CASE STUDY

IN
TECHNOPRENEURSHIP
FOR THE
FINAL PERIOD

SECOND SEMESTER
SCHOOL YEAR 2023 – 2024

“Applications of Seashell Adsorption Behaviors in Cement-Based Materials”

Submitted by:
FERNANDEZ, ROEY
202119606
HERNANDEZ, CHARLES EMMANUEL
202119299
PAN, SHU PANG D.V.
202112360
PORTES, DONNALU M.
202113555
SANTOS, GWYNETH
202119341
SUSANA, LHEAN MARC
202118924

50136
Submitted to:
DR. Tomas U. Ganiron JR.
Instructor
INTENDED PROJECT BENEFICIARIES

The utilization of seashells as a substitute for conventional cement-based

materials and the investigation of their ability to adsorb pollutants can broaden
the practical engineering applications of cement-based materials. Coastal
regions generate significant quantities of seashell waste annually, posing a
common challenge for coastal countries and areas in terms of disposal and
utilization. Initially, this study examines the fundamentals of adsorption kinetics
and adsorption isotherms to elucidate the adsorption mechanism of shell
materials.

Every year, a large amount of seashell garbage is thrown away, which pollutes
the environment and occupies land resources. Seashells come in a variety of
forms, including mussels, clams, oysters, and scallops. Seashells are mostly
composed of calcium carbonate (CaCO3), with traces of organic matter and
inorganic salts such as potassium (K), sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe),
zinc (Zn), selenium (Se), and other elements. The three main layers of seashells
are an outer layer that is rich in proteins, a middle layer that is based on calcite,
and an inner layer that is composed of calcium carbonate crystals. Seashells are
a suitable material for adsorption-based functional design because of their
moderately porous structure, high pore diameters, and uniform pore distribution.

The exploration of seashell adsorption behaviors in cement-based materials

offers numerous benefits to diverse stakeholders. Coastal communities can
mitigate pollution and enhance waste management practices while benefiting
economically. The construction industry gains access to versatile and
environmentally friendly materials, expanding the range of applications for
cement-based products. Environmental conservation efforts are supported
through the promotion of sustainable materials and the reduction of waste
generation. Additionally, research advancements contribute to scientific
understanding and foster collaboration between academia and industry.
Policymakers can utilize insights from these projects to develop effective
strategies for environmental protection. Overall, harnessing the potential of
seashells as resources promotes sustainability and fosters a more
environmentally conscious future.

As urbanization accelerates, the demand for concrete is on the rise. Annually,

over 40 billion tons of aggregates are utilized globally, with 65–75% allocated to
concrete preparation. Presently, the production of environmentally friendly "green
concrete" relies heavily on recycled materials sourced from industrial waste and
by-products. Therefore, it is imperative to develop sustainable alternatives to
natural aggregates. Seashells, primarily composed of calcium carbonate, can
potentially serve as substitutes for natural aggregates and be classified into fine
and coarse aggregates based on particle size, owing to their resemblance to
natural aggregates.

This article conducts the dynamics analysis of how seashells do in the

cementitious materials' adsorption capabilities, including guidelines for creating
cement-based adsorption materials.

Fig [1] Schematic diagram of the seashell adsorption process

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY (providing a general overview of the plan's main points)

Due to the rapid progress of industrialization and urbanization, heavy metal

levels in urban and rural rivers and lakes have exceeded permissible limits.
Heavy metal ions that are hazardous are often found in aqueous solutions and
have strong toxicity as well as persistent chemical and physical characteristics.
The ecosystems of the environment and human health are seriously threatened
by these pollutants. By using seashells in place of sedimentation, secondary
contamination can be prevented by reducing or eliminating the need for the
significant volumes of caustic chemicals used in traditional sedimentation
treatment techniques.

Previous researchers have extensively examined the mechanical properties of

seashell materials in cement-based compositions. Common processing methods
employed to achieve the required particle sizes for seashell materials include
rinsing, drying or calcination, grinding, and sieving. The results suggest that
incorporating seashell materials into concrete may lead to a reduction in its
strength, with the decrease being negligible when the replacement rate of
concrete is below 20%.

