Lec 1

IN THE NAME OF ALLAH THE MOST
BENEFICENT, THE MOST MERCIFUL.
CE-206 Engr. Ateeq Ur Rauf 1

Fluid Mechanics-I
(CE-206)
Dr. Ateeq-ur-Rauf
Department of Civil Engineering,

U.E.T Peshawar (Bannu Campus)
CE-206 Engr. Ateeq Ur Rauf 2
OVERVIEW Lecture # 1
▪ Student Teacher Introduction

▪ Schedule
▪ Course Outline
▪ Reference Materials
▪ Grading
▪ Learning Objectives
▪ Introduction to Fluid Mechanics
Department
of Civil Engineering, UET, Peshawar
UET, Peshawar(Bannu
Dr.
Ateeq
Ateeq
urur
Rauf
Rauf ( Bannu Campus)
Campus) 3
ABOUT YOUR INSTRUCTOR Lecture # 1
Assistant Professor
UET, Peshawar( Bannu Campus)
•B.Sc. (Civil Eng.)

UET, Peshawar
•M.Phil. (Water Resources Eng.)

UET, Lahore
•Ph.D. (Water Resources Eng.)

UET, Taxila.
Experience: Teaching & Engineering Projects Supervision
Contact Information
Email: engrateeq@uetpeshawar.edu.pk
Cell: 0300-598-2097
Ateeq ur Rauf Department of Civil Engineering, UET, Peshawar(Bannu
Department of Civil Engineering, UET, Peshawar(Bannu 4
Office:
Dr. Ateeq ur0928-610-808
Rauf Campus)Campus)
YOUR TURN Lecture # 1
• Please introduce yourself
• Your name
• Your GPA
Dr.
Ateeq
Ateeq
urur
Rauf
Rauf Department of Civil Engineering,
Department UET, Peshawar(Bannu
of Civil Engineering, UET, Peshawar(Bannu
Campus)Campus) 5
SCHEDULE
Lecture # 1
Dr.
Ateeq
Ateeq
urur
Rauf
Campus)Campus) 6
REFERENCE MATERIALS Lecture # 1
Text Book:
E.H.Lewitt, “Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics”
Robert L.Daughetn, Joseph B. Franzini, “Fluid Mechanics with
Engineering applications”
Reference Books:
Linsley, R. K., J. Franzini, Water Resources Engineering,
McGraw Hill.
Fluid Mechanics Fundamentals and Applications by Yunus A.
Cengel, John M. Cimbala.
Dr.
Ateeq
Ateeq
urur
Rauf
Campus)Campus) 7
CE-206 COURSE OUTLINE Lecture # 1
Soft Copy Will Be Provided
Dr. Ateeq ur Rauf Department of Civil Engineering, UET, Peshawar(Bannu

Campus) 8
GRADING Lecture # 1
❑ 30% Sessional Marks

▪ Quizzes = 20%
▪ Assignments = 10%
Late homework will not be accepted or graded
❑ 20% Mid-Term Exam
❑ 50% Final Exam
Dr.
Ateeq
Ateeq
urur
Rauf
of Civil Engineering, UET, Peshawar(Bannu 9
Campus)Campus)
Lecture # 1
Course Learning Outcomes (CLOs)

Taxonomy
CLO PLO
Description Domain
No.
Upon successful completion of the course, student will be
able to:
Define basic concepts, terminologies
1 C1 PLO1
and principles of fluid mechanics
Describe and explain the basic
2 concept and principles of fluid C2 PLO1
statics and kinematics.
Solve Basic problems of Fluid
3 C3 PLO2
Mechanics

10
Campus)
LEARNING OBJECTIVES Lecture # 1
Introduction to Fluid Mechanics & its branches ,

Application of fluid mechanics in Civil Engineering.
Recognize, analyze, and solve the problems

associated with Fluid Mechanics .
Apply the theoretical knowledge of Fluid Mechanics

to real world problems and projects.
Benefit from the instructor's practical experience

(real-world perspective).
Dr. Ateeq ur Rauf Department of Civil Engineering, UET, Peshawar(Bannu 11

Campus)
Fluid Mechanics Lecture # 1
“Introduction to Fluid Mechanics”
12
Fluid: “ Substances that are capable of flowing & conform

to the shape of containing vessels.
Fluids include
⚫ Liquids
⚫ gases
Fluid mechanics: It is the study of fluids and the forces on
them.
Or
“A branch of engineering science which deals with the
response or mechanics of fluids either at rest or in
motion
Campus)
Internal & External Flow System:

