Table of Contents

Experiment # 01(General introduction and Different parts) 2

Labeled Pictures of hydraulic bench 3
Description of Parts 4
Regular Operation and Purpose 5
Applications and Calculations 6
Experiment # 02(General introduction, Apparatus and Procedure) 7
Observations and calculations 8
Graphs 9
Experiment # 03(General introduction, Apparatus and procedure) 11
Observations and Calculations 12
Graphs………………………………………………………………………..........................13
Experiment#04………………………………………………………………………….......
Observation of different types of flow using Osborne’s Reynold experiment……................
Different parts of osborne’s Reynold apparatus…………………………………………….
Experiment #05……………………………………………………………………….........
Observation of different types of flow using Osborne’s Reynold experiment using Reynold
formula……………………………………………………………………………………….
Apparatus …….……………………………………………………………………...............
Procedure ……………………………………………………………………………………
Precautions …………………………………………………………………………………....
Experiment # 06(To Determine the Hydraulic Coefficients for a small Circular Orifice)
Labeled Diagram of Hydraulic Bench and Orifice Arrangement
Procedure And Observations and Calculations
Graph
Experiment # 07(To Determine the Hydraulic Coefficients for a small Circular Orifice when the
Orifice is at the Bottom of the Tank)
Labeled Diagram of Hydraulic Bench Arrangement with Orifice at Bottom
Regular Operations and Observations and Calculations and Precautions
Experiment # 08(To Find the Theoratical and Actual Center of Pressure )
Procedure Observations and Calculations
Experiment # 09(To Investigate the Validity of Bernoulli’s Theorem as Applied to the Flow of
Water by Bernoulli’s Theorem Demonstration)

Apparatus and Procedure

CE-212L, Fluid Mechanics Lab December 30, 1899

Observations and Calculations

Experiment # 10(To Determine the Relationship between Head Loss due to Friction and Velocity
for Flow of Water Through Smooth Bore Pipe)

Procedure and Observations & Calculations

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CE-212L, Fluid Mechanics Lab December 30, 1899

EXPERIMENT # 01

DEMONSTRATION OF DIFFERENT PARTS OF

HYDRAULIC BENCH

Hydraulic Bench:
A Hydraulic Bench is a self-contained water supply device that allows recirculating water
from a Sump Tank into different hydraulic devices. A centrifugal Pump moves water from
the Sump Tank through a hose into a Water Inlet at the top of the bench. Once hydraulic
bench is filled with water no external supply of water is required .Water is recycled between
the Experiment module. This Water Inlet point can be used to attach close-conduit devices
(e.g., a Venturi meter), or fitted with a device to allow flow into a small flume for open-
channel flow tests (e.g., Weir Plate tests, Notch test).The basic hydraulic bench is of
volumetric type and has been designed to provide continuous and controlled supply of water
to conduct various experiments using auxiliary modules in typical Fluid mechanics and
Hydraulics laboratory.

Different Parts of Hydraulic Bench:

 Sight Tube and Scale
 Flow Control Valve
 Motor On\Off Button
 Centrifugal Pump
 Dump Valve and Dump Valve Handle
 Drain Valve
 Sump Tank
 Pump and Motor
 Quick Release Connector
 Side Wall Slots
 Inlet Stilling Baffle Valve
 Open Channel
 Weir Carrier
 Tank Stilling Baffle
 Volume Measuring Tank
 Overflow

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 CE-212L, Fluid Mechanics Lab December 30, 1899

Inlet
Stilling
Baffle
Valve

Open
Flow
Dump Valve
Handle
Weir
Carrier

Over Flow
Volume
Measuring Tank

Figure# 1.1 Hydraulic Bench

Graduation Scale

Motor Sump
ON/OFF Tank
Button

Flow
Control
Valve

Figure #1.2 Hydraulic Bench

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CE-212L, Fluid Mechanics Lab December 30, 1899

Description of Different Parts of Hydraulic Bench:

Sight tube and Scale:

A sight tube and scale is connected to tapping in the base of the volumetric tank and give an
instantaneous indication of water flow.
Flow Control Valve:
It is used to regulate the flow in the pipe i.e. to increase or decrease the inflow of water in
hydraulic bench. When it is rotated clockwise it reduces the water flow and when it is moved
counterclockwise it increase the water flow.
Motor On\Off Button:
This button is used to start or close the motor.
Centrifugal Pump:
It draws water from sump tank and supplies it for performing experiment.
Dump Valve and dump Valve Handle:
Dump valve is in the base of the volumetric tank opening the dump valve with dump valve
handle allows the entrained water to return to the sump tank to recycling and closing the
dump valve gathers the water in the volumetric tank.
Drain Valve:
Drain valve is used for discharging of water form sump tank.
Sump Tank:
The fluid used in hydraulic bench is stored in sump tank located at the bottom of hydraulic
bench. The water from the sump tank is supplied through pump. Sump tank has the capacity
of 160 liters.
Quick Release Connector:
The connector allows flow for rapid substitution of accessories. Special purpose terminations
may be connected to the pump supply by screwing connector. No hand tools are required for
doing so.
Side Wall Slots\Channel:
Side channels are provided to support the accessory on test.
Inlet Stilling Baffle Valve:
Inlet stilling baffle valve is used to supply water in the open channel.
Open Channel:
It is used in number of experiments. It provides passage for water for different experiments.

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CE-212L, Fluid Mechanics Lab December 30, 1899

Weir Carrier:
Two types of weirs are used frequently
 Rectangular weir
 Triangular weir
Tank Stilling Baffle:
Volumetric measuring tank incorporates a stilling baffle inclined to reduce turbulence.
Volumetric Tank:
Water discharging form the accessory (channels) on test is collected in a volumetric
measuring tank. This tank is stepped to accommodate low or high flow rates.
Overflow:
An over flow adjacent to the sump returns the water to the sump tank in the event of incorrect
use of water.

Regular operation:
1) To start with, make sure the Pump is off.
2) Set up the device to be tested, either a close-conduit device or water supply for open-
channel flow, attached to the Water Inlet. Make sure all the connections are secured.
3) Ensure that the Supply Valve is closed, and that the Dump Valve is open. Switch the
Pump on.
4) Once the Pump is on, slowly open the Supply Valve to allow water to circulate through
the Bench.
5) Close the dump valve and gather some water in the volumetric tank.
6) Now measure the volume gathered through the sight tube and scale and note the time
required to fill the desirable volume of water on the stopwatch.
7) Open the dump valve to return water to sump tank.
8) Then again close he dump valve to take readings and repeat the procedure to take
different readings.

Purpose:
To find the discharge of water.

Applications:
Experiments to be conducted on hydraulic bench are as follow
 Discharge of water "Q"
 Co-efficient of discharge "Cd"
 Co-efficient of velocity "Cv"
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CE-212L, Fluid Mechanics Lab December 30, 1899

 Co-efficient of contraction "C"

 TO study the characteristics flow of water over notches
 To find head losses through pipes
 Verification of Bernoulli’s theorem
 Osborne Reynold experiment

Observations and Calculations:

Discharge=Volume /Time
Q=V /t

Flow # 01
S.No Volume Time Q = V\t (Discharge)
1 15 liter 11.1 sec 1.351 lit\sec
2 25 liter 20.7 sec 1.20 lit\sec
3 25 liter 19.7 sec 1.26 lit\sec
Flow # 02
S.No Volume Time Q = V\t (Discharge)
1 25 liter 20.95 sec 1.19 lit\sec
2 20 liter 11.03 sec 1.81 lit\sec
3 30 liter 24.3 sec 1.23 lit\sec

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CE-212L, Fluid Mechanics Lab December 30, 1899

EXPERIMENT # 2

TO FIND THE DISCHARGE AND COEFFICIENT OF

DISCHARGE OVER RECTANGULAR NOTCH
Introduction:
An opening provided in tank or vessel in which top edge of the opening lies above the water
surface . It is uses for finding discharge in open channel.

