K)
32
(2-4) One kg of steam at 121°C and 10% moisture
undergoes a constant volume process until the pressure be-
comes 0.28 MPa. Determine (a) the final temperature and (b)
Q. (c) At what pressure was the final condition saturated?
SOLUTION:
At t, =121°C
Vn = 0.0010612 u,, = 507.74

Vfgll = 0.8648388 Ufgl = 2022.6
V gl = 0.8659 U gl = 2530.3
V, = V,+X,, =0.0010612 +(0.90)(0.8648388) = 0.7794 m"kg
u,= u, + ,u,,, = 507.74 + (0.90) (2022.6) = 2328.1 kJ/kg

Steam at a pressure of 0.28 MPa and with a specific
volume of 0.7794 m3/kg is a superheated vapor.
P,= 0.28 MPa
B
0.7683 26511
4 %,
1
0.0172] ,_0. 7794 10 15.6
u--
0.7855 2667.0
0.0111
0.0172
X,= 6.5; t= 200 + 6.5 = 206.5°C
x2 = 10.1; u, = 2651.4 + 10.1 = 2661.5 kJ/kg
(a) t= 206.5°C
(b) Q = u,-u,= 2661.5 - 2328.1 = 333.4 kJ/kg
(c) vg = 0. 7794 m"/kg
33
0.225 0.7933] 0.01397 0.0139
0.005 Ix [ o.7794- _]
L: 0.230 0.1111
a.s7 0.0139
0.016%
x = 0.00429
p =0.225 + 0.00429 = 0.229 MPa
p T
(2-5) A 0.50-m3 tank contains saturated steam at 300 kPa.

Heat is transferred until the pressure reaches 100 kPa. Deter-
mine (a) the heat transferred, (b) the final temperature, and
(c) the final steam quality
SOLUTION:
P,= 0.30 MPa, saturated vapor
,= v,at 0.30 MPa = 0.6058 m"kg

u1 =u,at 0.30 MPa = 2543.6 kJ/kg
. t P2
mixture. = 0.10 MPa, v, = v1 = 0.6058 m"kg, this is a wet
>
I
l
v = 0.0010432 mkg U = 417.36 kJ/kg
34
vrg2 = 1.693 m3/kg u,, = 2088.7 kJ/kg
= 1.694 m3/kg u,, = 2506.1
<,
Vg'2
V -V 0.6058 - 0.0010432
= 195 -0.3672
u2 =Uri+ :l½Urg2 = 417.36 + (0.3572) (2088.7) = 1163.4 kJ/kg

(a) Q=mu,- u,) =(0.8254) (1163.5 - 2543.6) =- 1139.2 kJ
, (b) t2 = 99.63°C
(c) ., = 35.72%
V s
(2.6) To what temperature must a rigid tank containing

dry saturated steam at 127°C be cooled to yield a mixture of
25% quality?
SOLUTION:
v, =v,at 127°C = 0.7277 m3/kg
v, =v,=0.7277 m/kg
35
r
0.7277 = 0.75 v, + 0.25 "a
Neglecting v in comparison with 'ei

0.25v(J, "' 0. 7277
v, = 2.9108 m"kg
2.9%49
2.9108
16.02@2]
__, 0.106
2.8280
1 - 0.0232
0.106
=0.22; t,= 84 +0.22 = 84.22°C
Isothermal Process
(a) The process on the pv and Ts planes
p T
Fig. 2-4. Reversible Isothermal Process.

36
\·
(b) Work of a nonflow process, Wn
From the simple energy equation,
W,=Q-Au [unit mass]
(c) Transferred heat Q from the Ts plane.
Q =TAs [unit mass]
and
(d) Work of steady flow process, Ws
(2-7) There are 2.27 kg/min of steam undergoing an

isothermal process from 27.5 bar, 316°C to 6.8 bar. Determine
(a) AS, (b) Q, (c) W for nonflow, and (d) W for steady flow with
AP = O, AK = 42 kJ/min. (1 bar = 100 kPa)
SOLUTION:
The initial and final conditions are superheated. The

saturation temperature at a pressure of 2.75 MPa is 229°C
and at 0.68 MPa is 164°C.
]aa l
V s
37
At p, = 2.75 MPa
3025 . J- 6.632Jx3
J
2774.
,T@» X1
8
h 24.2 1 0.0412
1ol L316 u, 18.6 "
6.6733_
320 2798.4
, 3050.1
X
~
10
= ....!i... = ~ = o.oiffl
18.6 24.2
1,=
2· u, = 2774.8 + 11.2 = 2786 kJ/kg
- 11...,
=14.5: h = 3025.0 + 14.5 = 3040.4 kJ/kg

:J½ - . ' I
\ X3 = 0.0247; s, = 6.6321 + 0.0247 = 6.6568 kJ/(kg) (K)
At p,= 0.68 MPa
10 6 C »fl lO
316 v,_,
y
16.0 1,,
Ix.
2
20.9
]
s,
X,
[0.0355
320 2831.6 3101.4 7.3836
6 X X X
f=tots - oobs
x1 = 9.6; u, = 2815.6 + 9.6 = 2825.2 kJ/kg
X2 = 12.5; h, = 3080.5 + 12.5 = 3093.0 kJ/kg
x3 = 0.0213; s, = 7.3481 + 0.0213 = 7.3694 kJ/(kg) (K)
(a) L\S = ms,-s,)= 2.27 (7.3694 - 6.6568) = 1.6176 kJ/ (min)

(K)
. "
(b) Q = T (AS) = (316 + 273) (1.6176) = 952.8 kJ/min
38
(c) AU = mu,- u,)=2.27 (2825.2 - 2786) = 88.98 kJ/min
Wn = Q - t.U = 952.8 - 88.98 = 863.8 kJ/min
(d) AH = m (h,- h,)=2.27 (3093 - 3040.4) = 119.4 kJ/min
W,=Q - t.K - t.H = 952.8 - 42 - 119.4 = 791.4 kJ/min
(2-8) Steam at 200°C and with an entropy of 5.6105 kJ/

(kg) (K) expands isothermally to 0.515 MPa. For 5 kg (a) what
are AS, AH, and t.U? Determine Q and W (b) for a nonflow
process, (c) for a steady flow process with AK = 0.
SOLUTION:
Steam with an entropy of 5.6105 kJ/(kg) (K) at 200°C is a

wet-mixture.
Steam under a pressure of0.515 MPa at 200°C is a super-
heated vapor.
p T
___..,........2
At t, = 200°C
v, = 0.0011565 un = 850.65 h,, = 852.45 s, = 2.3309
vrgi = 0.12620 ufgl = 1744.7 hrsi = 1940.7 Sa,, =4.1014
, = 0.12736 ug1 = 2595.3 h,, = 2793.2 8,, = 6.4323

5.6105 - 2.3309 = 0.7996
- 4.1014
39
_ + (0 7996) (0.12620) = 0.10207
V. = \"~ - X.\·,., = o.oolla63 . .
·. ·• m?kg
(o.7996) (1744.7) = 2245.7 kJg
= u,, ~ X. u.... = 8a0.65 +
U
·- · ·'
-. _ (0 7996) (1940.7) = 2404.2 kJ/kg
h = h~.i + x.h,.,
·++
= 8a2.4a + .
+
At t2 = 200°C
- 0.500 O 4249 - 00 2642~

9 2855.4 -, .J.0592 -,~
. ~ ~ h M ..... s ~
g$s1s v.
0.408~
- o
><_lo
11i
2642.1 -
o 2 ><
2854.;J - 7.039J - C
2 x"' ~
:::: .?- 0.520
0.005 _ ~ = X :: ~ = X
0.020 - 0.0168 -6] 1.1 0.0198
3
x. = 0.0042; v2 = 0.4081 + 0.0042 = 0.4123 m /kg
Xi = 0.20; u, = 2642.1 + 0.20 = 2642.3 kJ/kg
x.. = 0.3; h_, = 2854.3 + 0.3 = 2854.6 kJ/kg

2 «
x,= 0.0045; s2 = 7.0394 + 0.00495 = 7.0444 kJ/(kg) {K)

I '
' (a) ~S = ms,-s,)= 5(7.0444 - 5.6105) = 7.1695 kJ/K ,
AH = m(h, - h,)= 5(2854.6 - 2404.2) = 2252 kJ

.1U = mu,- u,)= 5(2642.3 - 2245._7) = 1983 kJ
(b) Q =T(AS)= (473) (7.1695) = 3391.2 kJ
W,= Q-AU= 3391.2 - 1983 = 1408.2 kJ

(c) Q = 3391.2 kJ
W., =Q- AH(AK = 0)
W,= 3391.2 - 2252 = 1139.2 kJ

40
diabatic Processes of Vapor
(a) The reversible process on the pv and Ts planes.
V s
Fig. 2.5. Reversible Adiabatic Process.
A reversible adiabatic process is a constant entropy proc-

ss and also known as 'isentropic process"
In an isentropic process, no heat is transferred (Q = 0) and
he change in entropy ofthe substance is also zero (AS = 0)
For a nonflow process,
Q=Au+ W,=0 [unit mass]
W n =-Au
and for steady flow process, with AP = 0
with Q = 0,
W,=h,-h,- AK
with AK = 0,
41
i
f
(b) The irreversible process on the pv and Ts planes.
T
p
s
F2-6. Irreversible Adiabatic Process.
Process 1-2 is the corresponding reversible adiabatic O I
I
isentropic process (ideal expansion) . r
Process 1-2' is the irreversible adiabatic process (actu
. )
expans1on. a1
For a nonflow process with Q = 0,
Q = 0 = Au'+ Wn [unit mass]
where Au'= u' I - u'2
and for steady flow process,
W,= h, -1¾, reversible process

w; = h, - h,', irreversible process
Efficiency of the process n

Expansion on h-s plane.
h
42 s
I
actual work
n =
ideal work
h- h, is known as process internal reheat and s- s is

the irreversibility of the process
Compression on hs plane.
h
2
e,
s
Efficiency of compression, n, h '.,100%

5,-T,
(2-9) One kg of steam expands isentropically from 2.1

Pa and 374C to 93°C. Find the final quality and the work
or non-flow and steady flow processes.
y
OLUTION:
The saturation temperature corresponding to a pressure

£2.1 MPa is 214.9°C, therefore, the initial condition is super-
eated.
p ·1
T
V s
43
At p, = 2.1 MPa
10 t:: 2892.
UI-
,,
I •
17.1+.
1
3,
22.2
S,
,
-
/0.0343
2909.8_ 3201.7 7.0360

380
- 6.0,
X,= 8· u, = 2892.7 + 6.8 = 2899.5 kJ/kg
, -
9· h 1 = 3179.5 + 8.9 = 3188.4 kJ/kg
- 8 '·o
X3 = 0.0137; s, = 7.0017 + 0.0137 = 7.0154 kJ/(kg) (K)

s, = s1 = 7.0154 kJ/(kg) (K)
At t, = 93°C
h= 389.54 s 12 = 1.2271 uf'l= 389.46

hrg2 = 2275.4 srg2 = 6.2138 urg2= 2108.7
ha= 2664.9 Sg2 = 7.4409 Ug2 = 2498.2
5 5
2 - 12 7.0154 - 1.2271
X2 - ---=--
5rg2 = ------ = 0.9315
- 6.2138
u,= ur2 + XzUrg2 = 389.46 + (0.9315) (2108.7) = 2353.7 kJ/kg
h,= hr2 + Xzhrg2 = 389.54 + (0.9315) (2275.4)= 2509.1 kJ/kg
Wn =u,- u,= 2899.5 - 2353.7 = 545.8 kJ/kg
W,= h1 - h,= 3188.4 - 2509.1 = 679.3 kJ/kg
(2-10) Steam flows isentropically through a nozzle from

1500 kPa, 288°C to 960 kPa. For 454 g/s determine (a) t , (b)
I
I:}.V, (c) W, and (d) tlK. 2
44
SOLUTION:
Steam at a temperature of 288°C under a pressure of 1.50

MPa is superheated, since the saturation temperature for
1.50 MPa is 198°C.
280
0 co [
.... 288
290 0.16621_, 2765.9_, 3015.3 6.8785_
-o-
8_ x,
10 - 0.0035 - 17.3 - m- 1,_ X
o.o4o4
x,= 0.0028;v,= 0.16271 + 0.0028 = 0.16551 m3/kg
JS= 13.8; u, = 2748.6+ 13.8 = 2762.4 kJ/kg

3,= 18.1; h, = 2992.7 + 18.1= 3010.8 kJ/kg
X4 = 0.0323; s, = 6.8381 + 0.0323 = 6.8704 kJ/(kg) (K)
The final condition, p, = 0.960 MPa and s,= 6.8704 k,J/(kg)

(K), is superheated. The entropy of saturated vapor at a
pressure of 0.960 MPa is 6.6005 kJ/(kg) (K).
At p, = 0.960 MPa
. l~
:::i:
o
0
r-8589 230]
6.8704
6.9030 240
J" ~
,'ls , 0
"'
o.~31~~j ~676.~ ><"'j 2
le »la
899.
,-(
~"j "<l'.
(N
il 0.2374 _ 2694.1 _ 2922.0
0.0115 x, - a- X,
0.0441 = = 0.0055 - 17.2 - 22.4
45
. 2 6°6C
. - 230 + 2.6 == 23 .
x, =2.6; t,=
0.0014 = 0.2333 m"kg
-
)½- .
0 0014· V := 0.2319 + .
' 2 .
. - 2676.9 44.5 2681.4 kJ/kg

x, =4.5; u,=
- . h. 2899.6 + 5.8 == 2905.4 kJ/kg
x,=5.8; 4
T
p
V
s
(a) t2 :: 232.6°C
B) AV= mv,-v,) = 0.454 (0.2333 -0.16551) = 0.0308 ms
(c) W = 0
(d) AH = m(h,- h,) = 0.454 (2905.4 - 3010.8) = -47.85 kJls
g'= AH + AK + W
AK =- AH = (-) (-47.85) = 47.85 kJ/s
(2-11) A steam turbine receives 0.52 MPa of steam at

300°C. Then expand in an irreversible adiabatic process to a
pressure of 0.012 MPa. If the exhaust steam is dry and satu-
rated, calculate (a) the work of an irreversible process and (b)
the efficiency of the process.
46
OLUTION:
AT p, = 0.52 MPa and t, = 300°C
• = 2802.6 kJ/kg h,= 3063.7 kJ/kg S,= 7.4411 kJ/kg•K

At p, =0.012 MPa, dry and saturated
~ =h,at 0.012 MPa = 2591.1 kJ/kg
(a) w•. =h,-h,= 3063.7 - 2591.1 = 472.7 kJ/kg
7.4411 = 0.6923 +x,(7.39)
, = 0.913
h, = h,+ xh = 206.92 + 0.913 (2384.1)

= 2383.6 kJ/kg
w. = h,-h,= 3063.7 - 2383.6 = 680.1 kJ/kg
n = ;a•• = 472·7
680.1
X 100% = 69.5%
47
Polytropic Process
(a) The process on the pv plane
Fig. 2-7. Reversible Polytropic Process.
(b) Work of the nonflow process, W,
- Polytropic process is defined by the equation, pv0 = c
W,= lpdv
(c) Transferred heat, Q
Q = Au+ Wn
=u,-u,+
PY.-
1-n
PY,
(d) Work of steady flow process, Ws
W,= Q - t.h - t.K
Also, W, -vd _ np.-Py._4)w)

1-n
48
(2-12) Expand 2 kg of steam at 15 bar,300°C, into the wet
gion ~o l00°C in a polytropic process where pV? C.
2termme (a) Y , (b) 6H, (c) AS, (d) nonflow and steady flow
2
"Ork, and (e) Q.
OLUTION:
For a pressure p, = 1.5 MPa and temperature t, = 300°C,

2steam is superheated. The saturation temperature for a
cessure of 1.5 MPa is 198°C.
V,= 0.16966 m3/kg h,= 3037.6 kJ/kg
u,= 2783.1 kJ/kg SI= 6.9179 kJ/(kg) (K)
At t,= l00°C, the saturation pressure, p, = 0.10135 MPa.
- 1.5 7 1.21
0.16966
1@is]
[ = 1.5730 m3/kg
At t,= 100C
fl = 0.0010435 uf'l = 418.94 h,, = 419.04 S12 = 1..3069
fg2 = 1.6719 U fg2 = 2087.6 ha = 2257.0 8Sn = 6.0480
g2 = 1.6729 ug2 = 2506.5 h = 2676.1 ·sg2 = 7.3549
1.5730 - 0.0010435
1.6719 = 0.9402
= u+u,= 418.94 + (0.9402) (2087.6) = 2381.7 Kj/kg
,
2
= h12 + Xzhrg2 = 419.04 + (0.9402) (2257.0) = 2541.1 kJ/kg
- s + x2sfg2 = 1.3069 + (0.9402) (6.0480) = 6.9932 kJ/(kg) (K)

- f'2
49
p
(a) y,= 5.985

h ) = 2(2541.1 - 3037.6) = ._ 993 kJ
(b) t.H = m(h2 - 1
_ 5 )-= 2(6.9932 - 6.9179) = 0.0753 kJ/K

(c) A S = (
ms, '
d) mp.-DY,) 2(0.10135)(15730)-(1_5)0.1£
W,= T-n = 1-1.21
- 905.4 kJ
W = (n) (W) = (1.21) (905.4) = 1095.5 kJ

• n
(e) t.U = mu, - u,) = 22381.7 - 2783.1) = --802.8 kJ
Q = t.U +W, = - 802.8 + 905.4 = 102.6 kJ
(2-13) Five kg per second of steam at 5.9 MPa and 500'

expand to 0.9 MPa in a polytropic process where pV1.25 =
Find (a) x, or t21 ti.H, ti.U, ti.S, (b) W for nonflow, and (c) Wf.
steady flow if AK = --40 kJ/s. (d) Find Q from steady flow
also from nonflow energy equation.
SOLUTION:
At a pressure of 5.9 MPa and a temperature of 500°C, tt 1
steam is superheated.
v, = 0.05766 m./kg h, = 3423.3 kJ/kg
u 1 = 3083.1 kJ/kg SI = 6.8892 kJ/(kg) (K)

50
1
= 0.05766 [5·9
0.9
-126
j·
= 0.2564 m3/kg
The specific volume of saturated steam at 0.9 MPa is

0.17535 m3/kg. The final condition is a superheated vapor.
At p, = 0.9 MPa
I.OC0.2539 2695.9 ~ 2924.J 6.936~ M C':)24~

