Page 1 अध्याय-1 कम्प्यूटर का परिचय (Introduction of Computer) वर्तमान युग (PDFDrive)

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in Computer Notes-Vyapam-SSC-Bank 1
v/;k;&1
dEI;wVj dk ifjp;
(Introduction of Computer)
orZeku ;qx **dEI;wVj ,t** ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA dEI;wVj ,d Lopkfyr bysDVªkfud
e’khu gS] tks MkVk rFkk funs’Z kksa dks buiqV ds :i esa xzg.k djrk gS] mls Hk.Mkj djrk gS] fn, x,
funsZ’kksa ds vuq:i mudk fo’ys”k.k djrk gS rFkk fo’ysf”kr ifj.kkeksa dks vko’;drkuqlkj fuxZr djrk
gSA
funs’Z k
buiqV izkls sl vkmViqV
dEI;wVj dh dk;Z iz.kkyh
dEI;wVj dh fo’ks”krk,a ¼Charcteristics of Computer½

¼1½ xfr& dEI;wVj ,d lsd.M esa yk[kksa x.kuk,¡ dj ldrk gS] dEI;wVj izkslslj ds LihM dks&
 gVZ~t ¼Hz½ esa ekirs gS] dEI;wVj dh xfr dks MIPS ¼Million Instructions Per
Second ½ esa ekik tkrk gSA
 orZeku esa dEI;wVj uSuks lsd.M ¼10 Sec½ esa x.kuk,a dj ldrk gSA
-9
¼2½ Lopkfyr
¼3½ =qfV jfgr dk;Z
¼4½ LFkk;h Hk.Mkj {kerk & dEI;wVj esa lwpuk,a bysDVªkfud rjhds ls laxzfgr dh tkrh gS
¼5½ fo’kky Hk.Mkj.k {kerk
¼6½ HkaMkfjr lwpuk dks rhozxfr ls izkIr djuk
¼7½ tYn fu.kZ; ysus dh {kerk
¼8½ fofo/krk
¼9½ iqujko`fÙk
¼10½ LQwfrZ
¼11½ xksiuh;rk
¼12½ dk;ksZ esa ,d:irk
¼13½ fo’oluh;rk
¼14½ dkxtksa ds iz;ksx esa deh
dEI;wVj dh lhek,a ¼Limitations of Computer½

¼i½ cqf)ghu ¼ii½ [kphZyk
¼iii½ ok;jl dk [krjk ¼iv½ fo|qr ij fuHkZjrk
dEI;wVj v/;;u TechElite Institute

www.techelite.in Computer Notes-Vyapam-SSC-Bank 2
dEI;wVj ds vuqiz;ksx ¼Application of Computer½
¼i½ MkVk izkslsflax esa ¼ii½ lwpukvksa ds vknku&iznku esa

¼iii½ f’k{kk esa ¼iv½ oSKkfud vuqla/kku esa
¼v½ jsyos vkSj ok;q;ku vkj{k.k esa ¼vi½ cSdksa esa
¼vii½ fpfdRlk ds {ks= esas ¼viii½ j{kk {ks=ks esa
¼xi½ varfj{k izkS|kSfxdh esa ¼x½ lapkj esa
¼xi½ m|ksx ,oa O;kikj esa ¼xii½ euksjatu esa
¼xiii½ izdk’ku esa ¼xiv½ iz’kklu esa
¼xv½ fMfTkVy iqLrdky;ksa esa
dEI;wVj vuqiz;ksx ds izHkko ¼Impact of Computer Application½

¼i½ le; dh cpr
¼ii½ =qfV jfgr dk;Z
¼iii½ dk;Z dh xq.koÙkk cuh jgrh gSA
¼iv½ csjkstxkjh
egRoiw.kZ rF;
 dEI;wVj ‘kCn dh mRifÙk xzhd Hkk”kk ds **dEI;wV ¼Compute½** ‘kCn ls gqbZ gS] ftldk
vFkZ gS x.kuk djukA bls **lax.kd** Hkh dgrs gSA
 Hkkjr esa dEI;wVj dk izFke iz;ksx 16 vxLr 1986 dks caxyq: ds iz/kku Mkd?kj esa
fd;k x;kA
 Hkkjr dk izFke iw.kZ dEI;wVjhd`r Mkd?kj ubZ fnYyh gSA
 2 fnlEcj izfro”kZ fo’o dEI;wVj lk{kjrk fnol ds :i esa euk;k tkrk gSA
 ns’k dk izFke dEI;wVj lk{kj ftyk eYykiqje ¼dsjy½ gSA
 MkVk izkslsflax dk vFkZ MkVk dks mi;ksxh cukuk gSA
 fo’o esa lokZf/kd dEI;wVj okyk ns’k la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk gSA
 dEI;wVj MkVk dks izkslsl ls bUQkes’Z ku esa ifjofrZr djrk gSA
 vk/kqfud dEI;wVj dk tud ,yu V~;qfjax dks dgk tkrk gSA
 dqN okafNr Qkbyksa o egRoiw.kZ Qkbyksa dk lewg QksYMj dgykrk gSA
 dEI;wVj flLVe dk og Hkkx ftls Nw ldrs gS gkMZos;j dgykrk gSA
 CPU dk iwjk uke Central Processing Unit gSA
 vkids dEI;wVj dk lHkh daiksusUV ;k rks lk¶Vos;j gksrk gS ;k gkMZos;j gksrs k gSA
 Qkbyuse ,d ;wuhd uke gksrk gS] tks vki lwpuk dh fdlh Qkby dks nsrs gSA
 PC dk iwjk uke Personal Computer gSA
 Computer ,d Electronic Device gS] tks MkVk dks lwpuk esa ifjofrZr djrk gS] rFkk
izkslsl djrk gSA
 .bas, .doc ,d izdkj ds ,DlVsU’ku use dk mnkgj.k gSA
 MkVk dks lwpuk esa izkslsl djus ds fy, CPU dh vko’;drk iM+rh gS] ftlesa bafVxzsVsM
lfdZV gksrs gSA
 vkijsfVax flLVe] izksxzke dEI;wVj ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa dk fu;a=.k djrk gS] vkSj iz;ksDrk
dks dEI;wVj ds lkFk baVj,sDV djus nsrk gSA
 ,sls dEI;wVj tks iksVcsZ y gksrs gSa vkSj ;k=k djus okys iz;ksDrkvksa ds fy, lqfo/kktud
gksrs gS **ySiVkWi** dgykrk gSA
 dEI;wVj esa ikWoj lIykbZ flLVe esa iz;qDr ¼SMPS½ dk vFkZ *fLop eksM ikoj lIykbZ*
gSA
 dEI;wVj esa vki tks bUQkes’Z ku Mkyrs gS] mls *MkVk* dgrs gSA
 dEI;wVj fMftVy flXuyksa ds :i esa MkVk Hkstrs rFkk izkIr djrs gSaA
 gsYi esuq dEI;wVj ds *LVkVZ* cVu esa gksrk gSA
 yksx le> ldsa vkSj iz;ksx dj lds ,sls QkesVZ esa izstsUVsM MkVk dks *buQkes’Z ku*
dgrs gSA

v/;k;&2
dEI;wVj dk bfrgkl ,oa fodkl
¼History & Development of Computer½
dEI;wVj dk bfrgkl
¼i½ vcsdl ¼1450 B.C.½ & bldk vkfo”dkj izkphu cschyksu esa vadks dh x.kuk ds fy, fd;k
x;kA
 ;g lalkj dk izFke x.kd ;a= gSA
¼ii½ usih;j cksUl ¼1600 A.D.½ & bldk vkfo”dkj LdkWfV’k xf.krK tku usih;j }kjkA
¼iii½ ikLdykbu ¼Adding Machine.½ ¼1642½ & bls Cyst ikLdy us 19 o”kZ dh mez esa
cuk;k FkkA ¼Ýkal½
 ;g izFke ;kaf=d x.kuk e’khu gS] ,oa ;g dsoy tksM+us o ?kVkus dh dke djrh FkhA
vcsdl pkYlZ cScst

¼iv½ fMQjsla batu ¼1882½ & bldk vkfo”dkj pkYlZ cScst ¼baXySaM½ us fd;k FkkA
 ;g e’khu Hkki ls pyrk FkkA
¼v½ ,ukfyfVdy batu ¼1842½ & bldk vkfo”dkj
pkYlZ cScst ¼baXySaM½ us fd;k FkkA
 iapdkMZ ds funs’Z kksa ds vuqlkj Lopkfyr e'khu
FkkA
 ;g eqyHkwr vadxf.krh; x.kuk,¡ ¼tksM+] ?kVko]
xq.kk] Hkkx½ dj ldrk FkkA
 ysMh ,Mk vkxLVk us blesa izksxzke MkYkk
blfy, bUgsa nqfu;k dk izFke izksxzkej Hkh dgk
tkrk gSA
 mUgsa Binary System ds vkfo”dkj dk Js; Hkh gSA
¼vi½ ekdZ I (Marc-I) ¼1937 ls 1944½ & IBM uked dEiuh RkFkk gkWoMZ vkbdsu ds funsZ’ku
fo’o dk izFke iw.kZ Lopkfyr fo|qr ;kaf=dh ¼Electro Machenical½ x.kuk ;a= dk
vkfo”dkj fd;k Xk;kA

¼vii½ ABC (Atanasoff-Berry Computer) ¼1939½ & tku ,VuklkWQ vkSj fDyQksMZ csjh uked
oSKkfudksa us feydj fo’o dk igyk *bysDVªkfud fMftVy dEI;wVj* (Electronic Digital
Computer) dk vkfo”dkj fd;kA
¼viii½ ENIAC- (Electronic Numerical Integrator & Calculator) (1946) & vesfjdh
oSKkfud ts-ih- ,dVZ rFkk tku eqpyh }kjk bldk vfo”dkj fd;k x;kA
¼ix½ EDVAC-(Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer) & ,fu,d dEI;wVj eas
izksxzke esa ifjorZu dfBu FkkA blls fuiVus ds fy, **oku U;weus ** us Lakxzfgr izksxzke dh
vo/kkj.kk nh rFkk bMoSd dk fodkl fd;kA
¼x ½ UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) (1954) & bldk fuekZ.k GEC ( General
Electric Corporation) us fd;kA bldk mi;ksx O;kikfjd vkSj vU; lkekU; dk;ksZ ds
fy, fd;k x;kA
¼xi½ ekbØks izkslslj (Micro Processor) (1970) & bldk vfo”dkj baVsy dEiuh }kjk fd;k
x;kA
mnkgj.k %& baVsy] iasfV;e] lsysVku] ,-,e-Mh vkfnA
¼xii½ Apple-II (1977) & izFke O;olkf;d ekbØks dEI;wVjA
dEI;wVj dk oxhZdj.k
(Classification of Computer)
gkMZos;j ds mi;ksx ds vk/kkj ij vkdkj vkSj dk;Z ds vk/kkj ij dk;Z i)fr ds vk/kkj ij
¼i½ izFke ih<+h

¼ii½ nwljh Ikh<+h ¼i½ esuÝse dEI;wVj
¼iii½ rhljh ih<+h ¼ii½ feuh dEI;wVj ¼i½ ,ukykx
¼iv½ pkSFkh ih<+h ¼iii½ ekbØks dEI;wVj ¼ii½ fMftVy
¼v½ ikapoh ih<+h ¼iv½ lqij dEI;qVj ¼iii½ gkbfczM

dEI;wVj dh ihf<+;k¡
ih<+h gkMZos;j Lkk¶Vos;j Eseksjh xfr mnkgj.k fo’ks”krk,a

igyh ih<+h fuokZr V~;wc e’khuh Hkk”kk iapdkMZ feyh ENIAC fo|qr vkSj
¼1942&1955½ ckbujh ¼0 ;k 1½ isij Vsi lsda.M ¼MS½ EDVAC ;kaf=dh e’khu
LVksj izksxzke UNIVAC-I cM+k vkdkj
nwljh ih<+h VªkaftLVj mPp Lrjh; pqEcdh; ekbØks IBM-1401 vis{kkd`r NksVk
¼1956&1964½ vlsEcyh Hkk”kk] eseksjh] lsda.M ¼MS½ UNIVAC vkSj rhoz
cSp eSXusfVd Vsi] PDP - 8 oSKkfud vkSj
vkijsfVax flLVe eSXusfVd O;olkf;d
fMLd mi;ksx
rhljh ih<+h baVhxzsVsM mPp Lrjh; Pkqacdh; uSuks IBM-360 dEI;wVj dk
¼1965&1975½ fPki Hkk”kk] HkaMkj.k {kerk lsda.M ¼NS½ PDP - 11 O;fDrxr
Vkbe ‘ks;fjx esa o`f) mi;ksx
vkijsfVax flLVe
pkSFkh ih<+h ekbØks xzkfQdy ;wtj lsehdaMDVj ihdks IBM PC mPp {kerk
¼1976&1989½ izkslslj] baVjQsl] UNIX eseksjh lsda.M ¼PS½ APPLE PC ;qDr] O;fDrxr
VLSI ‘’C’’ Hkk”kk dk ,oa O;olkf;d
mPp {kerk fodkl] mi;ksx o`f)]
ds usVodZ iluZy dEI;wVj rhoz
dk fodkl ds fy,
vkijsfVax flLVe
Ikkapoh ih<+h ULSI WWW, Optical Disk, IBM Note vfr NksVs]
¼1990 ls vc rd½ SLSI baVjusV] opqZoy eseksjh] Book, vfr rhoz
uksVcqd eYVhehfM;k fo’kky Pentium PC lks’ky ehfM;k
ySiVki lk¶Vos;j] Hk.Mkj.k {kerk Lkqij dEI;wVj euksjatu
baVjusV dk iSjkysy izkslsflax
fodkl
eYVhehfM;k
vxyh ih<+h ds dEI;wVj ¼Next Generation Computer½

¼1½ uSuks dEI;wVj ¼Nano Computer½ %& bldk O;kl 1 uSuks ehVj
rd gks ldrk gSA uSuks VsDuksykWth esa inkFkZ dh vkf.od lajpuk dk mi;ksx
fd;k tkrk gS] ftlls vR;ar NksVs o fo’kky dEI;wVj dk vkfo”dkj fd;k
tk ldrk gSA
¼2½ DokaVe dEI;wVj ¼Quantom Computer½ %& blesa eseksjh dks D;wfcV esa ekik
tkrk gSA fo|qrh; fdj.kksa esa ÅtkZ bysDVªku dh mifLFkfr ds dkj.k gksrh
gSA ;s bysDVªku vius d{k esa rsth ls Hkze.k djrs gSA bl dkj.k bUgsa ,d lkFk vkSj 1 vkSj 0
dh fLFkfr esa fxuk tk ldrk gSA blds lkFk ekuo efLr”d ls Hkh rst dk;Z djus okys
dEI;wVj ds fodkl dk iz;kl py jgk gSA

¼3½ DNA Computer %& bls Bio Computer Hkh dgk tkrk gS] blesa MkVk lajf{kr o izkslsl ds
fy, DNA ;k izksVhu dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
¼4½ dsfedy dEI;wVj ¼Chemical Computer½ %& blesa x.kuk ds fy, inkFkZ ds jklk;fud xq.kksa o
Lkaknzrk dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
dk;Z i)fr ds vk/kkj ij oxhZdj.k

¼Classification on Working Technology½
¼1½ ,ukykWx dEI;wVj ¼Analog Computer½ %& yxkrkj ifjofrZr gksus okyh HkkSfrd jkf’k;ksa dks
,ukykWx jkf’k dgrs gSA tSls & rkiØe] ncko] fo|qr oksYVst vkfn] ;g dEI;wVj ,ukykWx flXuy
ij dk;Z djrk gSA
mnkgj.k & okgu dh xfr ehVj] oksYVehVj] ,d lk/kkj.k ?kM+h vkfnA
¼2½ fMftVy dEI;wVj ¼Digital Computer½ %& ;s bysDVªkfud ladsrks ij pyrs gS] rFkk x.kuk ds fy,
f}vk/kkjh vad i)fr 0 ;k 1 dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA bldh xfr rhoz gksrh gSA orZeku esa
izpfyr vf/kdka’k dEI;wVj blh izdkj gSA
 vkadM+ksa dks bysDVªkfud iYl ds :i esa fu:fir fd;k tkrk gSA
¼3½ gkbfczM dEI;wVj ¼Hybrid Computer½ %& ;g fMftVy o ,ukykWx dEI;wVj dk fefJr :i gSA
blesa izklsflax ds fy, fMftVy :i rFkk buiqV&vkmViqV esa ,ukykWx ladsrks dk mi;ksx fd;k
Tkkrk gSA
 bl izdkj ds dEI;wVj dk iz;ksx& vLirky] j{kk] foKku vkfn ds {ks= esa fd;k tkrk gSA
vkdkj vkSj dk;Z ds vk/kkj ij oxhZdj.k

¼Clasification Based On Size & Work½
¼1½ esu Ýse dEI;wVj ¼Main Frame Computer½ %&

 eq[; dEI;wVj ,d dsUnzh; LFkku ij j[kk tkrk gSA
 Dumb Terminal ds ek/;e ls mi;ksxdrkZ esuÝse Computer ls
tqM+rk gSA
 LVksjst {kerk rFkk MkVk izkslsl xfr vf/kd gksrh gSA
 Multi User dEI;wVj dgykrk gSA
 blesa Time Sharing vkSj Multi Programming vkijsfVax System dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
mi;ksx %& cM+h dEiuh] cSad] j{kk] jsYos] varfj{k foKku vkfn ds {ks= esa mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
mnkgj.k %& IBM s/390

¼2½ feuh dEI;wVj ¼Mini Computer½ %&

 Main Frame ls NksVs tcfd] Micro Computer ls cM+s gksrs gSA
 blesa Hkh dbZ O;fDr ,d lkFk dke dj ldrs gSA
mi;ksx %& ;k=h vkj{k.k] cM+s vkfQl] vuqla/kku vkfnA
¼3½ bEcsMsM dEI;wVj ¼Embedded Computer½ %& fdlh fo’ks”k dk;Z ds fy, cuk;k tkrk gSA
tSls & okf’kax e’khu] ekbØksoso] dkj] Vsyhfotu vkfnA
¼4½ ekbØks dEI;wVj ¼Micro Computer½ %&

 blesa ekbØks Processor dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
 VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) vkSj ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration) ls
Micro Processor ds vkdkj esa deh vk;h rFkk {kerk dbZ xquk c<+ x;hA
 MsDlVkWi] ilZuy dEI;wVj] ySiVki] VscysV] LekVZQksu ekbØks dEI;wVj ds gh fofHkUUk :i gSA
 eYVhehfM;k vkSj baVjusV ds fodkl us Micro Computer ds mi;ksfxrk dks c<+k;kA
¼5½ lqij dEI;wVj ¼Super Computer½ %&

 vR;f/kd rhoz izkslsflax vkSj fo’kky Hk.Mkj.k {kerkA
 gtkjksa Micro Processor dks lekUrj Øe esa tksM+dj Super Computer dk fuekZ.k fd;k
tkrk gSA
 Multi Processing vkSj lkekukUrj Processing (Parallel Processing) dk mi;ksx fd;k
tkrk gSA
 lekukUrj izkslsflax esa dk;Z dks VwdM+ks esa rksM+dj mls vyx&vyx Process fd;k tkrk gSA
 izkslsflax LihM dks FLOPS (Floating Point Operations Per Second) esa ekik tkrk gSA
 orZeku esa lqij dEI;wVj isVk ¶ykIl (1 Peta Plops = 10 Flops) esa ekih tkrh gSA
15
 izFke lqij dEiqVj vesfjdk ds Cray Research Company us rS;kj fd;k Fkk]
bl daiuh dks lqij Computer dk tUenkrk dgrs gSA
 Øs- ds- &1 izFke lqij dEI;wVj gSA ftldk fuekZ.k 1979 esa fd;k x;k FkkA
mi;ksx & isVªksfy;e m|ksx] varfj{k vuqla/kku] ekSle] HkqxHkhZ; los{Z k.k] Lopkfyr okgu] ijek.kq
HkV~Vh] lcfØfVdy ijh{k.k vkfn esAa
Hkkjr esa lqij dEI;wVj (Super Computer In India)
 Hkkjr esa lqij dEI;wVj **ije 10000** dk fuekZ.k lh&MSd dEiuh iq.ks }kjk 1998 esa fd;k
x;kA
C-DAC (Centre For Development of Advanced Computing)
 {kerk& 1 [kjc x.kuk izfr lsd.M ;kfu 100 xhxk ¶YkkDl
 bldk fuekZ.k Js;&fot; HkkLdj] C-DAC ds funsZ’kd dks tkrk gSA
lqij dEI;wVj **ije ine** (C-DAC iq.ks }kjk) (2003)
 lqij Computer fo’o ds ikap ns’k vesfjdk] tkiku] phu] btjk;y vkSj Hkkjr ds ikl gh
miyC/k gSA
 BARC (Bhabha Atomic Research Center) eqEcbZ }kjk fodflr &**vuqie**
 DRDO Defense Research and Development Organization) gSnjkckn& **isl (Pace)’’
 NAL(National Aeronautics Lab) cSxyq: &¼1980½ **¶ykslkYoj** ¼Hkkjr ds izFke lqij
dEI;wVj½
 ije daputa?kk ¼viSzy 2016½ & ;g NIT flafDde rFkk C-DAC iq.ks }kjk fodf’kr fd;k x;k
gSA bldh xfr 15 Vsjk¶yki gSA
 ije bZ’kku ¼flarcaj 2016½ & ;g IIT xqokgVh }kjk fodflr fd;k x;k gSA ;g iqoksRZ rj] iwohZ
Hkkjr] rFkk nf{k.k Hkkjr dk lcls rst rFkk ‘kfDr’kkyh dEI;qVj gS] bldh xfr 250
Vsjk¶yki gS rFkk {kerk 300 VsjkckbV gSA
Hkkjr esa July 2016 rd lqij dEI;wVj
izeq[k& ¼1½ Sahasra T – Indian Institute of Science

¼2½ Aaditya – Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology
¼3½ TIFR – Cray
¼4½ HP Apollo 6000
¼5½ PARAM YUVA – II (2003)
¼6½ Cluster Platform
¼7½ Cluster Platform (3000)
¼8½ IDATAPLEX
¼9½ Cluster Platform
¼10½ PRAM KANCHENJUNGA – Apr 2016 by NIT Sikkim
vU; & Anupam (BARC), SAGA,, EKA, VIRGO
¼Hkkjr½ Vikram – 100, Crayxc40, ISRO
 12oha iapo”khZ; ;kstuk ¼2012&2017½ esa Hkkjr ljdkj us lqij dEI;wVj ds fodkl ds fy, 2-5
Billion USD dh jkf’k Lohd`r dh gSA
 bldk nkf;Ro Indian Institute of Science Bangalore dks lkSik x;k gSA
 Hkkjr esa Super Computer dh ;ksX;rk dks Exaflop Range esa fodkl djus dh ;kstuk gSA
 ekpZ] 2015 esa 7-Year Plan esa 4500 djksM+ dk izko/kku Super Computer ds fodkl esa Hkkjr
ljdkj }kjk fd;k x;k gSA

fo’o esa Top Super Computer-
Sunway Taihulight - China

Tianhe-2 - China
Cray Titan - U.S.
IBM Sequoia - U.S.
Fujitsu K Computer - Japan
Tianhe – IA - China
Cray Jaguar - U.S.
IBM Roadrunner - U.S. Sunway Taihulight (Speed -93 pitaflops)
vU; dqN izeq[k dEI;wVj &
¼1½ PC (Personal Computer)

fodkl & 1981
m)s’; & NksVs vkdkj rFkk lkekU; dk;ksaZ ds fy,A
izeq[k fuekZrk Company – IBM, Lenovo, Apple, Compaq, Zenith ,HCL, HP-Hewlett
Packard.
 orZeku esa lHkh PC (Personal Computer) dks PC-AT dgk tkrk gS
¼2½ odZ LVs’ku (Work Station) & csgrj Display dks /;ku esa j[kdj
cuk;k x;kA
¼3½ uksVcqd dEI;wVj ;k ySiVkWi (Notebook Computer or Laptop) &

