Urs Fischer, You (2007),

excavation, gallery space,

1:3 scale replica of main
gallery space, dimensions
variable, Gavin Brown’s
Enterprise, New York

'You,' by Urs Fischer --

New York Magazine Art
Review - Nymag

Arta instalației și muzeul -

Bruce Altshuler | Idea artă
+ societate

Chris Burden, Exposing the Foundation of the Museum (1986/2019), three excavations of earth, installation view, MOCA, Los Angeles
Chris Burden | Gagosian
Cornelia Parker, Subconscious of a Monument, 2001–05. Installation view, Museum of Contemporary
Art Australia, 2019. Earth excavated from underneath Leaning Tower of Pisa (to stop it falling).
 The Maybe (1995)

Cornelia Parker, Cold Dark Matter: An Exploded View (1991).

Installation view, Museum of Contemporary Art Australia,
2019. Blown up garden shed and contents, wire, light bulb.
Cornelia Parker – Chisenhale Gallery

Cornelia Parker: 'I've always been happy to sleep with the

enemy' | Cornelia Parker | The Guardian
Why are Sol LeWitt’s wall drawings so influential? – Public Delivery

Sol LeWitt, Lines in Four Directions, Philadelphia Museum

of Art
 The idea is the machine that makes the work
of art.

Too large and it becomes grandiose and

rhetorical. Too small, and it becomes an
object. Sol LeWitt

Circle with Towers, 2005

White styrofoam on black wall, 1993

Sol LeWitt: Forms Derived from a Cube in Two and Three

Dimensions, and One Wall Work | Krakow Witkin Gallery
Daniel Buren: reimagining space through stripes | Financial Times (ft.com)

Beverly Pepper, Todi Columns at the Piazza del Popolo in Todi, Italy

Beverly Pepper, Sculptor

of Monumental Lightness,
Dies at 97 - The New York
Daniel Buren, Les Deux Plateaux (1986), Palais Royal Times (nytimes.com)

Daniel Buren's Rainbow Colored Forest (mymodernmet.com) Beverly Pepper, sculptor

of colossal forms, has
Daniel Buren – Philippe Parreno: Simultanément, travaux in situ died, aged 97 | The Art
et en mouvement at kamel mennour (galleriesnow.net) Newspaper
Artist Dani Karavan Erects Monuments in Sync with Nature (culturedmag.com)
Dani Karavan, Negev Monument, Israel (1968-1963)

"I wanted to create a place that people would love to come to in order to be there, to discover the place and through it the landscape and themselves -
to experience. I wanted to create a place where children would play and that memory would be mixed in life. I wanted to create an environment for
peace and not just for memory."
Dani Karavan, Memorial Passages Walter Benjamin
Dani Karavan, Pasarela Cergy-Pontoise
 Christo and Jeanne-Claude | The Umbrellas (christojeanneclaude.net)

“If you go through all of our images, they are all unique images. We never built another gate, we never built more umbrellas, we never wrapped another
parliament, we never built another Running Fence. They are unique things, they are their own physicalities. This is what we enjoyed most because they are
adventurous and not boring. For example, after The Gates we had so many people from different cities come to us and say, “Can you install the gates in my park?”
It’s idiotic… Our projects are not like that. They are all a new challenge”.
Do you consider the photos of your art also artworks in and of themselves?
Of course there are films, there are photographs, there are objects, there are drawings, there are many additional things. But all of that together is not
a substitute for the project. It is the material historically related to the project and it is a great source of information about the project. But it’s not a
substitute, because the unique moment cannot be canned. This is an important aspect of our temporary works. The work of art is not one gate or two
gates or three gates. The work of art is 7,503 gates, on 23 miles of walkway, in Central Park, in New York, and so on. All that is the work of art. Pink
fabric in Florida is not the work of art.