~!
o
0.2564 le
fa
l- Fs,f
[+lg»
0
> 0.2596 2712.7 2946.3 6.9787 250
0.0025 = ~ =o = x. -
0.0057 16.8 21.9 0.0423 - 10
X
1
= 7.4; u,= 2695.9 + 7.4 = 2703.3 kJ/kg
x2 = 9.6; h,= 2924.4 + 9.6 = 2934 kJ/kg
x3 = 0.0186; s, = 6.9364 + 0.0186 = 6.955 kJ/kg.K
X4 = 4.4; t,= 240 + 4.4 = 244.4°C
p T
(a) t,= 244.4C
!1H = mh,-h,)= 5(2934 - 3423.3) = -2446.5 kJ/s
51
AU = mu, - u,) = 5(2703.3 -3083.1) = -1899 kJ/s
AS = ma(s, - s,) = 5(6.955 -6.8892) = 0.329 kJ/(sXK)
o» w..mi;=e0. so0o» 0249,=,29000s7

2104.5 kJls
c) -Jvdp = W, + AK
n fpdV= W, + AK
(1.26) (2104.5) = w. - 40
W = 2691.7 kJ/s
•
(d) Q = £\U + W,= - 1899 + 2104.5 = 205.5 kJ/s
Q = AK + AH + W,= -40 + (-2446.5) + 2691.7 = 205.2 kJl
Throttling Process
(a) The process on the Ts and hs planes.
P,
h
,
s s
Fig. 2-8. Irreversible Throttling process.
Throttling process is a full . .

abatic process with no work b/ irreversible steady flow adi·
From the general en ing done.
w=o,we have, +, _],"?uation pith AK = 0, Q=0ad
throttling is ' 1 2• . e general defining equation for
52
For approximate computation
h.,- = h g + c pAt
where h, is the specific enthalpy of saturated vapor at

p, or t,
Lit = SH, degrees of superheat

0
c,= 2kJ/kg.C°, the specific heat of steam
(2-14) Steam at 1.4 MPa and 270C flows steadily through

a steam throttle valve that reduces its pressure by 50%. Find
(a) the final temperature and (c) the change in entropy.
SOLUTION:
T h
s s
At p, = 1.4MPa and t, = 270°C
h,= 2973.3 kJ/hg SI = 6.8331 kJ/kg• K
At p, = 0.70 MPa and h, = h, = 2973.3 kJ

(a) t,= 259.4C by interpolation)
s, = 7.143 kJ/kg•K (by interpolation)
53
= 7.143 - 6.8331
= 0.31 kJ/kg• K
(2-15) A throttling calorimeter receives steam fro

oiler drum at 0.11 MP and is superheated 10 de by
the boiler drum pressure is 1.55 MPa, what is the qualit
the steam generated by the boiler? · Y of
SOLUTION:
h
T
s s
At p,= 0.11 MPa, t,at = 102.31%C
t,= t,ant +°SH
= 102.31 + 10
= 112.31°C
h,= 2700 kJ/kg (by interpolation)
At p, = 1.55 '.\1Pa h, = 87
= 1941.2i21. 92k/keg and h
h, = h,,' +x,h
I fg I
54
2700 = 851.92 + x,(1941.2)
X, = 95.20%
(2-16) A steam calorimeter receives steam from a pipe at

0.1 MPa and 20°SH. For a pipe steam pressure of2 MPa, what
is the quality ofthe steam?
SOLUTION:
T
hi
At p, = 0.1 MPa, h,= 2675.5 kJ/kg
h, = ha + e,SH)
= 2675.5 + (2) (20)
= 2715.5
At p, = 2 MPa, h,, = 908.79 kJ/kg and h,,= 1890.7 kJ/kg
2715.5 = 908.79 +x, (1890.7)
, = 95.56%
55
Problems
. lid containing steam at 700 kPa and
±, 9%"%" p r essure roses wntl the guano
2p,, ",g%";%ii»rii@e work done.
is TV. )etermine d d
e he
transferred, (c) the change of internal energy, an ( ) the
change of enthalpy. Ans. (a) -101.4 kJ/kg; (b) -8l0 kJ/kg; (c)
-708.5 kJ/kg; (d)--810 k/kg .
2. Steam at 3.1 MPa and with 74.28°C SH rejects 1973.36
kJ per kg of steam heat at constant pressure, determine (a)
the final temperature and (b) the change in specific entropy.
Ans. (a) 235.7°C; (b)-3.8572 kJ/kg°K ·
3. With 3% moisture, 2.5 kg of steam has an enthalpy of
6600 kJ. It is heated at constant pressure to a final condition
of 80° superheat. Find (a) the pressure of the process and (b)
the quantity of heat received by the steam. Ans. (a) 0.22 MPa;
(b) 575 kJ.
4. Five kg of water vapor are contained at 150 kPa and 90
per cent quality in a suitable enclosure. Calculate the heat
which must be added in order to just produce a saturated
vapor. What will the pressure be at the end of the heating
process? Ans. 1045.5 kJ, 168 kPa.
5. A rigid vessel contains 5 kg of wet steam at 0.4 MPa.
After the addition of 9585 kJ the steam has a pressure of 2.0
MPa and a temperature of700°C. Determine the initial inter-
nal energy and the specific volume of the steam. Ans. 1553.9
kJ/kg, 0.2258 m 3/kg.
?· A :-·kg steam-water mixture at 1.0 MPa is contained in
an inflexible tank. Heat is added until the pressure rises to
9,Fa and the temperature to 400c. Determine the heat
a e . Ans. 1378.7 kJ.
7. Water vapor at 100 kPa and 1500c . . .
rigid vessel At h t t is contamed m a
· w a emperature will th
condense when the container is le vapor start to
·11 h s cooled slowly? How much heat
WI ave to be removed per kil Ot . .
Ans. 95.68°C, -81.4 kJ/kg ram in this cooling process?
8. Water at 2.5 MPa and 200 oc .
temperature up to a qualit f SOo/t :s
heated at constant
heai received by the wae4 "" d (a) the quantity
and (c) the work of a nonflo ange m mternal energy
» 136. J«etc o2o.+$,""- Ans. a) 2025.7 kJke
I I •
56
9. Three kilograms of steam initially at 2.5 MPa and a
temperature of 370°8 have 2460 kJ of heat removed at con-
stant temperature until the quality is 90%. Determine (a) the
pressure when dry saturated steam exists and (b) the work.
Arts. (a) 21.03 MPa; (b) -4550.7 1JI
10. Water vapor at 100 KPa and 150°C is compressed

isothermally until half the vapor has condensed. How much
work must be performed on the steam in this compression
process per kilogram? Ans. -1384.7 kJ.
11. A steam engine isentropically expands 5 kg/sec of
steam from 0.68 MPa, 220°C. the exhaust is dry and satu-
rated. Determine (a) the work of a nonflow process (b) the
finaltemperature, and (c) the work of a steady flow process.
Ans. (a) 641.05 kJ/sec; (b) 131.9°C/ (c) 838.38 kJ.
12. Three kg of steam has an initial enthalpy of7200 kJ at
0.145 MPa. Isentropic compression gives a final pressure of
0.29 MPa. Find (a) the initial and final temperatures and (b)
the work of a steady and nonflow processes. Ans. (a) 110,4°C,
132.4°C; (c) -288.5 kJ, -325.8 kJ.
13. Saturated steam at 0.16 MPa is compressed in an
irreversible adiabatic process with an efficiency of 80.24%.
For a final pressure of 0.45 MPa, determine (a) the final and
initial entropies and (b) the ideal and actual temperatures of
compressed steam. Ans. (a) 7.2 kJ/kg·K, 7.3 kJ/kg• K; (b)
220°0, 244°0.
14. Wet steam at 200°C and 20% moisture is compressed
in an irreversible adiabatic process to a pressure of2.30 MPa
and a temperature of 225°C. Determine (a) the work of com-
pression, (b) the compression efficiency, (c) the irreversibility
of the process, and (d) the compression internal reheat. Ans.
(a) -413.49 kJ/kg; (b) 33.3%; (c) 0.71018 kJ/kg·K; (d) 275.73
kJ/kg.
15. Steam at 5 MPa and 400°C expands polytropically to
1.0MPa according to pV" C. Determine the work of nonflow
and steady flow, the heat transferred, Ah, and 6s. Ans. 298.9
kJ/kg, 388.6 kJ/kg, -7.6 kJ/kg, -396.2 kJkg, -0.0127 kJ/kg• K.
16. Determine the heat and the work of the polytropic
expansion of steam from 2.8 MPa at 340°C to 0.76 MPa at
200C. Ans. -3000 kJ/kg, -3012.5 kJ/kg
( 17. Steam at 173.46°C and with a specific entropy of 6 kJ/
geK undergoes a polytropic process with n = 1.18 until the
'
+ 57
y
I
p:.-eea re heco ,,ea 2 MPa. (a) What is tae fir..a ~---
~ e st.ean? (b) ¥/hat jg the itY k a::d tk ~-"l.:.~ :-~.
the p.ccr::ag? AM. (a) 212A2°C; ) -12£.79
kJ/a.
~-r:: •J .
(c),
+
18. Wet sear at 1 NfPa
I
I
I
I
?Power cycles
The Rankine Cycle
2 CoolingWater
Stea m Water in
Generator
or
Boiler
l[/let 11{
y
Condenser
Pump
Fig. 3-1. Diagrammatic Layout for Steam Power Plant
p
T
Fig. 3-2. Rankine Cycle

59
The ideal Rankine cycle is composed of the following processes:
1-2: isentropic expansion in the engine, s = C

2-3: constant pressure rejection ofheat in the condenser,
p=c
3-B: adiabatic pumping, s = C .
B-1: constant pressure addition of heat in the steam
generator, p = C
NOTE:
a. In the ideal cycle, the state of steam leaving the ste
generator and entering the engine are the same as well as
state of feedwater leaving the pump and entering the stea
generator. This means that there is no pressure drop and n
heat leakage in the steam line and feedwater line.
b. The quantity of the working substance within the sy
tem is constant. This implies that there are no leakages in th
system.
I Cycle Analysis
I A. Heat added, Q,
Energy balance:
E.In = Eou t
0,=h,-h
I B
Steam Generator
B. Heat Rejected, Q,
»,
2
Energy balance:
C on d en ser
60
C. Engine Work, w
Energy balance:
E,, =E
W out
»,
Considering the change in kinetic energy,
h, +K, =h,+K,+ W
W= h,-h,+K,-K,
D. Pump Work, Wp
r------ h,
3 •
1. Exact Pump Work.

Energy balance:
E.ID =E out
h,+ W =h,
w,= h,-b,
2. Approximate Pump Work
The state offeedwater leaving the pump is that

of a compressed liquid. Very often, compressed liq-
uid tables are not available, hence, the properties of
a compressed liquid are not easily obtainable: There-
fore, the exact pump work is difficult to determine.
The following assumptions are made in the
determination of the approximate pump work.
61
f Uy" an incompressible liquid
(a) Water is "prac ic~ v
Therefore,
. V3 - 8
. ternal •
energy 1s neg1·1gi"ble.
(b) The change lil lil
u,= U
Energy balance:
E. =
u3 + W 3 + W P = tw
W,= pv-D
wW,= vp-P)
E. Net Cycle Work, W,
Wnet = Gross work - Pump work
Wnet = W- Wp
Wnct. = h.-h-W
1 P
Another method of determining the net cycle work is

taining it from the Ts diagram.
b c S
Rankine Cycle
Wnct. = area 1-2-3-B-1
== area (l-c-b-B-1) - area (2-3-b-c-2)
62
= Q,-0,
= (h,-h,) -h,- h,)
·,
= h,-h -W
1 ' p
F. Thermal Efficiency, e c
W h.-h-W
e,=
C
d"A
=- h -h2 -W
1 '3
'g
P
G. Steam Rate, m
Steam rate is the mass of steam used to perform a

unit work or the mass flow rate of steam consumed to
produce a unit of power. For good design, a lower value
of steam rate is desired. A lower value of steam rate
means that a smaller quantity of steam is needed to
develop the desired power output.
Let P = power output, kW

W work done by a kg of steam, kJ/kg
m = steam rate, kg/kwh
By definition
mass flow rate
steam rate =
power output
mass flow rate, kg/h
= power, kw
kg kJ 1 h
but Power = (mass flow rate, )S' I,3Goo
(mass flow rate) (W) kw
= 3600
Kg
mass flow rate, :Jr
Then, m == (mass flow rate) (W), kw
3600
63
3600 kg
m = --W' l<.wFi
For the ideal Rankine cycle
3600 kg
m,= -W--' lcwn
net
The Ideal Rankine Engine
The ideal Rankine engine is either a steam turbine or

steam engine. The difference between an ideal Rankine en. •
and an ideal Rankine cycle is that an ideal engine does r
include pump work since it is concerned only with all
processes occuring inside the engine. On the other hand
ideal cycle must include pump work because the pump '
needed for the completion of the cycle. AND FOR THE E
GINE TO BE IDEAL, THE EXPANSION PROCESS SHOU'
BE ISENTROPIC.
Engine Analysis
A. Work, W
W = h. I -h2
B. Thermal Efficiency, e
0
a rhe definition ofthermal efficiency does not direc

2""P", 9an engine because no heat is added to
, """"is charged with the enthalpy of steam en
e engme and credited ·th h
1
rated liquid at th d e . WI t e enthalpy of sa
. e contensing temperature
Wh en applied to an - · h ·
= W/Q, becomese-m,""""he thermal emien
against the engine. ' w ere E, rs energy charge
E, = enthalpy of steam ente . .

of saturated liauiaa{"""the engine - entha
e condensing temperat
e - W h, -h
p=
• I
h,-TR'
1 T3
64
C. Steam Rate, m C
me = 3600 throttle steam flow rate

-W- = engine power output
D. Heat Rate, HR
Heat rate is the energy chargeable per unit of

work or the rate of energy chargeable per unit of
power.
HR = Energy Rate
Power
kg kJ
(mass flow rate, 7P,, ;
=
osss nos nae, w. #a as.
= ( 3600 ) (Ee)
w
= (c,)E,)
E. Relation between e and HR.
E = ·(HR) (W)
C 3600
Then,
w
e, = (HR)W)
3600
3600
e.=1
65
i
I
I
I
I
The Actual Rankine Cycle
Any presence of the following conditions will transfon

ideal cycle into an actual one.
a. Pressure drop in the steam generator.

b. Pressure drop in the steam line (1 - 1).
c. Pressure drop in the condenser.
d. Pressure drop in the feedwater line (B-B)
e. Heat losses in the steam line.
f. Heat losses in the turbine/engine.
!7%rsible adiabatic expansion in the turbine
e. netticient pump. ·
i. Subcooled condensate.
Condenser
Pump
p·
1g. 3-3. Actual Ranki
ne Syst
Cycle Analysis J em
A. Heat Added, Q
.
,= ±.-.
.\
· 1y
66
B. Heat Rejected, QR,
2=h,-h,
C. Engine Work, W'
1. Irreversible adiabatic expansion from 1'-2'
W' = h,-h,
2. Polytropic expansion from I' -- 2'

1'
h,.o
W'
EI. =E out 2'
h,=h,+ W'+O..
h,
W' = h,- 1½, - Ql0811

D. Pump Work, Wp,
ideal pump work

W.=
p n,,
where: nm= pump mechanical efficiency
E. Actual Cycle Thermal Efficiency, ec,
W'- W
e.= Q p'
A'
The Actual Rankine Engine
If during the expansion process the steam undergoes a

process other than isentropic process, the engine is said to be
an actual one.
67
Engine Analysis
A. Work, W'
W'= h,- h,
B. Energy Chargeable Against the Engine, Ee,
E,= h,- h
C. Thermal EIcieny, e
Definition of Terms
Turbogenerator is a generator driven by a turbine.

Ideal work, W, is the work done by the steam durin
reversible adiabatic expansion process in the turbine.
Indicatedor actualfiuid work, W, or W', is the work dor
the steam during an irreversible adiabatic expansion or
tropic expansion process in the turbine.
Brake work W, is the useful work, i.e., the available w
at the engine shaft.
Combined work, WK', is the electrical energy available at
I' generator outlet.
Combir
Work
Fig. 3-4. Turbi

· · me-Generator Set
68
Thermal Efficiencies
a. Ideal Thermal Efficiency, e
e =
b. Indicated Thermal Efficiency, e

1
e = W,
E C
c. Brake Thermal E[Iciency, e,

-w
e= i C
d. Combined Thermal E[Ticiency, e,

e• W,
- EC
,a
; Steam Rates
a. Ideal Steam Rate, m

k
3600
m = --
W
b. Indicated Steam Rate, m,
3600
c. Brake Steam Rate, m,
m---
3600
° W,
d. Combined Steam Rate, m,
3600
m =- -
w,
69
Engine Efficiencies
a. I ndicated Engine E~ciency, ni
n, =
w
b. Brake Engine EITciency, n,
,= +w
c. Combined Engine Efficiency, nk
W,
n, = W
d. Turbine/Engine Mechanical Efficiency n

' me
n = WB
mo WI
e. Generator Efficiency, n
. g
Ilg
W,
W
B
Heat Rates
a. Ideal Heat Rate, HR
HR= (m) (E) C
b. Indicated Heat Rate, HR

1
HR; = (m,) E,)
c. Brake Heat Rate, HR,

HR, = (m,) E)
C
d. Combined Heat Rate, HR,
HR, = (m,) Ee)
70
(3-1) Steam is generated at 4.10 MPa and 440°C and
condensation occurs at 0.105 MPa.
(a) For a Rankine engine operating between these limits,
compute the thermal efficiency and the heat rate.
(b) Considering that a Rankine cycle occurs between the
same limits, determine Q, Q, W, and e,,
(c) What mass flow rate is required for a net output of
30,000 kW?
SOLUTION:
T
--
·----
P, = 4.10 MPa bl = 3305.7 kJ/kg
t, = 440°C SI = 6.8911 kJ/(kg) (K)
At p, = 0.105 MPa
h,= 423.24 kJ/kg SJ2 = 1.3181 kJ/(kg) (K)
h,, = 2254.4 kJ/kg srg2 = 6.0249 kJ/(kg) (K)
= 6.8911-1.3181 = 0.925
6.0249
]g - hr2 + x2
'h
g2
= 423.24 + (0.925) (2254.4) = 2508.6 kJ/kg
ha = hr at 0.105 MPa = 423.24 kJ/kg
V - v at 0.105 MPa = 0.0010443 m/kg

£3 f
71
) :: (0.0010443) (4100 - 105) = 4.17 ~
w.p= vpP 4 + 417:::: 427.4 kJ/kg
1, W :: 423.2 ·
h,=hut 's
(a) Rankine engine .

