Lecture 11 - Revision Lecture

LEED to LEAD
11
Revision
Ph.D. LEED AP Sara Khalifa

Course Lecturer
B.Sc. LEED GA Mona Abdel-Aziz

Teaching Assistant
1
11
DATES LECTURE TUTORIAL
Monday 12/10/2020 Lecture 01- Green Building Basics …..
Monday 19/10/2020 Lecture 02- About LEED Carbon Footprint
Monday 26/10/2020 Excursion
Monday 2/11/2020 Lecture 03- Location & Transportation L&T Q&A

Monday 9/11/2020 Lecture 04- Sustainable Sites SS Q&A
Monday 16/11/2020 Lecture 05- Water Efficiency WE Q&A
Monday 23/11/2020 Lecture 06- Energy & Atmosphere EA Q&A
Monday 30/11/2020 Lecture 07- Materials & Resources M&R Q&A
Monday 7/12/2020 Lecture 08- Indoor Air Quality IAQ Q&A
Monday 14/12/2020 Lecture 09- Bonus Categories + Synergies Bonus Categories Q&A
Monday 21/12/2020 Lecture 10- LEED Exams + Research Draft Research Draft Discussions
Monday 28/12/2020 Research Draft Discussion Draft..5%

Monday 4/1/2021 Research Pinup Final..30%
Monday 11/1/2021 Revision Lecture …..
German University in Cairo | Winter 2020 | BTECH 907 | LEED to LEAD 2

01

01
SUSTAINABILITY
The ability to meet the needs of the present

without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their needs

01
BUILT ENVIRONMENT
The human-made surroundings that

provide the setting for human activity,
ranging in scale from personal shelter and
buildings to neighborhoods and cities

01
Green Architecture
The practice of creating structures and using

processes that are environmentally
responsible and source-efficient through a
building’s life cycle

01
How?!

01
The Process

01
TRADITIONAL INTEGRATED
PROJECT DELIVERY PROJECT DELIVERY
• Design • Predesign
• Construction Plans • Design
• Bidding Process • Construction Plans
• Construction • Bidding Process
• Commissioning and turnover • Construction
• Occupancy • Commissioning
• Occupancy and Recommissioning
• Building end of life reuse or demolition/
recycle

01
TRADITIONAL INTEGRATED
PROJECT DELIVERY PROJECT DELIVERY
• Design • Predesign
• Construction Plans • Design
• Bidding Process • Construction Plans
• Construction • Bidding Process
• Commissioning and turnover • Construction
• Occupancy • Commissioning
• Building end of life reuse or
demolition/ recycle

01
INTEGRATED
PROJECT DELIVERY
• Life Cycle Approach

• Develop a Clear Statement of the Project’s
Vision
• Define the Green Goals of the Building
• Set Priorities
• Select Project Team
• Research Green Technologies and
Strategies
• Assign Small Task Groups
• Define Green Building Budget Items • Predesign
• Review Applicable Laws and Standards • Design
• Construction Plans
• Bidding Process
• Construction
• Commissioning
• Building end of life reuse or
demolition/ recycle

01
Open Systems
Closed Systems

01
Cradle to Cradle
Philosophy

02

02
Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design

(LEED) Rating System

02
 Why LEED? LEED Certified Projects
120000
1. The main reference guide for

many other rating systems 100000
2. The remarkable growth of

number of LEED registered 80000
and certified projects
3. Many countries use LEED 60000

Certified Projects
rather than their own rating
systems
40000
Year LEED Certified Projects

2000 1 20000
2004 1511
2008 10943 0
1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
2012 60343
2016 89749
2018 111900
More than 153,000 LEED registered & certified projects as of October 2020
2020 153177

02

02
Minimum Program Requirements

LEED v4 for BD+C: New Construction and Major Renovation
Project Checklist Project Name:
04 Y ? N
Credit Integrative Process 1
Date:
0 0 0 Location and Transportation 16 0 0 0 Materials and Resources 13