 YkSiVkWi dk fodkl ,Me vklcuZ }kjk 1981 esa fd;k x;k FkkA
WorkStation
¼4½ uksVcqd (Notebook) & ySiVki dk y|q laLdj.k gSA
¼5½ VScysV dEI;wVj (Tablet Computer) &

 NksVk dEI;wVj ftlesa Keyboard ,oa Mouse dk iz;ksx ugha gksrkA
 buiqV ds fy, Status isu ;k Touch Screen rduhd dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
 bls Hand Held Computer Hkh dgrs gSA

¼6½ IkkWeVki (Palm top) & ¼feuh ySiVki½
 Key Board dh txg vkokt }kjk buiqV fd;k tk ldrk gSA
¼7½ LekVZQksu (Smartphone) & orZeku esa izpfyr eksckbZy QksuA
eq[; rFkk jkspd rF;

 HPC – High Performance Computing
 lqij dEI;wVj dh ;ksX;rk dh x.kuk (FLOPS) Floating – Point operations Per Second esa
dh tkrh gSA
 twu 2016 rd] fo’o dh lcls ‘kfDr’kkyh lqij dEI;wVj phu }kjk fodflr **Sunway
Taihulight **gSA
 lcls T;knk lqij dEI;wVj phu ds ikl ¼167½ gSA vesfjdk ¼165½ ds lkFk nwljs uacj ij gSA
 tqykbZ 2016 ds vk/kkj ij Top 500 Super Computer list esa Hkkjr dh 9 super Computer
Listed gSA
egRoiw.kZ rF;
 pkYlZ cScst dks dEI;wVj ds {ks= esa muds ;ksxnku ds fy, *vk/kqqfud dEI;wVj foKku* dk
tud dgk tkrk gSA
 VªkaftLVj dk vfo”dkj 1947 esa csy yScksjsVjht ds tku okjMhu] fofy;e ‘kkdys RkFkk okYVj
czsVu us fd;kA v)Zpkyd inkFkZ flfydku (SI) ;k tesfZ u;e dk cuk VªkaftLVj ,d rhoz
fLofpax fMokbl gSA
 baVhxzVs Ms lfdZV (IC) dk fodkl 1958 esa tSd fdYCkh rFkk jkcVZ uks;h }kjk fd;k x;kA
 ULSI esa ,d fpi ij 1 djksM+ bysDVªkfud fMokbl cuk;s tk ldrs gSA
 dEI;wVj ds fuekZ.k esa vxz.kh gksus ds dkj.k Hkkjr ds csaxyq: ‘kgj gks flfydku oSyh ds uke
ls tkuk tkrk gSA
 IBM ds Mhi Cyw dEI;wVj] 1 lsd.M es ‘krjat dh 20 djksM+ pkysa lksp ldrk gS] ftlus
‘krjat sds fo’o pSafi;u xSjh dkLijkso dks ijkftr fd;k FkkA
 bysDVªkfud ,ukykx dEI;wVlZ dk mi;ksx 1958 ls ‘kq: gqvkA
 IBM esa 1980 esa PC dk fuekZ.k fd;k FkkA
 MsLdkVkWi dEI;wVj ,d ekbØksdEI;wVj dk :i gSA
 uksVcqd ls MsLdVki ekWMy dk dke ysus ds fy, uksVcqd dks *iksVZ* ls dusDV fd;k tk
ldrk gS ftls ekWuhVj vkSj nwljs midj.kksa ls dusDV fd;k tkrk gSA
 esuÝse rFkk lqij dEI;wVj esa ,Dlsl ds fy, ;wtlZ vDlj *VfeZuy* dk mi;ksx djrs gSA
 izFke ih<+h ds dEI;wVj esa oSD;we V~;wCl] dkMZ~l] iUpM+ isij dk iz;ksx gksrk FkkA
 loZizFke iap dkM~Zl dk vkfo”dkj *geZu gksysfjFk* us fd;k FkkA
 esuÝse dEI;wVj esa lekU;r% 32 ;k 64 fcV ekbØksizkslslj dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

v/;k;&3
dEI;wVj dh vk/kkjHkwr lajpuk
dEI;wVw j ds eq[; 3 Hkkx gksrs gS &

¼1½ buiqV ;wfuV
¼2½ vkmViqV ;wfuV
¼3½ lsVa ªy izkslfsa lx ;wfuV
¼1½ buiqV ;qfuV

buiqV fMokbl ds fuEu dk;Z gS %&
¼i½ MkVk] vuqn’s kksa rFkk izksxzkeksa dks Lohdkj djuk
¼ii½ mUgsa ckbujh dksM esa cnyuk
¼iii½ cnys gq, dksM dks dEI;wVj flLVe dks nsukA
izeq[k buiqV fMokbl gS&
¼i½ dh cksMZ (Key-board)
¼ii½ ekml (Mouse)
¼iii½ TokW;fLVd (Joystick)
¼iv½ izdk’kh; isu (Light-pen)
¼v½ LdSuj (Scanner)
¼vi½ ckj dksM jhMj (Bar Code Reader)
¼vii½ ekbdj (MICR-Magnetic Ink Character Recognition)
¼viii½ iap dkMZ jhMj (Punch Card Reader)
¼ix½ vkfIVdy ekdZ jhMj (Opitical Mark Rearder)
¼xi½ ekbd (Mice)
¼xii½ LihPk fjdkWxfu’ku flLVe (Speech Recognition System)
¼2½ vkmViqV ;wfuV

vkmViqV fMokbl ds fuEu dk;Z gS %&
¼i½ CPU ls ifj.kke izkIr djukA
¼ii½ izkIr ifj.kkeksa dks ekuo }kjk le>s tk ldus okys ladsrks esa cnyuk
¼iii½ ifj.kke ds ifjofrZr ladsrks dks mi;ksxdrkZ rd igq¡pkukA
dqN izeq[k vkmViqV fMokbl gS&
¼i½ ekWuhVj ;k ohMh;w (Monitor)
¼ii½ fizaVj (Printer)
¼iii½ IykWVj (Platter)
¼iv½ Lihdj (Speaker)
¼v½ dkMZ jhMj (Card Reader)
¼vi½ Vsi jhMj (Tape Reader)
¼vii½ LØhu best izkstsDVj (Screen Image Projector)

¼3½ lsVa ªy izkslsflax ;wfuV ¼CPU½

 lsVa ªy izkslsflax ;wfuV dks gkMZos;j dh n`f”V ls rhu eq[; Hkkxksa es ck¡Vk tk ldrk gSA
¼i½ daVªksy ;wfUkV¼CU½ CPU
¼ii½ vfjFkeSfVd ykWftd ;wfuV ¼ALU½
¼iii½ eseksjh jftLVj ¼Memory½
CU ALU MEMORY
¼i½ daVªksy ;wfuV & ;g daVªksy bdkbZ dk dke djrk gSA
& ;g dEI;wVj dk ukMh ra= dgykrk gSA
¼ii½ vfjFkeSfVd ykWftd ;wfuV ¼ALU½ &

bldk dk;Z ewyHkwr vadxf.krh; x.kuk,a djuk gSA
dh&cksMZ ¼Key Board½
 vktdy 104 cVuksa okys ^QWERTY* dh&cksMZ dk iz;ksx izpyu esa gSA
 ok;jysl keyboard ls HkkSfrd laidZ cuk, fcuk jsfM;ks rjaxks ij dk;Z djrk gS] rFkk bls
Bluetooth }kjk dEI;wVj ls tksM+k tkrk gSA
dh cksMZ ds Hkkx ,ao izeq[k cVu

¼i½ eq[; dh&cksMZ keyboard
 blesa vaxzsth ds lHkh v{kj ¼A ls Z½] vad ¼0 ls 9½ rFkk dqN fo’ks”k fpUg gksrs gSA
 budk iz;ksx dEI;wVj esa vYQkU;wefs jd MkVk Mkyus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
¼ii½ QaD’ku cVu ¼Fuction Keys½

 Key Board esa lcls Åij F1 ls F12 rd vafdr cVu gksrs gSA
 ;s ,d izdkj ls Commond Key gksrs gSA fdlh fo’ks”k mi;ksx gsrqA
¼iii½ la[;kRed dh iSM ¼Numeric Key-pad½

 Keyboard esa nk;h vksj 0 ls 9 rFkk ¼∙½ n’keyo] tksM+ ¼$½] ?kVko ¼&½] xq.kk ¼ ×½] rFkk Hkkx
¼ / ½ ds LkkFk U;wefs jdy YkkWd ¼Num Lock½ rFkk baVj ¼Enter½ cVu gksrs gSA
 ;fn Num Lock cVu vkWu gS] rks Numeric key-pad dk iz;ksx la[;kvksa dks Vkbi djus ds
fy, gksrk gSA
 ;fn Num Lock cVu vkWQ gS] rks bu la[;kvksa dks Vkbi ugha dh tk ldrh gSA

¼iv½ dlZj eqoesVa cVu ¼Cursor Movement Keys½

 blesa ,jks CkVu gksrs gS] bls Nevigation keys Hkh dgk tkrk gSA blls dlZj dks vkxs] ihNs]
Åij uhps f[kldk ldrs gSA
 HOME & dlZj dks ykbu ;k ist ds vkjaHk es ys tkrk gSA
END & dlZj dks ykbu ;k ist ds var es ys tkrk gSA
Page Up & dlZj dks MkD;weasV ds fiNys ist es ys tkrk gSA
Page Down & dlZj dks MkD;weasV ds vxys isTk es ys tkrk gSA
¼v½ eksfMQk;j cVu ¼Modifier Keys½

 eksfMQk;j cVu dk iz;ksx fdlh vU; cVu ds LkkFk feydj fdlh fo’ks”k dk;Z dks laikfnr
djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
tSls & Shift, Alt, Ctrl, Windows key eksfMQk;j CkVu gSA
¼vi½ Lis’ky ijil cVu ¼Special Purpose Key½

blds varxZr fuEu key’s gksrs gS &
¼1½ U;qefs jd ykWd cVu
 Num Lock Key vkWu gksus ij Keyboard ds Åij nk;ha vksj gjh cÙkh tyrh gSA
 la[;kRed dh&iSM ds cVu ds Åij fy[kh la[;k Vkbi djrs gS] rc Num Lock vkWQ gksus
ij ;s cVu uhps fy[ks dk;Z lEiUu djrs gSSaA
¼2½ dSIl ykWd cVu ¼Caps Lock Key½

 bldk iz;ksx vaxzsth o.kZ ekyk dks NksVs v{kjksa rFkk cM+s v{kjksa esa fy[kus ds fy, fd;k tkrk
gSA
¼3½ f’k¶V cVu (Shift key)

 bls la;kstu key dgrs gSA fdlh vU; cVu ds lkFk] fo’ks”k dk;Z gsrqA
¼4½ VSc cVu (Tab key)

 dlZj dks ist esa ,d fuf’pr nwjh rd dqnkus ds fy, iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
¼5½ bUVj cVu ;k fjVuZ cVu (Enter key Or Return key)

 funsZ’kksa dks fØ;kfUor djus ds fy, Vkbi MkVk dks dEI;wVj esa Hkstus ds fy, Enter Key dk
Use fd;k tkrk gSA
 u;k iSjkxzkQ rFkk ykbu vkjaHk djus ds fy, Hkh bldk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
¼6½ ,Ldsi CkVu ¼ESC-Escape key½

 bld mi;ksx fiNys dk;Z dks lekIr dj izksxzke ls ckgj tkus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

¼7½ Back Space key

 bldk mi;ksx dSjsDVj] Lisl] lcaf/kr xyfr;ksa dks feVkus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
¼8½ Del-Delete Key

 dSjsDVj] Lisl] xyfr;ksa dks ,d&,d djds feVkus ds fy,A
 Selected Items dks ,d lkFk feVk ldrs gSA
¼9½ Print Screen Key

 fizaV djus ds fy,A
¼10½ Pause Key

 blls dEI;wVj ij vk jgh lwpuk ,d LFkku ij :d tkrh gS] rFkk nqljs cVu dks nckus ij
lqpuk iqu% vkjEHk gks tkrh gSA
¼11½ Scroll Lock Key

 bldk dke Scroll Lock Key tSls gh gS] lekU;r% eYVhehfM;k esa T;knk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk
gSA
¼12½ Insert Key

 bldk iz;ksx igys ls laxzfgr MkVk ij Overwrite djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
¼13½ Ctrl+Alt+Del Key

 budk mi;ksx ,d lkFk djus ij pyus okyk izksxzke can gks tkrk gS rFkk dEI;wVj ‘kq:
okyh voLFkk esa vk tkrk gSA bls gSax gksrs le; iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] bls Reset Hkh dgrs
gSA
¼14½ Stick Key

 nks cVu ,d LkkFk nckus esa vlqfo/kk eglwl djus ij fLVd cVu dk Use fd;k tkrk gS]
vkSj vkjke ls dk;Z lEikfnr dj ldrs gSA
 Modifier key dks yxkrkj nks ckj nckdj rc rd lfØ; j[kk tk ldrk gS] tc rd nwljk
cVUk u nc tk,A
 bls pkyw djus ds fy, Shift cVu dks 5 ckj yxkrkj nckrs gSA
 can djus ds fy, nksuks Shift cVu ,d lkFk nckrs gSA
¼15½ Lisl ckj ¼Space Bar½

 bldk mi;ksx fy[krs le; Space nsus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
 ;g dh&cksMZ ds fupyh iafDr ij lcls yEck cVu gksrk gSA

vU; izpfyr dh&cksMZ
¼I½ opqvZ y dh cksMZ ¼Virtual Key Board½

 Key Board ds vkHkklh fp= esa fdlh cVu dks Nqdj dEI;wVj esa MkVk ;k funs’Z k Mkyk tk
ldrk gSA
¼II½ vkWu LØhu dh cksMZ ¼On Screen Key Board½

 ;g Virtual Key Board dh rjg dk gksrk gS] vktdy VscysV] LekVZQksu eas MkVk Mkyus ds
fy, On Screen Key Board dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
ekml ¼Mouse½
 ;g ,d Printing Device gS] tks GUI (Graphical User Interface) ds iz;ksx ls bldk egRo
c<+ x;k gSA
vkfo”dkj & MkW- Mxyl batsyokVZ ¼1964½

 blesa rhu cVu gksrs gS
(1) Left Button
(2) Right Button
(3) Centre Button (Scroll Button)
Mouse
dk;Z & ¼i½ IokabV vkSj lsysDV djuk & IokbaVj dks Icon ij ys tkus ij IokbaVj gkFk ds vkdkj dk
gks tkrk gSA
¼ii½ fDyd & ekml ds ck;sa cVu dks ,d ckj nck dj NksM+uk fDyd dgykrk gS] bldk
mi;ksx fdlh vkbdu dks lysDV djus ds fy, djrs gSA
¼iii½ jkbV fDyd ls ge Properties dk mi;ksx dj ldrs gS] rFkk Mcy fDyd ls Folder
Open dj ldrs gSA
¼iv½ MSªx vkSj Mªki & ekml ds Left cVu dks fdlh object ij j[kdj fDyd djuk rFkk
cVu nck, gq, nqljs LFkku rd ys tkuk MªSx ¼Drag½ dgykrk gSA
 blls object dk vkbdu Hkh lkFk&lkFk pyrk gS] vc ekml IokabVj dks okafNr
LFkku ;k Qkby vkbdu ij ys tkdj ys¶V cVu NksM+ nsuk Mªki ¼Drop½ dgykrk
gSA
¼v½ Paint Program esa cz’k dh rjg fd;k tkrk gSA
¼1½ vkfIVdy ekml &

 ;g izdk’k rjaxks ds ijkorZu ds vk/kkj ij dk;Z djrk gSA blesa izdk’kh; Mk;ksM
(LED) vkSj lsl
a j dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

¼2½ csrkj dh&cksMZ@ekml &

 blesa dEI;wVj ds lkFk lwpukvksa dk vknku&iznku jsfM;ks rjaxks Bluetooth/Wifi
ds tfj, gksrk gSA
 csrkj dh&cksMZ dk ekml 2-4 GHz vko`fr ij dk;Z djrk gSA
¼3½ VªSd ckWy (Track Ball)

 bldk mi;ksx ekml dh rjg gksrk gS] blesa jcj cky uhps u gksdj Åij gksrk
gSA bl rjg Mouse dk mi;ksx ySiVkWi esa ekml ds LFkku ij fd;k tkrk gSA
 bldk mi;ksx CAD,CAM esa gksrk gSA
¼4½ TokfLVd (Joy stick)

 blesa VªSd cky dh lrg ds Åij ,d NM+h yxk nh tkrh gS] rkfd ckWy dks
vklkuh ls ?kqek;k Tkk ldsA
 blesa Åij esa fDyd cVu gksrk ftlds }kjk vkbdu ;k VsDLV vkfn dk p;u
fd;k tkrk gSA
mi;ksx & ohfM;ks xse] jkscksV fu;a=.k vkfnA
¼5½ izdk’kh; isu (Light pen)

 isu vkdkj dk Pointing Device gksrk gS]
 bldk mi;ksx buiqV fMokbl dh rjg fd;k tkrk gS light pen
¼6½ LdSuj (Scanner)

 bldk mi;ksx buiqV fMokbl ds :i esa VsDLV Image] dks Digital esa ifjofrZr
dj bls Computer esa Save ;k Edit fd;k tkrk gSA Scan fd, x, MkD;weasV dks
Bit Map Image ds :i esa dEI;wVj eseksjh esa LVksj fd;k tkrk gSA
¼7½ ckj dksM jhMj ¼BCR-Bar Code Reader½

 bldk vkfo”dkj 1940 esa tks lsQ oqMySaM rFkk cukZM flYoj us feydj fd;k FkkA
 ;g 12 vadks dk gksrk gSA
 bldk mi;ksx cad
S rFkk iksLV vkWfQl esa fd;k tkrk gSA
¼8½ ekbdj ¼MICR-Magnatic Ink Character Recognitions½

 ;g 0 ls 9 rd la[;k rFkk 4 fo’ks”k fpUg ¼dqy 14½ dSjsDVj dk iz;ksx fd;k
tkrk gSA
 bldk fo’ks”k pqEcdh; L;kgh ls fy[ks v{kjks dks dEI;wVj ds tfj, i<+us ds fy,
fd;k tkrk gSA
 bldk mi;ksx psd@Mªk¶V Hkqxrku djus esa fd;k tkrk gSA

¼9½ vkfIVdy ekdZ jhMj OMR ¼Optical Mark Reader½

 vktdy oLrqfu”V mÙkj iqfLrdkvksa dks tkapus ds fy, bldk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk
gSA
 mPp rhozrk okys izdkf’kr fdj.kksa dks dkxt ij Mkyk tkrk gS rFkk isu ;k isfa ly
ds fu’kku ls ijkofrZr fdj.kksa dk v/;;u dj lgh mÙkj dk irk yxk;k tkrk
gSA
¼10½ osc dSejk ¼Wed Camera½

 fofM;ks dkUÝsfa lax] ohfM;ks psfVax esa mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
¼11½ Touch Screen

 dEI;wVj fLØu ij miyC/k fodYiks esa ls fdlh dks Nw dj funsZ’k fn;k tkrk gSA
 Vp LØhu esa baÝkjsM fdj.ksa LØhu ij ?kqerh jgrh gSA
 Touch djus ij fdj.kksa dh xfr izHkkfor gksrh gS] ftls dEI;wVj }kjk fjdkMZ dj
yh tkrh gSA
mi;ksx & ATM (Automatic Teller Machine, Smartphone, Tablet) vkfn esAa
¼12½ Mike ¼ekbd½

 Audio Input Device gS] blesa /ofu rjaxks dks ,ukykWx fo|qr ladsr esa cnyk
tkrk gS] ftls lkm.M dkMZ }kjk fMftVy ladsrks esa cnyk tkrk gSA
 bldk mi;ksx vkokt fjdkWMZ vkfM;ksa Qkby ,oa baVjusV esa ckr djus ds fy,
fd;k tkrk gSA
¼13½ Speech Recognition System

 blesa Ckksydj MkVk dks Input fd;k tkrk gSA rFkk cksys x, ‘kCnksa dks igpku dj
mls VsDLV esa ifjofrZr fd;k Tkkrk gSA
¼14½ Optical Character Reader

 LdSu fd, x, MkD;weasV dks Bitmap Image ds :i esa Input fd;k tkrk gSA
 bls fp= ds :i esa Edit fd;k fd;k tkrk gSA
¼15½ bysDVªkfud dkMZ jhMj

 ;g IykfLVd dk cuk NksVk dkMZ gS] ftlesa fpi ;k pqEcdh; iV~Vh yxk gksrk gSA
tSls ATM dkMZ bl fpi esa MkVk LVksj fd;k tkrk gS] ftls dEI;wVj i<+ dj
Process djrk gSA
¼16½ fMftykbftax VScysV
 blesa eSi] js[kkfp= rFkk Ldsp dks Digital :i esa cnyk tkrk gS] bldk mi;ksx
CAD (Computer Aided Desing) esa fd;k tkrk gSA
vkmViqV fMokbl
¼1½ ekWuhVj (Monitor) ;k ohMh;w (Visual Display Unit)
;g jax ds vk/kkj ij rhu izdkj ds gSa&
¼i½ eksuksØkse & blesa nks jax gksrk gS] i`”BHkwfe dk ,d jax vkSj lkeus fn[kus okys dk nwljk
jaxA
¼ii½ xzsLdsy ekWuhVj & Black & White Monitor
¼iii½ Colour Monitor & blesa rhu ewy jax & gjk] uhyk] yky bls RGB ekWuhVj Hkh dgk
tkrk gSA ;g 16]32]256 jaxks ls iznf’kZr gksrk gSA
rduhd ds vk/kkj ij Hkh rhu izdkj ds ekWuhVj gS &

¼i½ CRT (Cathode Ray Tube)
¼ii½ LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)
¼iii½ LED (Light Emitting Diode) Monitar
 ekuhVj dh xq.koÙkk dh igpku fiDlsy ;k MkWV fip ;k fjtksY;w’ku rFkk jhÝs’kjsV }kjk dh
tkrh gSA
¼2½ Speaker
 ;g /ofu ds :i esa vkmViqV dh Soft Copy izLrqr djrk gSA
¼3½ Head Phone