W == h1 - h.i == 3305.7 - 2508.6 = 797.1 kJ/kg
_ 3305.7 _ 423.24 = 2882.5 kJ/kg

E,=h,-h
e-= w _ 7971
C
28s2.5
0.2765 or 27.65%
3600 _ 1_600 = 4.516 kg/kwh

m = W- 797.1
Heat rate =(m)(h, -h,) =(4.516)(2882.5)= 13,017
(b) Rankine cycle

QA= h -ha = 3305.7 -427.4 = 2878.3 kJ/kg
1
Q,=h,-h, = 2508.6- 423.24 = 2085.4 kJ/kg

W,,= 0,- 0,= 2878.3-2085.4 = 792.9 kJ/kg
or W,= W - WP= 797.1, 4.17 = 792.9 kJ/kg
e = ~ _ 792.9
8, 2 87.3 0.2755 or 27.55%
(c) Steam flow rate= 30,000 kW 30,000 kJ/s 37 .

W,kJ/kg = 792.9 kJ/kg = .e-
(3-2) A turbo gen t h

kg/kwh at its r t d era or as a combined steam rate
MPa, 300 c, an~ ~heoutput of_20,000 kW. The steam is a
combined.heat +a. "" is at 0.01 MPa. Calculate'
the combined en . ' ffie_ combined thermal efficiency,
gme e ciency.
72
SOLUTION:
P, = 1.7 MPa h,= 3032.1 kJ/kg

t, = 300%C s1 = 6.8528 kJ/(kg) (K)
At p,= 0.01 MPa
h12 = 191.83 kJ/hg s12 = 0.6493 kJ/(kg) (K)
hrg2 = 2392.8 kJ/kg Brg2 = 7.5009 kJ/(kg) (K)
~= s2 - s,, = 6.8528 - 0.6493 = 0.827

°ea 7.5009 ·
~ = h,,+ 'Y1rs2 = 191.83 + (0.827) (2392.8) = 2170.7 kJ/kg

(a) Combined heat rate = (m) (h, - h,,)
= (5.35) (3032.1- 191.83) = 15,195 kJ/kwh
b) W,_ 3600_ 3600 _ 672.9 kJNkg

m, 5.35 .
e _ Wk _ 672.9 = 0.2369 or 23.69%

k - hi - hJ2 - 3032.1 - 191.83
.)
(c) W = h I - h. 2 = 3032.1- 2170.7 = 861.4 kJ/kg

73
n = W, = 672.9 = 0.7812 or 78.12%
k W 861.4
(3-3) Steam at 5.2 MPa, 400°C expands in a RanJti

turbine to 0.036 MPa. For 136 kg/s of steam, determin t
work, the thermal efficiency, and the steam rate (a) fo !-
cycle, (b) for the turbine. (c) For an actual turbine with the r tl:
specifications, the brake steam rate is 4.80 kg/kwh an~atr
driven electric generator has an efficiency of 93%. Find tl-
Wk, and quality or temperature of actual exhaust steam:• 11~
SOLUTION:
s
P,= 5.2MPa
I t, = 400°0
h, = 3192.0 kJ/g
SJ = 6.6236 kJ/(kg) (K)
I At p, = 0.036 MP
h,, = 307.05 Jhe
% = 0.9956 kJ/kg) (K)
h,s2 = 2325.6 kJ/kg
s,s2 = 6. 7104 kJ!(kg) (K)
.,-rt
s,112
2 - = ~
6.7104 = 0.8387
h, =h, +x,A.
2 fg2 - 307.05 + (0.8387) (23
h, = h,at 0.036Mp, 325.5) = 2257.4 1J/kg

u a = 307.9
74 - · kJg
vfJ = v,at 0.036 MPa = 0.0010249 m3fkP' 0
W,= vp- p,) =(0.0010249) (5200-36) - 5.29 Mg

h, = h, + W,= 307.05 + 5.29 = 312.3 1Ing
(a) Rankine cycle
wnct = hl - h2 - WP= 3192.0 - 2257.4 - 5.29 = 929.3 kJ/kg

= (929.3) (136) = 126,385 kJ/s or 126,385 kW
QA = hl - h, = 3192.0 -312.3 = 2879.7 kJ/kg
929 3
e
_ ~=
@,
- = 0.3227 or 32.27%
2879.7
_ 3600 _ 360 = 3.874 kg/kwh

m - w net
929.3
(b) Rankine engine
W = h,-h,= 3192 - 2257.4 = 934.6 kJ/kg
= (934.6) (136) = 127,106 kJ/s or 127,106 kW
e W 934.6 = 0.324 or 32.4%

h 1 -h12 = 3192.0 - 307.05
m = 3600_ 3600 = 385 kg/kwh

934.6
(c) Actual engine
W _ 3600 _ 3600 = 750 kJ/kg

+-a, 4.so
e< ,-i,W 750

3192.0-307.o
= 0.26 or 26%
75
wa._ T50_ 0.8025 or 80.25%
n, = W 934.6
W,= (W,)generator efficiency) = (750) (0.93)
= 697.5 kJ/kg
= ( _ ) ) = 94,860 kJ/s or 94,860 kW
697 5 036
h, = h, - W,=3192.0-750 = 2442 kJ/kg
2442 = 307.05 +x, (2325.5)
"2· = 0.9181 or 91.81%

(3-4) A turbine receives steam at 10 MPa, 6000
exhaust it at 0.2 MPa. (a) For the ideal Rankine eng¢
determine the work, steam rate, thermal efficiency, and
effective pressure. (b) For the actual engine, the brake er.
efficiencyis 84%; the driven generator efficiency is 93% and
rated output of the generator is 30 MW. Estimate the enth
and quality (or temperature) of the exhaust. Compute
combined work, combined heat rate, and the total throttle
for the rated power.
SOLUTION:
2'
s
P, = 10.MPa
h,= 3625.3 kJ/kg
t, = 600°0
S,= 6.9029 kJ/(kg) (K)
76
At p, = 0.2 MPa
v r2 = 0.0010605 hl2 = 504.70
8 = 1.5301
v = 0.88464 h,= 2201.9 sfl2 = 5.5970
"2 = s25- s12 = 6.9029 - 1.5301 = 0.9599

rg2 5.5970
h 2 = h 12 + :J½hrg2 = 504.70 + (0.9599) (2201.9) = 2618.3 kJ/kg
v2 = v12 + JSVrg2 = 0.0010605 + (0.9599) (0.88464)
= 0.8502 m"/kg
(a) W = h,-h,= 3625.3 - 2618.3 = 1007 kJ/kg
m = 3600 = 3600 = 3.575 kg/kwh

W 1007 .
Pm = W = W = 1007 = 1184.4kPa
V, Y, 0.8502
b) W,= (Di,) (W) = (0.84) (1007) = 845.9 kJ/kg
~ =h,- W,= 3625.3 - 845.9 = 2779.4 kJ/kg
At p,= 0.2 MPa
X [150 2768.87
~ 0.6
10 t, 2779.4J . 20.5
1_60 2789.3
X 10.6
10 = 20.5
X = 5.2
tz = 150_ + 5.2 = 155.2°c

77
. y)::: (845.9) (O.93) =786.7
[icienc
w, w,)genera"
0 576 kg/kwh
3600 - ~ ::: 4 · ·
,- k rs67
) (h -h )::: (4.576) (3625.3-504.
12
. d heat rate == (tnk , •..
Com,mne
b
_ 14,280 kJ/kwh
00) (4.576) = 137,280 kg/h

Mass flow rate = 30,
The Reheat Cycle
Introduction
T
B
\ s
I Fig. 3-5. Rankine Cycle Fig. 3-6. Reheat Cy
Moisture is harmful to the blades of the turbine. It CZ.

erosion and cavitation of the turbine blades. As have
observed in the previous cycle (see Fig. 3-5), the mois
content increases during the later stages of the expa
process. One solution to this problem is by reheating the s
after partial expansion in the turbine (see Fig. 3-6). Rehea."
minimizes the moisture content and at the same time incl'
the efficiency of the cycle. Steam is usually withdrawn
I • reheated few degrees before the saturation point.
78
The Ideal Reheat Cycle
Stea m
Generato r
Engin e
4
?
Conden ser
· Fig. 3-7. Diagrammatic Layout for Reheating Plant
Fig. 3-8. Reheat Cycle With One stage of Reheating

79
The ideal reheat cycle with one stage of reheating is co
posed of the following processes: lll.
1-2: partial isentropic expansiohn in_ the turbine, s ::: C

2-3: constant pressure resuperheating in the rehe t
a~
p= C
3-4: complete isentropic expansion in the turbine
4-5: constant pressure rejection of heat in the ' s::: C
condenser, p = C
5-B: adiabatic pumping process, s = C
B-1: constant pressure addition ofheat in the boil
, p=C
Cycle Analysis
A. Heat Added, QA
Energy balance:
E, 1n =Eou t
0= h,-h
I B
B
Steam Generator
Energy balance:
E.in =Eout
Reheater
%a + h, =H,
2 %a = h, -h,
. h,
h,
, =0,+QRH
80 =h,-h, + h, -h,
For a given number of st
ages of reheating,
0,=%....+ 20,,1 c,ea1e;r
where: n = number of h
re eaters
B. Heat Rejected, QR
4 Energy balance:
Condenser
5
, +,
E1n = E out
= h,
0,= h,-h,
C. Engine Work, W
Energy balance:
h,
Engine w
Another means of determining engine work is by getting

the sum of the work done by the steam during the different
stages of expansion.
w = w1
-2 + W:µ.
W= h,-h,+h,-h,
81
;..;-
.C,._=
,·, = --:.
=
I
1' =
82
F. Thermal Efficiency, e,
e, w
-ct:
z
w. = h, -h,+ h,-h 4 - Wp
0, = h,-h, + h 3 -h 2
but h, = h,+
o
Wp
@, = h ,-h,+h,-h,- WP
o
h,-h,+h,-h,-W,
e, =
5, -E,+I,-T,-W
o P
G. Steam Rate, m C .
m = 3600 kg/kwh
· w.
The Ideal Reheat Engine
The ideal reheat engine ignores the pressure drop in the

reheater. The engine is an ideal one whether there is or there
is no pressure drop in the reheater for as long as the expansion
process is an isentropic one.
Engine Analysis
A. Work, W
B. Steam Rate, m,
3600
m =--
• w
C. Energy Chargeable Against the Engine, E,
83
General equation which is applicable to
,ng;»e only. a reheat
E, = enthalpy of atearn entering the en:

enthalpy of saturated liquid at co ~e -
eperature + 2 &,a PGens
For the given engine:
= h,-h,+h,-h,
D. Thermal Efficiency , ee
E. Heat Rate, HR
HR= mE
e C
The Actual Reheat Cycle
Steam
2
Engine
0 •'
1°
e
Ge.era.or
Generator
11
5
Pump
Fig. 3-9 . Actuul Rel

One Stuge ient Cycle With
~ of Heheatincr
=>
Anycycle
reheat presence following conditions will male the deal
of the one.
an actual
a. Pressure drop in the boiler/steam generator.
b. Pressure drop in the steam line (1-1)
c. Pre ssure drop in the reheater.
d. Pressure drop in the condenser.
PP,GP, < p
e. Irreversible adiabatic expansion process.
Qlass = O,but
85
. on process.
. expans1
Polytrop1c .
f.
0.. d -;; s , and s 4• -f:. S:r
0 an S '2
. the steam line 1-1 ').

g. Heat losses in
Engine
Steam Generator
Steam Generator
h. Inefficient pump.
pump efficiency < 100%
i. Pressure drop in the feedwater line.
PR< P,
Cycle Analysis
A. Heat Added, QA.
I· 8, =0+ 0
= h,-h,+ h, -h,)
B. Heat Rejected Q
' ll'
86
C. Engine Work, W'
W' h 1
-n+h,-h,
• J 4• ifir, revers1·iblee a diab
a atic
expansion process or
w'= h, - h,+ h,-h,

s ·« Q, a, ir4 . .
polytropic expansion
process
D. Net Cycle Work W

net'
Wnet'. = W' - WP'
E. Actual Pump Work W

p'
W. = ideal pump work

pump efficiency
F. Thermal Efficiency, ec.
·
e. =
,
W'-W
B
The Actual Reheat Engine
Ifthe expansion process is no longer isentropic, the engine

is said to be an actual one.
Engine Analysis
A. Work, W'
W'= h,-h+h,-h,
B. Energy Chargeable Against the Engine, Ee.
87
C. Thermal Efficiency, e.
W'
e=
.
•c'
D. Steam Rate, m,
3600
m•. = W'
E. Heat Rate, HR'
(3-5) In a reheat cycle steam at 8.0 ~a R?d 485°C enters

the turbine and expands to 1.4 MPa. At this pomt, the steam i
withdrawn and passed through a reheater. It re-enters the
turbine at 1.3 MPa and 720°C. Expansion now occurs to the
condenser pressure of 0.006 MPa. For the cycle and 1 kg of
steam determine (a) Q,, (b) W, and (c) e. For the engine
determine (d) W, (e) e, and (f) the steam flow for an engine
output. of 40,000 kW. -
SOLUTION: 3
s
h at 8.0 MPa and 485°0 3361 kJ/k
hat 14MP d g
iasire,"{#.,3alto y, -2soie
h at 0.006 MP o C = 3968 kJ/kg
h at O 006 MPa and s, equal to s, = 2526 kJ/kg
/ · a = 151.53 kJ/kg
at 0.006 MPa = 0.0010064 mi%e
!k#
5
P
2%,7%iii@i
·
ii@oo-- s.on vane
+ 8.05 = 159.58 kJ/lg
•
88
(a) %,= h,-h.+ h,-h
3361 -159.5s 4 396
= 4278.4 kJ/kg - 2891
0) W = h,-h, +h,- h,
= 3361 - 2891 + 3968 - 2526
= 1912kJ/kg
W-W,=1912-8.05 = 1904 kJMg
= ~ _ 1904
~A 4278.4 = 0.445 or 44.5%
(d) W = 1912 kJ/kg
(e) E, = h,-h,+h,-h,,
= 3361 - 2891 + 3968 _ 151.53
= 4286.5 kJ/kg
W 1912
e. = Ec = 4286.5 = 0.446 or 44.6%
(D) m = 3600 = 3600 _1 88 kg/k h

W 1912 . w
steam flow = (40,000 kw) (1.88 kg/kwh)

= 75,200 kg/h or 20.89 kg/s
(3-6) A reheat cycle has the following data:
Throttle, 8.5 MPa at 400°C

Turbine exhaust, 0.06 MPa
For an ideal cycle, determine the (a) work, (b) thermal

efficiency, and (c) heat rate. (d) What is the thermal efficiency
of the corresponding Rankine cycle, (e) What is the percent
unprovement in engine heat rate of the reheat cycle from the
Rankine cycle.
89
s01UTI0N:
1 3
O.Co.oGMPa
h, = hat 8.5 MPa and 400°C = 3128.2 kJ/kg

h, = h at s, equal tos, and saturated = 2800 kJ/kg
h, = h at p, equal to p, and 400°C = 3246 kJ/kg
h, = hat 0.06 MPa and s, equal to s,= 2500 kJ/kg
V15 = v, at 0.06 MPa = 0.0010331 m3/kg
W,= vP,-p,)= 0.0010331 (8,500 - 60) = 8. 7 kJ/kg
ha= h, + W, = 359.86 + 8.7 = 368.6 kJ/kg
I h,-h,+h,-h,
(a) W =
3128.2 - 2800 + 3246 - 2500
=
I = 1074.2 kJ/kg
W,, - W-Wp = 1074.2-8.7 = 1065.5 kJ/kg
. (b) QA = h - h + h },
1 'Bs a°,
= 3128.2- 368.6 + 3246 - 2800
= 3205.6 kJ/kg
e. = ~ = !Q65.5
~A 3205.6 = 0.3324 or 33.24%
(c) m = ~ - 3600
W -1074.2 = 3.35 kg/kwh
' ' t
Heat rate _ (h
; m -h,)= 3.35 (3128-2 - 359.86)
9273.9 kJ/kwh
90
'
(d) The corresponding Rankine
eye 1 e
T
8.5 MP
0.06 MP

h, = hr at 0.06 MPa = 359.86 kJ/kg
= v, at 0.06 MPa = 0.0010331 m3/kg
W,= vP,-p,) = 0.0010331 (8,500-60) = 8.7 kJ/kg
ha,= h,+ W, =359.86 + 8.7 = 368.6 kJ/kg
W = h,-h,= 3128.2 - 2220 = 908.2 kJ/kg
W,,,=W-W,=908.2-8.7 = 899.5 kJ/kg
QA = h,-h,= 3128.2 -368.6 = 2759.6 kJ/kg
e = ~ = 899·5 0.3259 or 32.59%

• , 2759.6
. . 3600· 3600
(e) Rankine engme steam rate = -V- = 908.2
= 3.964 kg/kwh
Rankine engine heat rate = m(h,-h,) =(3.964)

(3128.2 - 359.86)
= 10,974 kJ/kwh
Difference or reductioninbeat rate= Rankine HR-Reheat
HR = 10,974- 9273.9 1700.1 kJ/kg
% improvement = 1700.l = 0.1549 or 15.49%

10,974
91
. two stages ofreheating is executed
(3-7) A reheatc~cle ~~~ally from 20 MPa and 540°C. The
with steam expanding iru 3 3 MPa and 0.97 MPa, and the
two reheater pressures :; at 54 ooc. Condensation occurs at
steam leaves eac? rehea and 1 kg/s of steam find QA and e .
1
60°C. (a) For th_e ideald itgle s of steam find W and e,
(b) For the engine an .
SOLUTION:
l 3 5
h, =hat 20 MPa and 540°C = 3363.5 kJ/kg

h = hh at 3.8 MPa and s, equal to s, = 2916 kJ/kg
h, = at 3.8 MPa and 540°C = 3538.8 kJ/kg
h, = hat 0.97 MPa and s, equal to s, = 3100 kJ/kg
h, = h at 0.97 MPa and 540°C = 3565.9 kJ/kg
h, = h at 0.01994 MPa and s, equal to s,= 2604 kJ/kg
h, = hr at 60°C = 251.13 kJ/kg .
Vr, = v, at 60°C = 0.0010172 m 3/kg
wp = Vr, (pB7 - P1> = 0.0010172 (20,000 - 19.94)
-20.32 kJ/kg
hB7 = h, + W,= 251.13 + 20.32 = 271.45 kJ/kg
a) Q,= h,-h, + h, -h, + h, - h,
= 3363.5 - 271.45 + 3538.8 - 2916 + 3565.9 - 3100