Source/ Researcher Seashell type Value

Oyster 3.09

Noel D. Binag (2016) Mussel 3.01

Mollusk 3.01

Periwinkle 2.50

Adewuyi et al. (2015) Snail shell 2.33

Oyster 2.44

Oyster 2.65

Lertwattanaruk Pusit et Mussel 2.86

al. (2012)
Cockle 2.82
 Clam 2.71

Table [1] Specific gravity of seashells

Specific gravity is defined as the proportion of a substance's density to that of a

reference substance; in other words, it represents the ratio of a substance's mass
to the mass of a reference substance for a given volume. In the construction
sector, specific gravity plays a crucial role in assessing the appropriateness of
materials intended for use in concrete manufacturing. As stated in table [1], the
value of a portland cement ranges from 3.11 - 3.15 and It is clear from the table
that the specific gravity value of an oyster shell is 3.09 according to [Noel D.
Binag (2016)], making it the most appropriate seashell to utilize in place of
cement.
BACKGROUND & HISTORY

Concrete is widely regarded as one of the most prevalent artificial materials

utilized worldwide, finding applications wherever human activity occurs. It is
indispensable for constructing durable environments capable of withstanding
adverse weather conditions such as snow, rain, and wind. Additionally, concrete
is often favored for its affordability compared to alternative materials like
aluminum, steel, or plastic. It's important to note that concrete is not a singular
substance but rather a composite of various materials and substances, including
aggregates and binding agents, which combine to form a robust structure. The
primary components of conventional concrete include water, cement, fine
aggregate, and coarse aggregate. Cement plays a vital role in bonding the
concrete, while aggregates contribute to its strength. To further enhance its
strength, concrete is often reinforced with elements such as steel or admixtures,
which can be incorporated during the mixing and molding process.

Seashells are commonly discovered along coastlines and in coastal valleys,

originating from marine creatures like oysters, clams, and snails. These shells
serve as protective coverings, functioning as the external skeletons or
exoskeletons of mollusks. Primarily composed of calcium carbonate, seashells
feature hard outer layers with a minor proportion of proteins. Due to their
chemical composition, seashells may be able to partially replace common fine
aggregates used in buildings, such as sand and crushed stone. This is because
the primary oxides calcium oxide, silicon oxide, and alumina that are present in
notable amounts in both seashells and fine aggregates/types of cement are
comparable. Many researchers evaluated the performance of concrete
incorporating various percentages of ground seashells (0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, and
8%) compared to conventional ordinary Portland cement concrete. Samples were
cast and tested for compressive strength, tensile strength, flexural strength, and
modulus of elasticity at intervals of 7, 28, and 91 days. Results indicated that
concrete with ground seashell additives exhibited superior tensile properties but
lower compressive strength and modulus of elasticity compared to the control
concrete. Additionally, Young's Modulus of Elasticity of seashell concrete
demonstrated an increase with concrete age.

Using seashells as an alternative to sedimentation can diminish or eliminate the

need for substantial quantities of corrosive chemicals typically utilized in
conventional sedimentation treatment methods, thereby averting secondary
pollution. In contrast to traditional chemical precipitation, the separation and
dehydration processes involved in physically coagulating seashell residues are
simpler and more manageable. Consequently, there is no necessity for
coagulants or flocculants to aid in the aggregation and rapid settling. Seashells
primarily exist in two crystalline forms: calcite and aragonite. Previous research
has indicated that minerals in these crystalline forms possess the capability to
adsorb metal ions.
GENERAL AND SPECIFIC PROJECT OBJECTIVE

Sea shells possess significant potential as materials for partially replacing

cement and serving as fillers in concrete. With a calcium carbonate (CaCO3)
content exceeding 90%, sea shells closely resemble limestone dust, which is
commonly utilized in the production of Portland cement. Replacing cement with
seashells in concrete has the potential to yield superior results in terms of
chemical composition, specific gravity, compressive strength, flexural strength,
and tensile strength. This could be examined by employing various types of
seashells, thereby addressing environmental concerns. Additionally, such efforts
promise to generate enhanced economic value for local communities and
industries while advancing concrete technology. Prioritizing the advancement of
the concrete industry through rigorous research involving industry stakeholders
and academic institutions is crucial for sustainable progress. Collaboration with
local authorities, facilitated by regulations and laws, can create opportunities for
stakeholders to devise waste minimization and utilization programs. Hence,
exploring, expanding, and supporting the use of waste materials like seashells in
the development of green concrete through focused research is imperative. The
development of green concrete should be substantiated by performance
assessments in both hardened and fresh states to comprehend the long and
short-term behavior of each material.