Internal Flow System
⚫ When fluids flow through confined spaces (pipes or
open channels) then this system of flow is called as
Internal flow system
External Flow System

•when the fluid are in relatively larger confining
boundaries or at infinite distances then such system
of flow is called as external flow system.
Campus)
Branches of Fluid Mechanics

⚫ Fluid Statics
⚫ Fluid Kinematics
⚫ Fluid Dynamics
⚫ Hydraulics

Campus)
15
⚫ Fluid Statics: is the study of the mechanics of fluids at

rest.
⚫ Fluid Kinematics: study of the mechanics of fluids in

motion which deals with velocities and streamlines
without considering forces and energy in them .
⚫ Fluid Dynamics: is concerned with the relations

between velocities and accelerations and the forces
exerted by or upon fluids in motion
⚫ Hydraulics: deals with the behaviour of liquid. It is the

science of static & dynamic behaviour of liquid (ie.
Water)
Campus)
Application of Fluid Mechanics in

Civil Engineering

Campus)
17
Application of Fluid Mechanics
Lecture # 1
1. Pipe Flow 2. Open Channel Flow
► Water supply pipes. ► Small & Large channels

► Irrigation pipes.
► Water Supply
► Pipes used as culverts.
► Flow measuring Structures
► Cross- drainage pipes
► Rivers & Tributaries
3. Surface & Ground 4. Water Storage Reservoirs

water Hydrology
► Precipitation ► Head work
► Surface Runoff ► Barrages
► Under ground water Aquifers ► Dams
► Hydraulic Wells ► Water Supply Tanks

Campus)
18
Lecture # 1
Water Supply
Department of Civil Engineering, UET, Peshawar(Bannu

Dr. Ateeq ur Rauf 19
Campus)
Lecture # 1

Irrigation

Campus)
Lecture # 1

Road Drainage

Campus)
Lecture # 1

Flood Defence

Campus)
Harbours

Campus)
Ventilation System

Campus)
Sewerage

Campus)
Hydropower

Campus)
States of Matter
Matter can exist in three states:
⚫ Solid Retains shape and resist deformity (shear

stress). Elastic & returns to original shape
⚫ Fluid Take the shape of their container. Flow under a
deforming force.
• Plasma Similar to gas but some particles ionized
making it electrically conductive.

Campus)
States of Matter

Dr. Ateeq ur Rauf
Campus) 28
Characteristics of Fluids
Fluids can be divided into liquids and gases:
⚫ Liquids Only slightly compressible and have Free
surface. Shape bounded by container and the free
surface.
⚫ Gases Highly compressible and expand to fill the
container.

Campus)
Dimensions and Units. Lecture # 1
▪ A partial list of derived quantities encountered in fluid mechanics and

their commonly used dimensions in term of L, M, T, and F is:
Quantity Commonly used BG unit SI Unit
Dimension
Acceleration (a) LT-2 ft/sec2 m/s2
Area (A) L2 ft2 m2
Density (ρ) N/m3 slug/ ft3 kg/m3
Energy, work FL ft.lb N.m = J
Flow rate (Q) L3T-1 ft3/sec (cusecs) m3/s (cumecs)
Frequency T-1 cycle/sec (sec-1) Hz (hertz,s-1)
Kinematic viscosity L2T-1 ft2/sec m2/s
Power FLT-1 ft.lb/sec N.m/s
Pressure (p) FL-2 lb/in2 (psi) N/m2 = Pa
Specific weight (γ) FL-3 lb/ft3 N/m3
Velocity (V) LT-1 ft/sec (fps) m/s
Viscosity (μ) FLT-2 lb.sec/ft2 N.s/m2
Volume (V) L3 ft3 m3
30
Dimensions and Units. Lecture # 1
We often need to convert quantities from BG to SI units, and vice versa.

We only need to convert unit of length, mass and force, from which all other
units can then derived.
for length, by definition,

one foot = 0.308 meter, and also an inch = 25.4 mm
for force, using W = mg W = (m ) (g)

1 lb = (0.45359243 kg)(9.80665 m/s2)
= 4.448 N, (as 1lb=0.45359243 kg)
for mass, 1 dyne = (1g)(1 cm/s2) = 10-5 N
1 slug = (1lb)/(1ft/sec2)
= (4.458N)/(0.3048m/s2)
= 14.59 kg
Conversion factors, for many other units derived from these three basic ones,
are given for convenience in tables on the insides of the front cover (BG to
SI) and back cover (SI to BG) of the book, (Fluid Mechanics with
Engineering Applications, Tenth Edition, by Joseph B Franzini).
31
Distinction b/w Solids & Fluids

