ECLIPSES

M. YAZDAN ZUHAD
INTRODUCTION:
SYZYGY:
In astronomy, syzygy is a straight-line configuration of three celestial
bodies in a gravitational system.
ECLIPSE:
An obscuring of the light from one celestial body by the passage of
another between it and the observer or between it and its source of
illumination.
• Synonyms:
Blocking, covering, obscuring, hiding, veiling, darkening, occultation.
M. YAZDAN ZUHAD
THE MOON’s SHADOW
If you want to see a solar eclipse, you must be in the path of the Moon's
shadow, which has 3 distinct parts:
Umbra: The innermost and darkest part of the Moon's shadow. The Sun's
light is blocked in places on Earth where the umbra falls. The Sun's disc is
not visible anymore.
Penumbra: The outermost and the lightest part of the Moon's shadow. Only
part of the Sun's light is blocked in places on Earth where the Moon's
penumbra falls. The Sun's disc is partly visible.
Antumbra: The Moon's antumbra lies beyond the umbra. It appears with
the growing distance from the Moon. From Earth, the Moon appears smaller
and cannot completely block the Sun, so the Sun's outer rim is still seen.
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EARTH’s THREE SHADOWS

The Earth's shadow can be divided into three parts:

Penumbra - the outer part.

Umbra - darker, central part.
Antumbra - a partly shaded area beyond the umbra.

M. YAZDAN ZUHAD
WHEN ECLIPSE OCCURS?

An eclipse takes place when one heavenly body such as

a moon or planet moves into the shadow of another
heavenly body. There are two types of eclipses on
Earth: an eclipse of the moon (lunar eclipse) and an
eclipse of the sun (solar eclipse).

M. YAZDAN ZUHAD
SOLAR ECLIPSE

M. YAZDAN ZUHAD
SOLAR ECLIPSE
An eclipse in which the sun is obscured by the Moon.
As seen from the Earth, a solar eclipse is a type of eclipse that occurs
when the Moon passes between the Sun and Earth, and the Moon fully
or partially blocks ("occults") the Sun. This can happen only at New
Moon, when the Sun and the Moon are in conjunction as seen from
Earth in an alignment referred to as syzygy.

TYPES OF SOLAR ECLIPSES:

There are 3 types of solar eclipses: total, annular & partial eclipses.
There is also a rare hybrid eclipse that is a combination of two
eclipses. M. YAZDAN ZUHAD
TOTAL SOLAR ECLIPSE
A total solar eclipse takes place when the Sun becomes completely
covered by the moon.
In a total solar eclipse, the moon, in its elliptical orbit, passes
between the Sun and the Earth at a point where it is also quite close to
the Earth. As this occurs, a shadow is cast upon the Earth’s surface. The
umbral part of the moon’s shadow is the area where the Sun is
completely blocked off by the moon. The moon appears close enough to
the Earth during a total solar eclipse and observers within the umbra
will witness a total eclipse of the Sun where the Sun’s face is totally
blocked off by the moon.
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INTRODUCTION:

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PARTIAL SOLAR ECLIPSE
A partial solar eclipse occurs when only part of the Sun is covered by the
Moon which appears to take a “bite” out of the Sun. This is the general
appearance of a partial eclipse.
Partial eclipses occur when the umbral shadow of the Moon misses the
Earth and only its penumbral shadow falls on the Earth’s surface. In this
case, the umbral shadow will either pass over the north or south poles of
the Earth. Note that the area of the Earth that falls within the area of the
penumbra will experience the partial eclipse.
Within the penumbral area, the Sun is partly covered and there is dim light
of varying degrees. Observers within the area of the penumbra and close to
the umbra will see the Sun almost covered while observers at the edge of
the penumbra will see a crescent Sun.
M. YAZDAN ZUHAD
PARTIAL SOLAR ECLIPSE
A partial eclipse begins occurring with the onset of the First
Contact and the onset of the Third Contact of a total eclipse
where it looks like the crescent Sun. A partial eclipse also
always accompanies a total eclipse, falling over a larger area
of the Earth’s surface. This is due to the penumbra always
surrounding the umbra.
Observers outside the path of totality or annularity during a
total or annular eclipse may also experience a partial
eclipse.
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ANNULAR ECLIPSE
An annular eclipse occurs when the Sun’s center is covered by the moon,
leaving its edges left uncovered, producing a ring (or annulus) of the Sun around
its edges.
Annular eclipses occur when the moon appears smaller than the Sun.
The Moon and its elliptical orbit is further from the Earth and its umbra is too
short to reach the Earth. But the moon is located exactly in front of the Sun.
This enables the umbral area below to observe the centre of the Sun covered,
leaving a ring (an annulus) of the Sun visible around the edges of the moon.
Observers in the penumbral area witness a normal partial eclipse instead.
In an annular eclipse, you don't get to see any of the "special effects" of a total
eclipse, such as the corona, or diamond ring effect. The thin sliver peeking
around the moon is far too bright to allow this. M. YAZDAN ZUHAD
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HYBRID ECLIPSE:
The Hybrid eclipse is a fairly rare event, which changes from
an annular to a total solar eclipse along its path. A hybrid
eclipse, is one which is seen as annular by observers in one
part of the Earth, and at the same time, is seen as a total
eclipse by others in another part of the Earth.
The moon is merely far enough from the Earth but the umbra
cannot reach the sides of the Earth. As eclipse takes place,
the middle part of the Earth will see a total eclipse.
Observers in the outer parts of the eclipse track will witness
an annular eclipse. M. YAZDAN ZUHAD
HYBRID ECLIPSE:
The eclipse is annular when it begins and ends. However, as a result of
the curvature of the Earth’s surface, the apparent size of the moon
increases in size till it is just enough to produce a total eclipse.
As the eclipse path continues to move on, the umbra does not need to
travel far to reach the Earth, and is also just long enough to reach the
center which faces the moon directly.
The eclipse remains a total eclipse till the end of the eclipse when it
will develop into an annular eclipse again.
Hybrid eclipses always have short duration of the annular and total
eclipse phases.
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 DECIDING FACTORS FOR THE TYPE OF
SOLAR ECLIPSE TO OCCUR:
The type of eclipse that does occur depends on several things. First, if the eclipse
happens when the sun is further from the node, it is more likely that the eclipse
will be a partial one. In this type of eclipse, the dark umbra passes above the
North Pole or below the South Pole, never touching the earth. All we ever see is
part of the sun covered.
There's another variable, though. Remember that the orbits of the earth and moon
are not perfect circles, but rather ellipses. Note that in the diagram (again wildly
out of scale), the earth is sometimes closer to the sun and sometimes farther. The
same is true for the moon-sometimes it's closer to the earth and sometimes it's
farther. See the table below:
CLOSEST DISTANCE FARTHEST DISTANCE
SUN 147,101,455 km 152,098,155 km
MOON 356,749 km 406,282 km
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 DECIDING FACTORS FOR THE TYPE OF
SOLAR ECLIPSE TO OCCUR:

M. YAZDAN ZUHAD
 DECIDING FACTORS FOR THE TYPE OF
SOLAR ECLIPSE TO OCCUR:
As you can see, both the sun and the moon change their distances quite
significantly. The moon changes by about 14%, and we vary our distance to
the sun by about 3%. Because of this, the sun and moon look bigger
sometimes and smaller at other times. If we're far from the sun so that it
looks smaller, and close to the moon so it looks bigger, the moon will be able
to cover over the entire face of the sun as seen from earth, and we'll see a
total eclipse. If the opposite is true and we're close to the sun and far from
the moon, the moon will appear too small to cover the face of the sun.
In this case, it's like trying to cover a penny with a dime. You would see a
ring of copper penny sticking out on all sides of the dime. This happens with
the sun and moon. You see a ring of the sun shining around the edges of the
moon -- annular eclipse.
M. YAZDAN ZUHAD
 DECIDING FACTORS FOR THE TYPE OF
SOLAR ECLIPSE TO OCCUR:
POSITION OF EARTH POSITION OF MOON TYPE OF SOLAR ECLIPSE

APHELION PERIGEE
(minimum distance from TOTAL
(maximum distance from
Earth) Moon’s image
Sun) Sun image minimum
maximum

PERIHELION APOGEE
(minimum distance from (maximum distance from ANNULAR
Sun) Sun’s image maximum Earth) Moon’s image
minimum
M. YAZDAN ZUHAD
LUNAR ECLIPSE

M. YAZDAN ZUHAD
LUNAR ECLIPSE
An eclipse in which the moon appears darkened as it passes into the earth's
shadow.
A lunar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes directly behind the Earth into
its umbra (shadow). This can occur only when the sun, Earth and moon are
aligned (in "syzygy") exactly, or very closely so, with the Earth in the
middle. Hence, a lunar eclipse can occur only the night of a Full Moon. The
type and length of an eclipse depend upon the Moon's location relative to its
orbital nodes.