Christo - The Talks (the-talks.com)

Christo and Jeanne-Claude | The Floating Piers (christojeanneclaude.net)

Constructing The Floating Piers: How the Last Great Work of Christo and Jean-Claude was Built | ArchDaily
Tanya Preminger | Stone Sculpture
Tania Preminger, Memories from the Past, Ritual Cut, Pedvale Open-Air Art Museum, Latvia, 2009. Earth, grass, 4.5 x 60 x 75 meter.
Anna Reivilä - PHROOM (phroomplatform.com)
Transavanguardia - The Progressive Movement of the Italian Modern Scene | Widewalls

Mimmo Paladino

Piazza Cavalli, Piacenza, 2020

Nature, history, and myth in Mimmo Paladino’s “Hortus Conclusus” - Italian Ways
Christie's to offer a rich selection of works of art across all Italian art movements - Alain.R.Truong (alaintruong.com)

The Transavanguardia movement was part of the international phenemenon of a revival of expressionist painting in the late 1970s and 1980s.
The term, which literally means ‘beyond the avant-garde’, was coined by the critic Achille Oliva in his texts for an exhibition he organised in
1979 in Genanzzano titled Le Stanze.
The leading Italian Transavanguardia artists were Sandro Chia, Francesco Clemente, Enzo Cucchi, Nicolo de Maria and Mimmo Paladino.
• See also neo-expressionism
Mimmo Paladino’s Symbolic Humans Bridge Antiquity and Modernity (artsy.net)
Transavanguardia | Tate
 Transavanguardia - The Progressive Movement of the Italian Modern Scene | Widewalls
Eduardo Paolozzi

Tin Head, Mr Cruikshank, 1950

The Tottenham Court Road Station Murals

Eduardo Paolozzi’s ‘Health Warning for an Uncreative and Thriftless

Society’ - ArtReview

‘The City of the Circle and the Square’, Sir Eduardo Paolozzi, 1963 and 1966 | Tate
‘Konsul’, Sir Eduardo Paolozzi, 1962 | Tate

Eduardo Paolozzi—The Rise of the Machines (fineartmultiple.com)

Public Property | Frieze

Michelangelo’s ‘David’, 1987 Mondrian Head, 1989

Eduardo Paolozzi, Fountain Rheingartenbrunnen, Cologne Eduardo Paolozzi, Polygraphia Nova,1989, Muenchen
Transavanguardia - The Progressive Movement of the Italian Modern Scene | Widewalls

Carlo Maria Mariani’s hyperrealistic

allegorical paintings constitute “a vital
dialogue with contemporary art, concerns
of the day, and human endeavor in a
troubled world”. His elegant depictions of
Greco-Roman nudes allude as much
to Marcel Duchamp, René Magritte,
and Joseph Beuys, as they do to the
antiquities that abound in his native
Rome, or to the 18th-
century Neoclassicism that revived those
ideals of beauty. Ranging from enigmatic,
conceptual scenes that juxtapose
different styles to masterfully executed
classical heads set against abstract
backdrops, Mariani’s work, writes David
Bourdon, “affirms his belief that certain
ideals and values transcend the time and
place of their origin and continue to exert
a seductive appeal beyond the
framework of history.”

Jeff Koons, Puppy

If Not, Not, R. B. Kitaj

https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/art/great-works/great-
works-if-not-not-1975-6-1524cm-x-1524cm-r-b-kitaj-6291802.html

https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2018/feb/04/journeys-with-
the-waste-land-review-turner-contemporary-margate-ts-eliot

United States - The visual arts and postmodernism | Britannica

Carlo Maria Mariani, Scuola Romana Jeff Koons, Made in Heaven

Capitalist Realism | Gerhard Richter
Capitalist Realism - Important Paintings | TheArtStory

Gerhard Richter, Neuschwanstein Castle (1963)

Neo-expressionism | Tate
It was seen as a reaction to the minimalism and conceptual art that had
dominated the 1970s.
In the USA leading figures were Philip Guston and Julian Schnabel, and in
Britain Christopher Le Brun and Paula Rego. There was a major development of
neo-expressionism in Germany, as might be expected with
its expressionist heritage, but also in Italy. In Germany the neo-expressionists
became known as Neue Wilden (i.e. new Fauves). In Italy, neo-expressionist
painting appeared under the banner of Transavanguardia (beyond the avant-
garde). In France a group called Figuration Libre was formed in 1981 by Robert
Combas, Remi Blanchard, Francois Boisrond and Herve de Rosa.
Gerhard Richter