Shell by-products, including mussel shells, oyster shells, and scallop shells, have
a history of utilization across various industries (Barros et al., 2009). These shells
have found applications in road construction, serving as replacements for
industrial lime, ash types of cement, fertilizers, lime agents, moisturizers, and
tiles. Furthermore, there is a growing trend in utilizing shell waste as substitute
materials in concrete production.
 Countries Type of seashell Replacement material in
(use seashells in concrete
infrastructures)

Japan Scallop Coarse aggregate

Korea Oyster Coarse aggregate

Malaysia Clams Fine aggregate

Nigeria Periwinkle Fine aggregate

Table [2] Different varieties of shells employed as alternative materials in
concrete

At elevated temperatures, the binding capacity of seashells' active sites towards

heavy metals diminishes, causing the solution to favor the liquid phase and the
seashells to exhibit a heightened ability to capture solid-phase pollutants,
resulting in a decline in adsorption capability. As the active sites on the surface of
seashell particles are finite, they will reach saturation at a specific concentration
and cease to increase over time. However, reducing the particle size of seashell
powders leads to an increase in active sites, thereby enhancing absorption
capacity and removal efficiency.
MARKET DESCRIPTION/ASSESSMENT

Coastal areas with significant seafood industries provide good prospects for
utilizing seashell waste, thanks to its easy accessibility. A collaboration between
construction firms, cement producers, waste management organizations, and
academic institutions could be key to advancing the technology and increasing
market share. Infrastructure projects seeking to meet sustainability standards
could benefit from the use of seashell-based cement materials. As the emphasis
on circular economy principles grows, the transformation of seashell waste fits in
with worldwide sustainability objectives, which may lead to funding and backing
from environmental groups and impact investors. However, it's crucial to address
any doubts from conservative sectors of the construction industry by presenting
clear advantages and performance measurements.
TECHNOPRENEUR ASSESSMENT (interview from technopreneur)

Why did you decide to start your own business?

Based on our interview with one of the Civil Engineers from Mitsubishi Company.
According to her, starting a business was a choice that was made out of her strong
decision and passion. Things for development and a steady determination to offer the
community something valuable made her the first step towards making a meaningful
contribution. Also, holding a particular goal in mind can start working diligently to bring
about something substantial. First, the inner desires and secondly improve the general
well-being of the people. Moreover, her business despite the things that always kept
going was dedicated to establishing an enterprise producing something that would be
not only a success but also valuable to society. To have demonstrated entrepreneurship
skills and a strong commitment to the business, which can lead to overcoming all the
hardships.

What advice would you give to someone just starting their own business?

Based on the interview, she started to cover the journey with bravery and passion.
Entrepreneurship journey was full of ups and downs but with a mix of stress and
dedication, one that could counter all the obstacles and win the success. It can be
similar to the fact that it perfectly manages to have the images in the hearts of the
readers and follow the set target no matter the obstacles. It is necessary, but no miracle
to see risk as an opportunity for development. Thus, it is the perseverance and
resistance of the person to hold on and include fulfillment into her business.

How do you deal with fear and doubt?

As stated by the interview, when concerning herself personally with fear and doubt, she
frankly needs a balanced opinion such as accepting her emotions while understanding
that moving forward sometimes comes from going beyond her limits and believing in the
fact that overcoming her fears could give her the chance to learn and develop her
personality. Also, focus on the positive and see challenges as just opportunities to climb
to success. As well, there is no denying that self-doubt might be the most difficult
obstacle to overcome. However, be determined to constantly learn and grow so you can
emerge on the other side of the problems as a more flexible person.

What routines do you follow each day?

As mentioned in the interview, she sees the daily routine as a key part of the structure
that carries the success and personal development of the company. Moreover, she
handles emails in two ways, both by responding to emails and regarding it as an
opportunity to grow socially, educate herself, and take steps. Being challenged by every
obstacle builds self-support in her as she uses the situation as an opportunity to learn,
grow, and adapt, as well as develop her problem-solving skills. Also, she dedicates
herself to teamwork, which is one of the key aspects of success both for the company
and for the workers. Through a day-to-day positive attitude, she completes each task in
a way she can get closer to her individual and professional goals.

Where do you see your business in five years?