Credit LEED for Neighborhood Development Location 16 Y Prereq Storage and Collection of Recyclables Required
Credit Sensitive Land Protection 1 Y Prereq Construction and Demolition Waste Management Planning Required
Credit High Priority Site 2 Credit Building Life-Cycle Impact Reduction 5
Building Product Disclosure and Optimization - Environmental Product
Credit Surrounding Density and Diverse Uses 5 Credit 2
Declarations
Credit Access to Quality Transit 5 Credit Building Product Disclosure and Optimization - Sourcing of Raw Materials 2
Credit Bicycle Facilities 1 Credit Building Product Disclosure and Optimization - Material Ingredients 2
Credit Reduced Parking Footprint 1 Credit Construction and Demolition Waste Management 2
Credit Green Vehicles 1
0 0 0 Indoor Environmental Quality 16
0 0 0 Sustainable Sites 10 Y Prereq Minimum Indoor Air Quality Performance Required
Y Prereq Construction Activity Pollution Prevention Required Y Prereq Environmental Tobacco Smoke Control Required
Credit Site Assessment 1 Credit Enhanced Indoor Air Quality Strategies 2
Credit Site Development - Protect or Restore Habitat 2 Credit Low -Emitting Materials 3
Credit Open Space 1 Credit Construction Indoor Air Quality Management Plan 1
Credit Rainw ater Management 3 Credit Indoor Air Quality Assessment 2
Credit Heat Island Reduction 2 Credit Thermal Comfort 1
Credit Light Pollution Reduction 1 Credit Interior Lighting 2
Credit Daylight 3
0 0 0 Water Efficiency 11 Credit Quality View s 1
Y Prereq Outdoor Water Use Reduction Required Credit Acoustic Performance 1
Y Prereq Indoor Water Use Reduction Required
Y Prereq Building-Level Water Metering Required 0 0 0 Innovation 6
Credit Outdoor Water Use Reduction 2 Credit Innovation 5
Credit Indoor Water Use Reduction 6 Credit LEED Accredited Professional 1
Credit Cooling Tow er Water Use 2
Credit Water Metering 1 0 0 0 Regional Priority 4
Credit Regional Priority: Specific Credit 1
0 0 0 Energy and Atmosphere 33 Credit Regional Priority: Specific Credit 1
Y Prereq Fundamental Commissioning and Verification Required Credit Regional Priority: Specific Credit 1
Y Prereq Minimum Energy Performance Required Credit Regional Priority: Specific Credit 1
Y Prereq Building-Level Energy Metering Required
Y Prereq Fundamental Refrigerant Management Required 0 0 0 TOTALS Possible Points: 110
Credit Enhanced Commissioning 6 Certified: 40 to 49 points, Silver: 50 to 59 points, Gold: 60 to 79 points, Platinum : 80 to 110
Credit Optimize Energy Performance 18
Credit Advanced Energy Metering 1
Credit Demand Response 2
Credit Renew able Energy Production 3
Credit Enhanced Refrigerant Management 1
Credit Green Pow er and Carbon Offsets 2

LEED v4 for BD+C: New Construction and Major Renovation
04 Y ? N
Project Checklist
Credit Integrative Process 1

Project Name:
Date:
0 0 0 Location and Transportation 16 0 0 0 Materials and Resources 13