Objective of the Experiment:

 To find discharge in open channel (Q)
 The calculated discharge can be used to find coefficient of discharge

Apparatus:
 Rectangular notches
 Hydraulic bench
 Hook and point gauge
 Stop watch

Procedure:
1) Set the rectangular weir in weir carrier and hook and point gauge on the side walls of
open channel.
2) Start the motor and slowly open the flow regulating valve until the water reaches the crest
of the weir which will be rectangular.
3) Then off the motor n wait until the water level reaches the bottom of the crest n stops
discharging.
4) Now measure the height of the crest with hook and point gauge to give (H1).
5) Now adjust the flow regulating valve so that the water flow become constant above the
crest of the weir to give height (H2).
6) Measure the height H to be used in formula that is H=H 2−H 1
7) Close the regulating valve, stop the pump and then replace the weir with the next weir to
be tested
8) Discharge for the rectangular weir can be found by using the formula

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CE-212L, Fluid Mechanics Lab December 30, 1899

3
2
Q= C d b √ 2 g H 2
3

Derivation:
3
2
Q= C d b √ 2 g H 2
3

3 2
Q=k H 2 k = C d b √2 g
3
3
logQ=log ⁡(k H 2 )
3
logQ=logk+ logH
2
Y =C +mx
2
C=logk=log ⁡( C d b √2 g)
3
−1
3 ⁡log C
C d=
2 b √2 g

Observation and Calculations:

H2
H1 H Volume Time Q Log
S. No. (mm Log H
(mm) (dm) (L) (sec) (L/sec) Q
)
1 81 162 0.81 25 19.34 1.2927 0.11 -0.09
2 81 157 0.76 20 17.2 1.1628 0.06 -0.12
3 81 146 0.65 15 15.58 0.9628 -0.01 -0.19
4 81 126 0.45 10 21.77 0.4594 -0.34 -0.35

Graph:
Plot the graph of log (Q) against log (H) for each weir .measure slopes and
intercepts .Calculate the coefficient of discharge from the intercept and confirm that the slope
is approximately 2.5 for rectangular weir.
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CE-212L, Fluid Mechanics Lab December 30, 1899

0.2
0.1
0
-0.45 -0.4 -0.35 -0.3 -0.25 -0.2 -0.15 -0.1 -0.05 0
-0.1
-0.2
Log Q

-0.3
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
Log H

 So the first two points are good.

0.12
f(x) = 1.66666666666667 x + 0.26
0.1

0.08

0.06
Log Q

0.04

0.02

0
-0.125 -0.12 -0.115 -0.11 -0.105 -0.1 -0.095 -0.09 -0.085
Log H

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CE-212L, Fluid Mechanics Lab December 30, 1899

Hook and
Point Guage

Hydraulic
Bench

Rectangular Notch

Figure 3 Hydraulic Bench with Rectangular Notch

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CE-212L, Fluid Mechanics Lab December 30, 1899

EXPERIMENT#3
TO FIND DISCHARGE AND COEFFICIENT OF
DISCHARGE OVER TRIANGULAR NOTCH

Introduction:
An opening provided in tank or vessel in which top edge of the opening lies above the water
surface . It is uses for finding discharge in open channel.

Objective of the Experiment:

 To find discharge in open channel (Q)
 The calculated discharge can be used to find coefficient of discharge

Apparatus:
 Triangular notches
 Hydraulic bench
 Hook and point gauge
 Stop watch

Procedure:
1) Set the rectangular weir in weir carrier and hook and point gauge on the side walls of
open channel.
2) Start the motor and slowly open the flow regulating valve until the water reaches the crest
of the weir which will be triangular.
3) Now measure the height of the crest with hook and point gauge to give (H1).
4) Now adjust the flow regulating valve so that the water flow become constant above the
crest of the weir to give height (H2).
5) Measure the height H to be used in formula that is H=H2-H1
6) Close the regulating valve, stop the pump and then repeat the test procedure to take at
least three readings
7) Discharge formula for triangular weir is
5
8 θ
Q= C d tan √ 2 g H 2
15 2