Gerhard Richter, 4 Panes of Glass, 1967

http://mediation.centrepompidou.fr/education/ressources/ENS-Richter-EN/

Glass and Mirrors » Other » Gerhard Richter (gerhard-richter.com)

Gerhard Richter: About Painting - Announcements - e-flux

Gerhard Richter: ‘Our times are so unquiet’ | Gerhard Richter | The Guardian

Gerhard Richter, Cologne Cathedral Stained

Glass Window, 2007
A contemporary visionary (part II) – Tate Etc | Tate Capitalist Realism | Sigmar Polke

Sigmar Polke's Photographic Works Make a Rare Appearance at Paris Photo | artnet News Polke dots | Tate
Was Neo-Expressionism Just a Trend of the Art World ? | Widewalls

I was born into a destroyed order, a destroyed landscape, a destroyed people, a

destroyed society. And I didn't want to reestablish an order: I'd seen enough of so-called
order. Georg Baselitz

Painter Georg Baselitz on Why He Thinks We’re Living in a ‘Quota-ocracy,' and What It Really Takes to
Be a Great Artist (artnet.com)

Like other neo-expressive movements of this era, the work of the Neuen Wilden (i.e. new Fauves), is characterised
by bright, intense colours and quick, broad brushstrokes, and can be seen to have arisen in opposition to the then
dominant avant-garde movements of minimal art and conceptual art.
Neue Wilde artists Georg Baselitz and Anselm Kiefer have become major international figures.
 Ai Weiwei, Reframe (2016)

Ai Weiwei, Straight (2008–2012)

Ai Weiwei on Art, Freedom and Politics Now | AnOther (anothermag.com)

 Chris Burden, All the Submarines of the United States of
America, 1987

Chris Burden, Urban Light,

2008 Sculpture, (Two-
hundred and two) restored
cast iron antique street
lamps, 320 1/2 x 686 1/2 x
704 1/2 in. (814.07 x 1743.71
x 1789.43 cm (2008), Los
Angeles (2008)

Chris Burden “Extreme

Measures” at New Museum,
New York — Mousse
Magazine and Publishing

Chris Burden, L.A.P.D. Uniforms, America's Darker Moments (1994)

“Things are out of hand, things are nuts, things go wrong, and we celebrate it.”

Olafur Eliasson - The Talks (the-talks.com)

