Review of Related Literature and Studies

Bacillus bacterial cells are a type of species that is prevalent in the environment.
This species is a large, aerobic, endospore-forming, rod-shaped, gram-positive bacteria.
Endospore-forming means that they have the potential to generate endospores, which
are durable, protective structures that develop in response to environmental stress.
Endospores are extremely resistant to ultraviolet light (UV), heat, chemical disinfectants,
and heat. Based on an article made by U.S Micro Solutions (2021), the large majority of
these microorganisms are relatively nontoxic and found in soil, air, dust, and trash. Also,
a lot of Bacillus species have been classified as belonging to different genera, including
Paenibacillus, Brevibacillus, Geobacillus, and Lysinibacillus. In addition to that, Bacillus
species are the most prevalent bacteria responsible for pharmaceutical microbiological
contamination. They can infiltrate cleanrooms through poorly filtered air, personnel
clothes and shoes, and incoming items. Bacillus spores may be found in material
packaging, particularly cardboard. Germicidal agents such as quaternary ammonium
compounds, phenolics, and isopropyl alcohol are ineffective against bacterial spores.
On the other hand, as stated in an article created by animicrobe.org (2017), bacteria in
the bacillus genus have major scientific applications. Various enzymes, antibiotics, and
other metabolites are used in medicine, agriculture, pharmaceuticals, and other
industries. An example of this is the Lactobacillus casei Shirota Strain. This is a strain
that can be found in the Yakult drink. This bacillus strain can enhance digestion as well
as boost immunity by enhancing the activity of natural killer cells, which target viruses
and cancer cells. Also, Bacillus strains have been used as biological controls in
antibiotic and other experiments. This includes bacitracin by B. licheniformis or B.
subtilis, polymyxin by B. polymyxa, and gramicidin by B. brevis (animicrobe.org, 2017).

Salmonella Typhi, a microorganism that belongs to the bacillus species, is small,

Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic rod-shaped bacteria that can thrive at
temperatures ranging from 5 to 45°C. that infect both the intestine and the blood. An
Individual who will ingest this bacterium will experiences headaches, fever, loss of
appetite, stomach pain, weakness Diarrhea and Constipation. This is known as typhoid
fever and this disease tormented developing countries for decades. According to an
article from Science Direct (2021), S. Typhi is transmitted by food and/or water
contaminated with fecal material from affected people. This initially enter enterocytes or
M cells in the small intestine, but subsequently spread to macrophages throughout the
body. Eventually, this bacterium will infiltrate the gallbladder and will cause a persistent
infection in 2–5% of individuals. Based on the data gathered by World Health
Organization (WHO), Every year, approximately 11–20 million people become infected
with typhoid fever, and somewhere between 128 000 and 161 000 people die as a
result of it. In addition to that, the risk of typhoid is increased among groups that do not
have access to safe drinking water and proper sanitation. People living in poverty and
vulnerable groups, including children, are particularly susceptible.
References:

Ashurst, J. et al. (2021, August 12). Salmonella Typhi. National Center for

Biotechnology Information. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519002/

Encyclopedia Britannica. (2020, May 7). Bacillus. Britannica.

https://www.britannica.com/science/bacillus-bacteria

Science Direct. (2021). Salmonella typhi.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/

salmonella-typhi

Tuazon, C. (2017). Bacillus Species. Antimicrobe. http://www.antimicrobe.org/b82.asp

U.S. Micro Solutions Inc. (2021). Bacillus Species. https://www.usmslab.com/bacillus-

species/

World Health Organization. (2018, January 31). Typhoid. https://www.who.int/news-

room/fact-sheets/detail/typhoid

Yakult Philippines Incorporated. (2019). Facts.

https://www.yakult.com.ph/facts#:~:text=One%20milliliter%20of%20Yakult

%20contains,live%20Lactobacillus%20casei%20strain%20Shirota.