Solids Liquids
1. Molecular attraction is Less
greater
2. Distance between the greater
molecules is less
3. Definite volume & shape no definite volume and shape
4. Cannot flow at normal flow at normal temperature
temperature
5. Can resist shear force cannot resist shear force at
rest
6. Solids are incompressible Slightly compressible
Campus)
Distinction b/w Gases & Liquids

Gases Liquids
1. Molecular attraction is
Stronger
weaker
2. Distance between
less
molecules greater
3. Do not posses free level
Posses free level surface
surface
4. Highly compressible Slightly compressible
5. No definite volume at a have definite volume at a
perticular temperature particular temperature

Campus)
Properties of Fluids
Fluids are physio-chemical by nature and have many properties.

Campus)
Properties of Fluids
Fluids have many properties, like.
Density
Specific Weight
Specific Volume
Specific Gravity
Compressibility
Bulk Modulus
Viscosity
Surface Tension
Capillarity
Campus)
Properties of Fluids. Lecture # 1
Density
▪Def: The ratio of mass to volume occupied
(mass per unit volume).
▪ For Density (ρ) = Mass/Volume
Unit: kg/m3 (SI), slug/ft3 (B.G), (C.G.S)
Dimension:
Most solids and liquid

Density is absolute, since it depends on mass. change only slightly in
volume when heated or
▪ Varies with temperature. under an increase of
external pressure.
▪ Water = 1000 kg/m3 , Air = 1.23 kg/m3 The density of a gas
depends strongly of the
pressure and temperature.
36
Campus)
Density and Volume of Water Vs Temperature
Note: Below 4°C anomalous expansion starts i.e volume increases & density decreases
• Ice is less dense than water because the orientation of hydrogen bonds causes
molecules to push farther apart, which lowers the density.
Campus)
Density and Volume of Water Vs Temperature

The anomalous expansion of water is an abnormal property
of water whereby it expands instead of contracting when the
temperature goes from 4°C to 0°C, and it becomes less dense.
The density is maximum at 4 degree centigrade and decreases

below that temperature as shown in graph. The density
becomes less and less as it freezes because molecules
of water normally form open crystal structures when in solid
form.
Unlike most other substances, water's solid form (ice) is less

dense than its liquid form, as a result of the nature of its
hexagonal packing within its crystalline structure. This lattice
contains more space than when the molecules are in the liquid
state. Department of Civil Engineering, UET, Peshawar(Bannu 38
Campus)
The effect of this expansion of water is that the coldest

water is always present on the surface.
Since water at 4oC is the heaviest, this water settles on the

bottom of the water body and the lightest ie the coldest
layer accumulates on the top layer.
So in the winter, the top of the water is always the first to

freeze over. Since ice and water both are a bad conductor
of heat, this top layer of ice insulates the rest of the water
body from the cold of the winter, thereby protecting all the
life in the water body.
Now you can truly realize how essential the anomalous

properties of water are for life.
Campus)
• Density.
Density of water versus temperature
Density
Temp (°C)
(g/cm3)
The density of 30 0.9957

water at 4ºC is
1000 kg/m3 [1 kg/l] 20 0.9982
[1 g/cm3]
10 0.9997
4 1.0000
0 0.9998
The density of air
at 0ºC and 1 atm −10 0.9982
(STP) of pressure
−20 0.9935
is 1.293 kg/m3
−30 0.9839
Air at higher altitudes is less
dense than air near the sea level.
Properties of Fluids.
Specific Weight
Lecture # 1
▪ Def: Weight of fluid per unit volume i.e the force exerted by gravity
on unit volume.
▪ Formula: Specific weight (γ) = Weight/Volume
▪ Unit: N/m3 (SI), lb/ft3 (B.G), (C.G.S)
▪ Dimension of Sp.wt = M L-2 T-2
ɣ = force/volume Specific weight of
Water = 9810 N/m3,
Air = 12.07 N/m3
▪ Specific Weight is not absolute, since it depends on weight (mg), where g,

gravitational acceleration varies with location, primarily latitude and elevation above
mean sea level.
Campus)
Relation between Density & Specific Weight
As ρ = M/V
and γ = W/V ; W = mg
so γ = mg/V
γ = (m/V) *g
=> γ = ρg ; ρ = M/V
Dimension of ρ = dimension of ɣ
dimension of g

42
Specific Volume
▪ Def: Volume occupied by a unit mass of fluid, i.e volume per unit
mass.
▪Formula: Specific volume (υ) = Volume/Mass = V/M
▪ Unit: m3/kg (SI), ft3/slug (B.G) (C.G)
▪ Dimension: L3 M-1
▪ Specific volume is the reciprocal of density i.e υ = 1/ρ