= 4180.8 kJ/kg
QA = . (4180.8 kJ/kg) (1 kg/s)
= 4180.8 kJ/s
92
w= h,-h,+h,-h, +h,-h6
= 3363.5 - 2916 + 3538.8
= 1848.2 kJ/kg . - 3100 + 3565.9 - 2604
W = (1848.2 kJ/kg) (1 kg/s)
= 1848.2 kJ/s
W,= W-W,= 1848.2-20.32 = 1827.9 1J
wnet = 1827.9
e. = QA 4180.8 == 0.4337 or 43.37%
(b) W = 1848.2 kJ/s
E, = h,-h,+h,-h,+h,-h,
·- h,-h, +h,-h,+h,-h,
= 3363.5 - 2916 + 3538.3 - 3100 + 3565 9-251.13
= 4201.1 kJ/kg . .
E, = (4201.1 kJ/kg) 1 kg/s) = 4201.1 kJ/s
W 1848.2
e, = E. = 4201.l = 0.4399 or 43.99%
(3-8) An ideal double-reheat steam turbine receives 300,000

kg/h of steam at 10 MPa and 400C. Afer expansion from high
pressure turbine shell, it is reheated twice from saturated
vapor condition back to its initial temperature. The steam
enteringthe condenser is 97% dry. Determine (a) engine work,
(b) engine thermal efficiency, and (c) steam rate. (d) Consider-
ing a generator output of 100 MW with 97% generator effi-
ciency, what are the combined heat rate, brake work, brake
thermal efficiency, and pump power requirement.
1 3 5
SOLUTION:
T
93
d 4OOoc = 3096.5 kJ/kg
h, = hat 10 MPa an d saturated= 2804 kJ/kg
h, = h at s, equal to s, and 4OO0c = 3232 kJ/kg
al top2 an
1 h, = hat Pa equ and saturated = 2730 kJ/kg
! h, =
h, =
h at s, equal to S3
:o
hat Ps equ~
d 4OO0c = 3274 kJ/kg
P4:::d 97% quality== 2510 kJ/kg
I
!
h, = a",2%a, - ocosesa
From o 1 J/k 6
I h t 0 0086 MPa = 184.2 k g
I
rat 0.0086 MPa = 0.0010095 m3fkg
v,a · _ ) = O.OO1OO95 (10,000 -8.6) =10.1 kJ/kg
~
17
7
~PW !184.2 + 10.1 = 194.3 kJ/kg
p
( )W h, -h,+ h,-h,+ hs - h6
a : 3096.5 -2804 + 3232 - 2730 + 3274 - 2510
== 1558.5 kJ/kg
(b) E h - h +h,-h,+ hs - h11

C : • 3096.5 - 2804 + 3232 - 2730 + 3274 - 184,2
== 3884.3 kJ/kg
W 1558.5 _ 0.4O12 or 40.12%
e, = Ec = 3884.3
( c ) Steam ra te ' m _- 3600
W
== 3600 = 2.31 kg/kwh
1558.5
. 300,000 kg/h
(d) Combmed steam rate, m, = lOO,OO kw = 3.0 kg/kwh
Combined heat rate== (mk) (E) = (3.0 kg/kwh) (3884.3 kJ/kg)
= 11,653 kJ/kwh
Combined work, Wk =
3600 =
3600 = 1200 kJ/kg
3.O m,
k W - ---,---A-..,,~--- _ ~
Bra k e wor., W, 12O0
generator. efficiency - 0.97
= 1237.l kJ/kg
Brake thermal efficiency, e, = ~= 1237.1 = o 3185 or

31.85% C 3884.3 •
Pump power = (m) W ) = (3O0,OOO kg/h) (10.1 kJ/kg)

= 3,030,00 kJ/h or 841.7 kw .
94
(3-9) A steam turbine rec .
eives 362 500
throttled at 8.. 7 0 MPa and 4100. g , kg/h of steam
pressure turbine shell at 2 MPa with · team leaves the high
4i
7 8
Reheated steam is at 1.9 MPa and fegrees ofsuperheat.
7g°C. For a generator output of ~- Condensate is at
100
calculate (a) the combined thermal ffi . at 94% efficiency,
condition of exhaust steam (c) th :h iciency, (b) the actual
iaeal engine, d) the combiei .1. "pal efficiency or the
. gine e · cien d
ideal thermal efficiency of the c cl . ,, y,an (e) the
through reheater. Y e Wit out pressure drop
SOLUTION:
1 3
78'C
(0.04368 MPa)
h, = hat 8.70 MPa and 410°C = 3152.6 kJ/kg

h, = hat 2 MPa and 220C(212.42+ 7.58) = 2821.7 kJ/kg
h, = . h at 1.90 MPa and 410°C = 3271.2 kJ/kg
h, = hat 0.04368 MPa (p, at 78°C) and s, equal to s,
= 2480 kJ/kg
h, = h, at 78°C = 326.51 kJ/kg
v,at 78°C = 0.0010278 m 3/kg
v P,- p,) = 0.0010278 (8,700 - 43.68) = 8.9 kJ/kg
h, + W, = 326.51 + 8.9 = 335.41 kJ/kg
(a) Combined steam rate, m, .. _362,500 kg/h_ _ 3.625 kg/kwh

100,000 kw
95
3600._ 3909 so3.1 lan e
Combined work, WK - mk 3.625
h h +h-11:i·
3
E, = 1-; r4 + 3271.2 - 2821.7
= 31o2. 6 - 32 6 · 51
= 3275.6 kJ/kg
. _ WK = 993.1
Combined thermal efficiency, ek - Ee 3275.6
= 0.3032 or 30.32%
(b) Actual condition of exhaust st eam
h, _ ___,
W' =WB
h,
Energy balance:
h, +h, =h,+h, +W'
h, = h, +h,-h,-W'
W' == WB = WK= 993.1 = 1056.5 kJ/kg

P, 0.94
h,. + 3271.2 - 2821.7 - 1056.5
= 3162.6
= 2545.6 kJ/kg
h, = h+,ha
2545.6 = 326.51 + , (2313.8)
x 4• = 0.959 or 95.9%
(c) For the ideal engine
h, = h at 2 MPa and s, equal to s, = 2804 kJ/kg

W= h,-h,+h,-h,
= 3152.6 - 2804 + 3271.4 _ 2840
= 1140 kJ/kg
96
E, = h,-h,+h,-A
J f4
= 3152.6- 2804 4 327 1
= 3293.5 kJ/kg ·4 - 326.51
= W 1140
e E 3293.5 0.3461 or 34.61%
(d) Combined engine efficiency, n, = 4_ 3032
or 87.60% e 34.61 == 0.87600
-
(e) Without pressure drop thro h h

ug re eater
h, = hat2MPa and 410%0_
h, = hat 0.04368 M - 3269 ·6 kJ/kg
w., - ,-i,+i,{"p d·evaltos, -err2oae
= 3152.6 - 28044 3269.6 - 2472 - 8
= 1137.3 kJ/kg .9
0, = h,-h,, + h, -h,
= 3152.6- 335.41 + 3269.6- 2804
= 3282.8 kJ/kg
e
c
= wn~t _
~-
1137.3 O 34
32 82 _8 == . 64 or 34.64%
The Regenerative Cycle
Introduction
The thermal efficiency of a simple steam power plant is less

than fifty percent. This means that more than half of the heat
added to the water in the boiler is just wasted and rejected in
the condenser. In order to utilize some of these heats that would
have been wasted and rejected in the condenser, part of the
throttle steam is extracted or bled for feedwater heating after
it has partially expanded in the turbine. The extraction/bled
PDints occur near the saturation state. The process of heatmg
feedwater in this manner is called regeneration and the cycle
governing it is the REGENERATIVE CYCLE.
97
. Feedwater Heating
Regenerative
Effects o f
al efficiency.
1. Increase in therm
T
T
s s
Fig. 3-10. Rankine Cycle

Fig. 3-11. Regenerative
Cycle with One Stage
Extraction for
Feedwater Heating
By definition, e = W,/Q. Examining the equation, the two
ways ofinc reasing the therm al efficiency are (a) by increasing
the net cycle work and (b) by reducing the heat supplied, Q,
(Refer to Fig. 3-10 and Fig. 3-11). Th e temperature of feed
water entering the boiler in the regenerative cycle (t, ) is
higher than that of the original Ran kine cycle (t,). Since the
feedwater enters the boiler at a relative high temperature, a
smaller quantity of heat is needed to transform it to steam
than without the regenerative feedwater heating. This in ef-
fect tend to increase the therm al efficiency.
Itis true that the net work done per kilogram ofthe throttle
steam in the regenerative cycle is less than that ofthe Rankine
cycle as the consequence ofthe extraction of steam for feedwa-
ter heating. This tends to decrease the thermal efficiency. But
the: rate ofdecreased in the heat supplied Q is faster than the
d · rate in the net cycle work, W,,. A
reduction 'Therefore, the ne t
result of this is an mcrease in therm al efficiency.
2. Decrease in the moisture content during the later stages
,4
I of expansion. .
98
Refer to Fig. 3-10 and Fig. 3-11.1 is a fact that the quality
0fexhaust steam for both cycles are the same, i.e., x.,(Rankine
1 )= x, (Regenerative cycle). But the quantity of exhaust
eye~ decreases in the regenerative cycle as the result of the
blee ae process. Therefore, the moisture content decreases.
h Ideal Regenerative Cycle With One Stage ofExtrac-

or reed»water teatf.
I
I Kg
Steam
Gcncrnt.or
Engine
2 3 Generator
(1-m)
Condenser
Condensate
vi+:' Pump
ii.a
Water Pump
Ftg. 3-12. Pant Layout or Regenerative@gPeg,"j""

$,, stage of Extraction for Feedwater 1eating.
3
4
Fig. 3-11. Repeated

99
sis•
Cycle An alY · f throttle steam
Basis: 1kgo
A. Mass of Bled Steam, Ill
m h,
rn,..
!Kg
5
Open Heater
Mass balance:
m1n = m.ut
m'B 4 + m=l
m,
B4
= l-m
Energy balance:
'
E. = Eout
mh, + mh = mh,
m1½ +(1-m) h,,= (1)h,
h,-h,
m = .,....a--.--
h,-T,
Alternate method:
Heat Balance:
Heat from bled steam = Heat to feedwater
m -h,) = mh,-h(h,
mh,-h,) = (1-m) (h5 - ha•)
h,-h,
m =
,-h,,
The condensate pump work is often small so that it can be
neglected. Neglecting condensate pump work,
100
It can now be said that for any feedwater heater using direct
contact type (open heaters),
mass of bled steam = [mass of feedwater leaving the heater]
enthalpy of feed- enthalpy of feed-

water leaving water entering
the heater the heater
enthalpy of enthalpy of
bled steam feedwater
entering the
heater
(General Equation)
From
Boiler
Engine
2 3 4
m,
m,
Cond enser
To
Boiler 5
OH2 OH I
Pu mp
Pu mp ,
I With Two-Stages of
Fie.s.1s RegeneratiYg ?4acer neaie
Extraction or
101
Neglecting puillP works,
h, - he
h, = he
Applying the general equation for determining the
tity ofbled steam, quan.
B. Heat Supplied, QA
1Kg B
Energy balance:
!Kg h..,
Bo iler
Energy balance:
E. =E
@, +h. - B"
out
QA==h-h
but h _; h1 ns
Th erefore, Q
's=_ 5 +W p2
' . A - h,-,- W p2
102
C. Heat Rejected, QR
(1-m) h,
.
3
Energy balance:
Condenser
E. = Eout
(
l-m)h3 = QR+ (1-m)h 4
QR = (1-m) (h3 - h 4 )
•• 4
(1-m) h,
D. Engine Work, W
1Kg
-+---- w
2 3
m h, (I-m) h,
Energy balance:
E.= E
h 1 = mh,+ (1-m) ha+ W
W = h,-mh,-(1-m)h,
W = h,-mh,-(1-m)h, + ~-~
= (h,-h,)+ (1-m) ~ - (1-m) h 3
W = (h,-h,)+(1-m)(h,- h,)
Another method:
W = }:.W (stage work)
- W,,+W,,
= (h,-h,)+(1-m) (h, - h,)
103
/
Pu!IlP Work, r,WP

E. Tota 1
W, == wpl +W,
Where:
w,=v,»P
v/_ p2
== v1sCPns - Ps
Approximate total pump work
yW, = ,, P
F. Net Cycle work, W,
G. Thermal Efficiency, ec
w h,- h,)-2W,
e.=4 = , (h,-h,)+ (1 - m)
. h, h, W,
The Ideal Regenerative Engine
Engine Analysis
A. Workk, W
'
W= (h,-h,)+(1-m)(h,- h,)
B. Energy Chargeable, E c
The engine is charged with the enthalpy of

steam entering the engine and credited with the
enthalpy of feedwater leaving the last heater as-
suming that all the bled steam are used for feedwa-
ter heating.
E,= Enthalpy of steam Enthalpy of

entering the turbine _ feedwater leav-
ing the last
heater
104
E C = h, 1 - h 5
C. Thermal Efficiency e
e
e
w
=-
• Ec
The Actual Regenerative Cycle
Engine
2 Generator
Condenser
Boiler
2
4
5' OH
Condensate
Boiler Fecdwater Pump
Pump
Fig. 3-14. Plant Layout of Actual Regenerative Cycle

with One Stage of Extraction for Feedwater Heating.
Any presence of the following conditions will make an ideal

cycle an actual one.
1. Pressure drop in the boiler.
P,< Pe
2. Pressure drop in the steam line (1-1').
105
Pressure drop in the condenser.
3.
p,< Pr
4. Pressure drop in the bled steam line.
p, < Pe
5. Pressure drop in the feedwater line.
Pa;•.< Pns
6. Heat losses in the steam lines (1 - 1 ') and (2' - 2")
7. Heat losses in the turbine.

8. Inefficient pump
9. Heat losses in the heaters.
Cycle Analysis
A. Heat Added, QA.
%, = h,-h,
B. Heat Rejected,
~ ,
QR'
= 1-m)h - h,)
C. Mass of Bled Steam
h5 -h 'B4
-1,°-
I
m =
D. Engine Work, W'
W' = (h
E. ~.) + (1 - m') (1¾, - h,)
· PumpWork w
' '
W,= W P
106
W,ideal
pump eific1ency
W,ideal)
W, = pump efhc1ency
F. Net Cycle Work, W0e1..
G. Thermal Efficiency, ec.
W'-W
e. =
'
(3-10) Steam is delivered to an engine at 5.4 MPa and
600°C. Before condensation at 31°C, steam is extracted for
feedwater heating at 0.60 MPa.
For an ideal cycle, find (a)the amount ofsteam extracted (b)
Wand (c) e. For an ideal engine and the same states, compute
(d) Wand e, and (e) steam rate.
SOLUTION:
h = h t 5 40 MPa 600C = 3663.3 kJ/kg

1 a · d ual to s, = 2987 kJ/kg
h, = h at 0.6 MPa an 82 eqd . ~ to 8 = 2187 kJ/kg
h, = h at 0.004496 MPa an s, equ 1
107
oc - 129 97 kJ/kg
h, = h, at 31 Pa 670.56 kJ/kg
1,
,=
- hid%"},_ ooo10o4s m"k eg
v,a4 Arr- 0.0011006 m"k eg
v,,= v,at 0.6 p ) ::: (0.0011006) (5400 - 600) = 5.3 kJ
w 2::: 5
Vt5 (PB5 - P )::: (0.0010046) (5400 -4.496) "kg
yW, =vE, "
h. B5 = h,
~ 5.42 k~g::: 670_56 + 5.3 = 675.86 kJ/kg
p2
h
h
h,
h, Open
, Henter
1Kg
- (1 -m)
Heat balance:
m = h5 - h1 _ 670.56 - 129.97
h2 - h4 - · 2978 - 129.97
= 0.1898 kg/kg of throttle steam
= 3663.3- 2978 + (1 - 0.1898) (2978 - 2187) - 5.42

= 1320.75 kJ/kg
(c)QA = h,- h,,= 3663.3 --675.86 = 2987.44 kJ/kg
1320.75
2987.44 = 0.442 or 44.2%
108
(d) W = h,-h,+1-m,(h,-h,)
== . 3663.3 - 2978 + (1 - 0.1898) (2978 - 2187)

= 1326.2 kJ/kg
"- 1s262
h,-h,, G66.3-67o.gs 0443 or 44.3%
(e) m =
3600 = 2 71 kg/k ih
1326.2 . w
(3-11) Steam at 6.2 MPa and 480°C is received by a

regenerative engine. Extractions for feedwater heating occurs
at 3 MPa and agam at 1.4 MPa, with the remaining steam
expanding to 0.0065 MPa. For the ideal engine with a throttle
flow of 54,500 kg/h, find (a) the hourly quantities of steam ex-
tracted, (b) the turbine work in kW, and (c) the thermal
efficiency. (d) For an ideal cycle through the same states,
calculate QA and e.
SOLUTION:
Boiler
-
1 Kg steam
B,
1Kg
s
h t 6 2 MPa and 480oC = 3371.8 kJ/kg

= a · d ual to s = 3150 kJ/kg
= hat3MPa ans, eq 's,=2856 kJ/kg
= to
h at 1.4MPa and S3dequal t al s = 2105 kJ/kg
= h t 0.0065 MPa an s,equi '1 il
= hat O 0065 MPa = 157.67 kJ/kg .
_ ii.a Pa -so.o ke 109
/
h == h at s.O MPa == 1008.42 kJ/kg 3
v7 == / at 0.0065 MPa = 0.0010069 3
m /kg
ts _ vrat 3 MPa == 0.0012165 m /kg
W
V -== f
vn(p
67
- p ) == (0.0012165) (3000 - 1400)
7
3
I.946 kJ/k
P ==
_ h + W :: 1008.42 + 1.946 = 1010 37 kJ/k
h87 - 7 . p3 • g
r,wp == v(p,-p,) =(0.0010069) (3000-6.5) = 3.014 kJ!kg
m,
,
I
h86 ~ h6
h, Open Heat.er
Kg g} No.2 - (1 --fl\)
Heat balance:
m,h,
+(1-m,) h, = h,
_h,h
h 2 -h 6
= 1008.42 - 830.30
3150 - 830.30
= 0.0768 kg/kg throttle steam
m,
»,
Open Heat.er (1-m,-m,J

