Vernier caliper

Parts of a vernier caliper: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Outside jaws: used to measure external diameter or width of an object Inside jaws: used to measure internal diameter of an object Depth probe: used to measure depths of an object or a hole Main scale: scale marked every mm Main scale: scale marked in inches and fractions Vernier gives interpolated measurements to 1/10 mm or better Vernier gives interpolated measurements in fractions of an inch Retainer: used to block movable part to allow the easy transferring of a measurement

The vernier, dial, and digital calipers give a direct reading of the distance measured to high accuracy. These calipers comprise a calibrated scale with a fixed jaw, and another jaw, with a pointer, that slides along the scale. The distance between the jaws is then read in different ways for the three types. The simplest method is to read the position of the pointer directly on the scale. When the pointer is between two markings, the user can mentally interpolate to improve the precision of the reading. This would be a simple calibrated caliper; but the addition of a vernier scale allows more accurate interpolation, and is the universal practice; this is the vernier caliper. Vernier, dial, and digital calipers can measure internal dimensions (using the uppermost jaws in the picture at right), external dimensions using the pictured lower jaws, and in many cases depth by the use of a probe that is attached to the movable head and slides along the centre of the body. This probe is slender and can get into deep grooves that may prove difficult for other measuring tools. The vernier scales may include metric measurements on the lower part of the scale and inch measurements on the upper, or vice versa, in countries that use inches. Vernier calipers commonly used in industry provide a precision to a hundredth of a millimetre (10

micrometres), or one thousandth of an inch. They are available in sizes that can measure up to 72 in (1,800 mm).

Dial caliper

Mitutoyo dial caliper Instead of using a vernier mechanism, which requires some practice to use, the dial caliper reads the final fraction of a millimeter or inch on a simple dial.

digital caliper

Micrometer
A micrometer is used to make highly accurate measurements Parts of a Micrometer

To use a micrometer, place the part in the opening. Next, turn the thimble until the spindle contacts the work. To apply a consistent pressure to the part, use the ratchet stop. Use the clamp ring to hold the thimble in place while you read the micrometer. To read the micrometer:

Read the exposed number on the barrel. Read the number of divisions past the number. Each division

represents 0.025 inches.

Read the division on the spindle. These usually read to less than

thousandths of an inch.

Types

Outside micrometer (aka micrometer caliper), typically used to measure wires, spheres, shafts and blocks.

Inside micrometer, used to measure the diameter of holes. Depth micrometer, measures depths of slots and steps.

Parts
Frame The C-shaped body that holds the anvil and barrel in constant relation to each other. It is thick because it needs to minimize flexion, expansion, and contraction, which would distort the measurement. Anvil The shiny part that the spindle moves toward, and that the sample rests against. Sleeve / barrel / stock The stationary round part with the linear scale on it. Sometimes vernier markings. Lock nut / lock-ring / thimble lock The knurled part (or lever) that one can tighten to hold the spindle stationary, such as when momentarily holding a measurement. Screw the heart of the micrometer, as explained under "Operating principles". It is inside the barrel. Spindle The shiny cylindrical part that the thimble causes to move toward the anvil. Thimble The part that one's thumb turns. Graduated markings. Ratchet stop Device on end of handle that limits applied pressure by slipping at a calibrated torque.

Vernier height cauges

A height gauge is a measuring device used either for determining the height ofsomething, or for repetitious marking of items to be worked on. The former type of height gauge is often used in doctor's surgeries to find the height of people.

These measuring tools are used in metalworking or metrology to either set or measure vertical distances; the pointer is sharpened to allow it to act as a scriber and assist in marking out work pieces. They may also be used to measure the height of an object by using the underside of the scriber as the datum. The datum may be permanently fixed or the height gauge may have provision to adjust the scale, this is done by sliding the scale vertically along the body of the height gauge by turning a fine feed screw at the top of the gauge; then with the scriber set to the same level as the base, the scale can be matched to it. This adjustment allows different scribers or probes to be used, as well as adjusting for any errors in a damaged or resharpened probe

Limit guage
The GO gauge is made near the maximum metal condition. The GO gauge must be able to slip inside/over the feature without obstruction. The NO GO gauge is made near the minimum metal condition. The NO GO gauge must not be able to slip inside/over the feature.

