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 Page i

B ASIC B IO MECH AN ICS

N I N T H E D I T I O N

Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.

Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology University of
Delaware
 Page ii

BASIC BIOMECHANICS

Published by McGraw Hill LLC, 1325 Avenue of the Americas, New

York, NY 10121. Copyright ©2022 by McGraw Hill LLC. All rights
reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this
publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any
means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior
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any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast
for distance learning.

Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may

not be available to customers outside the United States.

This book is printed on acid-free paper.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 LWI 26 25 24 23 22 21

ISBN 978-1-265-74859-3
MHID 1-265-74859-4

Cover Image: Extreme Sports Photo/Alamy Stock Photo

All credits appearing on page or at the end of the book are
considered to be an extension of the copyright page.

The Internet addresses listed in the text were accurate at the time of
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LLC does not guarantee the accuracy of the information presented at
these sites.

mheducation.com/highered
 Page iii

B R I E F C ON TE N TS

1 What Is Biomechanics?

2 Kinematic Concepts for Analyzing

Human Motion

3 Kinetic Concepts for Analyzing

Human Motion

4 The Biomechanics of Human Bone

Growth and Development

5 The Biomechanics of Human

Skeletal Articulations

6 The Biomechanics of Human

Skeletal Muscle

7 The Biomechanics of the Human

Upper Extremity

8 The Biomechanics of the Human

Lower Extremity
 9 The Biomechanics of the Human
Spine

10 Linear Kinematics of Human

Movement

11 Angular Kinematics of Human

Movement

12 Linear Kinetics of Human

Movement

13 Equilibrium and Human Movement

14 Angular Kinetics of Human

Movement

15 Human Movement in a Fluid

Medium

Appendices

A Basic Mathematics and Related

Skills

B Trigonometric Functions

C Common Units of Measurement

D Anthropometric Parameters for the
Human Body

E Equations

Glossary

Index
 Page iv

CONTENTS

1 What Is Biomechanics?

Biomechanics: Definition and

Perspective
What Problems Are Studied by Biomechanists?
Professions that Rely on Knowledge of
Biomechanics
Why Study Biomechanics?

Problem-Solving Approach
Quantitative and Qualitative Problems
Solving Qualitative Problems
Formal versus Informal Problems
Solving Formal Quantitative Problems
Units of Measurement

Summary

Introductory Problems

Additional Problems

Laboratory Experiences
2 Kinematic Concepts for Analyzing
Human Motion

Forms of Motion
Linear Motion
Angular Motion
General Motion
Mechanical Systems
Standard Reference Terminology
Anatomical Reference Position
Directional Terms
Anatomical Reference Planes
Anatomical Reference Axes

Joint Movement Terminology

Sagittal Plane Movements
Frontal Plane Movements
Transverse Plane Movements
Other Movements

Spatial Reference Systems

Analyzing Human Movement

Prerequisite Knowledge for a Qualitative Analysis
Planning a Qualitative Analysis
Conducting a Qualitative Analysis

Tools for Measuring Kinematic

Quantities
Video and Film

Summary
 Introductory Problems

Additional Problems

Laboratory Experiences
Page v

3 Kinetic Concepts for Analyzing

Human Motion

Basic Concepts Related to Kinetics

Inertia
Mass
Force
Center of Gravity
Weight
Pressure
Volume
Density
Torque
Impulse

Mechanical Loads on the Human Body

Compression, Tension, and Shear
Mechanical Stress
Torsion, Bending, and Combined Loads

The Effects of Loading

Repetitive versus Acute Loads

Tools for Measuring Kinetic Quantities

 Vector Algebra
Vector Composition
Vector Resolution
Graphic Solution of Vector Problems
Trigonometric Solution of Vector Problems

Summary

Introductory Problems

Additional Problems

Laboratory Experiences

4 The Biomechanics of Human Bone

Growth and Development

Composition and Structure of Bone

Tissue
Material Constituents
Structural Organization
Types of Bones
Bone Growth and Development
Longitudinal Growth
Circumferential Growth
Adult Bone Development

Bone Response to Stress

Bone Modeling and Remodeling
Bone Hypertrophy
Bone Atrophy
 Osteoporosis
Postmenopausal and Age-Associated
Osteoporosis
Female Athlete Triad
Preventing and Treating Osteopenia and
Osteoporosis