No. 1
Heat balance:
m,h, +(1-m,l - m,)
2
h5 = (1- m )h .
. I 6
_(-m,)h,-b,2
h,-h,
I 10
--00768)
83ogo_1s7.s
2866.1.a"-
= 0.222kg/
g throttle steam
(0.0768) (54,500) = 4185 k
6
(0.222) (54,500) = 12,099 k:
W = (997 62) 54,500,

· 3600 = 15,103 watts or 15.102 kW
h, -h,,= 3371.8 - 1008.42 = 2363.38 kJ/kg

e- = W_ 997.62
0 Ee - 2363_38 = 0.4221 or 42.21%
(d) Q,= h,-h,, = 3371.8 - 1010.37 = 2361.4 kJg
= (2361.4) [
5
i6 ~~0 ] = 35,750 watts or 35.75 kW
W. = W-W,= 997.62-3.014 . 994_61 kJ/kg
e, = if:
W
=
994.61
1. = 0.4212 or 42.12%
236 4
(3-12) An ideal regenerative cycle is executed with steam

generation at 10.0 MPa and 600°C. Before condensation at
0.005 MPa, steam is extracted for feedwater heatingfirst at 2.5
MPa and second at 0.6 MPa. On the basis of 1 kg of throttle
steam, find {a) the quantityofsteam extracted at eachpoint, (b)
Q, and e,, (c) W, e,, and m, and (d) for a combined steam rate of
3.34 kg/kwh, what is n,?
111
I
SOLUTION:
2
T
3
<o0%%N (1-m,-m,l 4
s
h = hat 10.0 MPa and 600°C = 3625 kJ/kg

- hat 2.5 MPa and s, equal to s, = 3172 kJ/kg
h, = ·h at 0.005 MPa and s, equal to s, = 2104 kJ/kg
h, = hr at 0.005 MPa = 137 .82 kJ/kg
h, = hr at 0.6 MPa = 670.56 kJ/kg
h, = h,at 2.5 MPa = 962.11 kJ/kg
vrs = v,at 0.005 MPa = 0.0010053 m/kg
vn = vrat 2.5 MPa = 0.0011973 m3/kg
W,,= (P,- p,) =(0.0011973) (10,000 - 2500)
= 8.98 kJ/kg
hB7 = h7 + w = 962.11 + 8.98 = 971.09 kJ/kg
2W,= v,(p,,- p,) =(0.0010063) (10,000 -5)
= 10.06 kJ/kg
h -h
h 7 _ hs = 9 62.11- 670.56
2 6 3172 - 670.56
= 0.11655 kgkg
(1-m, 1 m.,) (h .
- 2 h ) = m (h _ h )
' 5 2 3 6
112
(b) ,= h,- h, = 3625-971.09.
· =
a
553.91 kJ/kg
W = h,-h,+ (1 - m ) (J.. h
'=a,)+(1-m,-m,)(h,-1,)
4
= 3625 3172 ( J
- + 1- 0.11655) (3172- 2820
+ (1 - 0.11655 -0 17547) (282

· 20-2104)
= 1270.88 kJ/kg
W,= W - IWP = 1270.88 - 10.06 = 1260.82 kJ/kg
- "W_ 1260.82
ec Ec - 2653.91 = 0.4751 or 47.51%
(c) W = 1270.88 kJ/kg
E, = h,-h,, = 3625 - 962.11 = 2662.89 kJkg
= W 1270.88
e. Ec = 2662.89 = 0.4773 or 47.73%
m =
zn;:-
3600 3600
= ~ = 2.83 kgikwh
Cd) wk= ~ _3600 _ 1077.84kJg

m, 3.34
- #--## -oss1ors«or
(3-13) A regenerative steam turbine has a throttle pressure
of 3.8 MPa at .380°C and a condenser at 0.01 MPa. Steam are
extracted at the following points: 2.0 MPa, 1.0 MPa and at 0.2
MPa. For the ideal cycle, find (a) thermal efficiency, steam rate
113
b) Estimate the percent impr
. heat rate. t ( 1di Ranki Ye.
SR and engine the correspon ng ne engine (
kisrheia#,"Zea st
siea rae is 5.6skein
If from actual te . m calculate the actual amount ofbl d
. ency 1S 95 7o, . fi d t e
generatore ffi10 h ttle flow using ee wa er temperatUr
steam per kg of t "go0c. Assume fluid work is equal~
leaving the last heater a
brake work.
SOLUTION:
h, =hat 3.80 MPa, 380°C = 3169.8 kJ/kg

h, =hat 2.0 MPa and s, equal to s, = 3000 kJ/kg
h, =h at 1.0 MPa and s, equal to s,= 2843 kJ/kg
h, =h at 0.2 MPa and s, equal to s,= 2550 kJ/kg
h. = hat 0.01 MPa and s, equal to s,= 2131 kJ/kg
h: = hf at 0.01 MPa = 191.3 kJ/kg
h, = hf at 0.2 MPa = 504.7kJ/kg
h,
h, =
= h,at 10MPa = 762.81 kJ/kg
hf at 2 MPa= 908. 79 kJ/kg
h,, = vr at 0.01 MPa = 0.0010102 m 3/kg
V = v,at 2MPa = 0.0011767 m"kg
W,= v@,- P,) =(0.00117670 3800 - 2000)
= 2.12 kJ/kg
I
I• 2W,= vP,-P,) =(0.0010102) (3800 - 10)= 3.83 kJ
114
,
I Kg
Open Heat.er
No. 3
h9
h,
Heat balance:
,_ h _908.79- 762.81
h,-T, 3000-762.3j =0.065 kg/kg of throttle
steam
m,
tr
. h,
Open heater
N o. 2
h,
Heat balance:
= (1 _ 0 065) [ 762.81 - 504.7]

. 2843 - 504. 7

115
m,
7
,
Open heater
(1-m-mT,- No. l
h,
h,
Heat balance:
(1-m,-m,-m,) (h, -h,) =m,(h,- h,)
= (1-0.065 - 0 103) [ 504.7 - 191.3j

' . 2550 - 504.3
W= h,-h,+1-m,(h,-h,)+(1- m,-m,)h,-h,)+
(1-m,-m,-m,)(h,- h,)
= 3169.2 - 3000 + (1 - 0.065) (3000 - 2843) +

(1-0.065- 0.103) (2843 -2550) +
(1- 0.065 - 0.103 - 0.11) (2550- 2131)
= 862.89 KJ/kg
wnct. = W - IWP = 862.89 - 3.83 = 859.06 kJ/kg

0,= h,-h,-W
= 3169.8 - 908.79 - 2.12 = 2258.88 kJ/kg
(a) e, = ~ - 359 .os

O 38 38%0
let" - 2258.88 = · or '
3600 3600
m =
-vr- = 862_89 = 4.172 kg/kwh
HR= m (h, -h,)= 4.172 (3169.8 - 908 79)
= 9472.93 kJ/kwh ·
116
(b) For Rankine Engine
W = h,-h,=3169.8 - 2131 = 1038.8 kJne
E, = h,-h,=3169.8 - 191.3 = 2977.97 Jne
3600 . 3600 .
Ill = --W- = _
1038 8 = 3.465 kg/kwh
HR= (m) E) = 3.465 (2977.97) = 10320.5 kJ/kwh
Heat rate difference= 10320.5 - 9432.93 = 887.57 kJ/kwh

887.57
& i.m.provement = _ = 0.086 or 8.6%
10320 5
(c) Actual Cycle
T h
c..,;~- h3" = 22875 KJ/Kg

~'"':7:----
h4" = 2603 KJ/Kg
+5±2230 KJ/Kg
s s
For m,= 5.63 kg/kwh and no, = 95%
ma = n,m,= 0.95 (5.63) = 5.3485 kg/kwh
3600 _ 3600 _ 673 kJ/kg

W,= iB
5.ass
W,_ 673 o.78 or 78%
DB = W . - 862.89
117
For h,
0.78
h, = 2910 kJ/kg
For hf
h,-h, 2910- h, 2 670.5 kJ/kg
0.78 == Ii3' - Ii4. == 2910 - 2603
For h,
h,-h, 2670.5 - hs. = 2326.8 kJ/kg
0.78 == 5,-T, == 2670.5 - 2230
1Kg
t: (1-m,)
200'C
, Open heater
No.3 -
h,
Heat balance:
h 9, = hr at 200°C
,,, = 852.45 kJ/kg
1-m,)(h, -h,) =m,h, - h,)
ha-h, _ 852.45 - 762.81 = 0.03941 kg/kg of

~ 3037.36 - 762.81 · throttle steam
0-m,.)
Open heater · 0-m,.-m.,)
.
No. 2
Heat balance:
118
(1-m,-m,) (h, -h,)= m, (A
z -h,)
-a.»-.#
IIlz• - - I' h -
3
-
= (1-0.03941 (762.81_ 504.7)
(2910-504.7j
,.- h,.
( I-m,-m, J -
Open heater - Cl-m,.--m,.--m,.J
h7 No. I
Heat balance:
(1-m,-m,-m,)(h,
. 7
-h,)=m,
6 3'
(h,4 -A)
'7
m,= (1-m,-m,)
1 '2
ph,h,,
h h
4
= (1-0.03941 - 0.203) [ 504.7 1913,

2670--191.3
The Reheat-Regenerative Cycle
In this cycle, the reheat cycle and the regenerative cycle are
combined to attain the following objectives.
1. Further improvement in the overall thermal efficiency.
2. Further reduction in the moisture content of steam
during the latter part of the expansion process.
Cycle An alysis
The solution to a reheat regenerative cycle problem differs

from that of the previous cycles namely: reheat cycle, Rankine
cycle, and regenerative cycle. It does not follow fixed set of
formulas nor there is a fixed pattern. Each problem requires a
Particular solution although the same laws, definitions, and
Principles are still being used. Problems can best be solved by
energy balance and mass balance.
119
CASE 1. an ideal reheat regenerative cycle: af
Assume
111
.
expansion, stearn IS extracted h feedwater he at·lilg·r so e
for
. , after
further expansion, th ere IS a re eat; then expan 10
haust. Write the equations for (a) the quantity 0; n ta elt,
steam, (b) the net work, and (c) the thermal effi . extracted
cautions should refer to a Ts diagramwith ±a.j""·
et points, 'Th
a-m)
Doilcr
B, !Kg
7
, (1-m)
OH
Pu mp2
FY.ig. 3-15. Plant Layout of Case 1.
Fig. 3-15. Ts diae

ram of Case°1.
120
a. Masss of Bled Steam, m
General Equation:
fbled steam =jmas? of feedwatezl

mass o [leaving the heater[
nthalpy offeedwater
eavin the heater - · enthalpy of feedwate8
nthalpy of bled enterin the heater
enthalpy of feedwater
~team entering the heater
Neglecting condensate pump work (Pump 1), h ""h

86 5
mm zz
h,-h,
,=,'
h,-h,
b. Net Cycle Work, Wnet
Engine Work, W
,
h,
3
} ['
Engin e
2 h, 5 h,
m (1 - m)
First method
Energy balance:
E.- E
h1 + (l-m)h4 = mh2 (l
+ -m
, )h _,_ (1-m)h. + W
) h ·1-mh,-(1--m)
W = h,+ 1-m, .,
•
·v
·' h .1 + h 5)
121
S~cond method
W == "'i,W of stages of expansion
== w,..!l + w'1,-3 + w4--0

h,-h,+(1--m) h,-h,) +(1-m ) (h,- hsl
Total Pump wok, 2W,
5W, = W,,+"W
W, = v2-P)+P,-P,)
(Exact formula)
yW., = v(Pa-D)
(Approximate formula)
W, = Engin e work-Pump work
= W-IWp
= (h,-h,)+(1-m)(h,-h,) +(1-m) (h, -h)

-Pr-P
c. Thermal Efficiency, e
e
-- ~
wnet
Heat Added QA
h,
, .
Reheater
(1--m)
0 -m)
' '
1.
122
2,= h,-h,
= h,-h,-W,,
W,= Ypn-P)
General Equation:
= (hl -h.,- wp2) + (1--m) h, - h,)

_ (h1 - ~) +}l-m) (~ - ~) + (l-m) (h• -hs)-(vrs <Pe1 - Pa)
e - lh1 h1 vnlPe1 - P1Jl + {1-m) (h4 - E;J
CASE 2.
Assume an ideal reheat regenerative cycle with, first, an

extraction for feedwater heating, then later a single reheating,
andfinally, two extraction points for feedwater heating. Sketch
the energy diagram and write equations for (a) the quantity of
steam extracted at each point, (b) the work from QA and QR and
the turbine work, and(c) the thermal efficiency ofthe cycle. The
equation should refer to a· Ts diagram with named points.
(1-m,-m,-ma,)
Pump4 Pump3
Fig. 3-16. Plant Layout of Case 2.

123
1 is condenste pump
Note: PulllP . main boiler feedwater pump
PulllP 4 is
p, = P == Pa10
P = P,
p, = P,
p, = Po == Pas
P, = P,
Ps = Ps == Pas
m,
(1-m,-m,-m,)
Fig. 3-17. Ts diagram of Case 2.
a. Mass of Bled Steam

Neglecting condensate pump work and pump works
between heaters.
has "' h, hn, = h, hn = h

Last heater:
m, »,
r'
1Kg
(1--m,)
---...
A
OHa - (1) [
my- ~1 -h12-J
h,, -1,
hlO
124
Second heater: ·
m, h,
OH2
,
First heater:
m, h,
m,= (1 -m,-m,)[ h3 -hs.)
I 2 h6 -h8
(1-m,-m,-m,)
OH 1
M,
b. Work
Cycle Work, W,
(1-m,)
125
a, - »,-h=h,-h-",, %s='-m)h,-,
- 1,-h,,-n PP
Q,= %a' %a
,-h,-,Pn-) + d-m)h,-h,)
h,
(1-m,-m,- ,)
Condenser
h, (1-ml-m,-m,l
Therefore, the net cycle work based from QA and QR is
Turbine Work, W
»,
1----.-w
5 6 7
m, h, m, h, h, (1-m,-m,-m)
First Method:
E LD = Eou t
h, + (1-m 1 ) h 4 -- m,h 2 + (1-m 1) h 3 + m25

h + m36
h
+ (1 - m1 - m2 - m3) h7 + W
126
Second Method:
W =
•. Thermal Efficiency, e.
ee =
w..
j
CASE 3.
The same as Case 2 except that the three extraction
points occur after the reheating.
1Kg
Boiler
m,
m,
8
Fig. 3-18. Plant Layout of Case 3.

127
T
(1-m,-m,-m)
8
Last heater:
m, h,
(1-m,)
h,, 0H3
,
Second heater:
m, ,
(1-m,
I
I'
128
Third heater:
m, ,
OHi
b. Work
Cycle Work, Wnet
1Kg 1Kg
, ,
= h,-h,,- Pnn- p,) +h,-h)

Q,= (1-m,-m,-m,)h, - h,)
(The same as in Case 2.)

129
Turbine Work, W
!Kg h1 h,
, TURBINE
w
4 5 6 7
m, h, m, h, m,.h, h, 0-m,-m,-m,)
+ (1 - m I - - m2 - m3) h 7)
Another method
W = (h,-h,)+h,-h,)+d-m,)(h, - h,)
I +d-m,-m,)(h,-h,)+(1-m,-m,-m,)
I
I. h, -h,)
I
130
Thermal Efficiency, e,
CASE 4.
Assume an ideal reheat regenerative cycle: after some

expansion, part of the steam is extracted for feedwater
heating; the remainder are withdrawn and reheated to the
original temperature; after further expansion, a second
extraction occurs; then expansion to exhaust. Write the
equations for (a) the quantity of steam extracted and (b) the
turbine work.
1Kg
4 5(1-m-m, )
I
pm,
m,
Boiler rI 6
0H2
lant Layout of Case 4

Fig. 3-20. P
131
3
(1-m,--rn,,)
Open heater No. 1:
rn,
2
h,
my-
- ±rt -h 7
,
1Kg
8
OH I
(d-m,)
h,
Open heater No. 2:
m, h,
0 -m,)
, 7 OH 2
4
,
(I-m, -m,)
132
Turbine Work, W
I-ml
I h,
Turbine ----+-.....__w
,f 0-m,-m,
E.=
n
Eout
h, +(d-m,h, = m,h, +(1-m,)h, + m,h,+ (1-m,-m.,)h, + W
W = (h,-h,)+(1-m,)h, - m,h, -(1-m, -m,)h,

or
= (h,-h,)+(1-m,)(h, -h,) +(d-m, -m,)
h, -h,)
(3-14) Steam at 5 MPa and 365°C enters a turbine and

expands until it becomes saturated. The steam is withdrawn
and reheated to 330°C. After expansion in the turbine to
1500, m, kg is extracted for feedwater heating. The remain-
mg steam expands to the condenser pressure of 0.016 MPa.
For 1 kg of steam» find Wnet,,ec, e,,
e
and the ideal steam rate.
133
SOLUTION:
0.016 MPa
(1-m, )
h I = hat- 5 MPa and 365°C = 3108 kJ/kg

h, = , h at s, equal to s1 and saturated= 2786 kJ/kg
h, = hat 1.25 MPa and 330°C = 3110 kJ/kg
h, = h at 150°C (0.28 MPa) and s, equal to s, = 2762 kJ/kg
h, = hr at 0.016 MPa = 231.56 kJ/kg
h, = hr at 0.28 MPa = 551.48 kJ/kg
vflj = v,at 0.016 MPa = 0.0010147 m 3/kg
Vr, = v,at 0.28 MPa = 0.0010709 m 3/kg
W= vP,-p,) = 0.0010709 (5000 - 280) = 5.05 kJ/kg
h,= h,+W,= 551.48 + 5.05 = 556.5 kJ/kg
2W, = vP,-p,) = 0.0010147 (5000 - 16) = 5.06 kJ/Ng
Heater
551.48 - 231.56 -
2762-231.56 = 0.1264 kg/kg
W h,-h,)+h, -h,) +1-m,)(h, - h,)
= (3108-- 2786)4 (3110 - 2762) + (1-0.1264)

