Beaconhouse School System

Secondary Section - Main Campus Multan

Name: ______________________________ Class/Section:_______________________

Subject: ________________________ Date: ______________________________
Reinforcement Worksheet
Topics: Pressure, Kinetic Particle Model and Specific Heat Capacity
1 An African elephant has a mass of 6000 kg and each of its four feet has an area of 0.20 m2.
The gravitational field strength g is 9.8 N / kg.
What is the average pressure due to the elephant when it is standing stationary on all four feet on
level ground?

A 7.5 kPa B 30 kPa C 74 kPa D 290 kPa

2 Which row describes the shape and the volume of a liquid at constant temperature?

shape volume

A fixed fixed
B fixed not fixed
C not fixed fixed
D not fixed not fixed

3 Which row shows how the forces and the distances between the particles in a solid generally
compare with the forces and distances in a liquid?

forces between distances between

particles in a solid particles in a solid

A stronger greater
B stronger smaller
C weaker greater
D weaker smaller

4 What is a property of both liquids and gases?

A They always fill their containers. C They can flow.

B They are incompressible. D They have particles in fixed positions.

5 Some gas is trapped in a large syringe.

syringe
pressure gauge

The atmospheric pressure is 100 kPa. The gas pressure is 200 kPa above atmospheric pressure.
The piston moves outwards and the volume of the trapped gas doubles. The temperature
remains constant.

What is the new gas pressure?

A 100 kPa B 150 kPa C 200 kPa D 400 kPa Page 1

6 In an experiment, the volume of a gas in a cylinder is measured as the pressure of the gas is
increased.
gas

cylinder
piston

The values obtained are shown.

pressure P / Pa 1.0  105 2.0  105 3.0  105 4.0  105

volume V / m3 20  10–5 10  10–5 6.0  10–5 4.0  10–5

What is a possible explanation for these results?

A After the pressure is doubled, gas starts leaking into the cylinder.
B After the pressure is doubled, gas starts leaking out of the cylinder.
C The temperature of the gas is constant.
D The temperature of the gas is increasing.

7 The diagrams show examples of thermal expansion.

P Q
lid hair dryer

glass
container

expansion of liquid in a thermometer expansion of a tight lid on a glass container

roof metal beams

fixed end free end

walls on rollers

expansion of the long metal beams supporting a roof

In which diagrams is the thermal expansion useful?

A P, Q and R B P and Q only C P only D Q and R only

8 Solid metals are good thermal conductors.

How closely packed are their particles and do the metals contain free electrons?

contains
packing of particles
free electrons

A close together no
B close together yes
C far apart no
D far apart yes Page 2
 9 A man finds it difficult to hammer a wooden post into the ground.
How could he make the post go in more easily?

A Make the bottom of the post pointed. C Use a longer post.

B Make the top of the post pointed. D Use a wider post.

10 Which diagram shows the names of the changes of state that correspond to the directions of the
arrows?

freezing evaporating melting condensing

A solid liquid gas B solid liquid gas

melting condensing freezing evaporating

freezing condensing melting evaporating

C solid liquid gas D solid liquid gas
melting evaporating freezing condensing

11 A sealed cylinder containing gas is left in direct sunlight.

Eventually the cylinder explodes.
How is this explained in terms of the behaviour of the gas particles?

A Each particle gets bigger and they collide with each other more often.
B Each particle gets bigger and they collide harder with the cylinder.
C The particles gain kinetic energy and hit the cylinder harder and more often.
D The particles lose kinetic energy and they hit the cylinder harder and more often.

12 A gas is trapped inside a cylinder by a movable piston. The length of the gas column is 20 cm and
the pressure inside the cylinder is p.
50 cm

gas at initial
pressure p

20 cm
original position
of piston
The piston is pulled out a distance of 30 cm, so that the length of the gas column is now 50 cm.
The temperature of the gas does not change.
What is the new pressure of the gas?
A 0.40 p B 0.60 p C 1.5 p D 2.5 p

13 A gas is stored in a sealed container of constant volume. The temperature of the gas increases.
This causes the pressure of the gas to increase.

What happens to the gas molecules during this pressure increase?

A The average kinetic energy of the molecules increases.

B The average separation of the molecules decreases.
C The average separation of the molecules increases.
D The volume of each molecule increases.

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14 Pot X and pot Y are both in a cool room.
Pot X contains hot water below its boiling point.
Pot Y is identical to pot X but contains water that is kept boiling by a hotplate underneath it.

kitchen hotplate of
pot X pot Y
surface a cooker

What happens to the average kinetic energy of the particles in the liquid water in pot X and to the
average kinetic energy of the particles in the liquid water in pot Y?

kinetic energy of kinetic energy of

liquid particles in X liquid particles in Y

A decreases increases
B decreases does not change
C stays the same increases
D stays the same does not change

15 The diagram shows a quantity of gas enclosed in a cylinder by a piston.

moves to the left

gas

moves to the right

cylinder piston
The piston is moved to the left or to the right. The temperature of the gas is kept constant.
Which row describes the effect of moving the piston slowly in the direction shown in the table?
movement speed of gas pressure
of piston molecules of gas

A to the left increases decreases

B to the left no change increases
C to the right increases decreases
D to the right no change increases

16 A sealed gas cylinder is left outside on a hot, sunny day.

What happens to the average speed of the gas molecules and to the pressure of the gas in the
cylinder as the temperature of the gas rises?

average speed of pressure of gas in

gas molecules cylinder

A decreases decreases
B decreases increases
C increases decreases
D increases increases
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17 Two states of matter are described as follows.
In state 1, the molecules are very far apart. They move about very quickly at random in straight
lines until they hit something.
In state 2, the molecules are quite closely packed together. They move about at random. They do
not have fixed positions.
What is state 1 and what is state 2?

state 1 state 2

A gas
as liquid
B gas
as solid
C liquid
iqu gas

D solid
olid liquid

18 The diagrams represent the molecules in two different states of matter. The arrows show the
motion of the molecules. molecule

state 1 state 2
What is state 1, and what is state 2?

state 1 state 2

A gas
as liquid
B gas
as solid
C liquid
iqu gas

D liquid
iqu solid

19 The diagram represents molecules of gas moving in a container.

What happens to the gas molecules when the
temperature of the gas increases?
A They move more quickly. C They vibrate more quickly.
B They move more slowly. D They vibrate more slowly.