Common Bone Injuries

The Biomechanics of Bone Fractures
Epiphyseal Injuries
Summary

Introductory Problems

Additional Problems

Laboratory Experiences
Page vi

5 The Biomechanics of Human Skeletal

Articulations

Joint Architecture
Immovable Joints
Slightly Movable Joints
Freely Movable Joints
Articular Cartilage
Articular Fibrocartilage
Articular Connective Tissue

Joint Stability
 Shape of the Articulating Bone Surfaces
Arrangement of Ligaments and Muscles
Other Connective Tissues

Joint Flexibility
Measuring Joint Range of Motion
Factors Influencing Joint Flexibility
Flexibility and Injury

Techniques for Increasing Joint

Flexibility
Neuromuscular Response to Stretch
Active and Passive Stretching
Ballistic, Static, and Dynamic Stretching
Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation

Common Joint Injuries and Pathologies

Sprains
Dislocations
Bursitis
Arthritis
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Osteoarthritis

Summary

Introductory Problems

Additional Problems

Laboratory Experiences
Page vii
6 The Biomechanics of Human Skeletal
Muscle

Behavioral Properties of the

Musculotendinous Unit
Extensibility and Elasticity
Irritability and the Ability to Develop Tension
Structural Organization of Skeletal
Muscle
Muscle Fibers
Motor Units
Fiber Types
Fiber Architecture

Skeletal Muscle Function

Recruitment of Motor Units
Change in Muscle Length with Tension
Development
Roles Assumed by Muscles
Two-Joint and Multijoint Muscles

Factors Affecting Muscular Force

Generation
Force–Velocity Relationship
Length–Tension Relationship
Stretch-Shortening Cycle
Electromyography
Electromechanical Delay
Muscular Strength, Power, and
Endurance
 Muscular Strength
Muscular Power
Muscular Endurance
Muscle Fatigue
Effect of Muscle Temperature

Common Muscle Injuries

Strains
Contusions
Cramps
Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness
Compartment Syndrome

Summary

Introductory Problems

Additional Problems

Laboratory Experiences
Page viii

7 The Biomechanics of the Human

Upper Extremity

Structure of the Shoulder

Sternoclavicular Joint
Acromioclavicular Joint
Coracoclavicular Joint
Glenohumeral Joint
Scapulothoracic Joint
Bursae
Movements of the Shoulder Complex
Muscles of the Scapula
Muscles of the Glenohumeral Joint
Flexion at the Glenohumeral Joint
Extension at the Glenohumeral Joint
Abduction at the Glenohumeral Joint
Adduction at the Glenohumeral Joint
Medial and Lateral Rotation of the Humerus
Horizontal Adduction and Abduction at the
Glenohumeral Joint

Loads on the Shoulder

Common Injuries of the Shoulder

Dislocations
Rotator Cuff Damage
Rotational Injuries
Subscapular Neuropathy

Structure of the Elbow

Humeroulnar Joint
Humeroradial Joint
Proximal Radioulnar Joint
Carrying Angle

Movements at the Elbow

Muscles Crossing the Elbow
Flexion and Extension
Pronation and Supination

Loads on the Elbow

Common Injuries of the Elbow

Sprains and Dislocations
 Overuse Injuries
What Research Tells Us about the Biomechanics
of Baseball Pitching

Structure of the Wrist

Movements of the Wrist

Flexion
Extension and Hyperextension
Radial and Ulnar Deviation

Structure of the Joints of the Hand

Carpometacarpal and Intermetacarpal Joints
Metacarpophalangeal Joints
Interphalangeal Joints

Movements of the Hand

Common Injuries of the Wrist and

Hand

Summary

Introductory Problems

Additional Problems

Laboratory Experiences
Page ix
8 The Biomechanics of the Human
Lower Extremity

Structure of the Hip

Movements at the Hip

Muscles of the Hip
Flexion
Extension
Abduction
Adduction
Medial and Lateral Rotation of the Femur
Horizontal Abduction and Adduction

Loads on the Hip

Common Injuries of the Hip

Fractures
Contusions
Strains

Structure of the Knee

Tibiofemoral Joint
Menisci
Ligaments
Patellofemoral Joint
Joint Capsule and Bursae
Movements at the Knee
Muscles Crossing the Knee
Flexion and Extension
Rotation and Passive Abduction and Adduction
Patellofemoral Joint Motion
Loads on the Knee
Forces at the Tibiofemoral Joint
Forces at the Patellofemoral Joint