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CE-212L, Fluid Mechanics Lab December 30, 1899

Derivation:
5
8 θ
Q= C d tan √ 2 g H 2
15 2

5 8 θ
Q=k H 2 k= C d tan √ 2 g
15 2
5
logQ=log ⁡(k H 2 )
5
logQ=logk+ logH
2
Y =C +mx
8 θ
C=logk=log ⁡( C d tan √ 2 g)
15 2
−1
15 ⁡log C
C d=
θ
8 tan √ 2 g
2

Observation and Calculation:

H2
H1 H Volume Time Q Log
S. No. (mm Log H
(mm) (dm) (L) (sec) (L/sec) Q
)
1 125 162 0.37 15 37.19 0.4033 -0.39 -0.43
2 125 156 0.31 10 34.00 0.2941 -0.53 -0.51
3 125 153 0.28 5 23.20 0.2155 -0.67 -0.55
4 125 147 0.22 3 24.44 0.1228 -0.91 -0.66

Graph:
Plot the graph of In (Q) against In (H) for each weir .measure slopes and intercepts .Calculate
the coefficient of discharge from the intercept and confirm that the slope is approximately 1.5
for triangular weir

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CE-212L, Fluid Mechanics Lab December 30, 1899

0
-0.7 -0.6 -0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0
-0.2

-0.4

-0.6
Log Q

-0.8

-1

-1.2

-1.4

-1.6
Log H

 So the second and last readings are good.

0
-0.68 -0.66 -0.64 -0.62 -0.6 -0.58 -0.56 -0.54 -0.52-0.1-0.5

-0.2
-0.3
-0.4
Log Q

-0.5
f(x) = 2.53333333333327 x + 0.761999999999965
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
-0.9
-1

Log H

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CE-212L, Fluid Mechanics Lab December 30, 1899

Figure 4 Hydraulic Bench with Triangular Notch

Triangular Hook and Point
Notch Hydraulic Bench
Guage

PRECAUTION:

1) Hydraulic bench should be leveled

2) There should be no disturbance around the table.
3) Note the readings carefully.

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CE-212L, Fluid Mechanics Lab December 30, 1899

EXPERIMENT NO 4

Investigation of Different Types of Flow Using Osborne Reynold’s

Apparatus

(Visual Method)

Apparatus
1. Hydraulic bench
2. Osborne Reynold’s apparatus
3. Dye

Different Parts ofOsborne Reynold’s Apparatus:

 Support Columns
 Visualization Pipes
 Outlet Control Valve
 Needle
 Reservoir
 Marble Glasses (Kanchi) For Smoothness Of Flow
 Starter
 Overflow Pipe
 Inlet Pipe
 Dye Reservoir
 Bil Mouth
 Dye Control Valve

Procedure
1. First put dye in dye tank and close its control valve.
2. Open the control valve of hydraulic bench to a very little and
3. Turn on the motor power button.
4. Fill the water tank up to the overflow level.
5. When water come to rest, then open the control valve of dye.
6. The dye will fall into the bill mouth of flow visualized pipe.
7. Open the velocity control valve the ink will start flow into the flow

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CE-212L, Fluid Mechanics Lab December 30, 1899

8. Visualized pipe.
9. By controlling the velocity the dye will change its form according to velocity.
10. When the velocity is small the dye will look like a streamline in flow visualized
11. Pipe, and the dye is not mixing with water, so this flow is called laminar flow.
12. When the velocity is increased a little bit now the dye will mix with water with a small
amount but in that case we could not see the perfect streamline of dye
13. So this flow is called transition flow.
14. Now increased the velocity of water with a high amount, now we couldn’t see
15. The streamline of dye, but it is completely mixed with water and we can only see
16. The mixture of water and dye, so this flow is called turbulent flow.

OSBORNE REYNOLD'S APPARATUS 1

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CE-212L, Fluid Mechanics Lab December 30, 1899

EXPERIMENT NO 5

Investigation of Different Types of Flow using Osborne Reynold’s

Apparatus Using Reynold’s Formula.