 ;g /ofu ds :i esa vkmViqV miyC/k djkrk gSA
¼4½ Screen Projector

 ;g fp= ds :i vkmV miyC/k djkrk gSA
¼5½ ohfM;ks@fotqvy fMLiys VfeZuy ¼Video/Visual Display Ternimal½

 dh&cksMZ ij ge tks Type djrs gS] og gesa Moniter ij fn[kkbZ nsrk gS] bl
izdkj ge nksuks dks Visual Display Terminal dgrs gSA
Terminal & og fMokbl ftlls dEI;wVj esa MkVk Mkyus rFkk izkIr ifj.kkeksa dks iznf’kZr djus dk
dke djrs gSA
Terminal rhu izdkj ds gksrs gS &
¼i½ Mac VfeZuy & Processing rFkk Storage ds fy, eq[; dEI;wVj ij fuHkZj Terminal
dks Dumb Terminal dgk tkrk gSA
 ;s fdlh bUQkesZlau dks izkslsl ugh dj ldrk gSA
¼ii½ Smart Terminal & blesa Lo;a dh Processing {kerk gksrh gSA
¼iii½ Intelligent Terminal & blesa Lo;a dh Processing {kerk rFkk Storage {kerk
gksrh gSA

¼6½ fizaVj
fizVa j dk oxhZdj.k
(Classification of Printer)
fizaV ds {kerk ds vuqlkj fizaV djus ds rjhds ds vk/kkj ij
dSjsDVj fizaVj ykbu fizaVj ist fizaVj bEiSSDV fizaVj uku

bEiSDV
MkWV eSfVªDl Msth Oghy FkZey badtsV

ystj
fizaV {kerk ds vuqlkj
¼1½ dSjsDVj fizaVj (Character Printer)

 ,d ckj esa ,d dSjsDVj fizaV djrk gSA
¼2½ ykbu fizaVj (Line Printer)

 ,d ckj esa ,d iwjh ykbu fizaV djrk gSA
xfr & 200 ls 2000 ykbu@feuV
¼3½ ist fizaVj (Page Printer)

 ,d ckj esa iwjk ,d ist fizaV djrk gSA printer
fizaV djus ds rjhds ds vuqlkj
¼1½ bEiSDV fizaVj

 ¼Impact vFkkZr~ VDdj] ;k ncko½ VkbijkbVj dh rjg isij vkSj bad fjcu ij ncko Mkydj
fizaV djrk gS] blfy, bl izdkj ds fizaVj dks Impact Printer dgrs gSA
blds fuEu izdkj gS &
¼i½ MkWV eSfVªDl fizaVj ¼Dot Matrix Printer½

 blesa fizaV gsM gksrk gS] tks ck;sa ls nka;s rFkk nk;sa ls ck;sa ?kqerk gSA
 dkcZu dh lgk;rk ls ,d ckj esa dbZ izfr;ka izkIr dh tk ldrh gSA
 fizaV gsM esa NksVs&NksVs gFkkSMs+ gksrs gS] tks L;kgh yxs fjcu ij izgkj dj dSj sDVj mHkkjrs gSA
 blds }kjk xzkQ vkSj js[kkfp= mdsjs tk ldrs gSA
¼ii½ Msth Oghy fizaV ¼Daisy Wheel Printer½
 blesa Wheel es Character gksrs gSa] tks isij ,ao bad fjcu esa izgkj dj Character fizaV
djrs gSaA
¼2½ ukWu bEiSDV fizaVj ¼Non Impact Printer½
 blesa fo|qr ;k jklk;fud fof/k ls L;kgh dk fNM+dko dj fizaV izkIr fd;k tkrk gSA
 ;g jaxhu Hkh gksrk gSA
 js[kkfp=] xzkQ] VsDLV fdlh Hkh izdkj dk fiaVz izkIr dj ldrs gSA
 blds }kjk dkcZu dkih ugh izkIr dh tk ldrh gSA
 blesa fcuk ncko ds fizaV izkIr fd;k tkrk gSA blfy, bls uku bEiSDV fizaVj dgk tkrk gSA
blds fuEu izdkj gS &

¼i½ FkeZy fizaVj ¼Thermal Printer½
 blesa jlk;u ;qDr fo’ks”k dkxt ls rki ds izHkko ls vko’;d vkd`fr izkIr dh tkrh gSA
¼ii½ badtsV fizaVj ¼Inkjet Printer½

 ?kj rFkk vkfQl esa lekU;r% bl fizaVj dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
 badtsV fizaVj esa Ink dks tsV dh lgk;rk ls NksM+k tkrk gS] blfy, bls badtsV fizaVj dgrs
gSA
 blesa L;kgh dh ckVy j[kh tkrh gS] ftlesa fizaV gsM gksrk gS]
 ftlesa 64 NksVs&NksVs tsV uksty gksrs gSA
 fo|qr {ks= ds izHkko ds }kjk L;kgh dh cwn a ks dks dkxt ij tsV dh lgk;rk ls NksM+k tkrk
gSA
 blesa fizaV dh xq.koÙkk vPNh gksrh gSA
¼iii½ ystj fizaVj ¼Laser Printer½

 ;g mPp xfr dk uku bEiSDV fiaV z j gSA
 lsehdaMDVj ystj che ¼Laser Beam½] izdk’kh; Mªe] rFkk vkosf’kr L;kgh Vksuj dk iz;ksx
fd;k tkrk gSA
 izdk’kh; Mªe ij vko’;d fo|qr vkd`fr cukbZ tkrh gSA rRi’pkr Vksuj] tks Mªe ij cukbZ
vkd`fr ds foijhr vkosf’kr jgrk gSA
 ;g L;kgh dks dkxt ij fpidk nsrk gS vkSj okafNr vkd`fr izkIr dj yh tkrh gSA
 ystj fizaVj dh xq.koÙkk vPNh gksrh gSA
¼7½ IykWVj ¼Platter½

 ;g ,d vkmViqV fMokbl gS ftldk mi;ksx cMs+ dkxt ij mPp xq.koÙkk okys js[kkfp= o
xzkQ izkIr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
IykaVj ds nks eq[; izdkj gksrs gS &
¼i½ Mªe IykWVj
¼ii½ lery IykWVj
uksV & fizaVj dh xfr dh x.kuk PPM (Page Per Minutes), CPM(Characters per Minutes),
rFkk LPM (Line Per Minutes) bZdkbZ;ksa ls dh tkrh gSA
egRoiw.kZ rF;
 Computer On gksrs le; fMyhV cVu nckus ij BIOS lsVvi [kqyrk gSA
 ck;ksl (BIOS) Basic Input Output System
 BIOS ,d lk¶Vos;j izksxzke gSA ftls LFkk;h ROM eseksjh fpi esa LVksj dj dEI;wVj enjcksMZ
ij LFkkfir dj fn;k tkrk gSA
 Computer On djus ij ;g Computer ls tqM+s gkMZos;j dh tkap djrk gS] ftls Power
on Self Test (Post) dgk tkrk gSA

 BIOS esa fLFkr BSL (Boot Strap Leader), Operating System Softwere dh tkap dj eq[;
eseksjh esa Mkyus dk vkns’k nsrk gSA
 Mouse esa vf/kdre rhu cVu miyC/k gksrs gSA
 fdlh ‘kCn dks gkbZykbV djus ds fy, vki cVu Mkmu gksYM djrs gq, ekml MSªx djrs
gSA
 fizfMQkbUM ehfuax okyk dSjsDVj dk ,d lewg *dh cksMZ* gSA
 uEcj iSM ls Mk;jsD’kuy ,sjks ds :i esa dke ysus ds fy, *ue ykd* dqath nckuh iM+rh gSA
 fdlh vkCtsDV dh izkiVhZt esa ,Dlsl ds fy, ;wt dh tkus okyh ekml Vsduhd dks *jkbV
fDyfdax* dgrs gSA
 *fizaVj* dEI;wVj ls gkMZ dkWih miyC/k djkrk gSA
 LdSuj dks *dEI;wVj dk vka[k* dgk tkrk gSA
 Ckkj dksfMax esa 10 v{kj gksrs gSA
 ekWuhVj vkSj gkMZMªko tSls vf/kd ikoj gaxzh dEiksusUVksa dks vkbMy j[kus ij *LVSUMckbZ eksM*
gksrk gSA
 VSc dqath dk iz;ksx dlZj dks LØhu ij pykus ds fy, rFkk iSjkxzkQ lekIr djus ds fy,
fd;k tkrk gSA
 vki tks VkLd dj jgs gS mlds vk/kkj ij ekml IokabVj] vyx&vyx ‘ksi /kkj.k djrk gSA
 dEI;wVj usVodZ esa fdlh izdkj ds fjlkslZ dh ‘ks;MZ dkWeu fjlkslZ gksus dh vR;f/kd laHkkouk
gSA
 *fizaVj* tc vki dEI;wVj pkyw djrs gS] rc cwV :Vhu *ikoj&vkWu lsYQ&VsDLV* VsLV djrk
gSA
 *tk;fLVd* ls xse [ksyuk vklku gks tkrk gSA
 izkslslj tks ;wtj dks nsrk gS og vkmViqV gksrk gSA

 dEI;wVj flLVe dh QaD’kufyVh c<+kus ds fy, mlds lkFk tksMs+ tk ldus okys bfDoiesVa
dkss *ifjQsjy fMokbl * dgrs gSA
 MEc VfeZuy esa VfeZuy vkSj dh&cksMZ gksrs gSA
 dbZ MkVk dks dbZ txgksa ij lso djuk *fjMaMal
s h* djuk dgykrk gSA
 Tkc rd dEI;wVj gLrys[k dks u igpku ys rc rd buiqV fMokbl dks D;k djuk pkfg,
& lwpuk dks vkfIVekbt djuk gksxkA
 Tkks dqN dEI;wVj LØhu ij fy[kk gksrk gS mls Text ¼VsDLV½ dgrs gSA
 fdl *Key* }kjk ge ,YQkcsV dks Åij ;k uhps djrs gS vkSj vadks dks fpUgksa esa cnyrs gS]
&Shift Key ¼f’k¶V dh }kjk½

v/;k; & 4
eseksjh ¼Memory½
eseksjh ¼Memory½ nks Hkkx %&
¼1½ izkFkfed eseksjh ¼Primary Memory½

 ;g bysDVªkfud eseksjh gSA
 bldh Le`fr {kerk de tcfd xfr rhoz gksrh gSA
 lsehd.MDVj jftLVj] dS’k ¼Catche½]ROM] RAM izkFkfed eseksjh ds mnkgj.k gSA
 dS’k (Cache) ;k jftLVj eseksjh] lhih;w ;k Microprocessor ds Hkhrj gksrs gSA
 ROM vkSj RAM enjcksMZ ij yxs gksrs gSA
 ;g vLFkk;h ¼Volatile½ eseksjh gS] blesa dEI;wVj off djus ij lwpuk lekIr gks
tkrh gSA
 CPU dk lh/kk laidZ dS’k (Cache Memory) eseksjh ls gksrk gSA
RAM (Random Access Memory)

 ;g vLFkk;h eseksjh gS] ;g dEI;wVj can gksrs gh viuk daVVsa [kks nsrh gSA
 dEI;wVj pyus ij Qkby jSe esa gh jgrh gSA
 RAM dh {kerk T;knk gksrh gS] rks og ,d LkkFk dbZ Programe dks latksdj j[k
ldrh gS] ;k bldh dk;Z {kerk vf/kd gksrh gSA
RAM nks izdkj ds gksrs gS &
(i) Dynamic RAM
(ii) Static RAM
ROM (Read Only Memory)

 blesa laxzfgr MkVk u rks u”V gksrh gS] uk gh cnyk tk ldrk gS] bls dEI;wVj
fuekZrk daiuh }kjk LFkkfir fd;k tkrk gSA
 fizaVj esa QkUV ls lacaf/kr MkVk ds fy, ROM fpi yxh gksrh gSA
(i) PROM – (Programmable Read Only Memory)

 ,d ckj izksxzke dj fn, tkus ds ckn lkekU; jkWe dh rjg O;ogkj djrk gSA
 izkWe esa gtkjks Mk;ksM gksrs gSa ftUgsa mPp oksYVst ls ¶;wt dj okafNr lwpuk fjdkMZ dh
tkrh gSA
(ii) E-PROM (Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory)

 bl izdkj ds jkeW ij ijkcSaxuh fdj.kksa dh lgk;rk ls iqjkus izksxzke dks gVkdj u;k
izksxzke fy[kk tkrk gSA blds fy, bZ&izke dks lfdZV ls fudkyuk iM+rk gSA
(iii) EE PROM- (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory)
bl rjg ds jkWe dks lfdZV ls fudkys fcuk bl ij mPPk fo|qr foHko dh lgk;rk ls

iqjkus izksxzke dks gVkdj u;s izksxzke fy[kk tk ldrk gSA
 bldk mi;ksx eq[;r% vuqla/kku esa fd;k tkrk gSA
 bls Flash Memory Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
mnkgj.k %& Pen Drive
Cache Memory ¼dS’k eseksjh½
 ;g CPU ls lh/kk tqM+k jgrk gSA
 ;g eq[; eseksjh ls MkVk dks ykdj j[krk gS] rkfd t:jr iM+us ij rhoz xfr ls
CPU dks fn;k tk ldsA
 ;g eseksjh vkSj dEI;wVj ds xfr ds chp rkyesy LFkkfir djrk gSA
 dEI;wVj dh xfr c<+kus esa lgk;dA
¼2½ f}rh;d eseksjh ¼Secondry or Auxiliary Memory½

 ;g eq[;r% pqEcdh; fMLd@vkfIVdy fMLd gksrk gSA
 blesa cM+h ek=k esa lwpukvksa dk laxzg.k gksrk gSA
 ;g LFkk;h ¼ Non Volatile½ eseksjh gS] blesa fo|qr miyC/k u gksus ij Hkh lwpukvksa
dk ál ugh gksrk gSA
LVksjst flLVe ;wfuV ds vU; ?kVd
¼1½ CD ROM (Compact Disk – ROM)

 {kerk & 650 MB ls 700 MB, 120 MM dh ;g fMLd *vkfIVdy fMLd* dk izdkj
gSA
¼2½ CD-R ¼CD-Recordable ½

 ,d ckj jkbV djus ds ckn bls feVk ugha ldrsA
¼3½ CD-RW ¼CD-Re-Writable½

 ;g bjstscy fMLd gS] tks vkidks dbZ ckj fy[kus ;k feVkus nsrh gSA
¼4½ DVD-Digital Versatile/Video Disk

 ;g vkfIVdy fMLd dk izdkj gSA
 {kerk & Single Layer – 4.7 GB
Double Layer – 8.5 GB
¼5½ Blu Ray Disk

 mPp vkfIVdy Storage Device gSA
 i<+u&s fy[kus ds fy, mPp Cyw ok;ysV ystj fdj.kksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
 {kerk & 25 GB (Single Layer) ls 50 GB (Double Layer)

LVksjst {kerk ds vk/kkj ij
Floppy Disk CD DVD Blu Ray Disk HDD

(Hard Disk Drive)
eseksjh dk oxhZdj.k (Classification of Memory)
Memory
Primary ;k secondary ;k
Main memory Auxiliary Memory
LFkk;h dS’k vLFkk;h Sequential

Direct
(Non-Volatile) (Cache) ( Volatile) Access
Access
ROM PROM EPROM EE-PROM Magnatic Tap
RAM
Dynamic RAM Static RAM
Magnatic Disk Optical disk

ElectronicStorageDevice
Floppy Disk Hard Disk
CD-ROM CD-R CDRW DVD Blu RAY Disk
Zip Disk Disk Pack Winchester disk Flash Memory

Memory (Pen Drive)
Card

Øekuqlkj eseksjh (Sequential Access Memory)
 blesa okafNr MkVk dks Øekuqlkj gh i<+k tk ldrk gSA

tSls & is jksy] fctyh dk fcy cukuk vkfnA
¼i½ eSXusfVd Vsi (Magnatic Tap)

,d IykfLVd fjcu ij pqEcdh; inkFkZ ¼vk;ju vkDlkbM ;k Øksfe;e MkbZ

vkDlkbM½ dh ijr p<+h jgrh gSA
 MkVk LVksj djus ds fy, fo|qrh; gsM dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
 vyx&vyx MkVk dk fjdkMZ j[kus ds fy, chp esa [kkyh LFkku NksM+ fn;k tkrk gSA
ftls Inter Record Gap dgk tkrk gSA
 cM+h ek=k esa MkVk LVksj djus ds fy, iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
 blesa ckj&ckj fy[kk ;k feVk;k tk ldrk gSA
 u;k MkVk fy[kus ij iqjkuk MkVk Lo;a feV tkrk gSA
 bls i<+us ds fy, eSXusfVd Vsi Mªkbo dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
mnkgj.k & Vsi fjdkMZj ;k fjy okys dSlsV~l esa Sequential Magnatic Magnatic Tap
gksrk gSA
Direct Access Memory
blesa okafNr MkVk ;k lpwukvksa dks lh/ks i<+k tk ldrk gSA


mnkgj.k %& pqEcdh; fMLd ¼¶ykih rFkk gkMZ] fMLd½] vkfIVdy fMLd ¼CD-RAM,CD-R,
CD-R/W, DVD, Blue Ray Disk½
(i) pqEcdh; fMLd (Magnetic Disk)

 ;g ,d LFkk;h Mk;jsDV ,Dlsl lgk;d eseksjh gSA
 blesa /kkrq ;k IykfLVd ls cus irys fMLd ij pqEcdh; inkFkZ tSls & vk;ju
vkDlkbM dh ijr p<+kbZ tkrh gSA
 blesa MkVk dks i<+us ds fy, Read Write Head gksrk gSA
 blesa fMLd ds pqEcdh; iSVuZ esa cnyko dj fMftVy MkVk LVksj fd;k tkrk gSA
mnkgj.k %& ¶ykih fMLd RkFkk gkMZ fMLd
(ii) ¶ykih fMLd (Floppy Disk)

 ;g IykfLVd dk cuk o`Ùkkdkj fMLd gksrk gS] ftl ij pqEcdh; inkFkZ dh ysi gksrh
gSA lqj{kk ds fy, bls IykfLVd ds oxkZdkj [kksy esa can j[kk tkrk gSA
 Hk.Mkj.k {kerk & 1.44 MB, tcfd vfr mPPk {kerk 2.88MB

(iii) gkMZ fMLd (Hard Disk)

 ;g ,Y;qfefu;e /kkrq dk cuk iryk fMLd gksrk gS] ftl ij pqEcdh; inkFkZ tSls
vk;ju vkDlkbM dk ysi p<+k jgrk gSA
 gkMZ fMLd esa MkVk dks Electromagnetic Field ds }kjk fy[kk o i<+k tkrk gSA
 fdlh dEI;wVj dk vkijsfVax System lk¶Vos;j
rFkk fofHkUu Application Software gkMZ fMLd 1 Nibble – 4 bit
1 byte – 8 bit
esa gh LVksj fd, tkrs gSA 1024 byte – 1 KB (Kilo Byte)
 fMLd dh eq[; Mk;jsDVªh *:V* MkjsDVªh dgykrh 1024 KB – 1 MB (Mega Byte)
gSA 1024 MB – 1 GB (Giga Byte)
1024 GB – 1 TB (Tera Byte)
1024 TB – 1 PB (Peta Byte)
egRoiw.kZ rF; 1024 PB – 1 EB (Exa Byte)
1024 EB – 1 ZB (Zetta Byte)
 CD dk iwjk uke dkEiSDV&fMLd gSA 1024 ZB – 1 YB ( Yotta Byte)
 RAM VsEijjh ;k oksykVkby LVksjst dk mnkgj.k gSA 1024 YB – 1 (Bronto Byte)
1024 BB – 1 (Geop Byte)
 dEI;wVj can gksus ij RAM ls lwpuk,sa [kRe gks tkrh gSA
 KB dk iwjk uke Kilo Byte gSA
 ¶ykih fMLd esa MkVk VªSDl uked fjaXl ij fjdkMZ fd;k tkrk gSA
 ¶ykih fMLd dk mi;ksx eq[;r% lwpuk LVksj djus ds fy, gksrk gSA
 Vsi Mªkbo] MkVk dks flDosfa l;y ,Dlsl vkWQj djrk gSA
 lsd.Mjh LVksjst ehfM;k ls gkMZfMLd esa lk¶Vos;j izksxzkeksa dks dkih djus dh izfØ;k dks *
^buLVkWys’ku* dgrs gSA
 1 MB, 1 fefy;u ckbV fjist z saV djrk gSA
 *cx* dEI;wVj eseksjh esa ,d xyrh gSA
 tc vki PC ij fdlh MkD;weUs V ij dk;Z djrs gS] rc MkD;weUs V vLFkk;h :i ls RAM esa
LVksj fd;k tkrk gSA
 ROM ,d LFkk;h izd`fr dh Memory gSA
 RAM dEI;wVj dh izkFkfed eseksjh gSA
 dS’k eseksjh RAM ls NksVh gksrh gSA
 gkMZfMLd dks ukuoksykVkby LVksjst ekuk tkrk gSA
 opqvZ y eseksjh gkMZ Mªkbo ij Lisl gSA tgka vkijsfVax flLVe eseksjh ckmaM gksus ij MkVk
LVksj djuk vkjaHk djrh gSA
 ckbujh fMftV dk y|q :i fCkV gSA
 1 fcfy;u ckbV~l yxHkx 1 fxxk ckbV ds cjkcj gksrs gSA
 fdlh Qkby esa fdlh ,d en dk irk yxkus ds fy, flDosfa ’k;y ,Dlsl dk mi;ksx fd;k
tkrk gSA
 fj;wtscy vkfIVdy LVksjst dk fVfidyh ,Øksfue RW gksrk gSA
 LVksjst fMokbl ij tks eqy QksYMj gksrk gS] mls *:V MkjsDVjh* dgrs gSA
 ROM eSXusfVd dksj MkVk }kjk cus gksrs gSA
 fofuekZ.k ds le; fjdkMZ fd;k x;k fMLd ds daVsV dks ftls ;wtj bjst ugh dj ldrk gS]
og *dsoy jhM* gksrk gSA
 fdlh Hkh le; mrus rjg ds MkD;weasV [kksys tk ldrs gS] ftrus vkidh dEI;wVj eseksjh
gksYM dj ldsA
 RAM dks dEI;wVj ds izkslslj dk *osfVax :e* dgk tk ldrk gSA
 dS’k eseksjh dk iz;ksx vLFkk;h LVksjst ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
 fMLd dks VªsDl vkSj lsDVlZ esa fMokbV djus dh izfØ;k *QkesfZ Vax* dgykrh gSA
 dbZ fMQkYV MkD;weasV *iksVsªV* eksM+ esa fizaV gksrk gSA
 CD-ROM ls lwpuk ,Dlsflax izfØ;k dks ^lseh jsUMe* dgrs gSA

v/;k; &5
MkVk fjizstsUVs’ku
¼Data Representation½
Number System
Base ¼vk/kkj½ &
 n’keyo la[;k i)fr
 blesa lHkh la[;kvksa dks 10 ewy vad ¼0]1]2]3]4]5]6]7]8]9]½ esa fy[kk tkrk gS] blfy, bldk
vk/kkj 10 gSA
mnkgj.k & 689¼10½
 f}vk/kkjh la[;k i)fr

 blesa 2 ewy vad ¼0 rFkk 1½ dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] blfy, bldk vk/kkj 2 gSA
mnkgj.k & 202¼2½
 vkDVy la[;k i)fr

 blesa vkB ewy vad ¼0]1]2]3]4]5]6]7½ dk iz;ksx gksrk gS] vr% bldk vk/kkj 8 gSA
mnkgj.k & 202¼8½
 gsDlkMfley la[;k i)fr

 blesa 16 ewy vad ¼0]1]2]3]4]5]6]7]8]9 A,B.,C,D,E rFkk F ½ ls n’kkZ;k tkrk gS] vr% bldk
vk/kkj 16 gSA
mnkgj.k & 2B5¼16½
dEI;wVj esa iz;ksx gksus okyh la[;k i)fr