Common Injuries of the Knee and

Lower Leg
Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries
Posterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries
Medial Collateral Ligament Injuries
Meniscus Injuries
Iliotibial Band Friction Syndrome
Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome
Shin Splints

Structure of the Ankle

Movements at the Ankle

Structure of the Foot

Subtalar Joint
Tarsometatarsal and Intermetatarsal Joints
Metatarsophalangeal and Interphalangeal Joints
Plantar Arches

Movements of the Foot

Muscles of the Foot
Toe Flexion and Extension
Inversion and Eversion
Pronation and Supination

Loads on the Foot

Common Injuries of the Ankle and Foot

 Ankle Injuries
Overuse Injuries
Alignment Anomalies of the Foot
Injuries Related to High and Low Arch Structures
What Research Tells Us about Barefoot Running

Summary

Introductory Problems

Additional Problems

Laboratory Experiences

9 The Biomechanics of the Human Spine

Structure of the Spine

Vertebral Column
Vertebrae
Intervertebral Discs
Ligaments
Spinal Curves

Movements of the Spine

Flexion, Extension, and Hyperextension
Lateral Flexion and Rotation

Muscles of the Spine

Anterior Aspect
Posterior Aspect
Lateral Aspect

Loads on the Spine

 Common Injuries of the Back and Neck
Low Back Pain
Soft-Tissue Injuries
Acute Fractures
Stress Fractures
Disc Herniations
Whiplash Injuries

Summary

Introductory Problems

Additional Problems

Laboratory Experiences
Page x

10 Linear Kinematics of Human

Movement

Linear Kinematic Quantities

Distance and Displacement
Speed and Velocity
Acceleration
Average and Instantaneous Quantities

Kinematics of Projectile Motion

Horizontal and Vertical Components
Influence of Gravity
Influence of Air Resistance
 Factors Influencing Projectile Trajectory
Projection Angle
Projection Speed
Relative Projection Height
Optimum Projection Conditions

Analyzing Projectile Motion

Equations of Constant Acceleration
Summary

Introductory Problems

Additional Problems

Laboratory Experiences

11 Angular Kinematics of Human

Movement

Observing the Angular Kinematics of

Human Movement

Measuring Angles
Joint Angles and Body Segment Orientations
Tools for Measuring Body Angles
Instant Center of Rotation

Angular Kinematic Relationships

Angular Distance and Displacement
Angular Speed and Velocity
Angular Acceleration
 Angular Motion Vectors
Average versus Instantaneous Angular
Quantities

Relationships Between Linear and

Angular Motion
Linear and Angular Displacement
Linear and Angular Velocity
Linear and Angular Acceleration
Summary

Introductory Problems

Additional Problems

Laboratory Experiences
Page xi

12 Linear Kinetics of Human Movement

Newton’s Laws
Law of Inertia
Law of Acceleration
Law of Reaction
Law of Gravitation

Mechanical Behavior of Bodies in

Contact
Friction
Momentum
 Impulse
Impact

Work, Power, and Energy Relationships

Work
Power
Energy
Conservation of Mechanical Energy
Principle of Work and Energy

Summary

Introductory Problems

Additional Problems

Laboratory Experiences

13 Equilibrium and Human Movement

Equilibrium
Torque
Resultant Joint Torques
Levers
Anatomical Levers
Equations of Static Equilibrium
Equations of Dynamic Equilibrium

Center of Gravity
Locating the Center of Gravity
Locating the Human Body Center of Gravity

Stability and Balance

 Summary

Introductory Problems

Additional Problems

Laboratory Experiences
Page xii

14 Angular Kinetics of Human

Movement

Resistance to Angular Acceleration

Moment of Inertia
Determining Moment of Inertia
Human Body Moment of Inertia

Angular Momentum
Conservation of Angular Momentum
Transfer of Angular Momentum
Change in Angular Momentum
Angular Analogues of Newton’s Laws of
Motion
Newton’s First Law
Newton’s Second Law
Newton’s Third Law

Centripetal Force

Summary
 Introductory Problems

Additional Problems

Laboratory Experiences

15 Human Movement in a Fluid Medium

The Nature of Fluids

Relative Motion
Laminar versus Turbulent Flow
Fluid Properties

Buoyancy
Characteristics of the Buoyant Force
Flotation
Flotation of the Human Body