Credit LEED for Neighborhood Development Location 16 Y Prereq Storage and Collection of Recyclables Required
Credit Sensitive Land Protection 1 Y Prereq Construction and Demolition Waste Management Planning Required
Credit High Priority Site 2 Credit Building Life-Cycle Impact Reduction 5
Building Product Disclosure and Optimization - Environmental Product
Credit Surrounding Density and Diverse Uses 5 Credit 2
Declarations
Credit Access to Quality Transit 5 Credit Building Product Disclosure and Optimization - Sourcing of Raw Materials 2
Credit Bicycle Facilities 1 Credit Building Product Disclosure and Optimization - Material Ingredients 2
Credit Reduced Parking Footprint 1 Credit Construction and Demolition Waste Management 2
Credit Green Vehicles 1
0 0 0 Indoor Environmental Quality 16
0 0 0 Sustainable Sites 10 Y Prereq Minimum Indoor Air Quality Performance Required
Y Prereq Construction Activity Pollution Prevention Required Y Prereq Environmental Tobacco Smoke Control Required
Credit Site Assessment 1 Credit Enhanced Indoor Air Quality Strategies 2
Credit Site Development - Protect or Restore Habitat 2 Credit Low -Emitting Materials 3
Credit Open Space 1 Credit Construction Indoor Air Quality Management Plan 1
Credit Rainw ater Management 3 Credit Indoor Air Quality Assessment 2
Credit Heat Island Reduction 2 Credit Thermal Comfort 1
Categories Credit Light Pollution Reduction 1 Credit Interior Lighting 2
Credit Daylight 3
0 0 0 Water Efficiency 11 Credit Quality View s 1
Y Prereq Outdoor Water Use Reduction Required Credit Acoustic Performance 1
Prerequisite Y
Y
Prereq
Prereq
Indoor Water Use Reduction
Building-Level Water Metering
Required
Required 0 0 0 Innovation 6
Credit Outdoor Water Use Reduction 2 Credit Innovation 5
Credit Indoor Water Use Reduction 6 Credit LEED Accredited Professional 1
Credit Cooling Tow er Water Use 2
Credits Credit Water Metering 1 0 0 0 Regional Priority 4
Credit Regional Priority: Specific Credit 1
0 0 0 Energy and Atmosphere 33 Credit Regional Priority: Specific Credit 1
Y Prereq Fundamental Commissioning and Verification Required Credit Regional Priority: Specific Credit 1
Y Prereq Minimum Energy Performance Required Credit Regional Priority: Specific Credit 1
Y Prereq Building-Level Energy Metering Required
Y Prereq Fundamental Refrigerant Management Required 0 0 0 TOTALS Possible Points: 110
Credit Enhanced Commissioning 6 Certified: 40 to 49 points, Silver: 50 to 59 points, Gold: 60 to 79 points, Platinum : 80 to 110
Credit Optimize Energy Performance 18
Credit Advanced Energy Metering 1
Credit Demand Response 2
Credit Renew able Energy Production 3
Credit Enhanced Refrigerant Management 1
Credit Green Pow er and Carbon Offsets 2

03

03

03

03

03

03

03

03

03

03

03

04

04

04
 Mulching
 Erosion control blankets
 Sediment fencing
 Berms and constructed ponds
 Seeding
 Straw bales

04

04

04

04

04

04

05
Category Three:
Water Efficiency

05 Main Concepts
Protect
natural water
resources
Reduce the
Reduce the
energy usage Water demand on
needed for
Efficiency municipal
pumping
water supply
systems
Reduce the
load on
sewage
treatment
system

05
Category 3: WE Credits
Prerequisite 1 Outdoor Water Use Reduction
Prerequisite 2 Indoor Water Use Reduction
Prerequisite 3 Building-Level Water Metering
Credit 1 Outdoor Water Use Reduction
Credit 2 Indoor Water Use Reduction
Credit 3 Cooling Tower Water Use
Credit 4 Water Metering

05
• Appropriate plant selection
Outdoor Water
Reduction
Native plants
Landscape
design
Adaptive plants
Landscape water
efficiency
Landscape Avoid invasive plants

maintenance

05
• Xeriscaping
Outdoor Water
Reduction
Landscape
design
• Mulching
Landscape water
efficiency
• Reduce Turf grasses

Landscape
maintenance

05
• Drip irrigation
Outdoor Water
Reduction
• Scheduling
Landscape
design
• Weather based irrigation controllers

(Tailor irrigation schedules to actual weather conditions on the
Landscape water site)
efficiency
• Water audits
Landscape (Perform annual review of irrigation demand for different areas as
maintenance newly installed plants need more water to become established)

05
• Raise mowers
Outdoor Water
Reduction
• Leave the clippings
• Maintain the watering system(ex.: verify that sprinkler heads are

Landscape pointed in the right direction)
design
• Use rainwater and/or gray water for irrigation uses
Landscape water
efficiency
Landscape
maintenance

05
• Dual flush toilets
Indoor Water
Reduction
• High efficiency toilets
• Water sense toilets

Water Efficient
Fixtures • Waterless urinals
• Composting toilets
Reuse Rainwater • Low-flow showerheads & faucets

or Grey water
• Faucets with low flow aerators
and/or motion sensor

05
Indoor Water
Reduction
Water Efficient
Fixtures
Reuse Rainwater
or Grey water

05
• Install water meters to trace water consumption and detect any
Water Metering leakage
Water Meter
Use
Share metering
data

05
• Share metering data with USGBC every 5 years
Water Metering
Water Meter
Use
Share metering
data

05
• Makeup water for mechanical systems
Process Water • Water used in laboratories and hospitals
Reduction • Commercial cooking applications
• Cooling towers