Campus)
Specific Gravity
▪ Def: The ratio of density of liquid to density of water at

standard temperature and pressure (STP) (20°C, 1 atm).
OR
The ratio of specific weight of liquid to the specific weight of
water at standard temperature and pressure (STP) (20°C, 1 atm).
1atm=14.17 psi.
▪ Formula: Specific gravity (Sliquid) = ρliquid/ρwater OR γliquid / γwater
▪ Unit: No unit of specific gravity Until 1982, STP was defined as a temperature
of 273.15 K (0 °C, 32 °F) and an absolute
▪ Dimension:: Dimensionless pressure of exactly 1 atm (101.325 kPa).
Since 1982, STP is defined as a temperature

▪ Specific gravity of mercury = 13.6 of 273.15 K (0 °C, 32 °F) and an absolute
pressure of exactly 105 Pa (100 kPa, 1 bar).
▪ Density of liquid in g/cm3 or Mg/m3 is numerically equal to its specific gravity.
Campus)
Lecture # 1
The End
Lecture # 1

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IN THE NAME OF ALLAH THE MOST

BENEFICENT, THE MOST MERCIFUL.

CE-206 Engr. Ateeq Ur Rauf 1

Department of Civil Engineering,

▪ Student Teacher Introduction

•B.Sc. (Civil Eng.)

•M.Phil. (Water Resources Eng.)

•Ph.D. (Water Resources Eng.)

Experience: Teaching & Engineering Projects Supervision

• Please introduce yourself

Soft Copy Will Be Provided

Dr. Ateeq ur Rauf Department of Civil Engineering, UET, Peshawar(Bannu

❑ 30% Sessional Marks

Course Learning Outcomes (CLOs)

Dr. Ateeq ur Rauf Department of Civil Engineering, UET, Peshawar(Bannu

Introduction to Fluid Mechanics & its branches ,

Recognize, analyze, and solve the problems

Apply the theoretical knowledge of Fluid Mechanics

Benefit from the instructor's practical experience

Dr. Ateeq ur Rauf Department of Civil Engineering, UET, Peshawar(Bannu 11

“Introduction to Fluid Mechanics”

Fluid: “ Substances that are capable of flowing & conform

Internal & External Flow System:

External Flow System

Branches of Fluid Mechanics

Dr. Ateeq ur Rauf Department of Civil Engineering, UET, Peshawar(Bannu

⚫ Fluid Statics: is the study of the mechanics of fluids at

⚫ Fluid Kinematics: study of the mechanics of fluids in

⚫ Fluid Dynamics: is concerned with the relations

⚫ Hydraulics: deals with the behaviour of liquid. It is the

Application of Fluid Mechanics in

Dr. Ateeq ur Rauf Department of Civil Engineering, UET, Peshawar(Bannu

1. Pipe Flow 2. Open Channel Flow

► Water supply pipes. ► Small & Large channels

3. Surface & Ground 4. Water Storage Reservoirs

Dr. Ateeq ur Rauf Department of Civil Engineering, UET, Peshawar(Bannu

Department of Civil Engineering, UET, Peshawar(Bannu

Application of Fluid Mechanics

Department of Civil Engineering, UET, Peshawar(Bannu

Application of Fluid Mechanics

Department of Civil Engineering, UET, Peshawar(Bannu

Application of Fluid Mechanics

Department of Civil Engineering, UET, Peshawar(Bannu

Department of Civil Engineering, UET, Peshawar(Bannu

Department of Civil Engineering, UET, Peshawar(Bannu

Department of Civil Engineering, UET, Peshawar(Bannu

Department of Civil Engineering, UET, Peshawar(Bannu

⚫ Solid Retains shape and resist deformity (shear

• Plasma Similar to gas but some particles ionized

making it electrically conductive.

Department of Civil Engineering, UET, Peshawar(Bannu

Department of Civil Engineering, UET, Peshawar(Bannu

⚫ Liquids Only slightly compressible and have Free

surface. Shape bounded by container and the free

⚫ Gases Highly compressible and expand to fill the

Department of Civil Engineering, UET, Peshawar(Bannu

▪ A partial list of derived quantities encountered in fluid mechanics and

We often need to convert quantities from BG to SI units, and vice versa.

for length, by definition,

for force, using W = mg W = (m ) (g)

Distinction b/w Solids & Fluids

Distinction b/w Gases & Liquids

Department of Civil Engineering, UET, Peshawar(Bannu 33