¼1½ f}vk/kkjh la[;k i)fr ¼Binary Number System½
¼2½ vkDVy la[;k i)fr ¼Octal Number System½
¼3½ gSDlkMsfley la[;k i)fr ¼Hexadecimal Number System½
¼1½ f}vk/kkjh la[;k i)fr ¼Binary Number System½

 ckbujh la[;k i)fr esa nks vad 0 vkSj 1 dks ckbujh fMftV ¼Binary Digit½ ;k la{ksi esa fcV
¼Bit½ dgrs gSA

n’keyo dk f}vk/kkjh esa ifjorZu

 n’keyo dks f}vk/kkjh esa cnyus ds fy, n’keyo la[;k dks 2 ls Hkkx nsrs gSA
 HkkxQy ds 0 vkus rd 2 ls Hkkx nsrs gSA
 HkkxQy dks uhps rFkk ‘ks”kQy dks vyx fy[krs gSA
 ‘ks”kQy dks uhps ls fy[kus ij tks la[;k izkIr gksrh gS] og n’keyo la[;k dk f}vk/kkjh
la[;k dgykrk gSA
mnkgj.k & 25¼10½ dks f}vk/kkjh esa cnysa
gy &
2 25 1
2 12 0
2 6 0
2 3 1 uhps ls Åij fy[kus ij
2 1 1
0
mÙkj & 25¼10½ = 11001¼2½
f}vk/kkjh dk n’key esa ifjorZu

f}vk/kkjh la[;k dks n’keyo esa ifjorZu mlds vadks ds eku dks LFkkuh; eku ls xq.kk dj mUgsa
tksM+ nsus ij izkIr gksrk gSA
mnkgj.k & 10101¼2½ dks n’keyo esa cnysa
gy &
la[;k 10101¼2½
LFkkuh; eku 24] 23] 22] 21] 20
10101( 2)  (1 24 )  (0  23 )  (1 22 )  (0  21 )  (1 20 )
 (116)  (0  0)  (1 4)  (0  2)  (11)
 16  0  4  0  1
 21(10) mÙkj
¼2½ vkDVy la[;k i)fr ¼Ocatal Number System½
 vkDVy la[;k i)fr esa 10 dk ewY; n’keyo la[;k i)fr esa 8 ds cjkcj gksrk gSA
n’keyo dk vkDVy esa ifjorZu
 vkDVy esa ifjorZu djus ds fy, n’keyo la[;k dks 8 ls Hkkx nsrs gSA
mnkgj.k & 828¼10½ dks vkDVy esa cnysa
gy &
8 828 4
8 103 7
8 12 4
8 1 1
0
828¼10½ = 1474¼8½ ¼uhps ls Åij fy[kus ij½

vkDVy dk n’keyo esa ifjorZu

vadks dks muds LFkkuh; eku ls xq.kk dj tksM+ nsrs gSA
mnkgj.k & 1672¼8½ dks n’keyo esa cnysA
gy &
1672 (8)  (1 83 )  (6  82 )  (7  81 )  (2  80 )
pwafd vkDVy esa vk/kkj 8 gS
 (1 512)  (6  64)  (7  8)  (2 1)
 512  384  56  2
 945(10) mÙkj
vkDVy dk ckbujh esa ifjorZru

 vkDVYk la[;k dks igys n’keyo la[;k esa cnyrs gS vkSj fQj n’keyo dks ckbujh esa cnyk
tkrk gSA
mnkgj.k & 704¼8½ dks ckbujh esa cnysA

704 (8)  (7  82 )  (0  81 )  (4  80 )
 (7  64)  (0  8)  (4 1)
 448  0  4
 452(10) mÙkj
iqu% 2 452 ‘ks”k

2 226 0
2 113 0
2 56 1
2 28 0
2 14 0
2 7 0
2 3 1
2 1 1
2 0 1
vr% & 704¼8½ = 452¼10½ = 111000100¼2½ mÙkj
ckbujh dk vkDVy esa ifjorZu

 blesa ckbujh dks igys n’keyo esa cnyrs gS] fQj n’keyo dks vkDVy esa cnyrs gSA
mnkgj.k & 10110¼2½ dks vkDVy esa cnysA

gy &
10110 ( 2)  (1 24 )  (0  23 )  (1 22 )  (1 21 )  (0  20 )
 16  0  4  2  0
 22(10)
iqu%
8 22 ‘ks”k
8 2 6  26¼8½
0 2
vr% 10110¼2½ = 22¼10½ = 26¼8½ mÙkj
¼3½ gsDlkMsfley la[;k i)fr ¼Hexadecimal Number System½

 blesa 16 ewy vadks dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] ftlesa 0 ls 9 vad rFkk A,B,C,D,E vkSj F v{kj
gksrs gSA
gsDlkMsfley dk n’keyo esa ifjorZu

mnkgj.k & 124¼16½ dks n’keyo esa cnysA
gy &
124 (16)  (1162 )  (2 161 )  (4 160 )
pwfa d gsDlkMsfley esa vk/kkj 16 gksrk gS
 256  32  4
 292(10)
mÙkj
mnkgj.k & 1AC(16) dks n’keyo esa cnysAa

gy &
1AC  (1162 )  ( A 161 )  (C 160 )
 (1256)  (10 16)  (12 1)
 256  160  12
 428(10) mÙkj
n’keyo dk gsDlkMsfley esa ifjorZu

mnkgj.k & 431¼10½ dks gsDlkMsfley esa cnysA
gy &
16 431 ‘ks”k
16 26 15 = F
16 1 10 = A
0 1
uhps ls Åij dh la[;k fy[kus ij
vr% 1 AF(16) mÙkj

gsDlkMsfley dk ckbujh esa ifjorZu

 igys gsDlkMsfley dks Msfley esa cnydj fQj Msfley dks ckbujh esa cnyk tkrk gSA
mnkgj.k & 12D¼16½ dks ckbujh esa cnysA
gy &
12D(16)  (1162 )  (2 161 )  ( D 160 )
 (1 256)  (2 16)  (13 1)
 256  32  13
 301(10)
iqu%
2 301 ‘ks”k
2 150 1
2 75 0
2 37 1
2 18 1
2 9 0
2 4 1
2 2 0
2 1 0
0 1
uhps ls Åij rd la[;k dks fy[kus ij
301¼10½ = 100101101¼2½
Ckkbujh dk gsDlkMsfley esa ifjorZu

 ckbujh dks Msfley esa cnys vkSj fQj Msfley dks gsDlkMsfley esa cnysA
mnkgj.k & 1011011¼2½ dks gsDlkMsfley esa cnysA
gy &
1011011(2)  (1 26 )  (0  25 )  (1 24 )  (1 23 )  (0  22 )  (1 21 )  (1 20 )
 64  0  16  8  0  2  1
 91(10)
iqu%
16 91 ‘ks”k
16 5 11 = B
16 0 5
vFkkZr~ SB(10)
∴ 1011011 = 91¼10½ = SB (16)

Logic Gate –
 ,d ls vf/kd buiqV dk ,d ekud vkmViqV nsus dk Electronic Circuit gksrk gSA
Truth Table of NOR Gate

xsV ds uke fØ;k vkmViqV
OR tksM+ ¼$½ buiqV 1 rks vkmViqV 1
buiqV 0 rks vkmViqV 0
AND xq.kk ¼×½ buiqV 1 rks vkmViqV 1
NOT foijhr OR buiqV 1 rks vkmViqV 0
buiqV 0 rks vkmViqV 1
NAND AND buiqV 1 rks vkmViqV 0
+ buiqV 0 rks vkmViqV 1
NOT
NOR OR buiqV 1 rks vkmViqV 0
+ buiqV 0 rks vkmViqV 1
NOT
ijh{kk mi;ksxh egRoiw.kZ rF;
 vkB fCkV feydj 1 ckbV cukrs gSA

8Bit = 1 Byte
 1 fCkV vFkkZr~ 0 vkSj 1]
vr% 1 fcV = 2¼2½
1Byte = 2¼8½ = 256 dSjsDVj
 fcV eseksjh dh lcls NksVh bdkbZA
1
 4Bit = 1Nibble vFkkZr~ Byte
2
 dEI;wVj es ‘kCn dh yECkkbZ 1 fcV ls 64 fcV gks ldrk gSA
ASCII (American Standard code for Imformation Interchange)

 vkajHk & 1963 esa
 gsDlkMsfley la[;k i)fr dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
 dh&cksMZ ds izR;sd Key ds fy, fo’ks”k vkLdh dksM gksrk gSA
 1 Character = 8 Bit
 2013 esa Word Wide Web ij miyC/k dqy nLrkostksa dk vkdkj 4 ZB (Zetta Byte) FkkA
 cqfy;u vytsczjk dk vfo”dkj & fczVus ds xf.krK tktZ cwys }kjk fd;k x;k FkkA
mi;ksx & ykWftd lfdZV dks ljy cukus esAa

;wuhdksM ¼Unicode - Universal Code½

 ;wuhdksM esa yxHkx 1]00]000 Character dks fo’ks”k dksM esa i`Fkd fy[k ldrs gSA
 fo’o dh lHkh Hkk”kkvksa] v{kjks]a vadks rFkk fpUgksa ds fy, fo’ks”k dksM gksrk gSA
 izR;ds Character dks 32 fcV esa fy[kk tkrk gSA
 Microsoft Word esa Insert Symbol Commond ls ml Symbol ;k Character dk
Unicode Kkr dj ldrs gSA
vU; rF; &
 vkB fcV ds lewg dks *ckbV* dgrs gSA
 MkVk LVksj djus vkSj x.kuk djus ds fy, dEI;wVj ckbujh uEcj flLVe dk mi;ksx djrs
gSA
 ALU, CPU ds fy, xf.krh; x.kuk djrk gSA
 ALU ,d le; es 32 fcV MkVk dks fMdksM djrk gSA
 dEI;wVj dk lcls NksVk LVksjst ;wfuV *fcV* gSA
 *,EIykbZ ,Mªsl* ,d uku U;weSfjd MkVk gSA

v/;k; & 6
lk¶Vos;j ¼Software½
Program & izkslsflax dk;Z fdl izdkj djuk gS ,slk dEI;wVj dks crkus okys baLVªD’ku dks dEI;wVj
Program dgrs gSA
Software & fofHkUu izksxzkeksa] fu;e o fØ;kvkssa dk lewg tks fdlh fo’ks”k dk;Z dks iwjk djrs gS]
Software dgykrk gSA
 bls Nqvk ugha tk ldrkA
Type of Software
Software rhu izdkj ds gksrs gSa &

¼1½ System Software
¼2½ Application Software
¼3½ Utility Software
¼1½ System Software

;g ewyHkwr dk;ksZ dks lEiUu djrk gSaA

 mi;ksx drkZ] ,fIyds’ku lk¶Vos;j rFkk gkMZos;j ds chp e/;LFk dk dke djrk gSA
mnkgj.k & DOS, Windows, Unix, Machintosh
System Software ds nks Hkkx gksrs gS &
¼i½ Operating System Software
mnkgj.k & Windows, Unix, Linux, Mac, OS
¼ii½ Language Translator
mnkgj.k & dEikbyj] vlsEcyj] baVjizsVj
¼2½ Application Software

 fof’k”V dk;ksZa ds lEiknu ds fy, cuk, x, Programs dk lewg Application
Software dgykrk gSA
mnkgj.k & LizsV’khV] ,dkmafVax] istesdj] dksjy Mªk] oMZ izkslslj] MkVkcsl A
3½ Utility Software
 Utility ,d izksxzke gS ftlls dEI;wVj dk mi;ksx djuk vklku gks tkrk gSA
 System ds lqj{kk dk;ksZ ds fy,] dk;Z ljy cukus rFkk v’kqf);ksa ¼Virus, Malware½dks
nwj djus ds fy, cuk;s x;s Program dk lewg Utility Software dgykrk gSA
 bldk mi;ksx Application Software dh rjg fd;k tkrk gSA
 fo’ks”k & System ds dk;Z{kerk eas o`f) djrk gSA
mnkgj.k & ,UVhok;jl] cSdvi izksxzke] Qkby eSut s j vkfnA
Batch Processing Operating System
 ,d dh izdkj ds dk;ksZ dks ,d cSp ds :i esa laxfBr dj ,d lkFk lewg esa fØ;kfUor
djrk gSA
mi;ksx & Process ds nkSjku ekuoh; gLr{ksi dh vko’;drk ugha gksrhA
tSls & fcyfizaV djuk] isjksy] lkaf[;dh; fo’ys”k.k vkfnA
Time Sharing Operating System

 dbZ mi;ksx drkZ Terminal ds ek/;e ls ,d nwljs ls Connect gksdj dke djrs gSA
 izR;sd mi;ksxdrkZ dks dqN le; fn;k tkrk gSA
 blfy, bls Time Sharing Operating System dgk tkrk gSA
Real Time System

 ifj.kke izkIr djus ds fy, le; lhek fu/kkZfjr dj nh tkrh gSA bls Real Time
System dgrs gSA
mi;ksx & gokbZ tgkt ds fu;a=.k] ijek.kq Hkfê;ks]a oSKkfud vuqla/kku] j{kk] fpfdRlk] jsYos
vkj{k.k vkfnA
fo’ks”k & Linux Operating System is Real Time Operating System.
Source Program or Source Code

 mPPk Lrjh; Hkk”kk esa rS;kj fd;k x;k Program Source Program ;k Source Code
dgykrk gSA
Object Program or Object Code

 Vªkla ysVj }kjk e’khuh Hkk”kk esa ifjofrZr izksxzke Object Program or Object Code
dgykrk gSA
Language Translater Sofware

Assembler
 ;g vlsEcyh Hkk”kk dks e’khuh Hkk”kk esa Change djrk gSA
Compiler
 mPPk Lrjh; Hkk”kk ¼High Level Language½ dks e’khuh Hkk”kk esa ifjofrZr djrk gSA
 ;g iwjs Program dks ,d lkFk vuqokfnr djrk gS rFkk xyfr;ksa dks ykbu ls ,d lkFk
lwfpr djrk gSA
Interpreter
 ;g Hkh mPp Lrjh; Hkk”kk ¼High Level Language½ dks e’khuh Hkk”kk esa Change djrk gSA
 izR;sd ykbu dks ,d&,d dj e’khuh Hkk”kk esa ifjofrZr djrk gSA
 xyrh gks] rks mlh le; la’kks/ku djuk iM+rk gS] fQj vkxs dh ykbu dks e’khuh Hkk”kk esa
Change djrk gSA

Popular Operating System
¼1½ MS DOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System)

¼2½ Microsoft Windows Mobile Operating System’s
¼3½ Microsoft Window NT
¼4½ UNIX (1) Symbian
(2) Window’s (Nokia,Microsoft)
¼5½ LINUX (3) Android
¼6½ Window Vista (4) IOS (Apple iphone
(5) Blackberry Operating System
¼7½ Macintosh (MAC- Apple IOS)
¼8½ Windows 95 (1995)
¼9½ Windows 98 (1998)
¼10½ Windows XP (2001)
¼11½ Windows 7 (2009)
¼12½ Windows 10 (2015)
¼1½ MS DOS (1981)

 bls Microsoft rFkk IBM }kjk la;qDr :i ls rS;kj fd;k x;k FkkA
 ;g Single User Operating System gSA
 blds dekaM dks dEI;wVj es Vkbi djrs gSA
 ;g 16 fcV Operating System gSA
 blesa fp= vkSj xzkQ ugha cuk;k tk ldrkA
¼2½ Microsoft Windows (1990)

 MS DOS dh dfe;ksa dks nwj djus ds fy, Microsoft }kjk rS;kj fd;k x;kA
 Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows ME (Millennium), Windows XP, Windows
Vista, Windows 7, Windows 10 vkfn Windows ds Version gSA
 ;g GUI (Graphical User Interface) ij
vk/kkfjr gSA
 Multi Tasking Single User Operating System gSA
 Obect Oriented Software gSA
 fp=] xzkQ] vkfn ds dk;Z dj ldrs gSA
¼3½ Microsoft Window NT

 ;g Multiuser rFkk Time Sharing Operating System gS] ftls Computer Network
esa iz;ksx ds fy, cuk;k x;k gSA
¼4½ UNIX (1970)
 csy yscksjsVjht ds Qsu FkkEilu rFkk Msful jhph }kjk rS;kj fd;k x;k FkkA
 HLL (High Level Language) esa fy[kk x;k igyk O.S. gSA
 ;g usVodZ rFkk MkVk lapkj ds fy, cuk;k x;k Multiuser Time Sharing O.S. gSA
¼5½ LINUX (1992)
 bldk fodkl fyul VksjokYM~l us fd;k FkkA
 ;g eq¶r esa miyC/k Open Source Operating System gSA
 LINUX dk igpku VDl uked isx a qbu (Tux the penguing ) gSA
 1991 esa rS;kj dj bls baVjusV esa Mkyk x;kA
 bls PC ds fy, cu;k x;k Multi User, Multi Tasking, Multi Processing Software
gSA
 ;g 32 Bit Operating System gSA
Word Processing Software

blls VsDLV] nLrkost] rS;kj djus] Edit djus muds Format change djus] Spelling Check
djus vkfn esa iz;ksx gksrk gSA
 AbiWord
 Apache OpenOffice Writer
 Caligra Words
 EtherPad
 GNU TeXmacs
 Groff
 JWPce
 Kword
 Lyx
 LigreOffice Writer
 Ted
 Polaris Office
Spreadsheet Software
 ;g eq[;r% lkaf[;dh; MkVk dks dkWye] jks esa rS;kj djrk gSA
 blh esa xzkQ ,oa pkVZ rS;kj fd;k tkrk gSA
DTP (Dest Top Publishing)

 blesa dEI;wVj ,ao mlls tqM+s midj.kksa dk izdk’ku rjg ds dk;Z dk lEiknu ljy
cuk;k tkrk gSA
tSls & MS Publisher, PageMaker, Corel Draw, Ventura vkfnA
CAD (Computer Aided Design Software)

 bldk iz;ksx bathfu;fjax vkSj oSKkfud {ks=ksa es fMtkbu rS;kj djus] la’kks/ku djus rFkk
fuekZ.k izfØ;k dks le>us dk dk;Z fd;k tkrk gSA
Disk Formating
 blds }kjk fMLd dks nks ;k vf/kd Hkkxksa esa CkkaVdj vkijsfVax flLVe ds vuqdwy cuk;k
tkrk gSA bls fMLd Partition dgk tkrk gSA
Backup Program
 dEI;wVj Memory ds {kfrxzLr gksus ij MkVk u”V gksus dk [krjk jgrk gS] blfy,
egRoiw.kZ MkVk dks vyx fdlh Memory Disk esa LVksj djuk Back Up dgykrk gSA
bl izdkj ds Program dks Back Up Utility Program dgk tkrk gSA
Antivirus Utility
 ;g flD;ksfjVh ;qfVfyVh lk¶Vos;j gSA
 dEI;wVj ds ok;jl dks gVkus ds fy, cuk;k x;k Program Antivirus Utility
Program dgk tkrk gS] ;k Antivirus dgk tkrk gSA
Disk Fragmentation
 blds }kjk Memory izca/ku dks csgrj cuk;k x;k gSA
 ;g MkVk dks Memory ds [kkyh txgksa esa Hkjdj O;ofLFkr j[krk gS] rkfd fMLd dh
xfr rhoz jgsA
File Manager
 File rFkk Folder dks Vªh & Structure esa iznf’kZr djrk gSA
 File rFkk Folder ds izac/ku ds fy, File Manager dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
Public Domain Software

 ;g Software eq¶r esa Available gksrs gSA
 bUgsa Share ware ;k Free ware Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
Share Ware
 fcuk ‘kqYd pqdk, fuf’pr le; ds fy, miyC/k eq¶r Software gksrk gSA
 fuf’pr le; ds ckn ‘kqYd nsuk iM+rk gSA
Free Ware
 fcuk ‘kqYd pqdk, mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] ijUrq laiw.kZ vf/kdkj fuekZrk ds gh ikl jgrk
gSA
Bugs
 Software esa ik;h tkus okyh =qfV dks Bugs dgk tkrk gSA
Debugging
 =qfV;ks dks <+<w u+ s o muds lq/kkj djus dh izfØ;k Debugging dgykrk gSA
Syntax Error
 Program esa O;kdj.k dh xyrh Syntax Error dgykrh gSA
Logic Error
 Program ds fØ;kUo;u ds nkSjku vlko/kkfu;ka Logic Error dk dkj.k gSA
 blesa fdlh fu;e dk mYya/ku ugh gksrk gS] vr% igpku djuk dfBu gksrk gSA
Booting
 Computer On djus ij BIOS Lor% gh Operating System dh igpku dj
Software dks f}rh;d eseksjh ls izkFkfed ;k eq[;eseksjh esa Mkyrk gSA bls Booting
dgrs gSA
 Booting esa gkMZos;j ls lEcfU/kr tkudkjh Monitor ij iznf’kZr fd;k tkrk gSA
Device Driver
 gkMZos;j dks mi;ksx djus ds fy, iz;qDr Software ml gkMZos;j dk fMokbl Mªkboj
dgykrk gSA
Plug and Play Device

 tc Operating System gkMZos;j dks Lo;a lEcfU/kr Device ds Driver ls tksM+ nsrk gS]
rks bl O;oLFkk dks Plug and Device dgk tkrk gSA
User InterFace
 mi;ksxdrkZ rFkk dEI;wVj ds chp vUrZlca/k LFkkfir djus dh O;oLFkk User Interface
dgykrk gSA
Pseudo Code ¼L;wMks dksM½

 fdlh dk;Z dks fØ;kfUor djus ds fy, tc Flow Chart ds txg lkekU; cksypky esa
rdksZ dks laf{kIr Hkk”kk esa fy[kuk Pseudo Code dgykrk gSA
 blesa esgur o le; de yxrk gSA
dqN izeq[k Micro Processor
¼i½ isfVa;e ¼ii½ isfVa;e izks