(2762 - 2315)
= 1060.5 kJ/kg
134
Woe'. == W-W, = 1060.5 - 5.06 = 1055.4 kJ/kg
Q,= h,-h ,+h,-h,
= 3108 - 551.48 + 3110- 2786
= 2875.5 kJ/kg
E,= h,-h,+h,-h,
== 3108 - 551.48 + 3100 -- 2786
= 2880.5 kJ/kg
W 1055.4
· ec = if;:-= 287 5 .5 = 0.3670 or 36.70%
W 1060.5
, 2880.5 = 0.3682 r 36.82%
3600 3600
m = $j 1060.5 =8.39 kgkwh
(3-15) I an ideal reheat-regenerative cycle, steam enters

the engine at 8 MPa and 400C. Afer expansion to 280°C the
steam is withdrawn and reheated to 340°C. Extractions for
feedwater heating occur at 1.6 MPa and 0.70 MPa and the
condenser pressure is 0.005 MPa. For the ideal cycle find (a)
W. net and e . For the ideal engine, find (b) W and e,
C • •
SOLUTION:
T
135
h == hat 8 MPa and 400°C == 3138 kJ/kg
~ == hat 280°C (3.4 MPa) and s, equal to s, = 2926 kJ/k
h == h at 3.4 MPa and 340°G == 3082 kJ/kg g
h 3 = hat 1.6 MPa and s, equal to s,= 2897 kJ/kg
i, = hat 0.7 MPa and s, equal to s,= 2732 kJ/kg
h, = h at 0.005 MPa and s, equal to s,= 2024 kJ/kg
1, = h,at 0.005 MPa = 137.82 kJ/kg
h, = h, at 0.7MPa == 697.22 kJ/kg
h, = h, at 1.6 MPa == 858.79 kJ/kg 3
v,= v,at 0.005 MPa == 0.0010053 3m /kg
= v,at 1.6 MPa == 0.0011587 m /kg
,= vp, -p,) = 0.0011587 (8000 - 1600) = 7.4 kJR
r.w P = vf'(p
89
- p ) == 0.0010053 (8000- 5) = 8.04_ kJ/kg g
7
h,,= h,+W,, = 858.79 +7.4 = 866.19 kJ.kg
d-m,)h,-h,) = m,(h,-h,)
== 0.07345 kg/kg
1-m,-m,)h,-h,) = m,(h,-h,)
= (1 - 0.07345) (697.22 137.82)

2732 - 137.82
= 0.1998 kg/kg
(a) W = h i - h z + h J - h 1 + ( 1 - m ) (h - h )
1 4 5
+(1-m,-m,)(h, - h,)
60
::: 3138 - 2926 + 3 082 - 2897 + (1 - 0.07345)
(2897 - 2732) + (1 -0.07345 -0.1998) (2732 -2024)
136
::: 1064.4 kJ/kg
.a :::
:::
w - I.WP= 1064.4 - 8.04 = 1056.4 kJ/kg
h,-ha + h, -h,
0,
::: 3138 - 866.19 + 3082 -2926 _ 2427
- .8 kJ/kg
e, = %e- 1056.4
2427.8 = 0.4351 or 43.51%
(b) W = 1064.4 kJ/kg
E,= h,+h,-h,-h,
= 3138 + 3082 - 2926 - 858.79 2435.2 kJ/kg
W 1064.4
e. = E =
2435 2
= 0.4371 or 43.71%
C •
(3-16) An ideal reheat regenerative turbo-generator unit

receives 9.0 MPa of throttle steam at 390°C. Reheat occurs at
the first bleeding point of 3.40 MPa. The second and third
extractions are at 0.98 MPa and 0.28 MPa, respectively. For a
condenser vacuum of 550 mm Hg, find (a) the cycle thermal
efficiency and (b) the engine thermal efficiency.
SOLUTION:
1 3
7 (1"""'1-m,-m~
s
137
h, = h at 9.0 MPa and 390°C == 3088 k.J/kg
h, = h at 3.40 MPa and 390°C == 3201 kJ/kg
h,= hat 0.28 MPa and s, equal to s, = 2644 kJ/kg
h, = h at 0.028 MPa and s, equal to s, = 2292 kJ/kg
h, = h, at 0.028 MPa = 282.62 k.J/kg
ha = hr at 0.28 MPa = 551.48 kJ/kg
h, = h, at 0.98 MPa = 758.94 kJ/kg
h,, = h,at 3.40 MPa = 1041.82 kJ/kg 3
v= h, at 3.40 MPa = 0.0012311 m /kg
v,= v,at 0.028 MPa = 0.0016214 m"/Kg
W, = v,(P,-p,) = 0.0012311 (9000 - 3400) = 6.89 kJ
y,= v,p,-p,)= 0.0016214 (9000 -28) =9.16 kJhg
hBIO = h!O + Wp4 = 1041.82 + 6.89 = 1048.71 kJ/kg g
Heater No. 3
m = ~- h9 = 1041.82 - 758.94 0 348

1 -h, 2858- 758.94 = · 1 kg/kg
Heater No. 2.
1-m,)h,-h,)
h -h = (1-0.1348) (758.94 551.48)
4 8 2885 - 551.48
= 0.07692 kg/kg
Heater No. 1
h 5 -1i7 ·
(1-0.1348 0.07692) (551.48 282.62)

==
2644 282.62
= 0.08975 kg/kg
(a) W =
138
= (3088 - 2858) + (1 _ 0.134
. 8)(3201_ 2885)
+ (1 - 0.1348 - 0.07692) (28
85 - 2644)
+ (1 - 0.1348 -0.07692_ 0
.08975) (2644_ 2292)
939.3 kJ/kg
w,, = W-2W,=939.3 -9.16 = 930.1 MI

Q,= h,-hn+-m,)(h, - h,)
= 3088 - 1048.71 +(1 -0.1348) (3201 - 285g)
= 2336.1 kJ/kg
~- 930.1
e,< G, 2336. = 0.3981 or 39.81%
b)E,= h,-h +1-m,)(h,-h,)

= 3088 - 282.62 + (1-0.1348) (3201 - 2858)
= 3102.1 kJ/kg
ec = W = 939 ·3 = 0.3028 or 30.28%

EC 3102.1
(3-17) Steam at 6.9 MPa and 470°C enters a turbine and

expands to 1.9 MPa where m, is extracted for feedwater
heating, the remainder is withdrawn and reheated to 360°C.
Expansion then occurs to 0.45 MPa, where m, is extracted for
feedwater heating. The remaining steam is withdrawn and
reheated to 290°C. Final expansion now occurs to a condenser
pressure of 0.014 MPa. For an ideal cycle and 1 kg of throttle
steam, find (a) W and e . For the ideal engine find (b) Wand
e,(c) For an enie output of 33,500 kW, what is the steam
flow in kg/h?
139
SOLUTION:
h1 - hat 6.9 MPa and 470°C = 3338.2 kJ/kg

-
h, = hat 1.9 MPa and 360°C = 3161 kJ/kg
h, = h at 0.45 MPa and 290°C = 3045 kJ/kg
h, = hf at 0.014 MPa = 219.99 kJ/kg
h, = hf at 0.45 MPa = 623.25 kJ/kg
h, = hf at 1.9 MPa = 897.02 kJ/kg
V, = vf at 0.014 MPa = 0.0010134 m 3/kg
V19 = v,at1.9 MPa = 0.0011724 m3/kg
WY,= vp,- p,) = 0.0011724 (6900 - 1900) = 5.86 kJ/kg
v
2,= (Pa,- P,) = 0.0010134 (6900 - 14) = 6.98 kJ/kg
h= h,+ Wp3 = 897.02 + 5.86 = 902.88 kJ/kg
1-m,)h, -h,) = m,h,- h,)
_ h,-h, 897.02 - 623.25

m, - h2 - ha = 2978 - 623.25
= 0.1163 kg/kg
1-m,-m,)(h,-h,) = m,h, - h,)
140
= (1- 0,1163) (623 25
2 · - 219 99)
816 - 219,99 .
= 0.1373 kgg
(h,-h,) + d-m,) (h-h,) +(1-m,-m,) (A.$

'o ', )
::: (3338.2 - 2978) + (1 - 0,1163) (3161 _ 2816)
+ (1 - 0.1163 - 0.1373) (3045 -2415)
::: 1135.3 kJ/kg
, = (h,-h,)+d-m,(h, -h,)+(1-m,-m,) h,-A,)
::: (3338.2 - 897.02) + (1-0.1163) (3161 -2978)
+ (1 - 0.1163 - 0.1373) (3045-2816)
= 2773.8 kJ/kg
Q, =h,-h,)+(1-m,)(h,-h,) +(1-m,-m,)h, -h,)

A g '
= (3338.2 - 902.88) + (1-0.1163) (3161- 2978)

+ (1-0.1163 - 0.1373) (3045- 2816) = 2767.9 kJ/kg
Wnct = W - IWp = 1135.3- 6.98 = 1128.3 kJ/kg
(a) Wnet = 1128.3 kJ/kg
= ~ _ 1128.3 = 0.4076 or 40.76%

e 0, 2767.9
(b) W 1135.3 kJ/kg
e = 0
W 1135.3 _0.4093 or 40.93
E C
= 2773.8
141
3600_ 3600 3 .17 kg/kwh
c)m = 1135.3
m = (33,500 kw) (3.17 kg/kwh) = 106,195 kg/
(3-18) A I25 MW reheat-regenerative turbo-generato

unit receives 500000 kg/hr of steam at 9.20 MPa and
Ge nera to r efficiency is 95%.
·deal cycle first extraction
.
is
Condensate leaves at 450c F ·
at 2.35
MP
a; second extract
· or
44'
l
• ·d : ' dr onis
at 1.70 MPa; and the thirc extraction is y and saturateq
For actual cycle with the same extraction pressure except th ·
pressure drops through reheater tubes by 0.25 MPa, enten:t
at temperature of 260°C. Actual feedwater temperatur _g
215°C. Calculate (a) the ideal engine thermal efficiency e(~~
the cycle thermal efficiency without pressure drop tm-u' re.
heater, (c) the actual mass of bled steam for last heater perk
of throttled steam and the corresponding Brake thermal erf
ciency, (d) the ideal work of engine with pressure drop th
reheater tubes and the thermal efficiency, and (e) the co;
bined engine efficiency for cycle without pressure drop thru
reheater and with pressure drop.
SOLUTION:
I 3
'I'
9.20 MPa
45'C (0.009593 MPa

7
I
i s
I h at 9.20 MPa and 4400 = 3226.6 kJ/k
I
I
I
h at 2.35 MPa and s, e al
h at 2.35 MPa ad 42"_o, · g
= 2880 1J/kg
I h at 1.70 MP C - 3331 kJ/kg
! · a ands, equal to s, = 3230 kJ/kg
142
h at s, equal to s, and saturated::: 2700
~5 - hat 0.009593 MPa ands equal t kJ/kg
+,at45°0 = 188.45 kJ/,' 06,= 2270 iJe
bi "' hr at 0.174 MPa = 485.9 kJ/kg
Ds ::: hr at 1.70 MPa = 872.06 kJ/kg
bg "' hr at 2.35 MPa = 946.97 kJ/kg
h10: v; at 45°C = 0.0010099 m3/kg
"no: v
,=
at 2.35 MPa = 0.0011913 ma/kg
vi,po- D=0.0011913 (9200-2360)= 8.16 I
v(»- P,) =0.0010099( 9200 -9.59) - 9.21a,
For open heater no. 3
m,
1Kg Open heal.er

No.3
m1 = h,-h,) 946.99 - 872.06 = o 0373 kg/kg of

h,-h,) 2880-872.06"
throttle steam
For open heater no. 2
h.-h 872.06 - 485.9 ]

1-m,) hs .!.. ha]= (1- 0.0373) [ 3230- 485.9
4 '8
F.or open heater no. 1

h,-h,, _ (1 _ 0.0373- 0.1335)
m,= (1-m,-m,)lnj-1,
[ 485.9- 188.45
3230 - 188.45
143
== _ kg/kg of throttle steam
0 098
+2 ,-h,+d-m,)h, -h,)+d-m,-m)h,-h,),
(1-m,-m,-m,)h,-h»
== 3226.6 - 2880 + (1 - 0.0373) (3331 - 3230) +
(1- 0.00373 - 0.1355) (3230 - 2700)
+ (1 - 0.0373 - 0.1355 - 0.098) (2700 - 2270)
== 1196.5 kJ/kg
W,, W-W,= 1196.5-9.2814 = 1187.2 kJ/kg
E,= h,-h,,+1-m,)h,-h)
= 3226.6 - 946.97 + (1- 0.0373) (3331 - 2880)
= 2713.83 kJ/kg
QA= EC - Wp, = 2713.83- 816 = 2705.67 kJ/kg
= W
Ec = 1196.5
_ = 0.441 or 44.1%
(a) e, 2713 83
(b) e, = ~ = 1187·72 = 0.439 or 43.9%

@, 2705.67 7° 1.9
1 3'
(c)
T
i
\
. I
I \
I
I
I
\
I
f,, s
I
144
etual cycle
for a
500,000 = 4 kg/k h
125,000. w
3600 3600
m, =-
4 = 9 00 kJ/kwh
h,at 215°C= 920.72 kJ/kg

h At 2.35 MPa and 260°C = 2913 6 kJ/k
h at 2.10 MPa and 440°C = 3334.2 kJ/k:
m,
' M,
1Keg 1-m,
-
Open
hea ter
h,o No.3 h,
t,,=215C
ha-h, 920.62-872.06
~ = 2913.6.., 872.06 = 0.016 kg/kg of
throttle steam
E,= h,-h,+(1-m,)h,-h,)
= 3226.6 - 920.62 + (1 - 0.016) (3334.2 - 2913.6)
= 2719.85 kJ/kg
We= ~k = 900 = 947.4 kJ/kg

~ 0.95 ·
e8 = ~a.= 947.4 = 0.348 or 34.8%

c' 2719.85
(d) For ideal cycle with pressure drop thru reheater tubes:
145
3
2.35Ml'a
10' 2.10MP
,___ J.70Ml'a
9
8 45'C
7
-
h = h at 9.20 MPa and 440°C = 3226.6 kJ/kg
I
h, = h at 2.35 MPa and s2 equal to s, = 2880 kJ/kg
with pressure drop of 0.25 MPa thru reheater tubes
h,= hat 2.10 MPa and 440°C = 3334.2 kJ/kg

h, = hat 1.70 MPa and s, equal to s, 3268 kJ/kg
h. = h att s, equal to s, and saturated = 2693 kJ/kg
wi.- hat 0.009593 MPa and s, equal to s, = 2286 kJ/kg
h, = h, at 45°C = 188.45 kJ/kg .
h, = h, with h, equal to h = 464.6 kJ/kg ,
h, = h,at 1.70MPa = 872.06 kJ/kg
m,
Open heater
No. 2
m,= d-,)?}l =a-0.o37a) 1872.06- 464.6j

4 '8 3268 - 464.6
= 0.14kg/kg of throttle
146
ea balance for heater no. 1
,= [h -h]
d-m,-ml#'il=d-0037a-o1
464.6 - 188.45 ] _
2693 - 188.45 0.0907 kg/kg or throttle steam
w= h,-h,+d-m,)(h,-h4)+(1-m,-m,)(h,-A)
. . ,
+1-m,-m,-m,)h,-h,)
= 3226.6 - 2880 + (1-0.0373) (3334.2 -3268)4
(1-0.0373 - 0.14) (3268- 2693)4 (1- 0.0373 _
0.14- 0.0907) (2693 - 2286)
= 1181.33 kJ/kg
E, = h,-h,+1-m,)(h,-h,)
C = 3226.6 - 946.97 + (1-0.0373) (3334.2 - 2880)
= 2716.9 kJ/kg
m = 3600 _ 3600 = 3.047 kg/kwh

W 1181.33
HR = (m)(E.) = (3.047)(2716) = 8278.4 kJ/kg
= 3600 _ 3600 = 0.435 or 43.5%

HR 8278.4
(e) n, = W 900 = 0.752 or 75.2%

-vf- = 1196.5 (without pressure drop)
= W. _ 900 = o. 762 or 76.2%

nk -W- - 1181.?3 (with pressure drop)
The Incomplete-Expansion Cycle

147
T
Fig. 3-22. Incomplete-Expansion Cycle.
The ideal incomplete-expansion cycle is composed of the

following processes.
1-2: isentropic expansion process in the engine, s=C
2-3: constant volume rejection of heat process in the
engine, V = C
3-4: constant pressure rejection of heat process in the
condenser, p=C
4-B: reversible adiabatic pumping process, s = C
B-1: constant pressure addition of heat process in the
boiler, p=C
Engine Work, W
Recalling isentropic and isometric processes.
p p
V V
Fig . 3-23. Isentropie Process Fig. 3-24. Isometric Process
148
Jecting t.P and tiK, the area behind th
Neg presents the work of a steady flow e curve on the pv
ii,Ule re·sentrop1c. process: process ·
i bi.h;
W == area e m t e curve, area 1-2-;-b
F or d h
W" = h 1 - h '2 a- 1
for 1-5"0rnetric process:
.
W
w=
area behmd the curve, area 2-3-c-d.
==
v(p,-p) 2
for i;cornplete-expansion engine with zero clearance:
p
2
I----------J3
Fig. 3-25. Incomplete-Expansion Engine
w= W,,+W,,
W= h,-h,+,p,-P)
Heat Added, QA
+,
,,.....
Ein == Eout
,+h, =h,
Q, =h,-h
B
149
. enuine
xpans10n almost always operate with
Incomp 1 e tee
b' .
, nee the pump work is very small so
a low initial pressure, neI '»
that it can be neglected.
From the pump energy balance
M,
Wp == 0
Pump
Thermal Efficiency, et
e.- W
d, a,
W-W,
h,-h,+vp.- D)
e.= h,-h,
The Incomplete-Expansion Engine
Energy Chargeable, Et
Thermal Efficiency, e
Mean Effective Pressure, mep or Pm
(a) Ideal Mean Effective Pressure
150
(b) Indicated Mean Effective p
Tessure, me
mep. = J!..,_
l V
D
(c) Brake Mean Effective Press

ure, mep
mep, =
w b
(d) Combined Mean Effective Pres

W
,
mepk = ....:.:.JC.
Steam Rate, m
Sure, mep
(a) Ideal Steam Rate, m
m 3600
w
(b) Indicated Steam Rate,
.
m.
l
m = 3600
i w
(c) Brake Steam Rate, m,
m _ 3600
»- W,
(d) Combined Steam Rate, m,
3600
m, =
K
Thermal Efficiency, e
(a) Indicated Thermal Efficiency, ei
W
e = i' C
(b) Brake Thermal Efficiency, eh
·- C
151
. d Thermal ERcieney, e,
b
(c) Come
w
ek = .:.:Jl.
r_;,
Engine Efficiency, n
} .
(a) Indicated Engine Efficiency' ni
Indicated Power = Indicated Work

ni = Ideal Power Ideal Work
_ W,
n, W
(b) Brake Engine Efficiency, nb
Brake Power Brake Work

nb = Ideal Power
= --=-=---=-~----
Ideal Work
n, =
w,
(c) Combined Engine Efficiency, nk