Drag
Skin Friction
Form Drag
Wave Drag

Lift Force
Foil Shape
Magnus Effect

Propulsion in a Fluid Medium

Propulsive Drag Theory
Propulsive Lift Theory
Stroke Technique

Summary
 Introductory Problems

Additional Problems

Laboratory Experiences

Appendices

A Basic Mathematics and Related Skills

B Trigonometric Functions

C Common Units of Measurement

D Anthropometric Parameters for the Human Body

E Equations

Glossary

Index
 Page xiii

PREFACE
The ninth edition of Basic Biomechanics has been significantly
updated and ­redesigned from the previous edition. As the
interdisciplinary field of biomechanics grows in both breadth and
depth, it is important that even introductory textbooks reflect the
nature of the science. Accordingly, the text has been revised,
expanded, and updated, with the objectives being to present relevant
information from recent research findings and to prepare students to
analyze human biomechanics.
The approach remains an integrated balance of qualitative and
quantitative examples, applications, and problems designed to
illustrate the principles discussed. The ninth edition also retains the
important sensitivity to the fact that some beginning students of
biomechanics possess weak backgrounds in mathematics. For this
reason, it includes numerous sample problems and applications,
along with practical advice on approaching quantitative problems.

ORGANIZATION
Each chapter follows a logical and readable format, with the
introduction of new concepts consistently accompanied by practical
human movement examples and applications from across the life
span and across sport, clinical, and daily living ­activities.

NEW CONTENT HIGHLIGHTS

New content has been added to provide updated scientific
information on relevant topics. All chapters have been revised to
incorporate the latest information from the biomechanics research
literature, and numerous new sport and clinical applications and
examples are included. Topics added or expanded include articular
cartilage repair, electromechanical delay, facet joint structure and
function, hamstrings strains, barefoot running, baseball pitching,
stand-up paddle boarding, bone health in microgravity, swimming
technique, uses of exoskeletons, and careers utilizing biomechanics.

Balanced Coverage

Biomechanics is a field that analyzes the mechanical aspects of

biological organisms. In this book focused on human biomechanics,
anatomical and mechanical factors, as well as functional applications
are covered. The integrated approach to coverage of these areas
taken in previous editions is continued in this ninth edition.

Applications Oriented

All chapters in this new edition contain discussion of a broad range

of updated human movement applications, many of which are taken
from the recent biomechanics research literature. Special emphasis
has been placed on examples that span all ages and address clinical
and daily living issues, as well as sport applications.

Laboratory Experiences

The integrated laboratory manual at the end of each chapter includes

a number of updates.

Page xiv

PEDAGOGICAL FEATURES
In addition to the sample problems, problem sets, laboratory
experiences, end-of-chapter key terms lists, and lists of websites, the
book contains other pedagogical features from previous editions.
These include key concepts, marginal definitions, sample
problems, ­chapter summaries, introductory and additional
problems, references, and appendices.
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Page xvi
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I wish to extend appreciation to the following reviewers:

Marion Alexander
University of Manitoba
Marcus William Barr
Ohio University
Mark Geil
Georgia State University
A. Page Glave
Sam Houston State University
Nicholas Hanson
Western Michigan University
Alex Jordan
Concordia University
Eric E. LaMott
Concordia University, St. Paul
Jean McCrory
West Virginia University
Michael Nolan
Missouri Baptist University
Jacob Sosnoff
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Mitchell Stephenson
University of Montana Western
Michael Torry
Illinois State University
Matthew Wagner
Sam Houston State University

Finally, I also very much appreciate the excellent suggestions I have

received over the nine editions of this book from numerous students
and colleagues.

Susan J. Hall
Professor Emerita,
Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology
University of Delaware

Page xvii

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Page xx
 Page 1

C H A P T E R 1
What Is Biomechanics?

After completing this chapter, you will be able to:

Define the terms biomechanics, statics, dynamics,

kinematics, and kinetics, and explain the ways in
which they are related.
Describe the scope of scientific inquiry addressed by
biomechanists.
Distinguish between qualitative and quantitative
approaches for analyzing human movement.
Explain how to formulate questions for qualitative
analysis of human movement.
Use the 11 steps identified in the chapter to solve
formal problems.