Apparatus:

1. Hydraulic Bench.
2. Osborne Reynold’s Apparatus
3. Dye.

Procedure:

1. When the dye seem in line in the visual pipe then calculate the discharge from the outlet
flow.
2. After increasing the velocity when dye show transition flow in visualizing pipe again calculate
the discharge.
3. Then further increase the velocity and when the flow seems to be turbulent then calculate
the discharge.
4. From all these discharges find the velocities and confirm these that these are laminar,
transition and turbulent flow.

Observations And Calculation:

For calculating υ we use the following interpolation formula

T 1−T 2 υ 1−υ 2
T −T 2
= υ−υ 2

Also Reynold Number By

DV
R=
υ

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CE-212L, Fluid Mechanics Lab December 30, 1899


TABLE FOR THE DATA

S/ Vol(ml Time(s
NO Flow Visualized ) ) Temp(Cͦ) Q(ml/s) Vel (cm/s) υ (cm2/s) R
1.42045 1.809496 9.810E-
1 Laminar 100 70.4 21 5 2 03 184.4542545
22.8658 29.12847 9.810E-
2 Transition 300 13.12 21 5 6 03 2969.263608
36.1881 9.810E-
3 Turbulent 300 8.29 21 8 46.09959 03 4699.244697

Precautions:
1. Slightly Open The Control Valve Of Hydraulic Bench In The Start.
2. Carefully Measure The Discharge From Outlet Pipe.
3. Do not disturb The Hydraulic Bench during the Experiment.

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CE-212L, Fluid Mechanics Lab December 30, 1899

EXPERIMENT # 06

TO DETERMINE THE HYDRAULIC COEFFICIENTS (

∁ , ∁ , ∁ ¿ FOR A SMALL CIRCULAR ORIFICE
d v c

Orifice:
An opening in vessel through which water flows out is called orifice. In case of orifice the
up-stream level of water is above the top edge of opening.

Coefficient of Contraction: (∁c)

The ratio of area of jet at venna contracta to the area of orifice. The portion of jet with least
diameter is called vena contracta.
Α c ∁d
∁c = =
Α o ∁v

Coefficient of Velocity: (∁v )

The ratio of actual velocity to theoretical velocity of jet issuing from orifice

∁v =
√ x2
4 hy
x2
⇒ =4 h ∁v 2
y

Coefficient of discharge: (∁d )

The ratio of actual discharge to theoretical discharge of fluid issuing from orifice.
Q actual Q act
∁d = =
Q theoratical Α o √ 2 g ho

Where

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CE-212L, Fluid Mechanics Lab December 30, 1899

h o= piezometer head

Vol
Qact =
t

Apparatus:
 Hydraulic Bench
 Orifice Tank Apparatus

Orifice Arrangement
It consist of following parts
 Adjustable Overflow
 Scale
 Inlet Pipe
 Head Tank
 Adjustable feets

Clipboar

Adjustable
overflow A3 page

Tank
Needles

Adjustable
foots
Orifice
plate

Hydraulic

Bench

Figure # 6.1

Procedure:
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CE-212L, Fluid Mechanics Lab December 30, 1899

1) Make sure that the inlet pipe of head tank is properly connected to hydraulic bench water
supply pipe.
2) Before starting the experiment adjust the level of overflow with the help of adjustable
overflow pipe.
3) Set the A3 paper on clip board.
4) Turn on the switch of hydraulic bench motor.
5) Adjust the needles (attached to clipboard) in such a way that their tips touch the surface of
jet of water coming from orifice.
6) Now the arrangement of needles is showing the pattern of jet it is transferred to paper by
marking the points against the ends of needles on paper.
7) In order to find the discharge gather some water in a volumetric tank and measure the
time with the help of stopwatch and note down the required volume on scale and tube.