Found object | Tate Appropriation | Tate
Found objects (sometimes referred to by the French term for Appropriation can be tracked back to the cubist collages and constructions of Pablo
found object ‘objet trouvé’) may be put on a shelf and treated as Picasso and Georges Braque made from 1912 on, in which real objects such as newspapers
works of art in themselves, as well as providing inspiration for the were included to represent themselves. The practice was developed much further in
artist. The sculptor Henry Moore for example collected bones and the readymades created by the French artist Marcel Duchamp from 1915. Most notorious
flints which he seems to have treated as natural sculptures as of these was Fountain, a men’s urinal signed, titled, and presented on a pedestal.
well as sources for his own work. Found objects may also be Later, surrealism also made extensive use of appropriation in collages and objects such
modified by the artist and presented as art, either more or less as Salvador Dalí’s Lobster Telephone. In the late 1950s appropriated images and objects
intact as in the dada and surrealist artist Marcel appear extensively in the work of Jasper Johns and Robert Rauschenberg, and in pop art.
Duchamp’s readymades, or as part of an assemblage. However, the term seems to have come into use specifically in relation to certain American
As so often, Picasso was an originator. From 1912 he began to artists in the 1980s, notably Sherrie Levine and the artists of the Neo-Geo group
incorporate newspapers and such things as matchboxes into particularly Jeff Koons. Sherrie Levine reproduced as her own work other works of art,
his cubist collages, and to make his cubist constructions from including paintings by Claude Monet and Kasimir Malevich. Her aim was to create a new
various scavenged materials. situation, and therefore a new meaning or set of meanings, for a familiar image.
Extensive use of found objects was made by dada, surrealist Appropriation art raises questions of originality, authenticity and authorship, and belongs
and pop artists, and by later artists such as Carl Andre, Tony to the long modernist tradition of art that questions the nature or definition of art itself.
Cragg, Bill Woodrow, Damien Hirst, Sarah Lucas and Michael Appropriation artists were influenced by the 1934 essay by the German philosopher Walter
Landy among many others. Benjamin, The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction, and received
Browse the slideshow below and read the image captions to contemporary support from the American critic Rosalind Krauss in her 1985 book The
explore some of the ways artists have used found objects in their Originality of the Avant-Garde and Other Modernist Myths.
work. Appropriation has been used extensively by artists since the 1980s.
Minimalism | Tate Land art | Tate Transavanguardia | Tate
Minimalism or minimalist art can be seen as extending the abstract idea Land art was part of the wider conceptual The Transavanguardia movement
that art should have its own reality and not be an imitation of some other art movement in the 1960s and 1970s. The most was part of the international
thing. We usually think of art as representing an aspect of the real world (a famous land art work is Robert Smithson’s Spiral phenemenon of a revival
landscape, a person, or even a tin of soup!); or reflecting an experience Jetty of 1970, an earthwork built out into the of expressionist painting in the
such as an emotion or feeling. With minimalism, no attempt is made to Great Salt Lake in the USA. Though some artists late 1970s and 1980s.
represent an outside reality, the artist wants the viewer to respond only to such as Smithson used mechanical earth-moving The term, which literally means
what is in front of them. The medium, (or material) from which it is made, equipment to make their artworks, other artists ‘beyond the avant-garde’, was
and the form of the work is the reality. Minimalist painter Frank made minimal and temporary interventions in coined by the critic Achille Oliva
Stella famously said about his paintings ‘What you see is what you see’. the landscape such as Richard Long who simply in his texts for an exhibition he
Minimalism emerged in the late 1950s when artists such as Frank Stella, walked up and down until he had made a mark in organised in 1979 in Genanzzano
whose Black Paintings were exhibited at the Museum of Modern Art in the earth. titled Le Stanze.
New York in 1959, began to turn away from the gestural art of the Land art, which is also known as earth art, was The leading Italian
previous generation. It flourished in the 1960s and 1970s with Carl usually documented in artworks using Transavanguardia artists
Andre, Dan Flavin, Donald Judd, Sol LeWitt, Agnes Martin and Robert photographs and maps which the artist could were Sandro Chia, Francesco
Morris becoming the movement’s most important innovators. exhibit in a gallery. Land artists also made land Clemente, Enzo Cucchi, Nicolo de
The development of minimalism is linked to that of conceptual art (which art in the gallery by bringing in material from the Maria and Mimmo Paladino.
also flourished in the 1960s and 1970s). Both movements challenged the landscape and using it to create installations. • See also neo-expressionism
existing structures for making, disseminating and viewing art and argued As well as Richard Long and Robert Smithson, key
that the importance given to the art object is misplaced and leads to a land artists include Nancy Holt, Walter de
rigid and elitist art world which only the privileged few can afford to enjoy. Maria, Michael Heizer and Dennis Oppenheim.
Installation art | Tate
Installation artworks (also sometimes described as ‘environments’) often occupy an entire room or gallery space
that the spectator has to walk through in order to engage fully with the work of art. Some installations, however,
are designed simply to be walked around and contemplated, or are so fragile that they can only be viewed from a
doorway, or one end of a room. What makes installation art different from sculpture or other traditional art
forms is that it is a complete unified experience, rather than a display of separate, individual artworks. The focus
on how the viewer experiences the work and the desire to provide an intense experience for them is a dominant
theme in installation art. As artist Ilya Kabakov said:
The main actor in the total installation, the main centre toward which everything is addressed, for which
everything is intended, is the viewer.
Installation art emerged out of environments which artists such as Allan Kaprow, made from about 1957 onward,
though there were important precursors, such as Kurt Schwitters’s Merzbau 1933, an environment of several
rooms created in the artist’s own house in Hanover. In an undated interview published in 1965 Allan Kaprow said
of his first environment:
I just simply filled the whole gallery up … When you opened the door you found yourself in the midst of an entire
environment … The materials were varied: sheets of plastic, crumpled up cellophane, tangles of Scotch tape,
sections of slashed and daubed enamel and pieces of coloured cloth … five tape machines spread around the
space played electronic sounds which I had composed.
From the 1960s the creation of installations has become a major strand in modern art. This was increasingly the
case from the early 1990s when the ‘crash’ of the art market in the late 1980s led to a reawakening of interest
in conceptual art (art focused on ideas rather than objects). Miscellaneous materials (mixed media), light and
sound have remained fundamental to installation art.
Neo-expressionism | Tate Public art | Tate
It was seen as a reaction to Usually, but not always, public art is commissioned
the minimalism and conceptual art that had specifically for the site in which it is situated. Monuments,
dominated the 1970s. memorials, and civic statues and sculptures are the most
In the USA leading figures were Philip established forms of public art, but public art can also be
Guston and Julian Schnabel, and in transitory, in the form of performances, dance, theatre,
Britain Christopher Le Brun and Paula Rego. poetry, graffiti, posters and installations.
There was a major development of neo- Public art can often be used as a political tool, like the
expressionism in Germany, as might be propaganda posters and statues of the Soviet Union or
expected with its expressionist heritage, but the murals painted by the Ulster Unionists or the Irish
also in Italy. In Germany the neo- Republicans in Northern Ireland. Public art can also be a
expressionists became known as Neue form of civic protest, as in the graffiti sprayed on the side of
Wilden (i.e. new Fauves). In Italy, neo- the New York subway in the 1980s.
expressionist painting appeared under the
banner of Transavanguardia (beyond the
avant-garde). In France a group called
Figuration Libre was formed in 1981 by Robert
Combas, Remi Blanchard, Francois Boisrond
and Herve de Rosa.
History (labiennale.org) Site-Specific Art | Artsy Seven faces of the art vandal – Tate Etc | Tate