C ON N EC T RESOURC ES

Log on to Connect for access to these additional

resources:

Online Lab Manual

 Chapter lecture PowerPoint presentation
Chapter quizzes
Additional chapter resources
Web links for study and exploration of chapter-
related topics

Page 2

Why do some golfers slice the ball? How can workers avoid
developing low back pain? What cues can a physical education
teacher provide to help students learn the underhand volleyball
serve? Why do some elderly individuals tend to fall? We have all
admired the fluid, graceful movements of highly skilled performers
in various sports. We have also observed the awkward first steps of a
young child, the slow progress of an injured person with a walking
cast, and the hesitant, uneven gait of an elderly person using a cane.
Virtually every activity class includes a student who seems to acquire
new skills with utmost ease and a student who trips when executing a
jump or misses the ball when attempting to catch, strike, or serve.
What enables some individuals to execute complex movements so
easily, while others appear to have difficulty with relatively simple
movement skills?
 Learning to walk is an ambitious task from a biomechanical perspective.

Ariel Skelley/Getty Images

Although the answers to these questions may be rooted in

physiological, psychological, or sociological issues, the problems
identified are all biomechanical in nature. This book will provide a
foundation for identifying, analyzing, and solving problems related
to the biomechanics of human movement.

B IO M ECH AN ICS:
DEF IN ITIO N AN D
PERSPECTIVE
The term biomechanics combines the prefix bio, meaning “life,” with
the field of mechanics, which is the study of the actions of forces. The
international community of scientists adopted the term
biomechanics during the early 1970s to describe the science
involving the study of the mechanical aspects of living organisms.
Within the fields of kinesiology and exercise science, the living
organism most commonly of interest is the human body. The forces
studied include both the internal forces produced by muscles and the
external forces that act on the body.
 Anthropometry is the study of the size, shape, and composition of the
body segments. Anthropometric characteristics may predispose an
athlete to success in one sport and yet be disadvantageous for
participation in another.
Left: Fuse/Corbis/Getty Images; Right: Comstock/Getty Images

•Courses in anatomy, physiology, mathematics, physics, and

engineering provide background knowledge for biomechanists.

Page 3

Biomechanists use the tools of mechanics, the branch of physics

involving analysis of the actions of forces, to study the anatomical
and functional aspects of living organisms (Figure 1-1). Statics and
dynamics are two major subbranches of mechanics. Statics is the
study of systems that are in a state of constant motion, that is, either
at rest (with no motion) or moving with a constant velocity.
Dynamics is the study of systems in which acceleration is present.
 FIGURE 1-1
Biomechanics uses the principles of mechanics for solving problems
related to the structure and function of living organisms.

Kinematics and kinetics are further subdivisions of

biomechanical study. What we are able to observe visually when
watching a body in motion is termed the kinematics of the
movement. Kinematics involves the study of the size, sequencing,
and timing of movement, without reference to the forces that cause
or result from the motion. The kinematics of an exercise or a sport
skill execution is also known, more commonly, as form or technique.
Whereas kinematics describes the appearance of motion, kinetics is
the study of the forces associated with motion. Force can be thought
of as a push or pull acting on a body. The study of human
biomechanics may include questions such as whether the amount of
force the muscles are producing is optimal for the intended purpose
of the movement.
Although biomechanics is relatively young as a recognized field of
scientific inquiry, biomechanical considerations are of interest in
several different scientific disciplines and professional fields.
Biomechanists may have academic backgrounds in zoology;
orthopedic, cardiac, or sports medicine; biomedical or biomechanical
engineering; physical therapy; or kinesiology, with the commonality
Another random document with
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The Project Gutenberg eBook of Motley, and other
poems
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States
and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it
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Title: Motley, and other poems

Author: Walter De la Mare

Release date: July 4, 2022 [eBook #68458]

Language: English

Original publication: United Kingdom: Constable and Company Ltd,

1918

Credits: Al Haines

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MOTLEY,

AND OTHER POEMS ***
 MOTLEY
AND OTHER POEMS

BY

WALTER DE LA MARE

LONDON
CONSTABLE AND COMPANY LTD
1918

Printed in Great Britain

NOTE

The author wishes to thank the Editors of the English Review, the Times, the
New Statesman, Form, the Gipsy, the Yale Review, and the Westminster
Gazette for permission to reprint poems included in this volume.