Observations and calculations:

Orifice diameter = Ao = 6mm = 0.6cm

h o = Piezometric head = head of water above orifice = 381cm

Volume = Vol = 5lit = 5000ml

Time = t = 108.84 sec

N # 01 N # 02 N # 03 N # 04 N # 05 N # 06 N # 07 N # 08
X (cm) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Y (cm) 0 0.7 1.2 2.8 4.5 6.3 8.1 10.8
2
X 0 25 100 225 400 625 900 1225

X = spacing between needles

Y = vertical distance of needles from datum drawn from (Y =0)

Graph:
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CE-212L, Fluid Mechanics Lab December 30, 1899

1400

1200
f(x) = 115.099961553249 x − 57.4298346789698
1000

800
X2
600

400

200

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Y2

2
x
Slope = 2 = 115.1
y
So

C v=
√ √x2
4 hy
=
115.1
4∗38.1
=0.869

Vo l. 5000
Q act = = =45.94
t 108.84
2
π (0.6)
Q theo = Ao∗√ 2 gho= ∗√ 2∗981∗38.1=77.30
4
Qact 45.94
C d= = =0.594
Qtheo 77.30

Now
C d 0.594
C c= = =0.684
C v 0.869

EXPERIMENT # 7

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CE-212L, Fluid Mechanics Lab December 30, 1899

TO DETERMINE THE HYDRAULIC COEFFICIENTS (

∁ , ∁ , ∁ ¿ FOR A SMALL CIRCULAR ORIFICE WHEN
d v c

THE ORIFICE IS AT THE BOTTOM OF THE TANK

Orifice:
An opening in vessel through which water flows out is called orifice. In case of orifice the
up-stream level of water is above the top edge of opening.

Coefficient of Contraction: (∁c)

The ratio of area of jet at venna contracta to the area of orifice. The portion of jet with least
diameter is called vena contracta.
Α c ∁d
∁c = =
Α o ∁v

Coefficient of Velocity: (∁v )

The ratio of actual velocity to theoretical velocity of jet issuing from orifice

∁v = √
2 ghc
√ 2 gho
h c=¿Pitot tube head

h o=¿Piezometer head

Coefficient of discharge: (∁d )

The ratio of actual discharge to theoretical discharge of fluid issuing from orifice.
Q actual Q act
∁d = =
Q theoratical Α o √ 2 g ho

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 CE-212L, Fluid Mechanics Lab December 30, 1899

Apparatus:
 Hydraulic Bench.
 Orifice Tank apparatus.

Pitot
tube
Piezometer

Tank

Micrometer

Hydraulic
Bench

Figure # 7.1 Hydraulic Bench with arrangement for Orifice At the Bottom of the Tank

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 CE-212L, Fluid Mechanics Lab December 30, 1899

Tube to
Orifice
Pitot tube

Micrometer
Tube to
piezometer

Figure # 7.2

Procedure:
1) Make sure inlet pipe of head tank is properly connected to hydraulic bench water supply
pipe.
2) Set the apparatus by moving pitot tube in the center of jet for actual velocity.
3) Allow water to flow from inlet pipe into orifice.
4) Issue water from orifice opening and note down the readings on scale for pressure head
and velocity head.
5) Repeat the experiment by different heads of water.
6) Diameter of jet at vena contracta can be find by adjusting pitot tube through micrometer.

Observations and Calculations:

Do=Diameter of Orifice
Dc=Diameter of Vena contracta
Dc
S.N Do ho hc Vol. t
(mm Cc Cv Cd
o (mm) (mm) (mm) (litre) (sec)
)
37.1 0.7 0.9
1 14 12 368 357 10 0.71
6 3 8

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CE-212L, Fluid Mechanics Lab December 30, 1899

2
π (12)
Ac 4 113.04
C c= = = =0.73
A o π (14)2 153.94
4

C v=
√ 2 g h c = √ 2∗9810∗357 =0.98
√2 g ho √ 2∗9810∗368
Vol . 10∗106
t 34.16
C d= = =0.71
A o √ 2 g h o 153.94 √ 2∗9810∗368

Precautions:
1) Reading of pitot tube and piezometer should be noted carefully and correctly.
2) Initially pitot tube should be at mid of the jet.
3) Do not touch the hydraulic bench during experiment.
4) Time for discharging of specific volume should be noted correctly.