The terms minimum metal condition, and maximum metal condition are used to describe the tolerance state of a workpiece. If we assume (at least for now) that all parts are made by removing metal from larger pieces, then we are trying to remove a certain amount. If we are drilling a hole the maximum metal condition will be when the hole is small, and extra metal is `left behind'. The minimum metal condition would be when the hole has been overdrilled and as little metal as possible is left behind. The tolerances often set the acceptable maximum and minimum metal conditions. If features are external, the maximum metal condition is their largest size, and minimum metal condition is their smallest size.

feeler gauge
it is a tool used to measure gap widths. Feeler gauges are mostly used in engineering to measure the clearance between two parts.[1] They consist of a number of small lengths of steel of different thicknesses with measurements marked on each piece. They are flexible enough that, even if they are all on the same hinge, several can be stacked together to gauge intermediate values. It is common to have two sets for imperial units (typically measured in thousandths of an inch) and metric (typically measured in hundredths of a millimetre) measurements. A similar device with wires of specific diameter instead of flat blades is used to set the gap in spark plugs to the correct size; this is decreasin by increasing the gap until the gauge of the correct size just fits inside the gap

Taper feeler gauge

tapered (upper) and parallel (lower) feeler gauges A taper feeler gauge is a feeler gauge of tapered, as opposed to parallel, shape. The blade of the gauge is of a constant thickness, and the two types of gauge are used in a similar way.

Radius gauge

Two types of radius gauges A radius gauge, also known as a fillet gauge, is a tool used to measure the radius of an object. Radius gauges require a bright light behind the object to be measured. The gauge is placed against the edge to be checked and any light leakage between the blade and edge indicates a mismatch that requires correction. A good set of gauges will offer both convex and concave sections, and allow for their application in awkward locations.

A slip gauge
(also known as a gage block, Johansson gauge, slip gauge, or Jo block) Each gauge block consists of a block of metal or ceramic with two opposing faces ground precisely flat and parallel, a precise distance apart. Standard grade blocks are made of a hardened steel alloy, while calibration grade blocks are often made of tungsten carbide or chromium carbide because it is harder and wears less. Gauge blocks come in sets of blocks of various lengths, along with two wear blocks, to allow a wide variety of standard lengths to be made up by stacking them
The process of wringing involves four steps: 1. Wiping a clean gauge block across an oiled pad (see the accessories section). 2. Wiping any extra oil off the gauge block using a dry pad (see the accessories section).

3. The block is then slid perpendicularly across the other block while applying moderate pressure until they form a cruciform. 4. Finally, the block is rotated until it is inline with the other block.

Telescopic gauges

Telescopic gauge set These are a range of gauges that are used to measure a bore's size, by transferring the internal dimension to a remote measuring tool. They are a direct equivalent of inside calipers and require the operator to develop the correct feel to obtain repeatable results. The gauges are locked by twisting the knurled end of the handles, this action is performed to exert a small amount of friction on the telescopic portions of the gauge (the smaller diameter rods found at the T head of the gauge). Once gently locked to a size slightly larger than the bore, the gauges are inserted at an angle to the bore and slowly brought to align themselves radially, across the hole. This action compresses the two anvils where they remain locked at the bores dimension after being withdrawn. The gauge is then removed and measured with the aid of a micrometer or caliper.

Small hole gauges

Small hole gauge set. Sizes from top to bottom: 3 to 5 mm (0.118 to 0.197 in) 5 to 7.5 mm (0.197 to 0.295 in) 7.5 to 10 mm (0.295 to 0.394 in) 10 to 13 mm (0.394 to 0.512 in) Small hole gauges require a slightly different technique to the telescopic gauges, the small hole gauge is initially set smaller than the bore to be measured. It is then inserted into the bore and adjusted by rotating the knurled knob at the base, until light pressure is felt when the gauge is slightly moved in the bore. The gauge is then removed and measured with a caliper or micrometer.