A selection from among the poems included in this volume has been
published in a limited edition in a volume issued by the Beaumont Press.

BY THE SAME AUTHOR

THE LISTENERS and Other Poems.

PEACOCK PIE. A Book of Rhymes.

Also an Illustrated Edition, with Black and
White Drawings by W. HEATH ROBINSON.

POEMS.

A CHILD'S DAY. A Book of Rhymes.

Illustrated.

HENRY BROCKEN. A Novel.

CONTENTS

THE LITTLE SALAMANDER

THE LINNET
THE SUNKEN GARDEN
THE RIDDLERS
MOONLIGHT
THE BLIND BOY
THE QUARRY
MRS. GRUNDY
THE TRYST
ALONE
EMPTY
MISTRESS FELL
THE GHOST
THE STRANGER
BETRAYAL
THE CAGE
THE REVENANT
MUSIC
THE REMONSTRANCE
NOCTURNE
THE EXILE
THE UNCHANGING
NIGHTFALL
INVOCATION
EYES
LIFE
THE DISGUISE
VAIN QUESTIONING
VIGIL
THE OLD MEN
THE DREAMER
HAPPY ENGLAND
MOTLEY
THE MARIONETTES
TO E. T.: 1917
APRIL MOON
THE FOOL'S SONG
CLEAR EYES
DUST TO DUST
THE THREE STRANGERS
ALEXANDER
THE REAWAKENING
THE VACANT DAY
THE FLIGHT
THE TWO HOUSES
FOR ALL THE GRIEF
THE SCRIBE
FARE WELL

THE LITTLE SALAMANDER

TO MARGOT

When I go free,
I think 'twill be
A night of stars and snow,
And the wild fires of frost shall light
My footsteps as I go;
Nobody—nobody will be there
With groping touch, or sight,
To see me in my bush of hair
Dance burning through the night.

THE LINNET

Upon this leafy bush

With thorns and roses in it,
Flutters a thing of light,
A twittering linnet.
And all the throbbing world
Of dew and sun and air
By this small parcel of life
Is made more fair;
As if each bramble-spray
And mounded gold-wreathed furze,
Harebell and little thyme,
Were only hers;
As if this beauty and grace
Did to one bird belong,
And, at a flutter of wing,
Might vanish in song.

THE SUNKEN GARDEN

Speak not—whisper not;

Here bloweth thyme and bergamot;
Softly on the evening hour,
Secret herbs their spices shower,
Dark-spiked rosemary and myrrh,
Lean-stalked, purple lavender;
Hides within her bosom, too,
All her sorrows, bitter rue.

Breathe not—trespass not;

Of this green and darkling spot,
Latticed from the moon's beams,
Perchance a distant dreamer dreams;
Perchance upon its darkening air,
The unseen ghosts of children fare,
Faintly swinging, sway and sweep,
Like lovely sea-flowers in its deep;
While, unmoved, to watch and ward,
'Mid its gloomed and daisied sward,
Stands with bowed and dewy head
That one little leaden Lad.

THE RIDDLERS

'Thou solitary!' the Blackbird cried,

'I, from the happy Wren,
Linnet and Blackcap, Woodlark, Thrush,
Perched all upon a sweetbrier bush,
Have come at cold of midnight-tide
To ask thee, Why and when
Grief smote thy heart so thou dost sing
In solemn hush of evening,
So sorrowfully, lovelorn Thing—
Nay, nay, not sing, but rave, but wail,
Most melancholic Nightingale?
Do not the dews of darkness steep
All pinings of the day in sleep?
Why, then, when rocked in starry nest
We mutely couch, secure, at rest,
Doth thy lone heart delight to make
Music for sorrow's sake?'

A Moon was there. So still her beam,

It seemed the whole world lay a-dream,
Lulled by the watery sea.
And from her leafy night-hung nook
Upon this stranger soft did look
The Nightingale: sighed he:—

''Tis strange, my friend; the Kingfisher

But yestermorn conjured me here
Out of his green and gold to say
Why thou, in splendour of the noon,
Wearest of colour but golden shoon,
And else dost thee array
In a most sombre suit of black?
"Surely," he sighed, "some load of grief,
Past all our thinking—and belief—
Must weigh upon his back!"
Do, then, in turn, tell me, If joy
Thy heart as well as voice employ,
Why dost thou now, most Sable, shine
In plumage woefuller far than mine?
Thy silence is a sadder thing
Than any dirge I sing!'