Combined Power Combined Work
nk =
, -,W
Ideal Power = Ideal Work
(d) Mechanical Efficiency, n m

Brake Power Brake Work
nm = Indicated Power = Indicated Work
w .
nm = vi:
I
(e) Generator Efficiency n
« _"W,
' g
Approximate Enthalpy of Exhaust Steam h

"e
152
h, Actual
Engine
Energy Diagram
where: W' = actual work

W'= WP indicated work
Energy balance:
lationship Between Efficiencies and Steam Rates.
(4)e, = n,n,%
Proof: ek = ngnm e.I

153
m
(5) n == _::..i...
m, . w
Proof: nm == -W:-
ro. c%, - }
n ---
m, 3600/WB 1
(8) n, = n,nm,
w,
Proof: nk == W
(3-19) steam at 1.10 MPa and 205°C is delivered to the

throttle of an engine. The steam expands to 0.205 MPa, where
release occurs. Exhaust is at 0.105 MPa. A test of the engine
showed an indicated steam consumption of 13.28 kg/kwh and
a mechanical efficiency of 85%. Find (a) the ideal work and
ideal thermal efficiency, (b) the ideal steam rate, (c) the brake
and indicated works, (d) the brake thermal efficiency, (e) the
brake engine efficiency, (D) the mep of the ideal engine and the
indicated mep.
154
,+r1ON:
U "
P, = r 10MPa h,= 2834.2 kJ/kg '
t, = 205°C S,= 6. 6659 kJ/(kg) (K}

At p,= 0.205 MPa
= 0.0010613 hf2 = 508.03 s,= 1.5386

= 0.86444 h, = 2199.8 s, = 5.5803
82 - 812 6.6659 - 1.5386 _ O 9188
JS = Srg2 = 5.5803 .
= h12 + ~ rg2 = 508.03 + (0.9188) (2199.8) = 2529.2 kJ/kg
= v12 + :,ssrg2 = 0.0010613 + (0.9188) (0.86444)
= 0. 7953 m 3/kg
= h= h, at 0.105 MPa = 423.24 kJ/kg

W= h,-h,+v,p, -p,) = 2834.2 -2529.2 +
(0.7953) (205 -105)
= 384.5 kJ/kg
155
W 384.5 = 0.1595 or 15.95%
e.< 1,-1, 28..2- 423.24
3600. _ 3600 _ 9.363 kg/kwh

(b) m = -=w- 384.5
3600 _ 3600 = 271.1 kJ/kg

e) W,= Ta.26
W,= (a,)W,)= (0.85) (271.1) = 230.4 kJ/kg
W8 _ 230.4 = 0.0956 or 9.56%

fi; - ~ - 2834.5 - 423.24
(e) n, = ~ = 230.4
384.5
= 0.5992
.
or 59.92%
(f) Ideal mep = W = 384·5 = 483.47 kPa

, 0.7953
Indicated mep = W1 271. l = 340.88 kPa

= 0.7953
Y,
(3-20) An incomplete expansion engine is supplied with

steam at 1.95 MPa and 400°C. Release occurs at 0.14 MPa
I'
and exhaust at 50C. Test of the engine showed a brake steam
rate of 12.2 kg/kwh and a mechanical efficiency of 82.5%. Find
(a) the ideal work and the ideal thermal efficiency, (b) the
ideal steam rate, (c) the indicated thermal efficiency, (d) the
indicated engine efficiency, (e) the brake mep, and (f) the ideal
thermal efficiency of an incomplete expansion cycle operating
under the same conditions.
i
.I
156
soLV'flON:
s
P, = 1.95 MPa
h, = 3248.5 kJ/kg
400°C SI = 7.1397 kJ/(kg) (K)
At p,= 0.14 MPa
0.001051 h= 458.39 st2 = 1.4109

' =
1.23555 h, = 2232.1 = 5.8355
"
Srg2
,,"a_ 7.1as7-1AIo»
Srg2 5.8355 = 0.9817
h, = hr2 + xh= 458.39 + (0.9817) (2232.1) =
= 2649.6 kJ/kg
, = v12 + ~vrg2 = 0.001051 + (0.9817) (1.23555)
= 1.214 m 3jkg
h, = h 13 = hr at 50°C = 209.33 kJ/kg
Pa = saturation pressure at 50°C = 0.012349 MPa
157 5
) = (0.0010121) (1950 - 12.349)
W=
p
v(P, P
= 1.96 kJ/kg
h + W = 209.33 + 1.96 = 211.3 kJ/kg
4 p
'h (p -p ) = 3248.5 - 2649.6 + (1.214) (140

(a) W = h,-n,+", '2 's
- 12.349) = 753.9 kJ/kg

W_ 753.9 = 0.2481 or 24.81 %
e, = h _ #.3248.5 -209.33
1 I3
(b) m = -=-w-
3600 _ ~ = 4.775 kg/kwh
753.9
(c) w = l.§QQ.. = ~= 295.1 kJ/kg

8 m, 12.2
W 295.1 = 357.7 kJ/kg

n, 0.825
W1 _ 357.7 = 0.1177 or 11.77%
el = h 1 - hr.i - 3248.5 - 209.33 ·
(d) n, = W, = 357. 7 = 0.4745 or 47.45%

W 753.9
(e) Pmn = WB = 295.1 = 243.1 kPa

, 1.214
(f) WnC~ = W - Wp = 753.9 - 1.96 = 751.9 kJ/kg
QA =h1 =h,= 3248.5 - 211.3 = 3037.2 kJ/kg
W 751.9
eC = ~= _ = 0.2476 or 24.76%
3037 2
(3-21) Steam engine with incomplete expansion receives

saturated steam at 1.04 MPa, expands it to 0.105 MPa where
release occurs. Exhaust is to a condenser at 40°C. The actual
engine uses 6070 kg/h of steam; it has a brake engine effi-
ciency of 60% and a mechanical efficiency of 85%. The electric
158
ator which it drives has an ffi .
_'le ·
,,-1 engine, n
fi d the thermal effie . ciency 0f 92%. (a) F th
,i:J..L • d t . ciency and th or e
I iual engine, e ermme (b) the hrak e mep. For th
.~e thermal efficiency (c) the indiC: work in kW and th:
·;.ed thermal efficiency . and indicatedtedstework in kW,, i
. . . .d;1-
bined therm al efficrency and the comb· am rate, (d) the
med steam rate.
LUTION:
T
l.04MPa
0.105 MPa
- --,:-:.:.---:..--2
ltd.
G555,5---
l
I l
p,= 1.04 MPa, saturated
h, =h,at 1.04 MPa = 2779.6 kJ/kg
s,=s,at 1.04 MPa = 6.5729 kJ/(kg) (K)
At p, = 0.105 MPa
h12 = 423.24 s, = 1.3181

Yri = 0.0010443
hrg2 = 2254.4 s,, = 6.0249
S2 - S12 6.5729 - 1.3181 = 0.8722

%< Sia 6.0249
h, = h+ h,, = 423.24 + (0.8722) (2254.4) = 2389.5 ·kJ/kg

v2 = - 0 0010443 + (0.8722) (1.6174)
Y+ 'aa5 '·
5
= 1.4117 m3/kg 159
h
13
= hr at 40°C = 167.57 kJ/kg
p = saturation pressure at 40°C = 0.007384 MPa
3
(a) W = h,-h,+v,(p,-p,) = 2779.6 -2389.5
+(1.4117) (105 -7.384) = 527.9 kJ/kg

e W 527.9 0 2021
= h - hr.i -:- 2779.6 - 167.57 = - or 20.21%
1
mep = W = 527·9 = 373.9 kPa

, 1.4117
b) W,= (nb) (W) = (0.60) (527.9) = 316.7kJ/kg
= (316.7) (6070) = 534.kW
3600
W, _ 316.7
h1 -htJ - 2779.6-167.57 = 0.1212 or 12.12%
(c) WI = Ws - 316.7 = 372 6 kJ/k

n,, 0.85 · g
W1 = 534
0.85 = 628.2 kW
' W, _ 372.6
h1 - htJ - 2779.6 _ 167.57 = 0.1426 or 14.26%
(WB) (generator efficiency) = (316.7) (0.92)
= 291.4 kJ/kg
w,
h -htJ = 2779.6
291.4
1 _ 167.57 = 0.1116 or 11.16%
3600 _ 3600 .
WK - 291.4 = 12.35 kg/kwh
I I
I 160
A compound steam enoi ·
3-i22) ·d 'Ine with:
eives saturate steam at 1 04 M incomplete .
re C _ Pa exr expan-
h ere release occurs. Exhaust ia , " Pands it to 0.195
a""
aC .,
:.
tual engme uses 1252 k,.,ti.r f
e efficiency a
+t60 ·u
It0acd
on enser of 4ooc
ot steam; 1it }
% and a mecha . al ' . as a brake
tie generator which i a4,2"" fTieieney or s5
'. 0
"·
jror he ideal engine, ma a,3; "

seine i
For actual engm e, determine (b) th b al efficiency and
w output and the break them.,Pd work in lJng
j work, thermal efficiency and ste:
ciency (c) the indi-
)
-aal efficiency and steam rate. .%. combined

e enthalpy of the actual exhaust steam; 18 th e approxi-
)
.,
l
UTION:
e
a
T
1.04MPa 3
g
7
0.!05MPa
----------- 2 t
4-0'C _______
,.-- - - \_. __
\ '::.,
1
3 e e'
.1
r
k
= 1.04 MPa and saturated h 1 = h 8 at 1.04 MPa
= 2779.6 kJ/kg ..,

l
,.
= s,at 1.04 MPa = 6.5729 kJ/(kg) (K)
At p, = 0.105 MPa
h, = 423.24 s, = 1.3181 l.
= 0.0010443
e
h fg2 = 2254.4 s,, = 6.0249 e
. = 1.6184
y
6.5729 - 1.3181 = 0.8722
6.0249
'5
161
~ = hri + ,shrg2 = 423.24 4 (0.8722) (2254.4) = 2389.5kJ/kg .
y + v. y = 0 0010433 + (0.8722) (1.6184)

V2 = 2 2 f2 '
= 1.4126 m3/kg
h, = h,= h,at 400 = 167.57 kJ/kg
(a) W = h,-h,+,(p,-p,) = 2779.6 -2389.5 + (1.4126)
(105 -7.384) = 528 kJ/kg

W _ 528
e < 1,-h, Tis.GI67.s7'0.2021.or 20.21%
mep = W = 528 = 373.8 kN/m2

v, 1.4126
b) W,= ~ (W) = 0.60 (528) = 316.8 kJ/kg
kW output= (m) , , = 1252 ( 316.8) = 110 2 kW

3600 3600 .
W, _ 316.8
h1 -hfJ - 2779.6-167.57 = 0.1213 or 12.13%
e.I =
w, 372.7
h I -hfJ = 2779.6- 167.57 = 0.1427 or 14.27%
I
i
m, = 3600 = 3600
w, 372.7
9.659 kg/kwh
.I
:, 'I (d)e, = e) (n,) = (12.13) (0.92) = 11.16%
3600 - 3600
(W8) (ng) - (316.8) (0_92 ) = 12.35 kg/kwh
(e)
162
w,
- h,- W,= 2779.6 -372.7 = 2406.9 MJn

=h, + .ha = 167.57 + ,) (2406.7)
)
h.-ha )
= 2406.9 - 167.57
x.=
C
hfg3 2406.7 = 0.9304or 93.04%
I,
(3-24) A 200 kw steam engine has the following data· .,

I
Throttle: 1.40 MPa, 205°C · e

Steam flow: 3020 kg/hr n
Release pressure: 0.24 MPa 3
Exhaust pressure: 0.10 MPa g
Mechanical efficiency: 83% 7
t
· termine (a) the enthalpy of the exhaust from the ideal 1
zine, (b) the enthalpy and quality of the exhaust from the
ual engine, and (c) the lost work of actual engine.
LUTION:
)
T
P,= 1.40 MPa hl = 2816.6 kJ/kg
8l
= 6.5254 kJ/(kg) (K}
At p, = 0.24 MPa 5
163
h, = 529.65 s12 = 1.593
= 0.001066
0.7467 h, = 2185.4 Srg2 = 5.4733

'a.
s,-S 6.5254 - 1.593 = 0.9012
"2 = = 5.4733
Sa
h, = h+ 'Y1rg2 = 529.65 + (0.9012) (2185.4) = 2499.1 kJ/kg

v = vf2 + "2Vrg2 = 0.001066 + (0.9012) (0.7467)
2
= 0.6721 m3/kg
h, = h 13 = h,at 0.10 MPa = 417.46 kJ/kg
(a) W = h,-h,+ v2 (p2 - p3) = 2816.6 - 2499.1 + (0.6721)
(240 -100) = 411.6 kJ/kg
For the ideal engine, from the first law of Thermo-

dynamics, E1n = E ut 0
h,=h,- W = 2816.6-411.6 = 2405 kJ/kg
(b) For the actual engine
m 3020 kg/hr
WB = 200 k = 15.1 kg/kwh
W
m - (n,,) (m,) =(0.83) (15.1) = 12.53 kg/kwh

164
w, = 3600 = 3600 = 287.3 kJ/kg
m, 12.53
h0• = h1 - W, = 2816.6 - 287.3 kJ/kg = 2529-3 kJ/kg
At 0.10 MPa; hr= 417.46 kJ/kg and h,= 2258 kJ/kg
2529.3 = 417.46 + 0,) (2258)
_
x•. - 2529.3 - 417.46 = 0. 9353 or 93..53%
-10
2258
(c Lost Work= W- W, = 411.6 - 287.3 = 124.3 kJ/kg
Superposition or Topping
Superposition or Topping
i:
Es"
l:,
en
Fig. 3-26. High-pressure Unit Superposed

on Existing Plant.
165
Superposition or topping unit is a new set of high-pressure
equipment to be added or topped into the existing system With
the idea of increasing the capacity of the whole system and at
the same time replacing the old boiler (ml-fired) with a new
high-pressure steam generator (coal-fired). As shown in th
diagram the new Hp turbine or the topping unit
is a no,
condensing turbine and its exhaust will be utilized by the old
low-pressure turbine.
(3-24) a 30,000 kW existing plant has the following

throttle conditions:
P, = 1.50MPa t, = 260%C
The steam rate of this plant is 5.67 Kg/kwh. An additional

12,500 kw is wanted from this superposed unit using an
average indicated engine efficiency of 78% and a mechanical-
electrical efficiency of 96%, estimate the steam conditions of
the superposed plant.
SOLUTION:
Kw
P,=1.50 MPa hs=2946.7 KJ/Kg

t,=260'C
166
h, = hat 1.5 MPa, 260°C = 2946.7 kJ/kg
m, = (m,) (P,) = (5.67) (30,000) = 170,100 kg/hg
For the topping unit:
m. = 170100 = 13.6 kg/kwh

output 12500
Wk= 3600 = 3600 = 264.7 kJ/kg

m, 13.6
w 264.7 _ 275.73 kJ/kg

0.96
260C
S h,=2946.7 K/Kg
275.73 = h,- 2946.7
hl = 3222.43 kJ
h. -h
= l •· = 0.78
n, h-T
t o
W, 275.73 = 0.78
h,- h• = 3222.43 - h 0
167
I (275.73) = 2868.93 kJ/kg
h, = 3222.43- 0.78)
At point 0, p,= 1.5 MPa
h = 2868.9 kJ/kg
0
then s = 6.52 kJ/kg

0
At point t, st= s = 6.52 kJ/kg

0
h t = 3222.43 kJ/kg
Then pt = 6.0MPa and t, = 416°C
(3-25) A plant having five 20,000 kW units using steam at

1.5 MPa and 260°C has a full-load steam rate of 5.9 kg/kwh.
The steaming capacity of the existing 10 boilers exactly
matches the turbine requirements. If this plant were topped
by a 10,000 kW turbine having an engine efficiency of 77.6%
(indicated), mechanical efficiency of 99% and a generator
efficiency of 98%, determine (a) the initial steam temperature
required for 7 MPa steam pressure, (b) the steam exhausted
from the topping turbine, and (c) the number of existing low-
pressure boilers that must be retained to develop the full
capacity of the plant.
7.0 MPa
100 00 Kw
SOLUTION:
Topping Unit
LOW-PRESSU R E BOIL ERS
i EXISTI N G
I I TUR BO GEN ERATO RS
I ! 20 000 K w ea ch
168
m = (m,) (kw output) = (5.9) (20,000) = 118000 kg/hr
Total steam flow:
m, = (no. of boilers) (m)