Serpentine Galleries Public art – Art Term | Tate Arta instalației și muzeul - Bruce Altshuler | Idea artă + societate

documenta - History: all Editions since 1955
(universes.art)
Was modern art a weapon of the CIA? - BBC Culture
11 Female Abstract Expressionists Who Are Not Helen
Frankenthaler – Artsy
Land art – Art Term | Tate Nostalgia Antichității și cultul mașinilor. Istoria cabinetului de curiozități și viitorul
istoriei artei - Horst Bredekamp | Idea artă + societate
Conceptual photography | Tate
Istorisirea artei în noul muzeu. În căutarea unei figuri - Hans Belting | Idea artă +
10 Female Land Artists You Should Know - Artsy societate
Land art - Monoskop

How Abstract Expressionism changed modern art | Blog Graffiti and Street Art | Artsy
| Royal Academy of Arts
Photography – Art Term | Tate
Post-Painterly Abstraction | Artsy
United States - The visual arts and postmodernism | Britannica
Nouveau Réalisme | Artsy
The Surface of the East Coast: Supports/Surfaces from Nice to New York | Artsy
Spazialismo – Art Term | Tate
Was Neo-Expressionism Just a Trend of the Art World ? | Widewalls
Arte Povera | Artsy
Capitalist Realism - Important Paintings | TheArtStory
Mono-ha | Artsy
Psychogeography – Art Term | Tate
Minimalism – Art Term | Tate
Film/Video | Artsy
Minimalism | Artsy
Why Video Art Is Having a Moment – Artsy
11 Female Minimalists You Should Know – Artsy
Young British Artists (YBAs) – Art Term | Tate
Conceptual Art | Artsy
Young British Artists (YBAs) | Artsy
Light and Space Movement | Artsy
Hans Ulrich Obrist: the art of curation | Art and design | The Guardian
Pop Art | Artsy
Hans Ulrich Obrist, the Curator Who Never Sleeps | The New Yorker
Pop art – Art Term | Tate
10 Artists Tackling Climate Change in Their Work – Artsy
ROBERT RAUSCHENBERG, COMBINES
(centrepompidou.fr) The Most Influential Latin American Artists of the 20th Century – Artsy

Feminist Art | Artsy How to spin the colour wheel, by Turner, Malevich and more – Essay | Tate

Performance art – Art Term | Tate The 20 Most Influential Artists of 2017 – Artsy