20 Which graph shows the relationship between the pressure and the volume of the gas?

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 1 (a) Explain, in terms of molecules, why it is possible to compress a gas, but not a liquid.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

2 (a) State what happens to the molecules of a gas in a sealed container when the temperature of
the gas is increased.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) A quantity of gas is contained in a sealed container of fixed volume. The temperature of the
gas is increased.

State, in terms of molecules, two reasons why the pressure of the gas increases.

1. .....................................................................................................................................

2. ..................................................................................................................................... [2]

3
(c) A helium-filled weather balloon is held at ground level. The volume of the balloon is 4800 m .
The pressure of the helium is 98 kPa.
3
The balloon is released and rises to a height where the volume of the balloon is 7200 m .
(i) Calculate the new pressure of the helium. Assume that the temperature stays constant.

pressure = ................................................................. [2]

(ii) Suggest why it may be necessary to release helium from the balloon as it rises even
higher.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [1]

3 (a) (i) State two ways in which the molecular structure of a liquid is different from the molecular
structure of a solid.

1. .......................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2. .......................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

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 4 A teacher shows a class examples of three states of matter. These are a solid metal block resting
on the bench, a liquid in a glass beaker and a gas in a clear balloon in the laboratory.

Fig. 4.1a represents the arrangement of molecules in the solid.

solid liquid gas

Fig. 4.1a Fig. 4.1b Fig. 4.1c

(a) (i) Complete Fig. 4.1b, to show the arrangement of molecules in the liquid.
(ii) Complete Fig. 4.1c, to show the arrangement of molecules in the gas.
[3]

(b) (i) In the list below, draw a ring around the state of matter that is the easiest to compress.

the solid the liquid the gas

[1]

(ii) In terms of its molecules, explain why this state of matter is the easiest to compress.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [2]
5 Fig. 2.1 shows a cylinder containing gas compressed by the movement of a piston.
compressed gas

final position of piston

cylinder

initial position of piston

Fig. 2.1
Initially the volume of the gas was 470 cm3. The piston moves up and compresses the gas to a
volume of 60 cm3. The whole arrangement is left for some time until the gas cools to its original
temperature. The pressure of the gas is now 800 kPa.
(a) Calculate the initial pressure of the gas.

pressure = .........................................................[3]
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(b) Explain, in terms of molecules, the effect on the pressure of the gas if it was not given time to
cool to its original temperature.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[3]

(c) The area of the piston is 5.5 × 10–3 m2 (0.0055 m2).

Calculate the force exerted by the gas on the piston when the pressure is 800 kPa.

force = ......................................................... [2]

6 When the temperature of a liquid increases, the kinetic energy of its particles increases and the
liquid expands.
(a) Explain, by referring to particles, why a liquid expands when heated.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]
7 Fig. 5.1 shows the particles (molecules) in a sample of liquid water.

Fig. 5.1

(a) Explain, using ideas about particles, why liquids expand more than solids for the same
temperature rise.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) The boiling point of water is 100 °C.

(i) State the boiling point of water on the Kelvin scale of temperature.

boiling point = ...................................................... K [1]

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 (ii) The temperature remains constant as water turns from liquid to gas at the boiling point.
Explain, in terms of particles, why energy must be provided even though the temperature
stays constant.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) An electric heater is used to heat a sample of metal, as shown in Fig. 5.2. There is no thermal
energy transferred from the metal to the surroundings during the heating.

thermometer electric heater

sample of metal

Fig. 5.2

The metal has a mass of 200 g and is initially at 15 °C.

The heater is switched on for 2.0 minutes and then switched off. The maximum temperature
reached by the metal is 40 °C.

The power of the heater is 20 W.

Calculate the specific heat capacity of the metal.

Show your working.

specific heat capacity = ........................................... J /(g °C) [3]

Page 9
8 When the temperature of a liquid increases, the kinetic energy of its particles increases and the
liquid expands.

(a) Explain, by referring to particles, why a liquid expands when heated.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) The heater in a kettle is near to the base of the kettle. The kettle is filled with water at a
temperature of 17 °C and the heater is switched on.
The kettle contains 2.5 kg of water at standard atmospheric pressure.
The specific heat capacity of water is 4200 J / (kg °C).
When the water reaches its boiling temperature, the kettle switches off.
Calculate the increase in the internal energy of the water.

increase in internal energy = ...................................................... J [3]

9 (a) A student pushes a drawing pin into a wooden board, as shown in Fig. 4.1.

drawing pin

wooden board
finger

Fig. 4.1
The area of the pin in contact with the finger is 5.0 × 10−5 m2. The student pushes downwards
with a force of 26 N.
The mass of the drawing pin is very small.

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 (ii) Compare the force exerted by the finger on the drawing pin with the force exerted by the
drawing pin on the wooden board.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) Explain why the drawing pin goes into the wooden board but not into the finger.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) Fig. 4.2 shows water emerging from a plastic bag that contains a number of small holes.

Fig. 4.2

(i) Explain why the water emerges from each hole in a direction at right angles to the surface
of the bag.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) The holes at A and B are the same size.

Explain why the water emerges faster from the hole at A than from the hole at B.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

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