TYPES OF LUNAR ECLIPSES:

There are 3 types of lunar eclipses: total, partial, and penumbral
eclipses. M. YAZDAN ZUHAD
TOTAL LUNAR ECLIPSE
A total lunar eclipse occurs when the entire Moon passes
through the Earth’s umbral shadow. This total lunar eclipse
will show in deep orange colour that’s why it’s also called
Blood Moon.
The Super Blood Moon is the term which is used for the
phenomenon when the Moon lies at Perigee and at the same
time total lunar eclipse occurs.

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PARTIAL LUNAR ECLIPSE

A partial lunar eclipse occurs when a portion of the Moon

passes through Earth's umbral shadow. Depending on the size
of the eclipse, a dark red or rust colour, or simply a charcoal
grey may appear on the shadowed portion of the lunar
surface. This is due to the sharp contrast between it and the
brilliant part of the Moon that remains outside the umbra. We
can expect a similar visual effect during the partial phases
before and after a total lunar eclipse.
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PENUMBRAL ECLIPSE
A penumbral eclipse occurs when the Moon passes through Earth's
penumbral shadow. In this eclipse, none of the lunar surface is
completely shaded by Earth’s umbra. Instead, only the slightest dim
near the lunar limb closest to the umbra can be seen. Indeed, only
when at least half of the Moon enters the penumbra, then we can see
the penumbral lunar eclipse.
During a penumbral eclipse, an astronaut on the Moon’s surface would
see a partial solar eclipse, with the Earth blocking a portion of the
Sun’s disk. Whereas during partial and total lunar eclipses, he would
witness total solar eclipses, with the Earth masking the entire Sun,
including the corona, at maximum.
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LUNAR ORBIT INCLINATION
If the Moon were in a perfectly circular orbit, a little closer to the
Earth, and in the same orbital plane, there would be total solar & lunar
eclipses every single month. However, the Moon’s orbit is inclined
(titled) to the ecliptic by about 5.2° so its shadow at New Moon usually
misses Earth and the Earth’s shadow usually misses the Moon at Full
Moon.
The Moon's orbit is inclined with respect to the Earth’s orbit about the
Sun, so that occasionally (a couple of times a year) the Moon is exactly
lined up in space with the Sun and the Earth; when this happens, an
eclipse occurs. A solar eclipse happens at New Moon while a Lunar
Eclipse happens at Full Moon.
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MAGNITUDE OF ECLIPSES

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MAGNITUDE OF AN ECLIPSE
The magnitude of an eclipse is the fraction of the diameter of the disk
of the eclipsed body that is covered by the eclipsing body.
The magnitude of a solar eclipse is the fraction of the Sun's diameter
covered by the Moon.
The magnitude of a lunar eclipse is the fraction of the Moon's diameter
covered by Earth’s shadow. Because Earth casts 2 different shadows –
the umbra and the penumbra – there are 2 magnitudes associated with
lunar eclipses: the penumbral magnitude and the umbral magnitude.
The value of the magnitude of an eclipse – solar or lunar – is typically
expressed as a decimal fraction (e.g., 0.75).
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 MAGNITUDE OF SOLAR ECLIPSE

Annular or partial solar eclipses have a maximum magnitude

of less than 1. For total solar eclipses, the value is 1 or
greater.
The maximum magnitude of a hybrid eclipse changes
depending on the location. Some observers along the central
shadow's path see a total solar eclipse with a magnitude
greater than 1 while others experience an annular eclipse,
which has a magnitude below 1.

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 MAGNITUDE OF LUNAR ECLIPSE
There are 2 magnitudes associated with a lunar eclipse – an
umbral magnitude and a penumbral magnitude. The umbral
magnitude is the fraction of the Moon's diameter that is
covered by Earth's umbra at the instance of the greatest
eclipse.
A partial lunar eclipse has an umbral magnitude that is
greater than 0 and less than 1 while a total lunar
eclipse always has an umbral magnitude greater than 1.
A penumbral eclipse, on the other hand, has negative values
for its umbral magnitude. M. YAZDAN ZUHAD
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PLANETARY TRANSITS

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PLANET TRANSITS
When a planet comes between the Earth and the Sun, it is
called a transit. The only two planets that can be seen
transiting the Sun from Earth are Venus and Mercury, because
they are the only planets which orbit inside Earth's orbit.
From 2000–2099 (21st Century), there will be 14 transits of
Mercury. However, Venus transits are even rarer with only 2
this century, in 2004 and 2012.

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