¼iii½ isfa V;e &II ¼iv½ isfa V;e & IV
¼v½ baVsy lsysjku ¼vi½ , ,e Mh ,Fkyku
¼vii½ , ,e Mh M~;wjku ¼ix½ lkbfjDl ¼Cyrix½

Algorithm
 fdlh fuf’pr ifj.kke dks izkIr djus ds fy, NksVs&NksVs funs’Z kksa ls cuk;h xbZ pj.kc)
¼Step-by-Step½ izfØ;k Algorithm dgykrk gSA
Flow Chart
 Algorithm dk vyx&vyx fp=ksa ds :i esa fu:i.k Flow Chart dgykrk gSA
Flow Chart ds fpUg
VfeZuy buiqV@vkmViqV izfØ;k
fu.kZ; ¶yksykbu dusDVj
Flow Chart esa igyk vkSj vafre fpUg VfeZuy gksrk gSA
 foaMkst GUI rFkk Dos CUI gSA

 dEI;wVj ij vaxzsth Hkk”kk ds lkFk gh fgUnh Hkk”kk dk Hkh iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA
 ;g O;oLFkk *lh&MSd** laLFkk ds iz;klksa ds ifj.kkeLo:i lQy gqvk gSA
 **BATCH** Qkbyksa dk Extension ‘’.bat’’ gSA
 iz;ksDrk tks ,dafIy’k djuk pkgrk gS mls dEI;wVj }kjk ,DthD;wV fd, tkus okys
bULVªD’ku esa VªkUlysV djus dh izfØ;k dks **izksxzkfeax** dgrs gSA
 i= fy[kus tSls dk;Z djus ds fy, iz;qDr lk¶Vos;j ds izdkj dks *,fIyds’ku
lk¶Vos;j* dgrs gSA
 daikbyj gk;j&yscy izksxzkeks dks e’khu ySXost esa VªkUa lysV djrk gS ftls *vkCtsDV
dksM* dgrs gSA
 fdlh izksxzke dks Bhd ls fudkyus ds fy, *vubULVkfyax* vko’;d gSA
 bULVªD’ku dh lhfjt tks dEI;wVj dks ,d ;k vf/kd ifVZD;wyj VkLd ijQkeZ djus ds
fy, dgrh gS *izksxzke* dgrs gSA
 fMLd ij lso dh xbZ fo|eku Qkbysa psd djds ;wtj ;g fu/kkZfjr dj ldrk gS fd
dEI;wVj ij dkSu ls izksxzke miyC/k gSA
 *cwfVax* ls dEI;wVj ds dEiksusUV Bhd ls vkWijsV gks jgs gS vkSj dusDVsM gS ;g lqfuf’pr
fd;k tkrk gSA
 *fMokbl MªkbolZ* NksVs fo’ks”k iz;kstu izksxzke gksrs gSA
 vkijsfVax flLVe }kjk lh/ks gSaMy ugha fd, tkus okys vaf/kdka’k dk;Z *;wfVfyVht* gSaMy
dj ldrk gSA
 ¶yksPkkVZ esa izksxzke dks fp= ds :i esa iznf’kZr fd;k tkrk gSA
 ;wtj ,fIyds’ku lk¶Vos;j] gkMZos;j dks dusDV djrs gq, baVjQsl ds :i esa QaD’ku
djrs gq, *;wfVfyVh izksxzke* lk¶Vos;j dEI;wVj izkslslksa dks eSuts djrk gSA
 dksbZ pht ftlus vklkuh ls baLVªD’ku le> fy;k gS mls *;wtj ÝasMyh* dgrs gSA
 Kkr lk¶Vos;j cx ds fy, fjis;j tks lekU;r% baVjusV ij fcuk pktZ miyC/k gksrk gS
mls *iSp* dgrs gSA
 *Mhcfxax* lk¶Vos;j dksM esa =qfV;ka <+<w us dh ,d izfØ;k gSA
 tc vki PC cwV djrs gS] rks vkijsfVax flLVe ds va’k fMLd ls eseksjh ij dkWih gksrk
gSA
 Mk;jsDV ‘X’ ,d izdkj dk lk¶Vos;j gSA
 xksiuh; dksM tks dqN izksxzkeksa esa izfo”V izfrcaf/kr djrk gS *,Dlsl dksM* dgykrk gSA
 igys ls py jgs dEI;wVj dks iqu% pkyw djus dks okeZ cwfVax dgrs gSA
 *;wfuDl* vkijsfVax flLVe esa fdlh daiuh dk LokfeRo ;k ykblsla ugha gSA
 flLVe vkSj ,fIyds’ku lk¶Vos;j ds nks izeq[k oxZ gSA
 vkmVyqd ,Dlizsl ,d bZ&esy DykbaV] ‘ksM~;wyj ,Mªsl cqd gSA
 foaMkst esa tc QkbYl ckbZ] fMQkYV fMyhV gks tkrh gS mUgsa *fjlkbdy fcu* esa Hkstk
tkrk gSA
 tujy ijil Application ,oa Lis’ky ijit ,fIyds’ku dks ,Mªsl djus ds fy,
fo’ks”kr% fMtkbu fd, x, izksxzke dks *,fIyds’ku lk¶Vos;j* dgrs gSA
 vkijsfVax flLVe u gks rks dEI;wVj cwV ugha dj ldrk gSA
 ,d le; esa ,d ;k ,d ls vf/kd ,fIyds’ku ju djus ds fy, O.S. dh {kerk dks
eYVhVkfLdax dgrs gSA
 izksxzkfeax ySXost esa fo’ks”k fu;e vkSj ‘kCn gksrs gS tks ,d ,YxksfjFe ds ykftd LVsIl
dks O;Dr djrs gSA
 flLVe ds *lk¶Vos;j* esa izksxzke ;k Instruction ‘kkfey gksrs gSA
 *daikbyj izksxzke* esa lHkh LVsVesVa l~ dks ,d flaxy cSp esa dUoVZ djrk gS vkSj
baLVªD’kUl dks ,d ubZ Qkby esa j[kk tkrk gSA
 dEI;wVj ds eq[; flLVe cksMZ dks *enj cksMZ* dgrs gSA
 ;|fi ,d le; esa dbZ izksxzke [kksys tk ldrs gS] rFkkfi dsoy ,d izksxzke ,fDVo gks
ldrk gSA
 fdlh foaMks dks vkbdu esa fJad ¼Shrink½ dj nsuk foUMks dks fefuekbt djuk gSA
 dEI;wVj Qkby flLVe esa gk;jkjdh esa **:V Mk;jsDVjh** lcls Åij ;k izFke gksrk gS A
 izksxzkfeax esa *QaD’ku dht* dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
 mPPkLrjh; ySXost esa fy[kh izksxzke dks VªkUlysV djus ds fy, dEikbyj dk iz;ksx gksrk
gSA
 dEI;wVj ds vU; lHkh dEiksuVsa ks dh xfrfof/k;ks dks dksvkfMZuVs djus okyk *CPU* dk
Hkkx *dUVªksy ;wfuV* gSA
 dEikbfyax ls ,DthD;wVscy izksxzke] fØ,V gksrk gSA
 ‘Window me’ esa me vFkkZr~ Millennium gksrk gSA
 ,d gh izkslslj dks iz;ksx djrs gq, ,d gh dEI;wVj flLVe es lkFk&lkFk nks ;k nks ls
vf/kd izksxzkeksa dks ,DthD;wV djus dh vkijsfVax flLVe dh {kerk dks *eYVhVkfLadx*
dgrs gSA
 ;fn vki foaMks 98 dks XP ls cny ns arks vki okLro es vixzMs dj jgs gSA

v/;k; &7
izksxzkfeax ySXost
(PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE)
 Program ftl Hkk”kk ;k dksM esa fy[kk tkrk gS] mls Programming Language dgrs gSA
Programming Language rhu izdkj ds gksrs gS

¼1½ e’khu Hkk”kk ¼Machine Language½
¼2½ vlsEcyh Hkk”kk ¼Assembly Language½
¼3½ mPPk Lrjh; Hkk”kk ¼High Level Language½
¼1½ e’khu Hkk”kk ¼Machine Language½

 ¼1 ;k 0½ ckbujh vadks esa fy[ks Hkk”kk dks e’khu Hkk”kk dgrs gSA
 dEI;wVj bls lh/ks le> ldrk gSA
 bls Low Lavel Language dgk tkrk gSA
¼2½ vlsEcyh Hkk”kk ¼Assembly Language½

 v{kj o vadks ls cuk U;wefs jd dksM ftldk ,d fuf’pr vFkZ gksrk gSA
mnkgj.k & tksM+us ds fy, *ADD*] ?kVkus ds fy, *SUB*] Memory esa yksM djus ds fy, *LD*
Assembly Language dgykrk gSA
 ;g LLL (Low Lavel Language) gksrk gSA
 bls Assembler }kjk e’khuh Hkk”kk esa cnyk tkrk gSA
¼3½ mPPk Lrjh; Hkk”kk ¼High Level Language½

 lkekU; cksypky o ys[ku esa iz;qDr Hkk”kk ds dkQh djhc gksrk gSA
 bls 3 Generation Language dgrs gSA
rd
 bls dEikbyj ;k bUVjisV z j }kjk e’khu Hkk”kk esa cnyk tkrk gSA
mnkgj.k & COBOL, BASIC, ALGOL, C, C++
LOGO, COMAL, PROLOG, PASCAL,
JAVA, C#, RPG(Report Program Generator)
LISP, SNOBOL vkfnA
FORTRAN (Formula Translation)

 bldk iz;ksx oSKkfud vkSj bathfu;jksa }kjk xf.krh; lw=ksa dks vklkuh ls gy djus rFkk
tfVy oSKkfud x.kukvksa esa fd;k tkrk gSA
 igyh mPpLrjh; Hkk”kk ekuk tkrk gSA
 IBM ds tku csdl us bldk fodkl 1957 esa fd;k FkkA

LOGO
 de mez ds cPpksa dks js[kkfp= vkSj xzkfQd ds ek/;e ls dEI;wVj dh f’k{kk nsus esa mi;ksx
fd;k tkrk gSA]
 vesfjdk ds fleksj isiVZ us bldk fodkl fd;k FkkA
COBOL (Common Business Oriented language)

 O;olkf;d dk;ksZ ds fy, bl Hkk”kk dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
 ;g Object Oriented Programming Hkk”kk gSA
Basic (Beginner’s All – purpose symbolic Instruction Code)

 fodkl & 1964 esa izks- tkWu dseus h rFkk Fkkel dqVt
Z ds }kjkA
mi;ksx & xf.krh; ,oa O;kolkf;d nksuksa dk;ksZ ds fy, bl Hkk”kk dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
 izf’k{kqvksa ds fy,
 vU; Hkk”kkvksa ds fy, *uho dk iRFkj* dgk tkrk gSA
 PC esa Use gksus okyk igyk HLL gSA
 ;g Hkh OOP (Object Oriented Programming) Hkk”kk gSA
Pascal
 fodkl & 1971 esa izks- fudykWl foFkZ ds }kjk
ukedj.k & dEI;wVj ds tud Cyst ikLdy ds uke ij
fo’ks”k & bls f’k{kkijd Hkk”kk Hkh dgrs gSA
lh vkSj lh $$ ¼C and C++½

fodkl & 1972 esa csy yscksjsVjht ds Msful fjph rFkk czk;ju Qjfua?ke }kjkA
 Unix bl Hkk”kk esa fy[kk igyk Operating System gSA
 ;g Hkh OOP Hkk”kk gSA
Tkkok ¼Java½
fodkl & lu ekbØks flLVe ds tsEl xkWlfyax }kjk
 eq[; m)s’; & baVjusV esa mi;ksx ds fy,
mi;ksx & Vh-oh-] VsyhQksu] Animation vk/kkfjr osc ist ‘kSf{k.k dk;ZØe] rFkk [ksy vkfnA
 ;g OOP Hkk”kk gSA
vYxksy ¼ALGOL- Algorithmic Language½

 chtxf.krh; x.kukvksa esa bldk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
dksey ¼COMAL-Common Algorithmic Language½
 e/; Lrj ds Nk=ksa ds fy, izeq[k Hkk”kk gSA

izksykWx ¼PROLOG-Programming in Logic½

fodkl & 1972 esa
mi;ksx & d`f=e cqf) rFkk rkfdZd izksxzkfeax esAa
C# (C-Sharp)
fodkl & Microsoft us
mi;ksx & Internet esa iz;ksx ds fy,A
vkj ih th ¼RPG-Report Program Generator½

fodkl & IBM }kjk
mi;ksx & NksVs O;olkf;d dEI;wVj esa
fyLi ¼LISP-List Processing½

fodkl & 1959 esa tkWu eSdkFkhZ }kjk
mi;ksx & d`f=e cqf)eÙkk esa iz;qDr lokZf/kd yksdfiz; Hkk”kk gSA
lc izksxzke ¼Sub Program½

 fdlh Hkh Program esa fcuk fdlh ifjorZu ds fo’ks”k dk;Z l+Eikfnr djus ds fy, bldk
mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
 izksxzkfeax ySXost
a esa LisflfQd fu;e vkSj ‘kCn gksrs gS] tks vyxksfjFke ds ykWftdy LVsIl
O;Dr djrs gSA
 *fjtcMZ oM~Zl* ,slk ‘kCn gS ftUgsa izksxzkfeax ySaXost us vius iz;ksx gsrq vyx j[kk tkrk gSA
 *e’khuh ySaXost* dk mi;ksx djrs gq, igys dEI;wVj izksxzke fd, x, FksA
 dEI;wVj izksxzke mPPk Lrjh; izksxzkfeax Hkk”kk esa fy[ks tkrs gSA
 yksxksa }kjk i<+k tkus okyk dksM *lkslZ dksM* dgykrk gSA
 gkbij VsDLV ¼Hypertext½ dk vFkZ gS ukWu&lhDosfa ’k;y jkbfVaxA
 og Hkk”kk ftlds }kjk ;wtj ,Dlsl djrk gS ;k MkVk dks vius vuqlkj ifjofrZr djrk gS]
*MkVk esfuiwys’ku ySaXost* dgykrk gSA

v/;k; & 8
MkVk rFkk MkVkcsl eSustesVa flLVe
¼Data and Data Base Management System½
Database
 MkVkcsl lwpukvksa dk ,d ,slk O;ofLFkr laxzg gksrk gS] ftlesa ge fdlh Hkh lwpuk dks
ljyrk ls izkIr dj ldrs gSA
mnkgj.k & VsyhQksu Mk;jsDVjhA
 dLVej YkkW;YVh dks MkVkcsl dgk tkrk gSA
Data Processing
 vO;ofLFkr buiqV MkVk dks mi;ksxh cukus ds fy, Computer esa tks Process ¼izfØ;k½ gksrh
gS] mls Data Processing dgrs gS] blls gesa O;ofLFkr lwpuk ¼Imformation½ izkIr gksrk gSA
DBMS (Database Management System)

 ;g ,d lk¶Vos;j izksxzke gS] ftlesa vO;ofLFkr MkVk dks Mkydj ge O;ofLFkr lwpuk izkIr
djrs gSA
 Database Management System lwpukvksa dks ,d LFkku ij LVksj dj bls vf/kd`r
mi;ksxdrkZ ds mi;ksx gsrq iznku djus dh O;oLFkk gSA
DBMS Software’s -
izeq[k Database Software bl izdkj gS &
 Oracle Database Software
 Microsoft SQL Server (SQL-Structured Query Language)
 Microsoft Access.
DBMS dh ‘kCnkofy;ka
Tuples
 Vscy dk jks] Tuple dgykrk gSA
Attributes (Row)
 Vscy dk dkWye] Attribute dgykrk gSA
Relation
 Vscy esa jks vkSj dkWye dk O;ofLFkr lewg gksrk gSA ftlesa Data fy[kk tkrk gSA
Degree &
fdlh Vscy es Attribute dh la[;k Degree dgykrk gSA

MkVk fjdkMZ djus ds fy, fofHkUUk pj.k
Bit
Character
Field
Record
File
Database
Field
 MkVkcsl esa izR;sd vdsys lsy dks Field dgrs gS] ftlesa ewy MkVk fy[kk tkrk gSA
Record
 ,d gh fo”k; ij vyx&vyx QhYM esa LVksj fd, x, MkVk lewg dks fjdkMZ dgk tkrk gSA
File
 cgqr lkjs Record dk leqg Qkby dgykrk gSA

Data Redundancy
 ,d dh MkVk dks ,d ls vf/kd LFkkuks ij LVksj djuk MkVk fjMUMsUlh dgykrk gSA
Data Integrity
 MkVkcsl esa j[kk MkVk tks ,D;wjsV vkSj fjyk;cy gS] mls Data Integrity dgrs gSA
 rFkk ijLij lacaf/kr fjdkMZ ds leqg dks MkVkcsl dgrs gSA
egRoiw.kZ rF;
 fjys’ku MkVkcsl esa *Vscy* MkVk LVªDpj gS] tks ,d flaxy VkWfid lEcU/kh baQkes’Z ku dks jkst
vkSj dkWyeks esa vkxsuZ kbt djrk gSA
 ewy L=ksr ls fdlh fHkUu MsfLVus’ku ij dkWih djds MkVk dk laj{k.k djuk *cSdvi* dgykrk
gSA
 ,Dlsl nsus ls igys dEI;wVj ;wtj ukeksa vkSj ikloMksZ dks eSp djus ds fy, *MkVkcsl* ls psd
djrk gSA

 gj ,d fMLd ds fy, *:V Mk;jsDVjh* vfuok;Z gSA
 MkVkcsl esa U;wesfjd QhYMl] dSydqys’ku djus ds fy, iz;qDr uEcj LVksj djrs gSA
 buQkes’Z ku fØ,V djus ds fy, MkVk eSfuI;qysV djus dks *izkslsflax* dgrs gSA
 MkVkcsl esa Mk;jsDVyh MkVk dks j[kus ds vfrfjDr *buiqV QkeZ* ls MkVk ,UVªh dh tk ldrh
gSA
 *MkVkcsl* fdlh flaxy ,afVVh laca/kh MkVk dk O;ofLFkr dysD’ku gSA
 KIPS bZdkbZ dk iz;ksx izkslslj dh xfr ekius ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
 *MkVk osfyMs’ku* flLVe esa bUVj djus ls igys ;g psd djrk gS fd fiu dksM uEcj oSfyM gS
;k ughaA
 O;fDr] oLrq] ?kVuk ds fjdkMZ dh fof’k”V :i ds igpku djus okys QhYM dks *dh* dgrs gSA
 fdlh Qkby esa fdlh en dk rqjar irk yxkus dh {kerk *MkjsDV ,Dlsl* esa gksrk gSA
 dEI;wVj flLVe esa ,Dlsl djus ds fy, iz;qDr dksMc) ,.Vªht dks *ikloMZ* dgrs gSA
 lwpuk ds HkaMkj.k ,oa fuLrkj.k ¼Retrieval½ ds fy, iz;qDr lk¶Vos;j *MkVk csl* dgykrk gSA
 vuizkslsLM vkbVeksa dk dysD’ku MkVk dgykrk gSA
dEI;wVj dEIkksusUV ds uke rFkk muds vfo”dkjd

 vk/kqfud dEI;wVj dk tud & ,yu V~;qfjax
 Key Board & gjeu gksysfjFk ¼1930½
 Vªkfa tLVj & TkkWu ckjMhu] okYVj czsVsu vkSj fofy;e lkdys ¼1947&48½
 jSe & An Wang and Jay Forrest ¼1951½
 baVhxzVs Ms lfdZV & tSd fdYCkh ,ao jkcVZ U;w;h ¼1950½
 LdSuj & Randolph Hell in germany ¼1963½
 Ekkml & Mxyl batsYckMZ ¼1964½
 CD-ROM & James Russell ¼1965½
 yslj fizaVj & Gray Starkweatherat Xerox ¼1969½
 Microprocessor & ,e- bZ- gkSQ ¼1971½
 fMQjsla batu & pkYlZ cScst
 ekdZ I & gkoMZ vkbdsu
 ABC & tkWu ,VuklkQ vkSj fDyQksMZ csjh
 ENIAC& ts-ih- ,dVZ rFkk tkWu eqpyh
 EDVAC – oku U;weu s
 ySiVki & ,Me vklcuZ
 Word Wide Web – fVe cuZl yh

v/;k; & 9
dEI;wVj usVodZ
¼Computer Network½
Network
 fofHkUu lapkj ek/;eksa }kjk vkil esa tqM+s nks ;k nks ls vf/kd Lora= dEI;wVjksa dk lewg gksrk
gSA
 usVodZ oS/k iz;ksDrkvksa dks gkMZos;j] lk¶Vos;j ,ao MkVk iznku djrk gSA
usVodZ esa lapkj dks LFkkfir djus ds fy, pkj phtksa dh vko’;drk iM+rh gS &
¼i½ is”z kd ¼Sender½
¼ii½ ek/;e ¼Medium½
¼iii½ izkIrdrkZ ¼Receiver½
¼iv½ Hkstus vkSj izkIr djus dh dk;Z fof/k ¼Protocol½
Type of Network ¼dEI;wVj usVodZ ds izdkj½
¼1½ yksdy ,fj;k usVodZ ¼LAN-Local Area Network½

 ,d fuf’pr vkSj NksVs HkkSxksfyd {ks= ¼1km ls de ½ esa vkil esa tqM+s dEI;wVj dk tky
yksd
s y ,fj;k usVodZ dgykrk gSA
 bFkjusV ¼Ethernet½ ,d yksdfiz; LAN rduhd gSA
 Apple Talk For Macintosh OS
 LAN esa dEI;wVj dks tksM+us ds fy, cl Vksiksykth rFkk dks&,fDl;y dscy rduhd dk
iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
Exam. - ?kjsyq usVodZ] Ldwy@dkWyst ds usVodZ vkfnA
¼2½ okbM ,fj;k usVodZ ¼ WAN-Wide Area Network½

 ;g foLr`r HkkSxksfyd {ks= ds fy, gSA
 dbZ ns’k] egk}hi ;k lEiw.kZ fo’o esa QSys dEI;wVj dk usVodZ gSA
 blesa VsyhQksu] izdk’kh; rarq ;k d`f=e mixzg }kjk vkil esa tksM+k tkrk gSA
¼3½ esVªksiksfyVu ,fj;k usVodZ ¼MAN-Metropalitan Area Network½