As specified by the interview, she sees her start-up as very ambitious in the next five
years, not only in terms of profitability but also as a firm foundation for future projects as
well. Also, she is aiming to further develop her business to fulfill her mission to help the
development and lead new people for her sake. In addition to the responsibilities that
come with business expansion, this will ensure her business benefits the community,
thereby providing a unique opportunity for people to support it for innovation,
cooperation, and collaboration for the business. Five years down the line, she sees her
business as a more and more interesting place with successful creativity, effectiveness,
and empathy as its keystones and the ambition to change the business for the better.
PRODUCT VALIDATION (interview from technopreneur)

What problem is your product idea solving?

Based on the interview, the environmental impact of cement production is becoming an

even more pressing matter that cannot be ignored in the world of today. By putting
waste reduction and environmental sustainability as the most important parts of the
proposed product, a solution to the problem is being offered. It is aimed at providing
solutions to the excessive waste produced in cement manufacturing processes, which is
a major factor contaminating the environment. Stressing sustainability in this business
sector not only helps in the mitigation of waste but also endorses environmentally
friendly production. Through advanced practices and sincere responsibility to
environmental organizations, the smart product is creating a path to the sustainable
development of the construction industry.

How is your product idea different than competitors’ products?

According to the interview, being efficient and financially achievable, her product is
outstanding because of its innovative design and eco-friendly features. It is a lot more
useful than the products of competitors. Her product differs from many other designs in
the field as it embodies a feature no other product has so far, a combination of smart
technology, indifferent looks, and simple application, which is simply what most
consumers want today. This has influenced the attention of many with its out-of-the-box
method of thinking and unique attention to detail and thereby stood out among the rest
of the industry.

What environment will your product idea be used in?

As stated in the interview, her product concept will excel in a place where people have
their minds open and are able to combine creativity and perfection. In the construction,
architectural, and landscaping industries, a number of buildings and scenes enriched
with her product’s features would come alive. On the construction site, she can have her
product added to building materials or engineering equipment to enhance their
functionalities and bring about greater effectiveness. At the same time, architects could
include her product in their innovative projects by applying this wonderful product to
attractive and sustainable designs of buildings. Regarding the landscaping industry, her
product could be engaged in building masterpieces that supply and empower outdoor
places by improving landscaping procedures and coming up with unique features. Her
product could reach a broader audience and practice what they use it for in their duties,
employees, and customers, even though the approach it takes is the process and
outcome.

What is your product made of?

As mentioned in the interview, the product is crafted from seashells that were recycled
and collected from beaches throughout the world and environmentally friendly cement
in the sense that it can substitute for traditional concrete. This material recovery
process is twice as many in that, instead of contributing to the waste of other
materials, also reduces the environmental influence that construction projects cause.
The seashells found in the product not only add to its gorgeous appearance but also
create extra durability and endurance. Besides, the cement that discovered two
aspects simultaneously, which are innovation on the one hand, and mindset on the
other, confirms the use of it in the field of environmental designers and eco-friendly
customers.

Where will your product be sold?

Based on the interview, the construction companies and hardware stores are perfect
partners for selling the product because there are numerous reasons why they should
sell it there. The primary reason why she made this decision is that these businesses
exist to meet the needs of the target audience that is interested in buying construction
tools, construction equipment, and other products related to home construction and
remodeling. Through displays in such places, it is more likely to attract clients who have
actual demand and a real need for what to offer. Moreover, builders and hardware
stores are first-class for being the most innovative and practical places, making them
the ideal environment to introduce new products and technologies. These businesses
directly target customers with their products, which could create a span between
customers and the product, leading the customer to feel familiar with the product and its
advantages. All in all, the sales of the product in hardware stores and construction
companies can be a smart move as it gets the greatest partnership with her product,
which benefits the audience, and will also increase the visibility and accessibility of her
offering.
COMPETITION ASSESSMENT

Competition Assessment: Seashell-Enhanced Cement

Direct Competitors:

Geopolymers: These act like special glues for concrete, activated by alkaline solutions.
Similar to seashell cement, they offer environmental advantages compared to traditional
options.

Other Seashell-Based Cement Companies: While the market might be small currently,
there's a chance other companies are also looking at seashells as a viable alternative.
Researching ongoing construction projects or startups focused on sustainable building
materials might reveal these direct competitors using seashells in their cement
products.

Waste-Derived Aggregate Producers: Companies that utilize recycled materials like

glass, leftover materials from construction and demolition sites, or even other waste
materials in prefabricated concrete elements could be seen as direct competitors,
especially if their products target similar applications as seashell cement.