EXPERIMENT # 8

TO FIND THE THEORETICAL AND ACTUAL

CENTER OF PRESSURE ON PARTIALLY
SUBMERGED BODY

Apparatus:
 Hydraulic Pressure Apparatus
 Weights

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CE-212L, Fluid Mechanics Lab December 30, 1899

Clamp Counter
Weight

Balancing
Scale Arm

Spirit
Level
Leveling
Screws

Figure # 8.1 Hydraulic Pressure Apparatus

Procedure:
1) Level the apparatus by moving the leveling screws inward/outward.
2) Balance the beam and quadrant by moving the quadrant clockwise/counter clockwise.
3) Apply the load on a beam by putting load in a load hanger, so as to unbalance the beam.
4) To balance quadrant, add water in quadrant.
5) For any extra water, remove that by means of drain valve.
6) Take required readings of (r, w, q, B, p) from the hydrostatic pressure apparatus.
7) Repeat experiment by taking different heads of water.

Observations and Calculations:

Theoratical Center of Pressure:

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CE-212L, Fluid Mechanics Lab December 30, 1899

2
H p (theo .)=q + r
3
Actual Center of Pressure:
W ×P
H p (act .)=
Fr

Where
1 2
F r= ( γ w ) r B
2
B=7.5 cm
P=27.5 cm
q=20−r

Weight of the load Hp Hp

r q Fr
S.No (theoretical) (actual)
gm N (cm) (cm) (N)
(cm) (cm)
1 100 0.98 6.6 13.4 1.6 17.8 16.86
2 150 1.4715 8.3 11.7 2.53 17.23 15.99
3 200 1.962 9.8 10.2 3.53 16.73 15.28

EXPERIMENT # 09
Civil Engineering Department, UET Peshawar Page 29 of 32
CE-212L, Fluid Mechanics Lab December 30, 1899

TO INVESTIGATE THE VALIDITY OF BERNOULLI’S

THEOREM AS APPLIED TO THE FLOW OF WATER
BY BERNOULLI’S THEOREM DEMONSTRATION

The Bernoulli Equation can be considered to be a statement of the conservation of energy

principle appropriate for flowing Bernoulli’s theorem, in fluid dynamics, relates the pressure,
velocity, and elevation in a moving fluid (liquid or gas), the compressibility and viscosity
(internal friction) of which are negligible and the flow of which is steady, or laminar. Fluids.

For two points the Bernoulli equation is as below

The total head (H) of a liquid flowing between two points remains constant provided there is
no loss due to friction and no gain due to application of outside work between two points.

2
Ρ V
H= + + z
Υ 2g

Apparatus:
Civil Engineering Department, UET Peshawar Page 30 of 32
CE-212L, Fluid Mechanics Lab December 30, 1899

Bernoulli apparatus consists of following parts

 8 manometers attached to air chamber
 Air bled screw
 Air inlet
 Tapping points
 Water inlet connected through hydraulic bench
 Outlet control valve
 Test section
 Gland nut
 Hypodermic prob \ total head prob

Procedure:
1) Before the start of experiment make sure that inlet and outlet valve are closed and air bled
screw is open.
2) Now slowly open the inlet valve as the water starts rising in the manometer tubes it starts
escaping out through the air bled screw.
3) Adjust the pressure in the pipes in such a way that by closing air bled screw start opening
the outlet valve at the same rate and repeat this through several trials such that all the air
bubbles are removed and there is some pressure head in all the tubes at the same
atmospheric pressure.
4) If by doing the step 3 there is no head in tubes it means that water pressure in the
manometer tubes is very high so in this case air pressure is introduced through the air
inlet valve.
5) After adjusting the pressure heads in tubes take the reading of these heads on a graduated
scale at which these tubes are attached at the back for the respective tapping points this
reading will give the actual static head in mm.
6) To measure the actual total head at each tapping point adjust the total head prob by gland
nut at the tapping point it will give the value of actual total head at that tapping point do
this to calculate actual total head at each tapping point.
7) Theoretical velocity head is calculated by the following formula
2
V
=8¿ ¿
2g
8) To calculate the theoretical static head between 1 st point and any point general equation is
below
2 2
Ρ n Ρ1 V 1 V n
= + −
Υ Υ 2g 2 g
9) Theoretical total head is equal to the sum of theoretical static head and theoretical
velocity head