The legacy of a myth maker: Joseph Beuys – Tate Etc |
Tate
Happening – Art Term | Tate
Video Art Movement Overview | TheArtStory
Art Demystified: What is the Role of the Curator? | artnet News
8 English Art Terms You Should Know – Artsy
Paul Ardenne's new bookUn art écologique. Création plasticienne et anthropocène
– Sculpture Nature
250 Things an Architect should know - Arch2O.com List of Brutalist structures - Wikipedia

What Exactly is the Art Museum in Modern Times? | ArchDaily 51 Brutalist House Exteriors That Will Make You Love Concrete Architecture (home-designing.com)

Museum | Tag | ArchDaily Brutalism in European Schools and Universities, Photographed by Stefano Perego | ArchDaily

Serpentine Gallery | Tag | ArchDaily AD Interviews: Oscar Niemeyer | ArchDaily

The National Museum of Roman Art: Rafael Moneo’s Magnificent Touch Expressed in Roman Project Japan: Metabolism | ArchDaily
Brick | Archute
What is Deconstructivism? | ArchDaily
AD Classics: Institut du Monde Arabe / Enrique Jan + Jean Nouvel + Architecture-Studio |
ArchDaily Eisenman's Evolution: Architecture, Syntax, and New Subjectivity | ArchDaily

AD Classics: AD Classics: Centre Georges Pompidou / Renzo Piano Building Workshop + Richard Modernity of Via Novissima, Paolo Portoghesi | Area (area-arch.it)
Rogers | ArchDaily
Why Postmodernism's New-Found Popularity Is All About Looking Forward, Not Back | ArchDaily
Flashback: Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth / Tadao Ando Architect & Associates | ArchDaily
Fighting the Neoliberal: What Today's Architects Can Learn From the Brutalists | ArchDaily
Scarpa: ‘If art is education, the museum must be the school’ - Architectural Review
(architectural-review.com) Postmodern Post-Mortem: Why We Need To Stop Using Architecture's Most Misunderstood Word | ArchDaily

MAXXI Museum / Zaha Hadid Architects | ArchDaily I.M. Pei’s Inspiration: A Comparison of Masterful Architecture with Minimalist Art | ArchDaily

Între. David Chipperfield Architects: Galeria James Simon, Insula Muzeelor, Berlin - e- Archiculture Interviews: Kenneth Frampton | ArchDaily
zeppelin.ro - e-zeppelin.ro
Architects "are never taught the right thing", says Alejandro Aravena (dezeen.com)
OMA Will Build Out the First American Pompidou Center in Jersey City | ArchDaily
MIRALLES Series of Exhibitions and Events Celebrates the Work of the Distinguished Architect | ArchDaily
The Museum Of Wood Culture in Japan - Tadao Ando (inexhibit.com)
News related to Álvaro Siza and his buildings | Dezeen
Why should you visit the Teshima Art Museum? – Public Delivery
Kengo Kuma | Dezeen
Chichu Art Museum | Art | Benesse Art Site Naoshima (benesse-artsite.jp)
Zaha Hadid | Biography, Buildings, Architecture, Death, & Facts | Britannica
Château La Coste - winery and art center | Provence, France | Inexhibit
OMA
'useless architecture' exhibition at the noguchi museum explores a social purpose for sculpture
(designboom.com)
Green Architecture | ArchDaily

Light Matters: Mashrabiyas - Translating Tradition into Dynamic Facades | ArchDaily

The Close Relationship Between Art and Architecture in Modernism | ArchDaily
How the Tuberculosis Pandemic Helped Shape Modernist Architecture (houzz.com)
Le Corbusier et la fenêtre en bande (mikulas.ch)
Human Structures and Architectural Archetypes: Aldo Van Eyck’s Playgrounds (1947 – 1978) – SOCKS (socks-studio.com)
When Frank Lloyd Wright and Le Corbusier Had a Public Argument in The New York Times |
ArchDaily Reinier de Graaf: Un secol ce nu a existat - e-zeppelin.ro

Frank Lloyd Wright Lands on World Heritage List - Bloomberg Richard Florida Is Sorry (jacobinmag.com)

from le corbusier to rietveld and gaudí, virtually tour iconic architecture around the world Rezistenta necesara - e-zeppelin.ro
(designboom.com)