 ;g CkM+s HkkSxksfyd ¼100km f=T;k½ esa fLFkr dEI;wVj dk usVodZ gSA
tSls & fdlh ‘kgj dk usVodZ
¼4½ ilZuy ,fj;k usVodZ ¼PAN-Personal Area Network½
 fdlh O;fDr ;k la[;k ds vf/kdkj {ks= ds Hkhrj dqN nwjh ¼10eh- ls 100eh-½ rd ds
Network dks PAN dgrs gSA
¼5½ dSail ,fj;k usVodZ ¼ Campus Area Network½

 fdlh Ldwy] dkyst] ;wuhoflZVh] laLFkk ;k fdlh vU; cM+s dSil ds Hkhrj fLFkr dEI;wVjksa
dk usVodZ dSail ,fj;k usVodZ dgykrk gSA
¼6½ ok;jysl ySu ¼Wireless LAN½

 ok;jysl rduhd dk iz;ksx fcuk rkj ds ,d NksVs HkkSxksfyd {ks= esa LFkkfir dEI;wVjksa dk
usVodZ Wireless LAN dgykrk gSA
 blds fy, WiFi rduhd dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
bFkjusV ¼Ethernet½
 bldk fodkl 1973 esa ckWc esVdkWQ us fd;k FkkA

 blesa fofHkUu dEI;wVj dks vkil esa usVodZ ds lkFk rkj dk iz;ksx dj tksM+k tkrk gSA
lapkj ds ek/;e
¼1½ ;qXerkj
 blesa rkacs ds nks rkj gksrs gS] ftu ij IykfLVd ;k VsQyku ¼Teflon½ dqpkydksa dh ijr
p<+h jgrh gSA
¼2½ dks&,fDl;y dscy

 blesa pkyd ds pkjksa vksj pkyd rkj dk tky gksrk gS] ftls ‘khYM ¼ Shield½ Hkh dgrs gS]
rFkk nksuks ds chp IykfLVd dk dqpkyd jgrk gSA
 bldh {kerk 10mbps gksrh gSA
¼3½ izdk’kh; rarq ¼Optical Fibre Cable½

&4
 ;g Xykl ;k IykfLVd ;k flfydk dk cuk vR;ar iryk rarq ¼10 lseh½ gksrk gS] ;g
ladsr ;qDr izdk’k dks ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku rd ys tkrk gSA
 ;g izdk’k ds iw.kZ vkarfjd ifjorZu ds fl)kar ij dke djrk gSA
 ;g orZeku esa rhoz lapkj gsrq lokZf/kd iz;qDr fd;k tkrk gSA
¼4½ Microwave
 blesa vfr mPp vko`fÙk ¼2 ls 40 xhxk gVZ~t½ okys fo|qr pqEcdh; rajxks ds laizs”k.k ls
lapkj LFkkfir fd;k tkrk gSA
 Vsyhfotu izksxzke dk izlkj.k blh ek/;e ls fd;k tkrk gSA

¼5½ lapkj mixzg ¼Communication Satellite½

;g nks vko`fÙk;ksa ij dk;Z djrk gS &
¼i½ lh cSM ¼C-Band½ & 4&6 GH2
¼ii½ KU-BAND & 11&14 GH2
 bldk mi;ksx lqnj q izn’s kksa rFkk fo’o ds fdlh Hkh dksus esa lapkj miyC/k djkus ds fy,
fd;k tkrk gSA
 lapkj O;oLFkk ds fy, HkwLFkSfrd mixzg dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
 HkwLFkSfrd mixzg dks i`Foh dh lrg ls 36]000km nwjh ij Hkwe/; js[kk ds Åij LFkkfir
fd;k tkrk gSA
¼6½ bFkusV dscy ¼Ethernet Cable½

 EkkWMse] VsyhQksu] jkmVj vkfn dks vkil esa bFkjusV dscy ls tksM+k tkrk gSA
ekWMqys’ku ¼Modulation½
 ekWMqys’ku esa okgd ladsr ds ,ukykx xq.kksa dks fMftVy ladsr esa cnyk tkrk gSA
 fMftVy ladsrks esa dk;Z dj ds mls iqu% ,ukykx ladsrks es Hkstk tkrk gS] ftls fMekMqys’ku
dgk tkrk gSA
 ,ukykWx ladsr ds rhu xq.k gksrs gS & vk;ke] vko`fr] rFkk dykA
Data Transmission Services
¼1½ Mk;y&vi&ykbu ¼Dail-Up-line½

 blesa VsyhQksu dh rjg uEcj Mk;y dj lapkj LFkkfir fd;k tkrk gSA
 Internet Use djrs le; VsyhQksu esa ckr ugha dj ldrsA
 blesa eksMse dks VsyhQksu ykbu ls tksM+k tkrk gSA
¼2½ yhTM ykbu ¼Leased line½

 bldk mi;ksx cM+h la[;kvks }kjk vf/kd MkVk Transfer djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
 LAN esa Computer vkil es yhTM ykbu ls tqM+s jgrs gSA
¼3½ ISDN (Integreted services Digital Network)

 blesa eksMse dh t:jr ugha iM+rhA
 ISDN Dail Up Line dk fodflr :i gSA
 bls MkVk rFkk Voice nksuks ds fy, iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
¼4½ GSM (Global System For Mobile Communication)
 blls eksckby tksu dk lapkyu fd;k tkrk gSA
 NksVs VsDLV estsl blh ls izkjaHk gqvk gSA
¼5½ CDMA (Code Division Mutiple Access)

 ;g 3G rduhd ij vk/kkfjr gS] bldk iz;ksx eksckby Qksu lapkyu esa fd;k tkrk gSA
¼6½ DSL (Digital Subscriber Link)

 VsyhQksu ykbu dk iz;ksx fMftVy MkVk Vªkla fe’ku ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
 dEI;wVj ges’kk usVodZ ls tqM+k jgrk gSA
¼7½ Wireless Broadband

 MkVk Transfer ds fy, jsfM;ksa rjaxks dh lgk;rk yh tkrh gSA
 nks rduhd WiFi rFkk Wi Max dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
 WiFi Range - 100eh- dh nwjh
Wi max Range – 50km dh nwjh
Muliplexing
 ,d gh lapkj ek/;e ij fHkUUk&fHkUu MkVk ladsrks dks lQyrkiwoZd Hkstuk Multiplexing

dgykrk gSA
Packet Switching ¼iSdsV fLofpax½
 MkVk ;k lqpuk dks fuf’pr vkdkj ds NksV&NksVs iSdsV~l esa ckaV dj Hkstk tkrk gSA
SWAN ¼State Wide Area Network½
 bls Loku ¼Swan½ Hkh dgk tkrk gSA

 ;g Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk fufeZr cSdcksu usVodZ gSA
 blesa lHkh jkT;] dsUnz’kkflr izn’
s k] ftyk eq[;ky; ls Cykd Lrj rd dks mPp xfr
{kerk okys lapkj ek/;e ls tksM+k x;k gSA
mnkgj.k & NIC
Network Topology
 ;g Network ds fofHkUu Node ,oa Terminal dks vkil esa tksM+us dk rjhdk gSA
Network Topology ds izdkj gS &
¼1½ LVkj VksiksykWth ¼Star Topology½
 blesa ,d gksLV uksM gksrk gS] ftlls vU; uksM ¼Node½ tqM+s gksrs
gSA
ykHk & ,d uksM esa =qfV gksus ij vU; uksM esa izHkko ugha iM+rk gSA
gkfu & gksLV uksM esa =qfV gksus ij iwjk usVodZ izHkkfor gksrk gSA
¼2½ cl VksiksykWth ¼Bus Topolagy½

 blesa ,d Vªkalfe’ku ykbu gksrk gS] ftlds tfj, lkjs
uksM tqM+s jgrs gSA
 bls Broad Cast Network Hkh dgrs gSA
 blesa Ethernet Protocal dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
ykHk & blesa ,d dscy es =qfV gksus ij iwjk usVodZ
izHkkfor ugha gksrk gSA
gkfu & Vªkla fe’ku ykbu esa =qfV gksus ij lkjk usVodZ izHkkfor gksrk gSA
¼3½ fjax VksiksykWth ¼Ring Topology½

 lHkh usVodZ ,d nwljs ls fjax esa tqM+s gksrs gSA
 cl VksiksykWth ds nks var fcUnq dks tksM+ nsus ij fjax
VksiksykWth dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA
 izR;sd uksV esa fjihVj gksrk gS] tks lwpuk dks iqu% izsf”kr dj
ldrk gSA
ykHk & dsUnzh; dEI;wVj dh vko’;drk ugh gksrh gS] vxj fdlh
uksV esa Problem gksrh gS] rks nwljs ekxZ ls lapkj laHko gks
tkrk gSA
gkfu & lapkj dh xfr Network esa yxs dEI;wVj dh la[;k ls izHkkfor gksrk gSA
 fdlh fjihVj esa leL;k gksus ij iwjs usVodZ dks izHkkfor djrk gSA
¼4½ es’k VksiksykWth ¼Mesh Topology½

 bl Network esa izR;sd uksM MkVk Transfer djrk gS] rFkk MkVk
lapkj esa lgk;d gksrk gSAdksbZ dsUnzh; dEI;wVj ugha gksrk gSA
ykHk & ,d uksM esa leL;k vkus ls Data Transfer esa leL;k ugha vkrh gSA
gkfu & bldk fuekZ.k rFkk j[kj[kko dk [kpZ vf/kd gksrk gSA
fczt ¼Bridge½
 ;g ,d gkMZos;j midj.k gS] tks nks leku Protocol dk mi;ksx dj jgs nks ySu dks
vkil esa tksM+rk gSA
Network Gate Way

 ;g vyx&vyx Protocol dk mi;ksx dj jgs nks usVodZ dks vkil esa tksM+rk gSA
 bls Protocol Converter Hkh dgk tkrk gSA

Router
 blds }kjk baVjusV ij MkVk ladsrks dks iSdsV
cukdj ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku rd Hkstk tkrk
gSA
Modem
¼1½ ekMse ,sls fMokbl gSA ftudk iz;ksx VsyhdE;qfuds’ku ykbuks ij
MkVk VªkUlfeV djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
¼2½ Modulator-demodulator ;g dk laf{kIr :i gSA
¼3½ VsyhQksu ykbu ls Computer dks usVodZ ls tksM+rk gSA
dk;Z & ;g ,ukykWx flxuy dks fMftVy esa rFkk fMftVy flXuy
dks ,ukykWx esa Change djrk gSA
Wireless Technology
¼1½ okbZ eSDl ¼Wimax½

 ;g yEch nwjh ds fy, lapkj LFkkfir djus esa iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
 blesa MkVk VªªkalQj nj 30&40 MB/Second gksrh gSA
 fofHkUu ‘kgjksa ,oa jk”Vªksa ds chp baVjusV laidZ LFkkfir djrk gSA
¼2½ WLL (Wireless Local Loop)
 ;g LFkkuh; csrkj rduhd gSA
¼3½ Bluetooth
 NksVs oscysaFk (Wavelength) dh jsfM;ks rajxks dk mi;ksx dj de nwjh ds fy, MkVk dk
vknku&iznku laHko cukrk gSA ¼100eh- rd½
¼4½ WiFi
 Local Area Network rS;kj dj de nwjh rd MkVk lEis”z k.k fd;k tkrk gSA ¼100eh- rd½
xfr & 100 Mbps (Connectivity)
¼5½ LiFi ( Light Fidelity)
vfo”dkj & phu es]a University of Alembert ds Professor “Haralad Hass” ¼gsjkYM gkl½
ds }kjkA
rduhd & VLC ( Visual Light Communication)
 VLC dk Concept ;g gS] fd vxj LED dks dk¡LVaV s buiqV fn;k tk,] rks LED dk¡LVaVs
vkmViqV nsxhA
xfr & 1 Gbps ¼ WiFi ls 100 xquk vf/kd½
 blesa LED cYc dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
 ;g Hkh nhokj dks ikj ugha dj ldrhA
uksV & ;g rduhd vHkh ‘kq:vkrh nkSj esa gS] vxys dqN lkyksa esa ;g okbZ QkbZ dks fjIysl
dj ldrh gSA
¼6½ ok;jysl ,Dlsl IokabV

 fMokbl tks fofHkUu midj.kksa dks WiFi ;k Bluetooth iz;ksx dj ok;jysl usVodZ ls
tksM+rk gSA
¼7½ Wireless Application Protocal
 eksckby Qksu ds }kjk baVjusV ls tqM+us ds fy, bldk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
Intranet
 fdlh Office ds vanj LFkkfir Computer Network gksrk gSA
Extranet
 fdlh Office ds Hkhrj LFkkfir Computer Network gksrk gS] tks ogka ds deZpkfj;ksa ds
vykok vU; oS/k mi;ksxdrkZ ¼Partner, Vender, Suppliers½ds fy, ,d lhek rd usVodZ
rFkk MkVk ds mi;ksx dh vuqefr nsrk gSA
 usVodZ QkWeZ djus ds fy, ilZuy dEI;wVjksa dks ,d lkFk dusDV fd;k tk ldrk gSA
 VsyhQksu flLVe }kjk VªkUlfe’ku djus ds fy, vkSj iqu% okilh gsrq fMftVy dEI;wVj
flXuyksa dks ,ukykWx flXuyksa esa ifjofrZr djus okyk fMokbl ekWMse dgykrk gSA
 fcuk dscy iz;qDr fd, x, usVodZ dks dusDV djus okys fMokbl dks ok;jysl dgrs gSA
 fVfidy usVodZ es lcls egRoiw.kZ ;k ikojQqy dEI;qVj *usVodZ loZj* gSA
 *cl VksiksykWth* esa usVodZ dEiksuVsa ,d gh dscy ls dusDV fd, tkrs gSA
 cMs iSekus ij HkkSxksfyd :i ls vyx&vyx QSys gq, vkfQl LANs ,d dkWiksVZ Vs *WAN*
ds mi;ksx ls dusDV fd, tk ldrs gSA
 lwpuk ‘ks;j djus ds fy, ,d&nqljs ls dusDVsM nks ;k vf/kd dEI;wVj ls usVodZ curk
gSA
 LAN ,d NksVk&lk flaxy&lkbM usVodZ gSA
 LAN ls tqM+s dEI;qVj bUQkes’Z ku ;k isfjQsjy midj.k ‘ks;j dj ldrs gSA
 enjcksMZ ds dEiksusUV~l ds chp bUQkes’Z ku *Buses* ds ek/;e ls Vªsoy djrk gSA
 WAN VsyhQksu ykbu ds fy, mi;qZDr usVodZ gSA
 TWAIN dk lEcU/k LdSuj] dSejk] rFkk vU; fMftVy fMokbl ls gSA
 DykabV@loZj ekWMy esa DykbaV izksxzke lwpuk ekaxrk gSA
 xsVos nks usVodksZ ls tqM+k ,d dEI;wVj gSA
 cSdcksu dEI;wVj usVodZ lajpuk dk eq[; lapkj ek/;e gS] ;g fofHkUu dEI;wVj usVodZ dks
tksM+rk gS] fofHkUu LAN dks ml {ks= ds WAN ls cSdcksu gh tksM+rk gSA
 fjihVj dk iz;ksx flXuy dh ‘kfDr de gq;s fcUkk usVodZ dh yackbZ c<+kus ds fy, fd;k
tkrk gSA
 MkVk izs”k.k ds xfr ekius ds fy, bdkbZ & fcV izfr lsd.M
v/;k; & 10
baVjusV ¼Internet½
 Internationl Networking dks laf{kIr esa Internet dgrs gSA
WEB BROWSER
 og lk¶Vos;j tks osc lkbV ds istks dks ,Dlsl dk dEI;wVj ekWuhVj ij iznf’kZr djrk gSS] osc
czkmlj dgykrk gSA
mnkgj.k &
(1) Internet Explorer

 ;g Microsoft Carporation }kjk fodflr osCk czkmlj gS] bldk vR;k/kqfud otZu 11-0
orZeku esa izpfyr gSA
(2) Mozilla Fire Fox

 bls Mozilla Carporation }kjk fodflr fd;k x;k gSA
 bldk mi;ksx Windows, Linux rFkk Macintosh Operating System vkfn esa gksrk gSA
(3) Google Chrome

 bls Google us 2008 esa fodflr fd;k FkkA
(4) Opera Mini

 ;g eksckby esa iz;ksx ds fy, yksdfiz; osc czkmlj gSA
(5) Apple’s Safari

 Apple }kjk 2007 esa fodflr fd;k x;k gSA
 ;g Macintosh O.S. gsrq izeq[k osc czkmlj gSA
 vkbZQksu rFkk vkbiSM esa bldk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
(6) Uc Browser
 ;g eksckby esa Use fd;k tkus okyk osc czkmtj gSA
lpZ batu ¼Search Engine½
 Internet ds oMZ okbM osc esa cgqr T;knk djksM+ks esa osc ist fLFkr gksrs gS] tks fdlh lwpuk ls
lcaf/kr gksrs gSA okafNr lwpuk dks izkIr djus ds fy, lpZ batu dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

izeq[k lpZ batu & Google

Yahoo!
Ask.com lfQZax ¼Surfing½
Alta Vista  viuh ialn dh lwpuk izkIr
Bing (Microsoft) djus ds fy, ,d ist ls
Baidu nwljs ist esa tkuk lfQZax
AOL
dgykrk gSA
Excite
Yandex
Duck Duck Go
Wolframe Alpha
Internet dh ‘kCnkokyh
Okscist ¼Web Page½
 bls HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) dk iz;ksx dj cuk;k x;k gSA
 osc ist esa lwpuk] ds lkFk&lkFk gkbijfyad fp=] vkfM;ks] fofM;ks vkfn gksrs gSA
 ;g fdlh osclkbV lclsV gksrk gSA
Web Site
 cgqr lkjs osc istksa dk ladyu osc lkbV dgykrk gSA
 ;s vkil esa Hyper Link ls tqM+s gksrs gSA
 osc lkbV ds fdlh ist URL }kjk ,Dlsl fd;k tkrk gSA
Home Page
 osc lkbV dk eq[; i`”B gkse ist gksrk gSA
baVjusV lfoZl izksokbMj ¼Internet Service Provider½

 ;g baVjusV lsok iznku djus okyh laLFkk gksrh gS] ftlesa ,d ls vf/kd dEI;wVjksa dks baVjusV ls
tksM+k tkrk gSA
mnkgj.k & MTNL, BSNL, Airtel, Jio, Idea Etc.
FkEcusy ¼Thumbnail½
 ;g fdlh fp= ;k eSi dks uk[kwu ds vkdkj ds fp= esa iznf’kZr djrk gS] vk/kqfud vkWijsfVax
flLVe esa bldk izeq[krk ls fMftVy best o fofM;ks ds fy, bLrseky fd;k tkrk gSA
ikWivi ¼Pop Up½

 lfQZax ds nkSjku [kqyus okyk NksVk foaMks ikWivi dgykrk gSA

ykWx bu ¼Log In½

 dEI;wVj ;k loZj esa tqM+us dh izfØ;k gS] blds fy, ;wtj vkbZ-Mh- o ikloMZ dh t:jr gksrh
gSA
MkmuyksM ¼Down Load½

 Internet ls File ;k lwpuk dks Save djukA
viyksM ¼Up Load½

 Internet ij lwpuk dks Mkyuk UpLoad dgykrk gSA
DaykmM dEI;wfVax ¼Cloud Computing½

 baVjusV ls tqM+dj baVjusV es miyC/k lqfo/kkvksa dk mi;ksx djuk
Cloud Computing gS] ;g baVjusV vk/kkfjr izfØ;k o dEI;wVj
,fIyds’ku dk bLrseky gSA
tSls & Google Apps.
jh;y Vkbe dE;qfuds’ku

 nks ;k vf/kd mi;ksxdrkZ ds chp lh/kk laokn LFkkfir djukA
mnkgj.k & fofM;ks dkUÝsflax vkfnA
MPEG ( Moving Picture Experts Group)

 ohfM;ks ;k Qkby dks fMftVy :i esa Compress dj usVodZ esa Hkstk ;k laxzfgr fd;k tkrk
gSA
JPEG (Join Photographic Expert Group)

 ;g fp= rFkk js[kkfp= ¼QksVks½ dk fMftVy :i gSA
PDF (Portable Document Format)

 ;g eq[; :i ls VsDLV dk fMftVy :i gSA
 bles fp= ,ao js[kkfp= dks Hkh laxzfgr fd;k tkrk gSA
baVjusV dk fodkl
 nqfu;k dk igyk usVodZ ARPANET (Advanced Research Project Agency Net) dks dgk
tkrk gS] bls 1969 esa vesfjdh j{kk foHkkx }kjk fodflr fd;k x;k FkkA
 fVe cuZlZ yh us 1989 esa WWW(Word Wide Web) dk fodkl fd;k] blfy, bls WWW
dk tud dgrs gSA bUgksua s gh HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language), HTTP (Hyper Text
Transfer Protocol) dk fodkl fd;kA
 15 vxLr 1995 dks fons’k lapkj fuxe fyfeVsM ¼VSNL½ }kjk Hkkjr esa baVjusV lsok izkjaHk fd;k
x;kA
TCP/IP (Transmisssion Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)

 blds mi;ksx }kjk baVjusV ij nwjLFk daEI;wVj rFkk loZj ds chp lapkj LFkkfir fd;k tkrk gSA
 blesa iSdsV Lohfpax rduhd dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

 ;g Email ds fy, iz;qDr lokZf/kd yksdfiz; izksVksdky gSA
HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol)

 WWW ij Hyper Text document dks blls cM+h vklkuh ls ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku ij
Transfer fd;k tkrk gSA
FTP (File Transfer Protocol)

 bldk mi;ksx File Transfer djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS
Gopher Protocol
 blls nwjLFk dEI;wVj ls Document [kkst] izkIr rFkk mUgsa iznf’kZr djrs gSA
Telenet Net
 bl Net }kjk vyx&vyx LFkku ij fLFkr dEI;wVj ls nwjLFk Network ls tksM+dj Remote
Computer ls MkVk dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
 ;g izFke iSdsV vk/kkfjr usVodZ tks ikfCyd ds fy, miyC/k gSA
oYMZ okbM cso ij iz;qDr Hkk”kk,a
¼1½ HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language)

 blds }kjk Web Page dks rS;kj fd;k tkrk gSA
 blesa Hyper link dk mi;ksx }kjk ,d Page ls nwljs Page ;k vU; Pages ls tqM+ ldrs gSA
 blesa Hyper Text, blue Colour esa Underline dj fn[kk;k tkrk gS] blh ls Link tqM+k gksrk
gSA
¼2½ Java Script

 bls Sun Microsystems dEiuh }kjk fodflr fd;k x;kA
 blesa fy[kus dh vko’;drk de iM+rh gS] ;g ,d Scripting Language gSA
¼3½ XML (Exensible Markup Language)
¼4½ XHTML (Exensible Hyper Text Markup Language)

¼5½ PHP (Hypertext Pre Processor) - ;g Hkk”kk eq[;r% osc lkbV fMtkbfuax gsrq iz;qDr gksrh gSA
IP Address
 izR;ds dEI;wVj tks Internet ls tqM+k gksrk gS] izR;sd dk i`Fkd IP Address gksrk gSA
 bls ISP }kjk fn;k tkrk gSA ¼Internet Service Provider½
 LFkk;h IP Address dks **Static IP Address’’ rFkk vLFkk;h IP Address dks **Dynanmic IP
Address’’ dgk tkrk gSA
 blesa 32 Bit uEcj dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA bls ¼ IPV4½ dgk tkrk gSA
tSls & 173- 225- 0- 14
 blds 4 uacj gksrs gS 0&255 rd dqN Hkh gks ldrs gSA
 bls rhu ¼∙½ MkVk ds }kjk vyx fd;k tkrk gSA

 baVjusV mi;ksxdrkZ dh c<+rh la[;k ds dkj.k 128 Bit uEcj iz;ksx fd;k tk jgk gSA bls
¼IPv6½ dgk tkrk gSA
 bles pkj gsDlkMslhey vadks dk vkB lewg gksrk gS ftls Colons ¼:½ }kjk vyx fd;k tkrk
gSA
tSls & 2001 : 1276 : 098c : 1234 :0000 : 0001 : 0576 :008b
IP Adress eq[;r rhu izdkj dk gksrk gS&
Domain Name System (DNS)