Indirect Competitors:

Traditional Portland Cement: This is the most common type of cement used right now,
but it's not very eco-friendly. As environmental concerns grow, traditional Portland
cement faces increasing pressure.

Bio-Based Cement: This is a new type of cement made from natural ingredients like
bacteria or enzymes. It's still under development, but it has the potential to become a
significant competitor in the future, particularly for non-structural applications like
sidewalks.

Carbon Sequestration Cements: These cements capture carbon dioxide as they're

being produced, which helps reduce their overall environmental impact. This offers a
different approach to reducing the environmental impact compared to seashell cement.

Prefabricated Building Materials: These are pre-made building components, often made
from wood or bamboo. They're good for the environment, but they can't be used for
everything that concrete can be used for. Prefabricated materials could be seen as
indirect competitors, especially for applications where high strength isn't crucial.

Competitive Strengths of Seashell Cement:

Environmentally Friendly: Seashell cement offers a significant environmental

advantage by reducing waste. Traditionally, seashells often end up in landfills. Seashell
cement utilizes these seashells as a raw material, diverting them from landfills and
potentially creating a new revenue stream for the seafood industry. Furthermore,
compared to traditional cement production, seashell cement production is associated
with lower greenhouse gas emissions, making it a more sustainable construction
material choice.

Cost-Effective: Depending on the location and processing costs involved, seashells

might be a readily available and potentially lower-cost alternative to some of the raw
materials used in traditional cement production. This could translate to cost benefits for
seashell cement compared to some other options. However, it's important to conduct
thorough research to determine the actual cost competitiveness in a specific region.

Improved Performance: While more research is needed, some studies suggest that
seashell cement might offer potential benefits in areas like adsorption. Adsorption
refers to the process of a gas or liquid clinging to the surface of a solid. Improved
adsorption properties could be advantageous for specific applications.

Competitive Weaknesses of Seashell Cement:

New Technology: Seashell cement is a relatively new technology compared to
established options like traditional Portland cement. The construction industry can be
conservative and hesitant to adopt new materials due to concerns about performance
and reliability. Overcoming this skepticism will require establishing a proven track
record through rigorous testing and successful implementation in real-world construction
projects.

Lower Strength: While seashell cement shows promise, it might have limitations in
overall strength compared to traditional cement. This could restrict its suitability for
certain structural applications where high strength is essential. Identifying appropriate
applications where the potential strength limitations are less critical will be crucial for
market adoption.

Market Awareness: Raising awareness about seashell cement and its advantages
among construction companies, architects, and engineers is critical for its success.
Educational efforts and clear communication highlighting the environmental benefits and
potential cost-effectiveness can help overcome initial hesitations and encourage wider
adoption.

Standardization and Quality Control: Establishing consistent quality and performance

metrics is essential for gaining market trust in seashell cement. Developing clear
standards for production and implementing rigorous quality control measures will be
crucial for ensuring consistent performance and reliability.

Key Strategies for Differentiation:

Focus on Environmental Benefits: Effectively communicate the environmental

advantages of seashell cement. Highlight its role in waste reduction and its lower
carbon footprint compared to traditional options. Emphasize how seashell cement
contributes to sustainable construction practices.

Target Specific Applications: Identify construction projects where sustainability is a

priority, and where the potential strength limitations of seashell cement might be less
critical. Focusing on these specific applications can help establish a foothold in the
market and demonstrate the viability of seashell cement.

Partnerships: Collaborate with construction companies, research institutions, and

regulatory bodies to gain wider acceptance for seashell cement. Partnerships can
facilitate project development, market penetration, and the development of industry
standards for seashell cement production and use.

Life Cycle Analysis: Conduct studies to demonstrate the overall environmental and
economic benefits of seashell cement throughout its entire life cycle. This includes
analyzing the environmental impact of production, transportation, use, and potential
end-of-life scenarios. A comprehensive life cycle analysis can provide valuable data to
support the case for seashell cement as a sustainable construction material.

By addressing these challenges and effectively communicating its benefits, seashell

cement has the potential to carve out a significant niche in the growing green
construction sector.

Additional Considerations:

Regional competitors: Depending on your location, there might be regional players

focusing on alternative types of cement made from locally available materials.
Researching construction trends and companies in your specific area could reveal
additional competitors.