= (5) (118000)
= 590,000 kg/hr
For the existing units:
h, = hat 1.5 MPa, 260°C = 2946.7 kJ/kg
On Miller's Chart by cut and try method:
Try t, = 435°C
h t = hat 7.0 MPa, 435°C= 3250 kJ/kg
h, = hat1.50 MPa and s, equal to s, = 2860 kJ/kg
h t -h0
lit -ho
subsituting the values
3250 2946.7
o. 776 _ approximately equal to - 3250-2860
Therefore: t, = 435°C
169
(b) Exhaust steam from the topping unit, m,
W,= h,-h,=
t a
3250 - 2946.7 = 303.3 kJ/kg
W,= (n,)0,) W,) =(0.99)(0.98) 303.3) = 294.26 kJg
m = kw output = lO,OOO = 34 kg/sec or 122,400 kg/hr

t w., _ 294.26 ,
(c) With 10 boilers generating a total of 590,000 kg/hr, then ,
each boiler has to generate 59,000 kg/hr. The new boiler is
generating 122400 kg/h for the topping turbine.
1
Therefore, the number of boilers to be retained
= 590,000 - 122,400
59,000
= 7.92 or retain 8 boilers
170
Problems
Rankine Cycle and Engine
r·· 1. In an ideal Rankine cycle, steam is generated at 4.1..
MPa and 480C. The condenser is at 32°C. Determine (a) the
ideal pump work, (b) the cycle thermal efficiency, (c) For an
engine with the same end states, determine its thermal effi-
ciency, steam rate, and mep. (d) Considering the engine only,
assume the brake engine efficiency to be 78%, the generator
efficiency 92%, the steam flow rate 163,600 kg/hg; compute
the output of the combined unit. Ans. (a) 4.12 kJ/kg; (b)
38.66%; (c) 38.73%, 2.85 kg/kwh, 51.92 kPa; (d) 41,227 kW
- 2. A Rankine cycle has the following operating condi-
tions:
Steam pressure, 2.5 MPa
Steam temperature, 280°C
Exhaust pressure, 0.026 MPa
Indicated steam rate, 5.45 kg/kwh
Mechanical efficiency, 90%
For ideal cycle and engine, calculate (a) the thermal effi-
ciency, (b) the engine steam rate), (c) the actual condition of
exhaust steam, and (d) the steam flow rate in kg/h for 1 Mw
generator output at 94% efficiency. Ans. (a) 28.6%, 28.5%; (b)
4.69 kg/kwh; (c) 86.33%; (d) 6447 kg/h
3. A Rankine turbo-generator unit receives 27,000 kg/h
of steam at 1.2 MPa and superheat by 122 degrees. Conden-
sate leaves at 22°C. For a brake steam rate of 4.74 kg/kwh,
mechanical efficiency of 90% and generator efficiency of 94%,
determine (a) the ideal cycle thermal efficiency, (b) the indi-
cated engine efficiency, (c) the condition of turbine actual
exhaust, and (d) the turbo-generator output in Kw. Ans. (a)
33%, (b) 85.7%, (c) 87%, (d) 5354.5 kw
4. The condensing pressure for a Rankine engine is 1 bar.
Calculate the net work for 1 kg of steam and the thermal
efficiency when the steam at the beginning of expansion is at
50 bar and (a) saturated, (b) 350°C, and (c) 640°C.
Ans. (a) 627.2 kJ/kg, 26.4%; (b) 727.3 kJ/kg, 27.5%; (c)
1079.49 kJ/kg, 32.35%
5. There are received 90,000 kg/h of steam at 2.15 MPa,
480°C by a Rankine engine; exhaust occurs at 0.10 MPa. For
the engine fnd (a) W, (b) m, and (c) e,_. For the cycle fin d (a)
171
W d (b) e. Ans. (a) 18,767.5 kW, (b) 4.8 kg/kwh, (c)
;rs%, aj
A
us'so sec.
turbo-generator
e) %4.98%
has a combined steam rate of 5.35
6
kg/kwh at its rated output of 20,000 kW. The steam is sup-
is@an ii»c, 7osci@sa! g"%}?PS@",pas@se
combined heat rate, (b) the combinec ermai e! tcency, (c)
the engine efficiency, and (d) the combined work. Ans. (a)
15,195.6 kJ/kg, b) 23.7%, (c) 672.9 kJ/kg, (d) 78.1 %
Reheat Cycle andEngine
7. A reheat cycle with two stages ofreheating is executed,

with steam expanding initially from 90 bar and 530°C. The
two reheater pressures are 10 bar and 0.6 bar, and the steam
leaves each reheater at 480C. Condensation occurs at 0.03
bar. For an ideal cycle, find (a) QA and e. (b) For the engine,
ignore the pressure drop through the reheaters, let the engine
operate through the same states, and compute W and e. (c)
What is the steam flow rate for an engine output of 20,000
kW? Ans. (a) 4657.5 kJ/kg, 44.31 %; (b) 2072.6 kJ/kg, 44.41%;
(c) 9.65 kg/s
8. An ideal reheat turbine with one stage of reheat re-
ceives steam at 8.0 MPa, 480°C. Reheat pressure is 0.83 MPa
and exhaust pressure is 0.007 MPa. The work is 1559 kJ/kg
and the thermal efficiency is 41.05%. Find the temperature of
steam leaving the reheater. Ans. 455°C0
9. In a reheat cycle steam at 15 MPa, 540°C enters the
engine and expands to 1.95 MPa. At this point the steam is
withdrawn and passed through a reheater. It reenters the
engine at 540°C. Expansion now occurs to the condenser
pressure of 0.0035 MPa. (a) For the ideal cycle, find e, (b) A
60,000 kw turbine operates between the same state points
except that the steam enters the reheater at 1.95 MPa and
260°C, departs at 1.8 MPa and 540C. The steam flow is
147,000 kg/hr; generator efficiency is 96%. For actual engine,
find e,, m,, and n,, (c) Determine the approximate enthalpy of
the exhaust steam if the heat lost through the turbine casing
IS 2% of the combined work.
kJ/k~s.: (a) 46.1%, b) 37.3%, 2.45 kg/kwh, 79.3%, (c) 2489.6
10. Steam at 200 bar, 760°C enters the throttle of a re-

heater engine and expands to 10 bar. At this point it leaves
172
the engine, enters the reheater, and returns at 9 bar, 600°C,
expansion then occurs to the condenser pressure of 0.05 bar
(h, = 138 kJ/kg) on the basis of flow of 1 kg steam. Find (a) W
and e of the cycle (b) W, e and m for the ideal engine (c) In the
actual engine the steam enters the reheater at 1O bar 300°C
and later expands to a saturated state at the exhaust to the
condenser, find W, e and m.
Ans.: (a) 2226.7 kJ/kg, 48.95%; (b) 2246.7 kJ/kg, 49.17%,
1.6 kg; (c) 2052.1 kJ/kg, 45.85%, 1.75 kg/kwh.
Regenerative Cycle and Engine
11. There are received 68,000 kg/h of steam by an ideal

regenerative engine, having only one heater, of which the
heater receives 15,400 kg/h; the condenser receives the re-
mainder at 0.007 MPa. If the heater pressure is 0.96 MPa,
find the state (quality or SH) of the steam (a) at the heater
entrance and (b) at the condenser entrance.
Ans. (a) saturated, (b) 78.5% quality
12. A turbine with one extraction for regenerative feedwa-
ter heating, receives steam with an enthalpy of 3373 kJ/kg
and discharges it with an exhaust enthalpy of2326 kJ/kg. The
ideal regenerative feedwater heater receives 11,338 kg/h of
extracted steam at 345 kPa (whose h = 2745 kJ/kg). The
feedwater (condensate from the condenser) enters the heater
with an enthalpy of 140 kJ/kg and departs saturated at 345
kPa (h, = 582 kJ/kg). Calculate the turbine output in kW.
Ans. 18,116 kW
13. A 10,000 kW turbo-generator operating at rated capac-
ity receives 52,000 kg/h of steam at 2.90 MPa and 310C,
exhaust is aat 0.007 MPa. At 1.20 MPa and 230%C, there are
actually extracted 20% of throttle flow for regenerative heat-
ing offeedwater. The generator efficiency is 95%. For an ideal
engine, find (a) the quantity of steam extracted, kg/h (b) W
and (c) e. For the actual engine, find (d) the temperature of
feedwater from the open heater, (e)n, and (D the approximate
enthalpy of exhaust steam and its quality. Ans. (a) 12,428 kg/
h; (b) 787.3 kJ/kg, (c) 35.48%, (d) 167.5°C, (e)87.9%, (f) 2143.8
kJ/kg, 82.2%
14. A 25,000 kW turbo-generator is supplied with 128,000
kg/h of steam at 2.50 MPa and 400°C when developing it rated
load. There are actually extracted 10,400 kg/h at 0.3 MPa and
173
0.06 MPa. The condenser pressure is 0.007 MP
83 00 kg/h atr · d ter temperature is 127C. For the ideal
and actual1 feedwa f t t d t
. d (a) various percentages o extrace s earn and (b)
engme fihn t en<Yine find (c) the various percentages of
e For tie ac ua 1 b . ' ) F. · d h
· d t (d)m, (e) e and (D nk. (g m tie approxi-
extracte S eam, 'k . ffi •
::c!~ thal f the exhaust if the generator e 1C1ency if
.:s. (afr;%, 7,8%; (b) 37.1 %, (c) 8.12%, 6.48%, (d) 5.12,
(e) 26%, (D0 70.7%, (g) 2460 kJ/kg
e
Reheat-Regenerative Cycle and Engine
15. A reheat-regenerat~ve engine receives steam at 207

bar and 593°c, expanding it to 38.6 bar, 343 C. At this point,
the steam passes through a reheater and reenters the turbine
at 34.5 bar, 593C, hence expands to 9 bar, 492°C, at which
point the steam is bled for feedwater heating. Exhaust occurs
at 0.07 bar. Beginning at the throttle (pomt 1), these enthal-
pies are known (kJ/kg):
h, = 3511.3 h,= 3082.1
h, = 3010.0 h, = 3205.4
h, = 3662.5 h. = 163.4
h, = 322.9 h, = 723.59
h, = 2308.1 h, = 742.83
For ideal engine, sketch the events on the Ts plane and for
1 kg of throttle steam, find (a) the mass of bled steam, (b) the
work, (c) the efficiency, and (d) the steam rate. In the actual
case, water enters the boiler at 171C and the brake engine
efficiency is 75% (e) determine the brake work and the brake
thermal efficiency. (f) Let the pump efficiency be 65%, esti-
mate the enthalpy of the exhaust steam.
Ans. (a) 0.19kg/kg, (b) 1685.1 kj/kg, (c) 49.26%, (d) 2.14 kg/
kwh, (e) 1263.8 kJ/kg, 37.5%%; (f) 2742 kJ/kg
16. In a 35,000 kW turbo-generator that receives steam at
r 6.9 MPa and 370C, 11 % of the throttle steam is actually
extracted at 2 MPa, 215°C; with the remainder being re- ,,
heated to 1.8 MPa and 315°C; then 20% of the throttle steam
l is actually extracted at0.724 MPa, each extraction serving an
174
open feedwater heater. The engine exhaust to a condenser
pressure of 0.005 MPa and the temperature of the feedwater
from the last heater is 205°C. The combined steam rate of the
turbo-generator unitn is 4.898 kg/kwh and the generator effi-
ciency is 95%. For the total throttle flow to an ideal engine,
find (a) extracted steam for the last heater, (b) W, (c) e. For the
actual engine, find (d) e,, (e) n,. (D) What is the enthalpy of the
actual exhaust when the pump efficiency is 60%? Ans. (a)
16,803 kg/h; b) 1018 kJ/kg; (c) 42%; (d) 30%; (e) 72.2%; (f)
2550 kJ/kg
17. There are developed 25,000 kW by a reheat-regenera-
tive engine (turbogenerator) which receives steam at 4.2 MPa,
205°C and exhaust at 0.007 MPa. At 1.90 MPa and 215tC,
part of the steam is extracted for feedwater heating and the
remainder is withdrawn for reheating. The reheated steam
enters the turbine at 1.8 MPa and 270°C and expands to 1.38
MPa, where more steam is' extracted for feedwater heating
and the remainder expands to the condenser pressure of 0.007
MPa and an actual quality of 90%. Feedwater leaves the last
heater at a temperature of 207°C. The generator has an
efficiency of 95%. For the ideal engine, find (a) the percent-
ages of the extracted steam, (b) W, and (c) e. Let the actual
extracted steam be 85% of those for the ideal engine and for
the actual engine, find (d) the total throttle flow, if the break
work equal the fluid work, (e) e, and (f) n.
Ans. (a) 0.035, 0.234; (b) 833 kJ/kg; (c) 37.2% (e) e, and (D)
n,. (d) 147,000 kg/h; (e) 27.5%; (00 73.6%
Incomplete-Expansion Cycle and Engine
18. A steam engine receives saturated steam at 260°C.

Steam is released when its specific enthalpy is 2200 kJ/kg.
Condensate leaves at 0°C. For ideal engine find, (a) the work
and the thermal efficiency and (b) mep.
Ans. (a) 680.6 kJ/kg, 27.64%; (b) 631.5 kPa
19. An ideal incomplete-expansion cycle uses steam gener-
ated at 1.85 MPa. Release condition is dry and saturated.
Exhaust steam is at 0.03 MPa and has 10.58% quality. The
actual engine uses 1000 kg/h nof steam. The brake engine
efficiency is 60% and the mechanical efficiency is 85%.
(a) For the ideal engine, calculate the thermal efficiency
and mep.
175
For the actual engine, calculate
(b) the brake power in kW and the brake thermal eff-
ciency, · d th d; t dh
(c) the indicated thermal efficiency an 1e mnducate 1eat
3pute the approximate enthalpy of the exhaust

steam at 0.03 MPa assuming that the heat loss from engine is
23 kJ per kg of steam.
Ans. (a) 19.6%, 1002 kPa/ (b) 92.5 kW, (c) 13.85%, 25,990
kJ/kwh/ (d) 2761.9 kJ/kg
20. An ideal incomplete-expansion cycle uses saturated
steam generated at 0.7 MPa. The exhaust_ pressure is 0.11
MPa, and the release is at 118 C. On the basis of 1 kg., fmd (a)
Q,, (b) Q,, (c) W, (d) the quality of exhaust steam, and (e) the
quality of exhaust steam, and (e) the thermal efficiency. An
engine with incomplete expansion operates under this condi-
tions. (D) If the indicated engine efficiency is 72% and uses 460
kg per hour of steam, what is the indicated power output in
kw? (g) If the mechanical efficiency is 88%, what are the
thermal efficiency and the brake thermal efficiency and the
brake steam rate?
Ans. (a) 2333.1 kJ/kg, (b) 2034.71 kJ/kg, (c) 298.4 kJ/kg (d)
90.4%, (e) 12.76%, (0 27.4 kW, (g) 8.1%, 19 kg/kw.hr
21. An engine with incomplete expansion is supplied with
steam at 2.75 MPa and 260°C. Release Occurs at 0.35 MPa
and the condenser temperature is 42°C. (a) If the brake en-
gine efficiency is 60% and if 1225 kg/hr of steam are used,
what is the brake power in kW? (b) If the mechanical effi-
ciency is 87%, what is the indicated thermal efficiency, the
indicated work in kJ/kg, and the indicated steam rate? (c) If
the engine drives a generator whose efficiency is 92%, what
are the combmed thermal efficiency and the combined steam
rate?
Ans. (a) 111.7 kW, (b) 377.54 kJ/kg, 13.87, 9.53 kg/kW-hr
(c) 11 %, 11.9 kg/kW-hr
Topping
22. The capacity of a power plant is to be increased by

superposing a high-pressure addition on the existing 1.85
MPa plant. Existing turbines are rated to take 370 000 kg/h
at 290°C. Assume average indicated. engine efficiency of su-
176
perposed turbine will be 76%, mechanical-electrical effi-
ciency, 93%. What initial steam conditions would suffice to
add 20,000 kW to the plant capacity/ Ans. 7.2 MPa, 448°C
23. An existing plant receiving 364,000 kg/h of 1.50 MPa
and 250°C steam is to be superposed with a high-pressure
turbine to receive steam at 11.0 MPa and 510C. Nine percent
of the topping turbine flow is extracted at 3.0 MPa and 340°0.
For a mechanical-electrical efficiency of 93%, determine the
kW output of the topping unit. Ans. 46,391 kW.
177
a,ail»et#tartar w
• o :A,OO(A... :•t•or;.,,.11'Wtll,1 ..Ajl... 11
ISBN 971-08-5105-5

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Boiler

HIPOLITO 8. STA. MARIA

-/dinasoox sroRE, Mc.

First Year of Publication, 1991

All rights reserved.

This book is primarily intended for Mechanical Engineer-

CHAPTER 1 deals with the characteristics and properties

The authors wish to express their profound gratitude to

A superheated vapor is a vapor having a temperature

Degrees of Superheat, 0SH

The degrees of superheat is the difference between the

The degrees subcooled of a subcooled liquid is the differ-

The quality of wet vapor or wet steam is the percent by

The percent moisture ofwet vapor is the percent by weight

Following the definitions of quality (x) and percent mois-

For saturated liquid:

Latent Heat of Vaporization

The latent heat of vaporization of a pure substance is the

The critical point represents the highest pressure and

Heat that causes change intemperature without a change

Example: f t at 100°C and

Change of Phase at Constant Pressure

Fig. 1-1. Heating at Constant Pressure.

Let the piston-cylinder arrangement contains subcooled

Fig. 1-2. The pv and Ts Planes for Water

Properties of Wet Steam

Subscripts Used/Symbols Used.

Fig. 1-3. Specific Volume of a Wet Mixture.

v = specific volume of its saturated liquid content+

From v = y,+ xv,

u = u, + xu,, or u = U,- yu,,

Fig. 1-4. Specific Entropy of a Wet Mixture.

(1-1) Specify whether the steam is wet, dry, or super-

(1-2) What are the specific volume, internal energy, en-

The steam is superheated, since the temperature of254°C

V, = 0.0012512 h, = 1085.36. 4,27927

(a) y· = 100 - 82.53 = 17.47%

(1-4) Steam at a pressure of 0.90 MPa ·has entropy of an

The entropy of saturated vapor at a pressure c;,f0.90 MPa

V,= 0.0011212 u,- 741.83 h,= 742.83 Sr= 2.0946

(1-5) Steam at a temperature of 300°C has a specific

Since the specific volume, 0.09765 m3/kg, is greater than

x, = 0.02; p=2.55 - 0.02 = 2.53 kPa

The steam is superheated because the internal energy,

, = 2.4; t = 250 + 2.4 = 252.4°C

, = 4.9; h = 2957.9 + 4.9 = 2962.8 kJ/kg

, = 0.0094; s =7.1983 + 0.0094 =7.2077 kJ/(kg)(K)

(1-7) A 0.0856-m3 drum contains saturated water and

v,at 370°C = 0.004925 m3/kg

.fass of the vapor

x '= - ·.. .S.69 •· = 0.31 or 31%

0.004925m, + 0.002213m, = 0.0856

0.004925m,, + 0.002213m, = 0.0856

VV = mvvg = (11.99) (0.004925) = 0.05905 m3

V,= m,v, = (11.99) (0.002213) = 0.02653 m°

(1-8) A 60-liter rigid tank with adiabatic walls is divided

From Steam Tables:

Initial stored mass = Final stored mass