Civil Engineering Department, UET Peshawar Page 31 of 32

 CE-212L, Fluid Mechanics Lab December 30, 1899

Observations and calculations:

Head
Total
Actual Actual loss
Tapping Theoratical Theoratical Theoratical head
S. Diameter static total b\w
Point static head velocity Total head loss of
No (mm) head head two
(mm) (mm) head (mm) (mm) each
(mm) (mm) points
point
(mm)
1 A 25 274 274 3.93 278 277.93 0 0
2 B 13.9 236 236 41.12 276 277.12 2 2
3 C 11.8 171 171 79.19 275 250.19 1 3
4 D 10.7 163 163 117.12 274 280.12 1 4
5 E 10 116 116 153.53 273 269.53 1 5
6 F 25 139 139 3.93 191 142.39 82 87
Sum of Head Loss 87 87

Civil Engineering Department, UET Peshawar Page 32 of 32

CE-212L, Fluid Mechanics Lab December 30, 1899

EXPERIMENT # 10

TO DETERMINE THE RELATION SHIP BETWEEN

HEAD LOSS DUE TO FRICTION AND VELOCITY
FOR FLOW OF WATER THROUGH SMOOTH BORE
PIPE

Objective:
For laminar flow head loss is directly proportional to velocity of fluid
For turbulent flow head loss is directly proportional to the n power of velocity
Comparison of theoretical and actual head loss

Apparatus:
 Fluid Fraction Apparatus .
 Hydraulic Bench .

Civil Engineering Department, UET Peshawar Page 33 of 32

 CE-212L, Fluid Mechanics Lab December 30, 1899

6 mm
pipe
10 mm Tapping
pipe points
Isolating
17mm
Valve
pipe
Fluid
17 mm Fraction
roughened Apparatus
pipe
Tubing and
Connectors

Hydraulic
Bench

Figure 10.1 Fluid Fraction Apparatus

Procedure:
1) Prime the pipe network with water. Also , remove the entrapped air if there is any and
adjust the pressure by using air bleed screw ,such that all the air bubbles are removed and
there is some pressure head in all the tubes at same atmospheric pressure.
2) Open and close the appropriate walls to obtain flow of water through the required test
pipe.
3) Take readings at a number of different flow rates , changing the flow using the control
valve on the apparatus.
4) Measure flow rates using the volumetric tank. For small flow rates use the measuring
cylinder.
5) Measure head loss between the tappings using the manometer.
6) Measure the internal diameter of each test pipe.

Observations and Calculations:

Civil Engineering Department, UET Peshawar Page 34 of 32

 CE-212L, Fluid Mechanics Lab December 30, 1899

Measured
friction Calculated Measured
s.n Dia Vol. (V) t Q Velocity R hl of
factor hl hl
o (mm) (106 mm3 ) (sec) (V/t) (V) (DV/ϑ ) water
(f) (mm) (mm)
(mm)

16.0
1 10 1 62150.4 791 9164 0.03 95.94 39 530
9
25.9
2 10 3 115473 1471 17027 0.025 275.99 102 1387
8
34.6
3 10 5 144175 1836 21259 0.025 430.25 144 1958
8
25.6
4 10 5 195084 2485 28765 0.024 756.23 200 2720
3
22.2
5 10 5 225124 2867 33195 0.024 1007.06 299 4066
1
20.6
6 10 5 242365 3087 35737 0.024 1167.23 357 4855
3

Civil Engineering Department, UET Peshawar Page 35 of 32