06
Category Four:
Energy and Atmosphere

06 Main Concepts
Reduce energy
demand
Energy
Efficiency
Use renewable Optimize

energy energy
resources efficiency

06
Category 4: EA Credits
Prerequisite 1 Fundamental Commissioning
Prerequisite 2 Minimum Energy Performance
Prerequisite 3 Building-Level Energy Metering
Prerequisite 4 Fundamental Refrigerants Management
Credit 1 Enhanced Commissioning
Credit 2 Optimized Energy Performance
Credit 3 Advanced Energy Metering
Credit 4 Demand Response
Credit 5 Renewable Energy Production
Credit 6 Enhanced Refrigerants Management
Credit 7 Green Power & Carbon Offsets

06 Fundamental and Enhanced Commissioning
Commissioning (Cx) is the process of verifying and documenting that a building and all of
its systems and assemblies are planned, designed, installed, tested, operated and maintained
to meet the owner’s project requirements.

06 Minimum and Optimized Energy Performance
To reduce the environmental and economic harms of excessive energy use by achieving a
minimum level of energy efficiency for the building and its systems.
Energy performance of new buildings should be at least 5% better than ASHRAE 90.1 2010
requirements.

To reduce the environmental and economic harms of excessive energy use by achieving a
minimum level of energy efficiency for the building and its systems.
Energy performance of new buildings should be at least 5% better than ASHRAE 90.1 2010
requirements.
Strategies:
•Building Orientation
•Building Envelope
•Efficient HVAC Equipment
•Efficient Lighting
•Passive Techniques
•Efficient Controls
Tools:
• EPA Energy Star Target Finder
• Energy Modeling
• EPA Energy Star Portfolio manager

06 Building-Level and Advanced Energy Metering
To support energy management and identify opportunities for additional energy savings by
tracking building-level and system-level energy use.

Fundamental & Enhanced Refrigerants
06 Management
LEED certified projects should
have no CFCs refrigerants at all.
Existing projects can be LEED

certified if they submitted a CFC
phase out plan that indicates
how to eliminate CFCs use in the
building through a specific
period of time.

06 Demand Response
Demand Response is a set of time‐dependent program activities that seek to reduce

electricity use or shift usage to another time period.

06 Renewable Energy Production
Renewable Energy
Onsite
Renewable
Energy
Offsite
Renewable
Energy

06 Green Power and Carbon Offsets
Offsite Renewable Energy
Renewable Energy
Direct Purchasing Indirect Purchasing
Certificates (RECs)
Purchasing green Purchasing green Purchasing green

power directly from power indirectly from certificates represent
the power provider the power provider the environmental
(open electricity (closed electricity value of renewable
market) market) energy

07
Category Five:
Materials and Resources

07 Main Concepts
Reduce the
demand for
virgin
materials
Creating a
sustainable Materials Reduce
purchasing materials waste
program Efficiency
Using
environmentall
y preferable
materials

07
Category 5: MR Credits
Prerequisite 1 Storage & Collection of Recyclables
Prerequisite 2 Cons. & Demolition Waste Management Planning
Credit 1 Building Life Cycle Impact Reduction
Credit 2 BPDO-Environmental Product Declarations
Credit 3 BPDO-Sourcing of Raw Material
Credit 4 BPDO-Material Ingredients
Credit 5 Construction & Demolition Waste Management

07 Storage and Collection of Recyclables
To reduce the waste that is generated by building occupants and hauled to and disposed of
in landfills.

Construction & Demolition Waste
07 Planning & Management
• To reduce construction and demolition waste disposed of in landfills.

• To recycle construction waste to reduce demand for virgin materials
• Separated waste or comingled waste method can be used for waste management

07 Building Life Cycle Impact Reduction
• Building reuse
• Material reuse
• Material with Recycled content
• Rapidly renewable material
• Regional material
• Certified wood

07 BPDO-Environmental Product Declarations
EPD
Transparency comes from publishing an
Environmental Product Declaration (EPD),
which is a standardized way of quantifying
the environmental impact of a product or
system.
Typically, an EPD will include information

about a product’s impact on global
warming, ozone depletion, water pollution,
ozone creation, and greenhouse gas

07 BPDO-Sourcing of Raw Material
CSR
Corporate sustainability reports (CSRs) help to
identify products/manufacturer’s that
have been verified to be extracted or sourced
in a responsible manner.