 ;g IP Adress ds vadh; eku dks ‘kCnks eas cny nsrk gS] ftls ;kn djuk vklku gks tkrk gSA
 fdlh Hkh nks osclkbV dk Mkseus use ,d leku ugha gks ldrk gSA
 bles vf/kdre 64 Character gksrs gSA
 vafre Hkkx ftls dot (.) ds ckn fy[kk tkrk gS] ;g fdlh laxBu] ns’k dks bafxr djrk gSA
mnkgj.k & Google.com
Yahoo.co.in
Songs.Pk
URL (Uniform Resource Locator)

 fdlh Website dk irk ml osc lkbV dk URL dgykrk gSA
 bls Web browser ds Address bar ij fy[kk tkrk gS] URL esa Mkseu
s use ‘kkfey gksrk gSA
 izR;sd Web Page dk vyx URL gksrk gSA
mnkgj.k & http://www.google.com/html/index.html
okbYM dkMZ ¼Wild Card½

 fo’ks”k fpUg ftlls Web Page [kkstus ds fy, iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
 ;g ,d dSjsDVj ;k ,d ls vf/kd dSjsDVj lewg dks bafxr djrk gSA
 bldk mi;ksx lks’ky usVofdZax lkbV ij ¼#½ dk iz;ksx Key Words ds lkFk okbYM dkMZ ds
:i esa fd;k tkrk gSA
lkbcj Lisl ¼Cyber Space½

 nqfu;k Hkj esa QSys dEI;wVj usVodZ ds lwpukvks ds Hk.Mkj.k dks lkbcj Lisl dk dkYifud
uke fn;k x;k gSA
lkbcj okjQs;j ¼Cyber Warfare½

 fdlh ns’k }kjk nwljs ns’k ds dEI;wVj usVodZ dks {kfr igqapkuk lkbcj okjQs;j dgykrk gSA
 bls ;q) dk ikapoka {ks= Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
lkbcj Økbe ¼Cyber Crime½

 Internet ;k dEI;wVj }kjk fd;k x;k dksbZ xSj dkuwuh dk;Z lkbcj Økbe dgykrk gSA
Spam
 Internet ls vusd O;fDr;ksa dks vokafPNr rFkk voS/k :i ls Hkstk x;k lans’k LiSe dgykrk gSA
dqdht ¼Cookies½
 tc ge fdlh czkmtj ls fdlh osclkbV ij tkrs gS] rks osclkbV dqN lwpukvks dks
mi;ksxdrkZ ds dEI;wVj ij LVksj dj nsrk gS] bls dqdht dgrs gSA
 ;g uqdlku ugh igqapkrk rFkk Internet es dke djuk vklku cukrk gSA
 dqN xqIr tkudkjh dks Hkh lkFk esa dqdht LVksj dj ysrk gS] ftlls mi;ksxdrkZ dh xksiuh;rk
[kRe gks tkrh gSA
 bls lk¶Vos;j ¼osc czkmlj½ ls pkyw ;k can fd;k tk ldrk gSA
izkDlh loZj ¼Proxy Sercer½

 ;g eq[; loZj rFkk mi;ksxdrkZ ds chp QhYVj dk dke djrk gSA
 Local Network esa tqMs+ dEI;wVj ds oS/krk dh tkap djrk gS] fQj muds vuqjks/k ds vk/kkj ij
;g eq[; loZj ls tksM+rk gSA
 ;g vukf/kd`r mi;ksxdrkZ ls usVodZ dks lqj{kk iznku djrk gSA
Qk;joky ¼Firewall½
 ;g vukf/kd`r O;fDr;ksa dk izos’k jksddj usVodZ esa vf/kd`r O;fDr dks mi;ksx djus nsrk gSA
 ;g Username rFkk Password ds tfj, vf/kd`r O;fDr dh igpku dj mls Network
mi;ksx djus nsrk gSA
 ;g ok;jl] okse]Z gSdj vkfn ls dEI;wVj usVodZ dks lqj{kk iznku djrk gSA
dEI;wVj ok;jl
 ;g ,d }s”kiw.kZ lk¶Vos;j izksxzke gksrk gSA
 ;g Internet rFkk dEI;wVj es tkdj viuh dkih Lo;a cukdj rFkk mls QSykdj MkVk dks
feVkus] [kjkc djus rFkk mlesa ifjorZu djus dk dk;Z djrk gSA
 bZ&esy ls vkus okyk ok;jl bZ&esy [kksyus ij lfØ; gksrk gSA

 ok;jl eq[;r% baVjusV] bZ&esy] xse] eseksjh dkMZ] ¶ykih fMLd] lhMh] MhohMh] isu Mªkbo vkfn
ds ek/;e ls ,d Computer ls nqljs Computer esa QSyrk gSA
 Boot Sector esa tkdj ;g fMLd rFkk dEI;wVj dh {kerk rFkk xfr dks de dj nsrk gSA
Okk;jl dks eq[;r% rhu Hkkxksa esa ckaVa k tkrk gS

¼1½ izksxzke ok;jl
¼2½ cwV ok;jl
¼3½ eYVhikVkZbV ok;jl
VªkstZu gklZ ¼Trojan Horse½

 ;g viuh dkih Lo;a ugh cukrk gSA
 ;g ok;jl Lo;a dks ,d xse ;k ;wVhfyVh izksxzke dh rjg izLrqr djrk gSA
 mi;ksxdrkZ tc Program dks pykrk gS] rks ;g i`”BHkwfe ij dksbZ vU; dk;Z lEikfnr djrk
gSA
mi;ksx & vukf/kd`r O;fDr dks lwpuk igapq kus ds fy,A
okseZ ¼Worm½
 ;g viuh dkih Lo;a cukdj dEI;wVj eseksjh dks Hkjrk gS] ftlls flLVe Lyks gks tkrk gSA
Ekkyos;j ¼Malware½
 ;g dEI;wVj flLVe ds izksxzke es NsM+NkM+ dj nsrk gS] rFkk xksi;uh; tkudkjh dks pqjkrk gSA
 ;g }s”kiw.kZ dEI;wVj Lkk¶Vos;j gksrk gSA
 blls cpko gsrq lqjf{kr Ckzkmftax lcls vPNk mik;k gSA
 Okk;jl] okse]Z VkstZu gklZ] Likbos;j vkfn ekyos;j ds mnkgj.k gSA
Sypware ¼Lik;os;j½
 dEiuh dh deZpkfj;ksa ij utj j[kus ds fy, Sypware dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
 ;g mi;ksdrkZ ds fo:) tklwl gksrk gS] tks mlds email, Password iwoZ esa ns[kh xbZ
csolkbV dk fooj.k bdB~Bk djrk gSA
dh&ykWx ¼Key logger½

 ;g dEI;wVj esa nck, x, cVuksa ¼key½ dk fjdkMZ j[kdj vukf/kd`r O;fDr dks dEI;wVj es
izos’k djkus esa enn djrk gSA ;g Spyware dk ,d izdkj gSA
iSp ¼Patch½
 Lkk¶Vos;j dh [kkfe;ksa dks nwj djus ds fy, rFkk mlesa lq/kkj ds fy, vU; NksVs&NksVs
lk¶Vos;j Program tkjh fd, tkrs gS] ftls Patch dgrs gSA
 ;g eq[; lk¶Vos;j ds lkFk gh dk;Z djrk gSA

Ldsvj os;j ¼Scare Ware½

 ;g }s”kiw.kZ Lkk¶os;j gS] tks baVjusV ls tqM+s dEI;wVj dks izHkkfor djrk gS] tks Free Dowload
dk ykyp nsrk gS] rFkk MkmuyksM djus ij ok;jl dEi;wVj esa izos’k dj tkrk gSA
ikWfyekfQZd ok;jl ¼Palymoriphic Virus½

 ;g cg:ih;sa ok;jl gksrs gS] tks ckj&ckj vius vki dks cnyus dh {kerk j[krs gS] rkfd
ckj&ckj vyx&vyx rjhds ls laØe.k QSyk ldsA
 ;g vkiuh dkWih Lo;a cukrkA
eSØks ok;jl ¼Macro virus½

 ;g ok;jl eSØks Hkk”kk tSls fotqvy osfld esa fy[kk tkrk gSA
 ;g Lizs’khV] MkD;weasV bR;kfn File dks uqdlku igqapkrs gSA
mnkgj.k & Visual Basic dk **twysfdyj ok;jl**
izeq[k ok;jl ds uke
¼1½ 1260 Virus - Palymorphic

¼2½ Shankar’s - Palymorphic
¼3½ Simile - Palymorphic
¼4½ Whale - Palymorphic
¼5½ 4K - Dos
¼6½ Slo - Dos
¼7½ abraxas - Dos, Window 95, 98
¼8½ acid - Dos, Window 95, 98
¼9½ ABC - Dos
¼10½ Ada - Dos
¼11½ AIDS - Dos
¼12½ Bomber - Playmorphic
¼13½ Brain - Considered to be the first computer Virus for the PC.
¼14½ Byte Bandit - Boot sector Virus
¼15½ I Love you - 2009
¼16½ Melissa - Macrovirus
¼17½ Code Red
¼18½ Sasses
¼19½ Zeus
¼20½ Conficker
¼21½ Stuxnet
¼22½ Mydoom
¼23½ Cryptolocker
¼24½ Hash back

,aVh ok;jl lk¶Vos;j ¼Antivirus Software½
 dEI;wVj dks fofHkUu izdkj ds ok;jl ls cpkus ds fy, Antivirus lk¶Vos;j dk iz;ksx fd;k
tkrk gSA
izeq[k ,aVh ok;jl lk¶Vos;j
¼1½ Nortan ¼2½ Bit Defender ¼3½ Kaspersky
¼4½ McAfee ¼5½ Symentac ¼6½ AVAST
¼7½ AVG ¼8½ Avira ¼9½ F-Secuse
¼10½ Panda Security ¼11½ ESET ¼12½ Trend Micro
fQf’kax ¼Phishing½
 baVjusV mi;ksxdrkZ ds ;wtj use] ikloMZ RkFkk vU; O;fDrxr lqpuk izkIr djus dk iz;kl
djuk Phising dgykrk gSA
fMftVy gLrk{kj ¼Digital Signature½

 ;g fMftVy lans’k nLrkostks ds fy, ,d xf.krh; ;kstuk gSA
 bZ&dkelZ rFkk bZ&iz’kklu esa bldk mi;ksx c<+ jgk gSA
 ;g fdlh O;fDr dh igpku fuf’pr djrk gSa rFkk vuf/kd`r O;fDr ls lwpuk lqjf{kr j[krk
gSA
 ;g fMftVy bafM;k dk;ZØe dk ,d izeq[k ?kVd gSA
fØIVksxzkQh ¼Cryptography½
 lwpukvksa dks lqjf{kr j[kus dh ,d rduhd gS] tks dwV lans’kks ds bnZ&fxnZ dke djrk gSA
 lwpuk dks igys eq¶r dksM es Change dj Internet ij Mkyuk rFkk mi;ksxdrkZ }kjk mls
iqu% Decode djuk fØIVksxzkQh dgykrk gSA
ck;kseSfVªd rduhd ¼Biometric Techniques½

 ekuoh; vax tSls& Åaxyh dh Nki] vka[k dh iqryh] psgjs dh vkd`fr vkokt vkfn dk iz;ksx
dj mi;ksxdrkZ dh igpku LFkkfir djus dh rduhd ck;ksefS Vªd rduhd dgykrh gSA
 orZeku fMftVy ;qx esa bldk mi;ksx rhoz xfr ls c<+ jgk gSA
mnkgj.k & vk/kkj ;kstuk iwjh rjg ck;ksefS Vªd igpku ij vk/kkfjr gSA

baVjusV ds mi;ksx ¼Use of Internet½
¼1½ bZ&esy
¼2½ lks’ky usVofdZax
¼3½ VsyhusV ;k fjeksV ykWxbu
¼4½ bZ&dkelZ
¼5½ bZ&iz’kklu
¼6½ bZ&fctusl
¼7½ bZ&VsyhQksuh
¼8½ f’k{kk vkSj vuqla/kku
¼10½ oYMZ okbM osc
¼11½ ohfM;ks dkUQjsla
bZ&esy E-mail (Electronic Mail)

 baVjusV es de le; esa rhoz xfr ls Message Hkstus rFkk izkIr djus ds fy, ,d yksdfiz;
lk/ku gSA
 bZ&esy esa ,d lkFk ,d ;k vf/kd O;fDr;ksa dks lans’k Hkstk tk ldrk gSA
 bldk fodkl vesfjdk ds oSKkfud js Vkefyalu us 1971 esa fd;k FkkA
 Attachments esa fofM;ksa ] Audio] photo] VsDLV ,oa File layXu dj Hkstk tk ldrk gSA
 E-mail lans’k dks Mail box esa Mky nsrk gS] ftls tc Hkh pkgs [kksy ds ns[k ldrs gSA
 bZ&esy esa vVspesVa dh vf/kdre lhek & 25 MB
 E-mail lqfo/kk iznku djus okys izeq[k osclkbV &

www.yahoomail.com
www.hotmail.com
www.Rediffmail.com
www.gmail.com
dkcZu dkWih ¼Cc - Carbon Copy½

 E-mail esa lans’k dk ,d ls vf/kd O;fDr dks HkstukA
 Hkstus okys rFkk izkIr djus okys nksuks dks irk gksrk gS dh lans’k fdl&fdl ds ikl Hkstk x;k
gSA
CykbaM dkcZu dkih ¼Blind Carbon Copy - BCc½

 blesa Hkh ,d ls vf/kd yksxks dks lans’k Hkstk tkrk gS] ysfdu blesa izkIdrkZ dks ;g irk ugh
pyrk dh ;g lans’k vU; fdl&fdl dks Hkstk x;k gSA

mnkgj.k & bZ&esy eSlst dk ,d QkjesVZ

From % Hkstus okys dk uke@ E-mail irkA
To % ikus okys dk E-mail irk ¼,d ;k vf/kd½A
Cc % dkcZu dkWih Hksts tkus okyksa dk bZ&esy irkA
BCc % og bZ&esy irk ftls eSlst CykbaM dkcZu dkih ds :i esa Hkstrk gSA
Subject % bZ&esy lans’k dk fo”k; fy[kk tkrk gSA
Attach a File % Attachment tksM+us ds fy,A
Body % bZ&esy lans’k dk VsDLV rFkk mlds lkFk yxs Attachment dk
vkbduA
bZ&esy LikWe%
 bls Junk E-mail ;k Unsalicited Bulk email HkhA
 vokafNr esy vusd O;fDr;ksa dks Hkstuk] bZ&esy LikWe dgykrk gSA
pSfVax ¼Chatting½
 ;g ,d jh;y Vkbe dUols’Z ku gSA
 nks ;k vf/kd O;fDr;ksa }kjk baVjusV ds ek/;e ls vkil es Vkbi djds ckrphr djuk pSfVax
dgykrk gSA
mnkgj.k & Whatsapp, Facebook Messenger.
;wt usV ¼Use Net½

 bldk iwjk uke User Network gSA
 blds ek/;e ls Internet esa fdlh eqnn
~ s ij Discussion fd;k tk ldrk gSA
 fdlh mi;ksxdrkZ }kjk fdlh fo”k; ij ppkZ vkjaHk djuk Thread dgykrk gSA
VsyhusV ;k fjeksV ykx bu ¼Remote Login½

 fdlh dEI;wVj ls baVjusV ls tqM+s fdlh nwjLFk dEI;wVj ls lwpuk izkIr djuk Remote Login
dgykrk gSA
ohfM;ks dkaÝjsla ¼Video Conference½

 nks ;k nks ls vf/kd vyx&vyx LFkkuksa ls O;fDr vkil esa Live ckrphr] ns[k rFkk lqu ldrs
gSA mls ohfM;ks dkaÝjsla dgrs gSA
baVjusV VsyhQksuh ¼Internet Telephony½

 baVjusV lsok esa VsyhQksu dh lsokvksa dk iz;ksx djuk baVjusV VsyhQksuh dgykrk gSA blls ge
nqjLFk O;fDr ls ckrphr ;k laokn LFkkfir dj ldrs gSA
 vkokt ds izlkj.k ds fy, VOIP(Voice Over Internet Protocol) dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

bZ&dkelZ ¼E-Commerce½
 baVjusV ds mi;ksx ls O;olk; djuk E-Commerce dgykrk gSA
 vkWuykbu ‘kkWfiax bZ&dkelZ dk ,d mnkgj.k gSA
orZeku esa izpfyr izeq[k E-Commerce Company
¼1½ Flipkart - ¼2007½ bZ&ifCyf’kax ¼E-Publishing½

fodkl & lfpu caly ,ao fcUuh caly }kjk ¼caxyq:] fdlh iqLrd ys[k dks WWW ij
dukZVd ls ‘kq:½ LVksj djuk rkfd baVjusV ds ek/;e
 ;g Hkkjr dk lcls cM+k E-Commerce Company ls O;fDr i<+ lds E-publishing
gSA dgykrk gSA
¼2½ Snapdeal - ¼2010½
fodkl & dq.kky cgy ,oa jksfgr caly }kjk ¼fnYyh ls ‘kq:½
¼3½ Amazon - ¼5July 1994 ½ okf’kaxVu ¼U.S.½
¼4½ Paytm - ¼2010 ½ Noida UP. (Indian)

fodkl & fot; ‘ks[kj ‘kekZ ds }kjk ¼CEO½
¼5½ Jabong.com ¼2012½ (Gurgaon NCR Delhi)

fodkl & izoh.k flUgk] y{Ekh] vk:.k pUnzeksgu }kjk
¼6½ Myntra ¼2007½ cSaxyksj
Social Networking Site
 bl ‘kCn dk izpyu izks- ts-,- ckusZl us 1950 esa ‘kq: fd;k FkkA
 blesa baVjusV ds ek/;e ls nqfu;k Hkj es dgha Hkh fLFkr yksxks ls laidZ LFkkfir fd;k tk
ldrk gSA
izeq[k Social Networking Sites –
¼1½ Facebook – ¼2004 ekdZ tqdjcxZ }kjk½

 nqfu;k dk lcls cM+k lks’ky usVofdZax lkbVA
 Head Quarters – Menglo Park, California, U.S.
 CEO – Mark Zuckerberg

¼2½ Twitter – ¼2006

tSd MkslhZ½
 CEO & tSd MkslhZ
 Hq- San Francisco, California (U.S.)
 ;g ,d Micro Blogging lksf’k;y usVofdZax lkbV gSA
 blds }kjk vius fe=] ‘kqHkfpard] QkyksolZ dks lans’k Hkstk tk ldrk gSA
 blesa vf/kdre 140 v{kjksa es NksVk lans’k fy[k ldrs gaAS
 blesa mi;ksxdrkZ dks vkWFkj dgk tkrk gSA
 bls **baVjusV dk ,l,e,l** ¼SMS of Internet½ dh laKk nh tkrh gSA
¼3½ yahoo ¼4½ Google + ¼5½ Orkut
¼6½ Linkedin ¼7½ Printerest ¼8½ Tumblr
¼9½ Reddit ¼10½ VK ¼11½ Flickr
¼12½ Vine ¼13½ Meetup ¼14½ Ask.fm
¼15½ Class Mates
Whatsapp – (2010) (California U.S.)

fodkl & Jan Koum ,oa Brian Acton }kjk
 bls Facebook us vf/kxzfgr dj fy;k gSA
CEO – Jon Koum
 blds lgk;rk ls fdlh Hkh O;fDr dks eSlst] QksVs ks] fofM;ks] vkfM;ks Hkst ldrs gSA
You Tube ¼2005½

esa ¼California U.S.½
fodkl & pkM gyhZ] LVho psu rFkk tkosn djhe }kjk
 CEO – Susan Wojcicki
 ;g ,d fofM;ks ‘ks;fjax csolkbM gSA
Quora - ¼2009½
 ;g ,d Question and Answer site gS] tgk¡ iz’u iwNs tkrs gS rFkk ;wtj ds }kjk bldk
tokc fn;k tkrk gSA
Instagram (2010)
fodkl & Kevin Systrom, Mike Krieger usA
 bls Facebook us vf/kxzfgr dj fy;k gSA
 ;g Photo vkSj Video Sharing Social Site gSA
¶yS’k ¼Flash½
 bldk iz;ksx osc ist ij Animation, Sound rFkk Interactivity iznf’kZr djus ds fy,
fd;k tkrk gSA

usVhdsV ¼Netiquette½
 E-mail,Chatting,Vedio Confrencing vkfn ds nkSjku fd, tkus okys f’k”V O;ogkj
Netiquette dgykrk gSA
¶yse ¼Flam½
 baVjusV mi;ksxdrkZ e-mail, chatting ;k Video Confrencing ds nkSjku vokaNuh; o
viekutud Hkk”kk dk iz;ksx ¶yse dgykrk gSA
beksfVdku ¼emoticon½
 E-mail, Chating ds nkSjku vius emotion dks fo’ks”k fpUgksa }kjk vfHkO;Dr djuk emoticon
dgykrk gSA
Type of Virus
(1) Macro Viruses (2) Memory Redident Viruses

Exa – Relax CMJ
bablas meve
Melissa.A randex
097m/Y2k mrklunky
(3) Over write Viruses (4)Direct Action Viruses
Trj.Reboot Vienna Virus
Way
Trivial.88.D
(5) Directory Virus (6) Web Scripting Virus
Dir2 virus JS. Fortninght
(7) Multipartile Virus (8) Fat Viruses

Flip The Link Virus
Invader
Tequila
(9) Companion Viruses (10) Polymorphic Virus
Asimov.1539 Marburg
Stator and terrax.1069 tuareg
Satan bug
Elkern
(11) Boot Sector Viruses (12) Network Virus
Poly boot.B Nimda
Anti EXE. SQLSlammer

Imporant Facts about Virus

st
 1 boot Sector virus is - Brain
 What is the name of First Computer Virus - Creeper
 lcls rst xfr ls QSyus okyk Computer Virus - MyDoom.(2004)
Multimedia
eYVhehfM;k ds rRo
¼1½ VsDLV &
Letter, Number rFkk Special Characters ds ek/;e ls lwpuk dks izLrqr djrs gSaA
¼2½ fp= ;k js[kkfp= ¼Picture and Graphics½

 Computer esa Photo ,oa Graphics dks fMftVy :i esa LVksj fd;k tkrk gSA
LVksj djus gsrq izpfyr eYVhfefM;k QkesVZ &