Thus then these two small birds, perched there,

Breathed a strange riddle both did share
Yet neither could expound.
And we—who sing but as we can,
In the small knowledge of a man—
Have we an answer found?
Nay, some are happy whose delight
Is hid even from themselves from sight;
And some win peace who spend
The skill of words to sweeten despair
Of finding consolation where
Life has but one dark end;
Who, in rapt solitude, tell o'er
A tale, as lovely as forlore,
Into the midnight air.

MOONLIGHT

The far moon maketh lovers wise

In her pale beauty trembling down,
Lending curved cheeks, dark lips, dark eyes,
A strangeness not their own.
And, though they shut their lids to kiss,
In starless darkness peace to win,
Even on that secret world from this
Her twilight enters in.

THE BLIND BOY

'I have no master,' said the Blind Boy,

My mother, "Dame Venus," they do call;
Cowled in this hood, she sent me begging
For whate'er in pity may befall.

'Hard was her visage, me adjuring,—

"Have no fond mercy on the kind!
Here be sharp arrows, bunched in quiver,
Draw close ere striking—thou art blind."

'So stand I here, my woes entreating,

In this dark alley, lest the Moon
Point with her sparkling my barbed armoury,
Shine on my silver-laced shoon.

'Oh, sir, unkind this Dame to me-ward;

Of the salt billow was her birth....
In your sweet charity draw nearer
The saddest rogue on Earth!'

THE QUARRY

You hunted me with all the pack,

Too blind, too blind, to see
By no wild hope of force or greed
Could you make sure of me.

And like a phantom through the glades,

With tender breast aglow,
The goddess in me laughed to hear
Your horns a-roving go.

She laughed to think no mortal e'er

By dint of mortal flesh
The very Cause that was the Hunt
One moment could enmesh:

That though with captive limbs I lay,

Stilled breath and vanquished eyes,
He that hunts Love with horse and hound
Hunts out his heart and eyes.

MRS. GRUNDY

'Step very softly, sweet Quiet-foot,

Stumble not, whisper not, smile not:
By this dark ivy stoop cheek and brow.
Still even thy heart! What seest thou?'

'High-coifed, broad-browed, aged, suave yet grim,

A large flat face, eyes keenly dim,
Staring at nothing—that's me!—and yet,
With a hate one could never, no, never forget...'

'This is my world, my garden, my home,

Hither my father bade mother to come
And bear me out of the dark into light,
And happy I was in her tender sight.

'And then, thou frail flower, she died and went,

Forgetting my pitiless banishment,
And that Old Woman—an Aunt—she said,
Came hither, lodged, fattened, and made her bed.

'Oh yes, thou most blessed, from Monday to Sunday

Has lived on me, preyed on me, Mrs. Grundy:
Called me, "dear Nephew"; on each of those chairs
Has gloated in righteousness, heard my prayers.

'Why didst thou dare the thorns of the grove,

Timidest trespasser, huntress of love?
Now thou hast peeped, and now dost know
What kind of creature is thine for foe.

'Not that she'll tear out thy innocent eyes,

Poison thy mouth with deviltries.
Watch thou, wait thou: soon will begin
The guile of a voice: hark!...' 'Come in, Come in!'

THE TRYST

Flee into some forgotten night and be

Of all dark long my moon-bright company:
Beyond the rumour even of Paradise come,
There, out of all remembrance, make our home:
Seek we some close hid shadow for our lair,
Hollowed by Noah's mouse beneath the chair
Wherein the Omnipotent, in slumber bound,
Nods till the piteous Trump of Judgment sound.
Perchance Leviathan of the deep sea
Would lease a lost mermaiden's grot to me,
There of your beauty we would joyance make—
A music wistful for the sea-nymph's sake:
Haply Elijah, o'er his spokes of fibre,
Cresting steep Leo, or the heavenly Lyre,
Spied, tranced in azure of inanest space,
Some eyrie hostel, meet for human grace,
Where two might happy be—just you and I—
Lost in the uttermost of Eternity.

Think! in Time's smallest clock's minutest beat

Might there not rest be found for wandering feet?
Or, 'twixt the sleep and wake of a Helen's dream,
Silence wherein to sing love's requiem?
No, no. Nor earth, nor air, nor fire, nor deep
Could lull poor mortal longingness asleep.
Somewhere there Nothing is; and there lost Man
Shall win what changeless vague of peace he can.