07 BPDO-Material Ingredients
HPD
Health Product Declaration (HPDs) provide a
full disclosure of the potential chemicals
of concern in products by comparing product
ingredients to a wide variety of “hazard”
lists published by government authorities and
scientific associations.

08
Category Six:
Indoor Environmental Quality

08
Category 6: IAQ Credits
Prerequisite 1 Minimum IAQ Performance
Prerequisite 2 Environmental Tobacco Smoke Control
Credit 1 Enhanced IAQ Strategies
Credit 2 Low Emitting Materials
Credit 3 Construction IAQ Management Plan
Credit 4 IAQ Assessment
Credit 5 Thermal Comfort
Credit 6 Interior Lighting
Credit 7 Daylight
Credit 8 Quality Views
Credit 9 Acoustic Performance

08 Main Concepts
Air quality
Acoustic
Indoor
Thermal
comfort Environmental comfort
Quality
Visual comfort

08 Minimum & Enhanced IAQ Performance
• Minimum IAQ Performance
To contribute to the comfort and well-being of building occupants by establishing minimum
standards ( such as ASHRAE 62.1-2010 and CEN EN 15251-2007 for ventilation and
monitoring of indoor air quality (IAQ) in:
Naturally ventilated spaces
Mechanically ventilated spaces
Mixed mode
• Enhanced IAQ Strategies

To enhance occupant comfort by controlling air quality using further strategies such as:
entryway systems
interior cross-contamination prevention
filtration
natural ventilation design calculations
mixed-mode design calculations.

08 Environmental Tobacco Smoke Control
Prohibit smoking except in designated smoking areas
Interior Smoking areas Exterior Smoking areas

 No recirculation, to be  Min. 25 ft. away from
exhausted outside windows, doors, or any air
 Enclosed with impermeable intake
deck-to-deck partition, self-
closing doors
 Negatively pressurized

08 Low Emitting Materials
• To reduce concentrations of chemical contaminants that can damage air quality, human
health, productivity, and the environment.
• To reduce Volatile organic Compounds (VOCs) emitted from building materials such as:
 Adhesive and sealants

 Composite wood which is wood made from several materials
 Paints and coatings
 Flooring
 Furniture and furnishings
 Rooms containing equipment such as copiers

08 Construction IAQ Management Plan
To promote the well-being of construction workers and building occupants by minimizing
indoor air quality problems associated with construction and renovation.
 Develop and implement an IAQ management plan

 During construction, meet or exceed all applicable recommended control measures of the
Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning National Contractors Association (SMACNA) IAQ
Guidelines
 Protect absorptive materials stored on-site and installed from moisture damage.
 Do not operate permanently installed air-handling equipment during construction
 Prohibit the use of tobacco products inside the building and within 25 feet of the building
entrance during construction.

08 IAQ Assessment
To establish better quality of indoor air in the building after construction and during occupancy
through:
Flush out Air testing

08 Thermal Comfort
Meet the requirements for both thermal comfort design and thermal comfort control according
to one of the following:
ASHRAE standard 55-2010

ISO 7739-2005
CEN EN 15251-2007

08 Interior Lighting
To promote occupants’ productivity, comfort, and well-being by providing high-quality lighting
and lighting control.
83
08 Daylighting
To connect building occupants with the outdoors, reinforce circadian rhythms, and reduce the
use of electrical lighting by introducing daylight into the space through simulation software or
measurements.
84
08 Quality Views
To give building occupants a connection to the natural outdoor environment.

08 Acoustic Performance
To provide workspaces and classrooms that promote occupants’ wellbeing, productivity, and
communications through effective acoustic design through:
Using sound absorbing materials

Consider the geometry of a space.
Avoiding the use of small diameter ducts with high velocity airflow
Designing rooms with privacy and concentration in mind, such as study rooms in libraries
Enclosing or separating spaces where privacy and concentration is important


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LEED to LEAD

Ph.D. LEED AP Sara Khalifa

B.Sc. LEED GA Mona Abdel-Aziz

Monday 12/10/2020 Lecture 01- Green Building Basics …..