Future competitors: Keep an eye on emerging technologies in sustainable construction

materials. Innovations happening in university labs today could become mainstream
competitors in the coming years.

By understanding the competitive landscape across both direct and indirect categories,
your project can develop strategies to differentiate seashell cement and position it for
success in the growing green construction sector.

Competitive Landscape Analysis:

Seashell cement enters a booming sustainable construction materials market driven by
environmental concerns, stricter regulations, and technological advancements. While
established alternatives exist, seashell cement offers unique waste reduction and
potentially cost-effective advantages. However, overcoming skepticism due to it being
new in the construction landscape, potential limitations in strength, and lack of market
awareness requires a focus on demonstrating performance, highlighting environmental
benefits, targeting specific applications, and forging strategic partnerships to establish
seashell cement as a viable option in the green construction sector.
MARKETING STRATEGIES

The strategic development and execution of outreach and communication plans for a
construction company or firm is known as construction marketing. This includes a range
of sectors, including infrastructure projects and services for residential, commercial, or
industrial buildings. Acquiring contracts for construction projects, building relationships
with current clients, attracting new ones, and establishing brand recognition are the key
goals of construction marketing.

So why is marketing so important in the construction industry? According to Finances

Online, the world's construction market is expected to grow significantly and cross the
$8 trillion mark by 2030. This increase is expected to continue on its current upward
trend, with a significant chunk of it taking place in different companies.

Construction companies benefit from marketing since it allows them to grow and add
additional employees. When several businesses are doing the same tasks, effective
marketing can help a company stand out by showcasing its unique assets, such as its
technological prowess, experience, and completed projects.

These are a few major marketing issues that construction firms may encounter:

● Lacking sufficient knowledge about the company's marketing.

● Being unable to afford digital marketing concepts.
● Confusing sales with marketing.
● Consideration of other aspects of the business is inadequate due to an excessive
focus on production.
● Encountering difficulties utilizing new technologies in the building sector.

Building information modeling and 3D printing are two other cutting-edge digital
concepts that may simplify building. The safety of contractors and employees on
building sites may also be improved by the use of these new technologies.
CONCLUSION

In Conclusion, this study serves up clear goals and specific guidelines for contorting
seashells into cement production with measurable outcomes. By addressing waste
management concerns and investigating alternatives to traditional cement provide
sustainable solutions for the construction industry through finding replacements for such
activity. Through extensive market research and systematic empirical study of the
effects on cement performance when organic matter from sea shells linked to it is
added, the researcher wants to establish measurable proof that sea shell-enhanced
material confers advantages. Purposeful marketing and proof-based demonstrations will
facilitate greater awareness and uptake of these new techniques in a variety of
industrial sectors. If successful, fulfilling these aims will mean the future widespread use
of an eco-friendly type of sea shell-made cement, improving building construction.
RECOMMENDATION

Develop a comprehensive marketing strategy aimed at promoting the adoption of sea

shell-enhanced cement within the construction industry. This strategy should emphasize

the environmental benefits, such as waste reduction and sustainability, as well as the

proven advantages in cement performance demonstrated through empirical studies.

Key components of the strategy should include targeted advertising campaigns,

partnerships with industry influencers, and educational initiatives to raise awareness

about the benefits of sea-shell-based cement. Additionally, prioritize establishing

partnerships with key stakeholders in the construction sector to facilitate the widespread

adoption of this eco-friendly alternative. By effectively communicating the advantages

and providing evidence-based demonstrations, this strategy will contribute to the

increased uptake of sea-shell-made cement, leading to a more sustainable future for the

construction industry.
REFERENCES

Anil, V. (2018). Investigating possibilities for using sea shell on compressive strength

properties of concrete. International Journal of Engineering & Technology.

https://www.academia.edu/92306717/Investigating_possibilities_for_using_sea_shell_o

n_compressive_strength_properties_of_concrete

Li, T., Xin, R., Wang, D., Yuan, L., Wu, D., & Wu, X. (2023). Research Progress on the

Applications of Seashell Adsorption Behaviors in Cement-Based Materials. Buildings,

13(5), 1289. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13051289

Soto, C. (2023, November 13). Construction Marketing: 12 Strategies to Grow Your

Business. OpenAsset. https://openasset.com/blog/construction-marketing/

(PDF) A review on seashells ash as partial cement replacement. (n.d.). ResearchGate.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321659334_A_review_on_seashells_ash_as_

partial_cement_replacement