Plug gauge

Hardened and ground plug gauge These gauges are referred to as plug gauges; they are used in the manner of a plug. They are generally assembled from standard parts where the gauge portion is interchangeable with other gauge pieces (obtained from a set of pin type gauge blocks) and a body that uses the collet principle to hold the gauges firmly. To use this style of gauge, one end is inserted into the part first and depending on the result of that test, the other end is tried. In the right hand image, the top gauge is a thread gauge that is screwed into the part to be tested, the labeled GO end will enter into the part fully, the NOT GO end should not. The lower image is a plain plug gauge used to check the size of a hole, the green end is the GO, red is the NO GO. The tolerance of the part this gauge checks is 0.30mm where the lower size of the hole is 12.60mm and the upper size is 12.90mm, every size outside this

range is out of tolerance. This may be initially expressed on the parts drawing in a number of styles, three possibilities may be:

Snap gauge

Snap go/no go gauge for the OD of a cylindrical workpiece

Thread snap gauge Snap gauges are oftentimes used when a large quantity of workpieces must be inspected the snap gauge has four anvils or jaws, the first one or pair (outermost) are set using the upper limit (tolerance) of the part and the inner set adjusted to the lower limit of the part. A correctly machined part will pass the first set of jaws and stop at the second end of test. In this manner a part may be checked in one action, unlike the plug gauge that needs to be used twice and flipped to access the second gauge. The first go-no-go snap gage for checking thread rolls was invented in 1943 to speed production of parts during World War Two.

ring gauge
ring gage, is a cylindrical ring of steel whose inside diameter is finished to gauge tolerance and is used for checking the external diameter of a cylindrical object. Ring gauges are used for comparative gauging as well as for checking, calibrating, or setting of gauges or other standards

There are three main types of ring gauges: go, no go Go ring gauges provide a precision tool for production comparative gauging based on a fixed limit. Go gauges consist of a fixed limit gauge with a gauging limit based on the plus or minus tolerances of the inspected part No-go or not-go gauges provide a precision tool for production comparative gauging based on a fixed limit. No-go gauges consist of a fixed limit gauge with a gauging limit based on the minimum or maximum tolerances of the inspected part.

A spirit level
bubble level is an instrument designed to indicate whether a surface is horizontal (level) or vertical (plumb Alcohols such as ethanol are often used rather than water for a variety of reasons. Alcohols generally have very low viscosity and surface tension, which allows the bubble to travel the tube quickly and settle accurately with minimal interference with the glass surfaceAlcohols such as ethanol are often used rather than water for a variety of reasons. Alcohols generally have very low viscosity and surface tension, which allows the bubble to travel the tube quickly and settle accurately with minimal interference with the glassurface

Interferometry makes use of the principle of superposition to combine separate waves in a way that will cause the result of their combination to have some meaningful property that is diagnostic of the original state of the waves. This works because when two waves with the same frequency combine, the resulting pattern is determined by the phase difference between the two waveswaves that are in phase will undergo constructive interference while waves that are out of phase will undergo destructive interference. Most interferometers use light or some other form of electromagnetic wave.[3]

An idealized interferometric determination of wavelength obtained by looking at interference fringes between two coherent beams recombined after traveling different distances. (The square red emitter is a laser.) Typically a single incoming beam of coherent light will be split into two identical beams by a grating or a partial mirror. Each of these beams will travel a different route, called a path, until they are recombined before arriving at a detector. The path difference, the difference in the distance traveled by each beam, creates a phase difference between them. It is this introduced phase difference that creates the interference pattern between the initially identical waves. If a single beam has been split along two paths then the phase difference is diagnostic of anything that changes the phase along the paths. This could be a physical change in the path length itself or a change in the refractive index along the

Comparator
A comparator is a device, which is not a measuring device, but it is a comparing device. In general the comparators compares the objects with reference to a standard master piece. Comparators finds their application is all type of production works as these require very less skill and reduces the time of inspection as it requires just a comparison of the values or the dimensions of the product produced. Comparators are in general are classified in to many categories based on the type of principle applied for obtaining the readings. Advantages 1) Cheaper than all the other type of comparators 2) Does not require any external source of power or air supply 3) These comparators use a linear scale that can be easily understood. 4) Usually these comparators are robust and compact but are very easy to handle 5) These are small in size and can are portable from one place to other very easily without much difficulty Disadvantages 1) Contains more number of moving parts so there develops friction which in turn reduces the accuracy 2) Slackness in the moving parts reduces accuracy very drastically 3) These have more inertia so the instrument is prone to vibrational effects 4) Limited range of the instrument is another drawback as the pointer moves over a fixed scale 5) Parallax error may also arise when proper scale is used