Monday 19/10/2020 Lecture 02- About LEED Carbon Footprint

Monday 26/10/2020 Excursion

Monday 2/11/2020 Lecture 03- Location & Transportation L&T Q&A

Monday 28/12/2020 Research Draft Discussion Draft..5%

German University in Cairo | Winter 2020 | BTECH 907 | LEED to LEAD 2

German University in Cairo | Winter 2020 | BTECH 907 | LEED to LEAD 3

The ability to meet the needs of the present

German University in Cairo | Winter 2020 | BTECH 907 | LEED to LEAD 4

The human-made surroundings that

German University in Cairo | Winter 2020 | BTECH 907 | LEED to LEAD 5

The practice of creating structures and using

German University in Cairo | Winter 2020 | BTECH 907 | LEED to LEAD 6

German University in Cairo | Winter 2020 | BTECH 907 | LEED to LEAD 7

German University in Cairo | Winter 2020 | BTECH 907 | LEED to LEAD 8

German University in Cairo | Winter 2020 | BTECH 907 | LEED to LEAD 9

German University in Cairo | Winter 2020 | BTECH 907 | LEED to LEAD 10

• Life Cycle Approach

German University in Cairo | Winter 2020 | BTECH 907 | LEED to LEAD 11

German University in Cairo | Winter 2020 | BTECH 907 | LEED to LEAD 12

German University in Cairo | Winter 2020 | BTECH 907 | LEED to LEAD 13

German University in Cairo | Winter 2020 | BTECH 907 | LEED to LEAD 14

Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design

German University in Cairo | Winter 2020 | BTECH 907 | LEED to LEAD 15

1. The main reference guide for

2. The remarkable growth of

3. Many countries use LEED 60000

Year LEED Certified Projects

German University in Cairo | Winter 2020 | BTECH 907 | LEED to LEAD 16

German University in Cairo | Winter 2020 | BTECH 907 | LEED to LEAD 17

German University in Cairo | Winter 2020 | BTECH 907 | LEED to LEAD 18

0 0 0 Location and Transportation 16 0 0 0 Materials and Resources 13

German University in Cairo | Winter 2020 | BTECH 907 | LEED to LEAD 19

Credit Integrative Process 1

0 0 0 Location and Transportation 16 0 0 0 Materials and Resources 13

German University in Cairo | Winter 2020 | BTECH 907 | LEED to LEAD 20

German University in Cairo | Winter 2020 | BTECH 907 | LEED to LEAD 21

German University in Cairo | Winter 2020 | BTECH 907 | LEED to LEAD 22

German University in Cairo | Winter 2020 | BTECH 907 | LEED to LEAD 23

German University in Cairo | Winter 2020 | BTECH 907 | LEED to LEAD 24

German University in Cairo | Winter 2020 | BTECH 907 | LEED to LEAD 25

German University in Cairo | Winter 2020 | BTECH 907 | LEED to LEAD 26

German University in Cairo | Winter 2020 | BTECH 907 | LEED to LEAD 27

German University in Cairo | Winter 2020 | BTECH 907 | LEED to LEAD 28

German University in Cairo | Winter 2020 | BTECH 907 | LEED to LEAD 29

German University in Cairo | Winter 2020 | BTECH 907 | LEED to LEAD 30

German University in Cairo | Winter 2020 | BTECH 907 | LEED to LEAD 31

German University in Cairo | Winter 2020 | BTECH 907 | LEED to LEAD 32

German University in Cairo | Winter 2020 | BTECH 907 | LEED to LEAD 33

German University in Cairo | Winter 2020 | BTECH 907 | LEED to LEAD 34

German University in Cairo | Winter 2020 | BTECH 907 | LEED to LEAD 35

German University in Cairo | Winter 2020 | BTECH 907 | LEED to LEAD 36

German University in Cairo | Winter 2020 | BTECH 907 | LEED to LEAD 37

German University in Cairo | Winter 2020 | BTECH 907 | LEED to LEAD 38

German University in Cairo | Winter 2020 | BTECH 907 | LEED to LEAD 39

German University in Cairo | Winter 2020 | BTECH 907 | LEED to LEAD 40

German University in Cairo | Winter 2020 | BTECH 907 | LEED to LEAD 41

German University in Cairo | Winter 2020 | BTECH 907 | LEED to LEAD 42

German University in Cairo | Winter 2020 | BTECH 907 | LEED to LEAD 43

Landscape Avoid invasive plants