ALONE

The abode of the nightingale is bare,

Flowered frost congeals in the gelid air,
The fox howls from his frozen lair:
Alas, my loved one is gone,
I am alone:
It is winter.

Once the pink cast a winy smell,

The wild bee hung in the hyacinth bell,
Light in effulgence of beauty fell:
Alas, my loved one is gone,
I am alone:
It is winter.

My candle a silent fire doth shed,

Starry Orion hunts o'erhead;
Come moth, come shadow, the world is dead:
Alas, my loved one is gone,
I am alone;
It is winter.

THE EMPTY HOUSE

See this house, how dark it is
Beneath its vast-boughed trees!
Not one trembling leaflet cries
To that Watcher in the skies—
'Remove, remove thy searching gaze,
Innocent, of heaven's ways,
Brood not, Moon, so wildly bright,
On secrets hidden from sight.'

'Secrets,' sighs the night-wind,

'Vacancy is all I find;
Every keyhole I have made
Wail a summons, faint and sad,
No voice ever answers me,
Only vacancy.'
'Once, once...' the cricket shrills,
And far and near the quiet fills
With its tiny voice, and then
Hush falls again.

Mute shadows creeping slow

Mark how the hours go.
Every stone is mouldering slow.
And the least winds that blow
Some minutest atom shake,
Some fretting ruin make
In roof and walls. How black it is
Beneath these thick-boughed trees!

MISTRESS FELL

'Whom seek you here, sweet Mistress Fell?'

'One who loved me passing well.
Dark his eye, wild his face—
Stranger, if in this lonely place
Bide such an one, then, prythee, say
I am come here to-day.'

'Many his like, Mistress Fell?'

'I did not look, so cannot tell.
Only this I surely know,
When his voice called me, I must go;
Touched me his fingers, and my heart
Leapt at the sweet pain's smart.'

'Why did he leave you, Mistress Fell?'

'Magic laid its dreary spell.—
Stranger, he was fast asleep;
Into his dream I tried to creep;
Called his name, soft was my cry:
He answered—not one sigh.

'The flower and the thorn are here;

Falleth the night-dew, cold and clear;
Out of her bower the bird replies,
Mocking the dark with ecstasies,
See how the earth's green grass doth grow,
Praising what sleeps below!

'Thus have they told me. And I come,

As flies the wounded wild-bird home.
Not tears I give; but all that he
Clasped in his arms, sweet charity;
All that he loved—to him I bring
For a close whispering.'
 THE GHOST

'Who knocks?' 'I, who was beautiful,

Beyond all dreams to restore,
I, from the roots of the dark thorn am hither,
And knock on the door.'

'Who speaks?' 'I—once was my speech

Sweet as the bird's on the air.
When echo lurks by the waters to heed;
'Tis I speak thee fair.'

'Dark is the hour!' 'Ay, and cold.'

'Lone is my house.' 'Ah, but mine?'
'Sight, touch, lips, eyes yearned in vain.'
'Long dead these to thine...

Silence. Still faint on the porch

Brake the flames of the stars.
In gloom groped a hope-wearied hand
Over keys, bolts, and bars.

A face peered. All the grey night

In chaos of vacancy shone;
Nought but vast Sorrow was there—
The sweet cheat gone.

THE STRANGER
In the woods as I did walk,
Dappled with the moon's beam,
I did with a Stranger talk,
And his name was Dream.
Spurred his heel, dark his cloak,
Shady-wide his bonnet's brim;
His horse beneath a silvery oak
Grazed as I talked with him.

Softly his breast-brooch burned and shone;

Hill and deep were in his eyes;
One of his hands held mine, and one
The fruit that makes men wise.

Wonderly strange was earth to see,

Flowers white as milk did gleam;
Spread to Heaven the Assyrian Tree,
Over my head with Dream.

Dews were still betwixt us twain;

Stars a trembling beauty shed;
Yet—not a whisper comes again
Of the words he said.

BETRAYAL

She will not die, they say,

She will but put her beauty by
And hie away.

Oh, but her beauty gone, how lonely

Then will seem all reverie,
How black to me!

All things will sad be made

And every hope a memory,
All gladness dead.