Experiment 1: Feedback Amplifier

Objective: To investigate the effect of negative feedback on the gain of an amplifier.

Materials tools and equipment required:

● Capacitors (22μF, 22μF, 100μF)

● Resistors (1KΩ, 1KΩ, 4.7KΩ, 100Ω, 100Ω)

● Connecting wires

● Oscilloscope

● Function generator

● Transistor

● Voltage supply (15V)

Circuit Diagram: (Refer to the original circuit diagram in the report)

Tasks:

1. Open Loop Gain Analysis: Measure the gain without feedback.

Figure 1: 𝑉𝑝𝑝=12𝑉Vpp=12V (gain without feedback) Frequency: 𝑓=1.05283𝑘𝐻𝑧

2. Closed Loop Gain Analysis: Measure the gain with feedback.

Figure 1.1: 𝑉𝑝𝑝=8.88𝑉Vpp=8.88V (gain with feedback) Frequency: 𝑓=1.05283𝑘𝐻𝑧f=1.05283kHz

3. Feedback Factor Calculation:

Feedback factor (𝛽β) is given by 𝛽=𝑉𝑓𝐼𝑜β=IoVf, Since 𝑉𝑓=𝐼𝑜⋅𝑅3Vf=Io⋅R3, 𝛽=𝑅3=100β=R3=100

Procedures:

1. First constructed the circuit shown in the figure below. We made the circuit quiescent.

2. Next connected the voltage supply to the collector.

3. Then connected the input with a function generator and oscilloscope.

4. And measured the output voltage with and without the feedback network.

5. Finally recorded our results.

Discussion:

Its benefits are the following:

1. Gain sensitivity: Variations in the circuit transfer function (gain) as a result of changes in transistor
parameters are reduced by feedback. This reduction in sensitivity is one of the most attractive features
of negative feedback.

2. Bandwidth extension: The bandwidth of a circuit that incorporates negative feedback is larger than
that of the basic amplifier.

3. Noise sensitivity: Negative feedback may increase the signal-to-noise ratio if noise is generated within
the feedback loop.

4. Reduction of nonlinear distortion: Since transistors have nonlinear characteristics, distortion may
appear in the output signals, especially at large signal levels. Negative feedback reduces this distortion.

5. Control of impedance levels: The input and output impedances can be increased or decreased with
the proper type of negative feedback circuit.

Its shortcomings are the following:

1. Circuit gain: The overall amplifier gain, with negative feedback, is reduced compared to the basic
amplifier used in the circuit.

2. Stability: There is a possibility that the feedback circuit may become unstable (oscillate) at high
frequencies.

Conclusion: The voltage gain without feedback is higher than the voltage gain with feedback, indicating
that negative feedback reduces the gain of the amplifier.
Experiment 2: Differential Amplifier

Objectives:

● To understand the operation of differential amps

● To obtain measured values of differential mode gain (As), Common mode gain (Ao), and

Common mode rejection ratio (CMRR).

● To understand single input and double input operation of differential amplifiers.

Materials tools and equipment required

● Resistors (1KΩ, 1KΩ, 1KΩ, 10KΩ, 10KΩ)

● Connecting wires

● Oscilloscope

● Function generator

● Transistor (2)

● Voltage supply (15V,-15V)

Procedure:

1. Construct the circuit as shown in the provided diagram (Figure 1).

2. Measure the DC values of 𝑉𝐶1, 𝑉𝐶2, 𝑉𝐸, 𝐼𝐵1, 𝐼𝐵2, and 𝐼𝐸.

3. Measure the differential gain (using only one input) and the common-mode gain (both inputs
connected to the same source).

4. Sketch all waveforms (𝑉𝑖𝑛1Vin1, 𝑉𝑖𝑛2Vin2, 𝑉𝐶1VC1, and 𝑉𝐶2VC2) for each input condition,
including DC levels, peak-to-peak voltages, and relative phase information.

5. Using the measured data, calculate 𝐴𝑣𝑐𝑚Avcm, 𝐴𝑣𝑑𝑚Avdm, and CMRR.

 Input Conditions and Measurements:

Input Condition 𝑉𝑖𝑛1Vin1 𝑉𝑖𝑛2Vin2 𝑉𝐶1VC1 𝑉𝐶2VC2 𝑉𝑂VO 𝑉𝐶1−𝑉𝐶2VC1−VC2

Differential Mode 1 4V 2V 2.36V 2.44V 4.8V -0.08V

Differential Mode 2 2V 4V 2.44V 2.46V 4.82V -0.02V

Common Mode 4V 4V 2.46V 2.44V 4.8V 0.02V

Figure: 𝑉𝑖𝑛1Vin1 and

𝑉𝑖𝑛2 Vin2 at 2V

Figure: 𝑉𝑖𝑛1Vin1 and 𝑉𝑖𝑛2Vin2 at 4V

Discussion:
The differential gain of the amplifiers can be calculated using the formula: 𝑉𝑜=𝐴(𝑉1−𝑉2) Vo
=Ad(V1−V2). The common mode gain is given by: 𝑉𝑜=𝐴𝑑𝑉𝑑+𝐴𝐶𝑉𝐶Vo=AdVd+ACVC when 𝐴𝑑=0Ad=0.
Performing these calculations, we obtain the following values:

Input Condition Gain

1st Differential Mode 14.6

2nd Differential Mode -14.7

3rd Common Mode 7.5

To calculate the differential gain, 𝐴𝑑=𝑉𝑜𝑉𝑖𝑛1−𝑉𝑖𝑛2Ad=Vin1−Vin2Vo. In the first differential mode,

𝑉𝑖𝑛1−𝑉𝑖𝑛2Vin1−Vin2 is positive, so 𝑉𝑖𝑛1>𝑉𝑖𝑛2Vin1>Vin2. Therefore, 𝑉𝑖𝑛1Vin1 is called the non-
inverting input because a positive 𝑉𝑖𝑛1Vin1 produces a positive output voltage. In the second
differential mode, 𝑉𝑖𝑛1−𝑉𝑖𝑛2Vin1−Vin2 is negative, so 𝑉𝑖𝑛2>𝑉𝑖𝑛1Vin2>Vin1. Hence, 𝑉𝑖𝑛2Vin2 is called
the inverting input because a positive 𝑉𝑖𝑛2Vin2 produces a negative output voltage.

When calculating the common mode gain, 𝐴𝑑=0Ad=0 because 𝑉𝑖𝑛1−𝑉𝑖𝑛2=0Vin1−Vin2=0. Thus, we use
the formula 𝑉𝑜=𝐴𝐶𝑉𝐶Vo=ACVC where 𝑉𝐶VC is the common mode signal (average), which is
12(𝑉𝑖𝑛1+𝑉𝑖𝑛2)=421(Vin1+Vin2)=4. Therefore, 𝐴𝐶AC is 304=7.5430=7.5.

The CMRR (Common Mode Rejection Ratio) is calculated using the formula: CMRR=𝐴𝑑𝐴𝐶CMRR=ACAd.
CMRR measures how effectively the differential amplifier rejects common mode signals relative to
differential signals.

Input Condition CMRR

1st Differential Mode 1.947

2nd Differential Mode 5.78 dB

(Note: CMRR(dB)=20log⁡(CMRR)=5.78 dBC MRR(dB)=20log(CMRR)=5.78 dB).

Conclusion: A differential amplifier amplifies the voltage difference between two input terminals while
rejecting any voltage common to both. Conversely, a common-mode amplifier amplifies the voltage
common to both terminals.