¼i½ GIF (Graphical Interchange Format)
¼ii½ JPEG (Joint Photographic Expert Group)
¼iii½ Bitmap
 fp= ,oa xzkfQDl dks Bits rFkk Pixels ds :i esa dEI;wVj ij LVksj fd;k tkrk gSA
¼iv½ Vector Graphics
 bldk mi;ksx dkVwu Z rFkk ,fues’ku esa fd;k tkrk gSA
CAD (Computer Aided Design)

 bldk mi;ksx dEI;wVj }kjk fMtkbu o fp= rS;kj djus esa fd;k tkrk gSA
/ofu ¼Audio½
 Audio ,ukykWx ladsr gksrs gSA ftUgsa Microphone }kjk fo|qr rajxks esa cnyk tkrk gSA
 bu fo|qr rjaxks dks fMftVy MkVk esa cnydj dEI;wVj esa LVksj fd;k tkrk gSA
 fMftVy MkVk dks lquus ds fy, bls fo|qr rajxks esa cnyk tkrk gSA
 Speaker fo|qr rjaxks dks ,ukykx /ofu rajxks esa cnyrs gS ftls gekjs dku lqu ikrs gSA
 blds fy, Comuter esa Sound Card Software gksuk t:jh gSA
dqN izpfyr vkfM;ks Qkby QkesVZ

¼1½ Resource Interchange file Formate (RIFF)
¼2½ Motion Picture Expert Group (MPEG)
¼3½ Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI)
fofM;ks ¼Video½
 fofM;ks] fp=ks dh Ja[kyk fjdkMZ] bfMV] LVksj rFkk Iys dj ldrk gS] ftls Computer
Moniter ij ns[kk tk ldrk gSA
 blds fy, ohfM;ks dkMZ ¼Vedio Card½ gkMZos;j dEI;wVj esa gksuk t:jh gSA
LVªhfeax ¼Streaming½
 bl rduhd }kjk Audio / Video File dks daizsl dj fn;k tkrk gS] ftlls og de LFkku
?ksjrh gS] rFkk rqjar gh pkyw gks tkrh gSA
 bl File ds fy, igys ls Download djus dh vko’;drk ugh iM+rh tks LVªhfeax
¼Streaming½ dgykrh gS] tks fgLlk Download gks pqdk gS og pyrk gS mlh le; ckdh
fgLls Download gksrs jgrs gSA
eYVhfefM;k fd;ksLd ¼Multimedia Kiosk½

 ;g ,d baVj,fDVo eYVhfefM;k dEI;wVj gSA
 blesa Computer LØhu ij fLFkr Graphical User Interface (GUI) okys vkbdu dks
vaxqfy;ksa ls Nwdj laxzfgr lwpuk izkIr dh tk ldrh gSA
 bldk mi;ksx lkoZtfud LFky & jsYos LVs’ku] gokbZ vM~Mk] vLirky] i;ZVu LFky vkfn esa
mi;ksxh tkudkjh nsus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
,fues’ku ¼Animation½
 blesa fLFkj fp= dks ,d ds ckn ,d tc rhozrk ls fn[kk;k tkrk gS] ftlls fp= esa xfr dk
vkHkkl gksrk gS] ,uhes’ku dgykrk gSA
 blds fy, ,d lsd.M esa 25 ls 30 Øec) fp= fn[kkuk iM+rk gSA
 Animation ds fy, 3D Studio, Animator Studio, Adobe Photo Shop vkfn Software
dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
 Animation ohfM;ks dks MPEG Qkby QkWeV sZ esa LVksj fd;k tkrk gSA
opqvZ y fj;fyfV ¼Virtual Reality½

 opqvZ y fj;fyfV es 3 Dimentional Picture (3D) rFkk ljkm.M lkm.M ¼Surround Sound½
dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
 eYVhfefM;k dks bl rjg ls mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS fd mi;ksxdrkZ dks fj;fyfV dk vglkl
gksrk gS] bls opqZvy fj;fyfV ¼Virtual Reality½ dgrs gSA
‘kkWd osc ¼Shock Wave½

 osc ist esa eYVhehfM;k vkCtsDV Mkyuk blesa vkokt] fp=] pyfp=] Animation ;k blesa
ls LkHkh gks ldrs gSA

,Mksc ¶yS’k ¼Adobe Flash½

 ‘kkWd osc dh rjg osc ist ij eYVhehfM;k Object Mkyus dh rduhd ftls Adobe Flash
}kjk ns[kk tk ldrk gSA
Multimedia File Extension
 Audio File Extension MP3 Audio File - .MP3

Wave Audio File - .WAV
Windows Media Audio File - .WMA
Audio Interchange File Format - .AIF
MIDI File - .mid
 Video File Extension 3GPP - .3GP

Audio/Video Interleave File - .AVI
MPEG-4 Video File - .MP4
Flash Video File - .FLV
MPEG - .MPG
Windows Media Video File - .WMV
 Text File Extension Text file - .txt
Microsoft Word Document - .DOC
Java - “.ejava”
 Image File Extension Bitmap - .bmp
Graphical Interchange Format File - .GIF
JPEG - .JPG
 Data File Extension Power Point Presentation - .PPT
Power Point Slideshow - .PPS
vCard File - .VCF
XML File - .XML
egRoiw.kZ rF;
 **Java** Qkbyksa dk extension ‘’.ejava’’ gSA

 ,.Vh ok;jl lk¶Vos;j gS ukWjVkSu ¼Norton½
 isikWy eslst ds :i esa izdV gksus okyk u;k dEI;wVj ok;jl gSA ;g futh dEI;wVj
miHkksDrkvksa dks viuk fu’kku cuk jgk gSA ;g ,d vkuykbZu Hkqxrku lsok gSA ;g ok;jl
miHkksDrk ds dEI;wVj dh ryk’k esa baVjusV czkmlj esa tkdj Qkbyksa dh [kkst djrk gSA
 *usVLdsi usohxsVj * rFkk *baVjusV* ,DlIyksVj ,d osc czkmlj gSA
 HTML Qkbyksa dh dksfMax **Note Pad** esa fy[kh tkrh gSA

 osc lkbV ,Mªsl dk ,d ;wuhd uke gksrk tks osc ij ,d LisflfQd osc lkbV dks
vkbMsafVQk; djrk gSA
 vulkWfyflVsM bZ&esy dks **LiSe** dgrs gSA
 Mk;y&vi baVjusV ,Dlsl es fo|eku *VsyhQksu* lsok dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
 Hyper Text Markup Language dk iz;ksx djrs gq, osc ist dk dksM fy[kk tkrk gSA
 tc IokabVj *gkbijfyad* ij iksft’ku fd;k tkrk gS] rc bldk vkdkj gkFk tSlk gksrk gSA
 *¶yS’k* NksVs ,fIyds’ku izksxzke gksrs gS] tks osc ist ij pyrs gSa vkSj ;g lqfuf’pr djrs gSa
fd QkeZ Bhd ls iwjk gks x;k gS ;k ,fues’ku izksokbM djrs gSA
 vkidks ,sls fdlh ls bZ&esy izkIr gksrk gS] ftls vki ugha tkurs gSa rks bls fcuk [kksys feVk
nsuk pkfg,A
 Buy Now – Pay Now dk iz;ksx lekU;r% *MsfcV dkM*Z ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
 LekVZ dkMZ dk iz;ksx lkeU;r% *Lis’ky ijit dkMZ* ds :i esa fd;k tkrk gSA
 *,fues’ku* VsDLV ;k daVsUV dks vIykbM+ ,d fo’ks”k n`’;JO; bQsDV gksrk gSA
 *nwljs izksxzke ls] bZ&esy lans’k ds lkFk Hkstk x;k ,d vyx nLrkost *bZ&esy ,sVspesVa *
dgykrk gSA
 bZ&esy Hkstuk i= fy[kus tSlk gSA
 bZ&esYl [kksyuk] dEI;wVj ds gkMZ fMLd esa ok;jl ds vkus dk lokZf/kd lkekU; rjhdk gSA
 *LAN CARD* dk vU; uke NIC gS] NIC-Network Interface Controller
 vf/kdka’k oYMZ okbM osc esa dekaM HTML ySaXost esa gksrs gSA
 *Mk;y&vi&lfoZl* lcls /kheh baVjusV dusD’ku lsok gSA
 bZ&esy [kkrs esa LVksjst ,fj;k gksrk gS ftls *esyckDl* dgrs gSA
 *MkVk VªkUlQj jsV* MkVk dh og ek=k gS ftls LVksjst fMOkkbl LVksjst ehfM;e ls izfr
lsdaM dEI;wVj rd ewo dj ldrk gSA
 Qk;joky dk izeq[k QaD’ku *ekuhVfjax* djuk gSA
 osclkbV ,Mªsl ,d ;wfud uke gksrk gS tks osc ij ,d fof’k”V osclkbV dks vkbMsafVQkbZ
djrk gSA
 *ekMse* VsyhdE;qfuds’ku fMokbl dk ,d mnkgj.k gSA
 czkmtj og lk¶Vos;j gS] tks osc ist dks czkmt djus dh vuqefr iznku djrk gS

v/;k; & 11
ekbØkslkW¶V vkfQl % oMZ

Microsoft Office : Word
Microsoft Office
 ;g ,d ,fIyds’ku izksxzke gS] ftldk mi;ksxs T;knkrkj dk;kZy; lEca/kh dk;ksZ ds fy, fd;k
tkrk gSA dk;kZy; ds lHkh dk;ksZ dks dEI;wVjhd`r djus ds fy, pkj izeq[k izksxzke gS &
¼1½ M.S. Word
¼1½ M.S. Exel
¼3½ M.S. Power Point
¼4½ M.S. Access ;k Access
¼1½ M.S. Word
 ;g oMZ izkslsflax Software gSA

 blesa VsDLV] fp=] xzkfQDl dk fuekZ.k dk;Z fd;k tkrk gSA
Title Bar
 ;g [kqys gq, izksxzke vkSj MkD;weasV dk uke crkrk gSA
 blh esa esuq ckj] eSDlhekbt ¼Maximize½] ehfuekbt ¼Minimize½ rFkk Dykst ¼Close½ cVu
gksrs gSA
Menu Bar
 blesa dbZ vkns’k cVu gksrs gS] ftuesa izR;sd esa ,d iqy Mkmu esU;w gksrk gSA
Tool Bar
 izksxzke esa mifLFkr@iz;qDr lqfo/kkvksa dk fp=kRed :ikarj.k gksrk gSA
LVS.MMZ Vwy ckj ¼Standard Toolbar½

 blesa File vkSj Text lac/kh dk;ksZ ds fy, Vwy jgrs gSA
 blesa u;k Qkby [kksyuk] iqjkuh Qkby [kksyuk] Qkbyksa dks lqjf{kr j[kuk] dkVuk] udy
djuk] fpidkuk vkfn fodYi gksrs gSA
New
 u;k MkD;weasV [kksyuk

Open
 iwoZ esa Save fd;s x;s File dks [kksyukA
Save
 File ;k Document dks lqjf{kr j[kukA
Save As
 vxj File igys ls lsc gS] mlesa dqN cnyko djuk gks] rks lso ¼Save½ dh txg Save AS
vkns’k fn;k tkrk gSA
Print
 Document fizaV djukA
Print Preview
 fizaV ls igys MkD;weasV dk Lo:i ns[kukA
Spelling and Grammar

 blls ‘kCnksa dk Spelling rFkk okD;ksa dk O;kdj.k psd fd;k tk ldrk gSA
Cut
 p;fur MkD;weasV rFkk mlds Hkkx dks dkVdj fDyi cksMZ esa ykukA
Copy
 p;fur MkD;weasV ;k mlds Hkkx dks dkih dj fDyi cksMZ esa ykukA
Paste
 dV ;k dkih fd;s x;s MkD;weasV dks okafNr LFkku ij MkyukA
Undo
 iwoZ esa fd, x, dk;Z dks jn~n djukA
Redo
 jn~n fd, x;s dk;Z dks iqu% izHkkoh cukukA
Table & Boarders

 MkD;weasV esa lkj.kh o ckMZj cukukA
Insert Table
 fuf’pr jks ¼Row½ vkSj dkWye ¼Column½ dk lkj.kh MkyukA

Insert Excel Worksheet
 oMZ esa Excel odZ’khV MkyukA
Drawing
 ‘kCnksa vkSj fp=ksa dks dykRed :i nsukA
Show/hide
 iSjkxzkQ fPkUgksa dks iznf’kZr djuk ;k NqikukA
Formating Toolbar
 blesa VsDLV o iSjkxzkQ ds Lo:i esa ifjorZu ds fy, vko’d Vwy gksrs gS]
Formating toolbar ij miyC/k fodYi bl izdkj gS
Style
 ;g ‘kCnksa ds Lo:i fu/kkZfjr djrk gSA
Font
 ;g ‘kCnksa dk izdkj fu/kkZfjr djrk gSA
Font Size
 ;g ‘kCnks dk vkdkj fu/kkZfjr djrk gSA
Font Style
bles rhu lqfo/kk,a miyC/k gS &
Bold
 ‘kCnksa dks eksVs v{kj esa fy[kukA
Italic
 ‘kCnksa dks frjNs v{kj esa fy[kukA
Unterline
 ‘kCnksa ds uhps js[kk [khapukA
Alignment
pkj fodYi gksrs gS ftlesa ls fdlh ,d dk p;u fd;k tk ldrk gS &
Left
 ‘kCnks dks cka;h vksj fy[kukA
Right
 ‘kCnksa dks nka;h vksj fy[kukA
Center
 ‘kCnksa dks chp esa fy[kukA

Justify
 ‘kCnksa dks nk;sa ,oa ck;s nksuks vksj ls ltkuk
Numbering
 iSjkxzkQ ;k ykbu dks uEcj nsukA
Bullet
 iSjkxzkQ ;k ykbu dks iwoZ fu/kkZfjr vkdkj esa fpfUgr djukA
Highlight
 p;fur VsDLV dk cSdxzkamM jax fu/kkZfjr djukA
Cursor
 oMZ esa dlZj ,d iryh js[kk ¼I½ gksrk gS] ftls bUlVªD’ku fcanq Hkh dgrs gSA Vkbi dh tkus
okyh v{kj ¼Character½ esa izdV gksrh gSA
Status Bar
 foUMks ds lcls uhps fLFkr gksrk gSA tks ist la[;k] ykbu] dkWye vkfn dh tkudkjh nsrk gSA
View
 ;g LØhu esa nLrkost dks ns[kus dk rjhdk gSA
oMZ esa miyC/k O;w bl izdkj gS &
Normal View
 mlh rjg fn[kkbZ nsrk gS] ftl rjg rS;kj fd;k tkrk gSA
Page Layout View

 ist fizaV djus ij tSlk fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA
Out Line View

 blesa MkD;weVs ds cka;s fdukjs ij v/;k; o iSjkxzkQ ds uke ns[k ldrs gSA]
Clip Board
 fDyi cksMZ esa fo.Mkst izksxzke esa Cut ;k Copy dh xbZ oLrq,a lqjf{kr j[kha tkrh gS] rkfd mls
vU; ;k mlh izksxzke esa iz;ksx fd;k tk ldsA
Change Case
 blds }kjk Vkbi fd;s x;s ‘kCnks dks oMZ ;k NksVs v{kjksa esa vko’;drkuqlkj cnyk tk ldrk
gSA
blesa ikap fodYi miyC/k gS &
Sentence Case
 izR;sd okD; ds izFke v{kj dks cM+k o vU; v{kjksa dks NksVk djrk gSA
Lower Case
 lHkh v{kjksa dks NksVk ¼Small Letter½ djrk gS
Upper Case
 LkHkh v{kjksa dks cM+k ¼Capital Letter½ djrk gSA
Title Case
 okD; ds izFke ‘kCn dks cM+k djrk gSA
To GGLE Case
 cM+s v{kjksa dks NksVk vkSj NksVs v{kjksa dks cM+k djrk gSA
Find and Replace

 bls oMZ izksxzke esa fdlh fuf’pr ‘kCn dks iwjs izksxzke esa fdlh vU; ‘kCn ;k lewg }kjk
izfrLFkkfir djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
Header & Footer

 fdlh nLrkost ds izR;sd i`”B ds Åij fn[kkbZ nsus okyk VsDLV gsMj ¼ Header½ rFkk izR;sd
i`”B ds uhps fn[kkbZ nsus okyk VsDLV QqVj ¼Footer½ dgykrk gSA
Footnotes and Endnotes

 fdlh nLrkost esa izR;sd i`”B ds var esa fn[kus okyk VsDLV Footnote dgykrk gSA rFkk
nLrkost ds var esa fn[kus okyk VsDLV End Notes dgykrk gSA
Clip Art
 M.S. Office Program esa iwoZ fu/kkZfjr fp=ksa dk ,d lewg jgrk gS] ftls foUMks ds fdlh vU;
izksxzke esa iz;qDr fd;k tk ldrk gSA bls fDyi vkVZ dgrs gSA
esy etZ ¼Mail Merge½

 ,d gh rjg dh lwpuk vyx&vyx LFkkuksa ij RkFkk vuds yksxksa dks Hkstus ds fy, bl lqfo/kk
dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
 eq[; lwpuk ;k i= dks Mail Document dgk tkrk gS]
 yksxks ds uke irk] VsyhQksu uacj vkfn dks Data Source esa j[kk tkrk gSA
 Main Document rFkk Data Source dks Merge dj nsus ij Main Document ds izR;sd
ist ij vyx&vyx yksxks ds uke] irk rFkk VsyhQksu uacj vkfn ntZ gks tkrs gSA ftldk
fizaV fy;k tk ldrk gSA blls gj ist ij vyx ls uke o irk ntkZ djus dh vko’;drk
ugha jg tkrhA

egRoiw.kZ rF;
 foaMkst ,d vkijsfVax flLVe gSA

 MS-Account ekbØkslk¶V iSdst dk Hkkx ugha gSA
 ,IysV ,d Mk;usfed MkD;weasV ,fIyds’ku izksxzke gksrk gSA
 esU;w ¼Menu½ esa ,slh dekaM~l gksrh gS ftUgsa lsysDV fd;k tk ldrk gSA
 oMZ izkslsflax izksxzkeksa }kjk *MkD;weasV Qkby* fØ,V fd;k tk ldrk gSA
 fdlh fo|eku MkD;weasV esa ifjorZu djus dks ^,fMfVax* dgrs gSA
 ist fizO;w eksM esa vki vius MkD;weasV ds lHkh ist ns[k ldrs gSA
 ^Vkbi LVkby* dSjsDVjks dk ,slk ukfer lsV gksrk gS ftldh fo’ks”krk,a Hkh ogh gksrk gSA
 ^VsEiysV* igys ls fMtkbu fd;k x;k MkD;weasV gS ftlesa mlls feyrs gq, ÝkaUV] ys vkmV
vkSj cSdxzkmM+ gksrk gSA
 fdlh oMZ MkD;weasV dh cSdxzkmaM+ fdlh jax dk gks ldrk gS ftls vki pquAs
 ekbØkslk¶V vkWfQl ,d ,fIyds’ku L;wV gSA
 Cut, Copy, Paste ds fy, ,fMV esU;w Select fd;k tkrk gSA
 fizUV ds fy, *Qkby esu*q lysDV fd;k tkrk gSA
 oMZ izklsLM MkD;weasV fØ,V djrs le; ^QkesfZ Vax VsDLV* esa ;wtj LØhu vkSj fizUVsM QkeZ nksuks
esa ist fn[krs gh oMZl pst a djrk gSA
 lk¶Vos;j ds êsucq kj* esa dekaM ,oa vkI’kuksa dh lwfp;ka gksrh gSA
 ;fn vki ,d ‘kCn Vkbi djus gS tks oMZ fMD’kujh esa ugha gS] rks ml ‘kCn ds uhps ,d ^yky*
(Waves) vaMjykbZu fn[krh gSA
 lsUM ¼Send½ MkD;wesV dks Qkby dgk tkrk gSA
 oMZ eas ^vkWVksdjsDV* Qhpj dfri; Lisfyax] Vkbfiax] dSfiVykbts’ku ;k xzkej dh xyfr;ksa dks
vkVksefS Vdyh lq/kkj nsrk gSA
 ^LVS.MMZ Vwyckj* ckj&ckj iz;qDr dekaMks dks bZth ,Dlsl miyC/k djkrk gSA
 ^fizaV fizO;w* lexz MkD;weVsa dks oMZ LØhu ij NksVs vkdkj esa fMLiys djrk gSA
 ^fjMUMsalh* dk vFkZ gS ,d lgh rF; dks ,d ls vf/kd txg LVksj djukA
 viuh fjiksVZ dk igyk iSjkxzkQ baMUs V djus ds fy, vidks ^VSc dh* dk mi;ksx djuk pkfg,A
 îzksxzke* cVu ls vki ekbØkslk¶V oMZ LVkVZ dj ldrs gSA
 MsLdVki ij rkjh[k vkSj le; VkLdckj es gksrs gSA
 tc vki fdlh ist ls dksbZ VsDLV fdlh vU; ist ij ys tkuk pkgrs gS rks Js”B i)fr ^dV
,.M isLV* gSA

¼2½ MS Excel
 ,Dlsy ,d liSzM’khV ¼Spreadsheet½ izksxzke gSA

 bles QkeqZyk dk fuekZ.k dj Editing ds }kjk rqjar ifj.kke izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
 ;g izksxzke xf.krh; x.kukvksa RkFkk vadh; MkVk ds fy, miqDr ekuk tkrk gSA
 Excel dk extension ‘’.xls’’ gSA
odZ’khV
 Worksheet, Excel dk dk;Z LFky dgykrk gS] tks cgqr lkjs Cells dk lewg gS] tgka MkVk
j[kk rFkk izklsl fd;k tkrk gSA Worksheet ;k Spread Sheet dgykrk gSA
 ;g Rows rFkk Columns esa caVk jgrk gSA
 MkVk esa fdlh Hkh izdkj dk ifjorZu blh esa fd;k tkrk gSA
Row
 Excel esa jks dks 1]2]3 ------------------ ¼la[;k½ ls igpkurs gSA
Columns
 Excel esa dkye dks vaxzsth ds cM+s v{kj A,B,C,-----------------ls igpkurs gSA
 fdlh Cell dks jks vkSj dkye dh lfEefyr la[;k tSls & A5, B7 vkfn ls igpkurs gSA
 odZ’khV esa 256 dkWye rFkk 65536 jks gksrh gS] tks Total 16777216 lsy dk fuekZ.k djrs gSA
Work book
 odZ’khV dk lewg Work book dgykrk gSA
 Work book esa Work Sheet ,d Page gksrk gSA
 Work book esa vf/kdre 255 odZ ‘khV tksM+ ldrs gSA
 Lksy dks viuh ;wfuV ,Mªsl ;k lsy jsQjsla ls igpkurs gSA
 odZ’khV esa MkVk dks Enter djus ds fy, Cell dks Select djrs gS] Select djus ds ckn og
Active gks tkrk gS] bls Active Cell dgrs gSA
 Active Cell dk ckMZj eksBk gksrk gSA
 VkbVy ckj ds Bhd uhps LØhu ij Åij esU;w ckj] LVS.MZ Vwyckj] QkWjesfVax Vwyckj] vkSj
QkeqZyk ckj iznf’kZr gksrk gSA
esU;w ckj ¼Menu Bar½

 esU;w ckj esa izR;sd Menu dqN [kkl dek.M+ dks izfrfuf/kRo djrs gSA
LVSa.MZ vkSj QkesfZ Vax Vwyckj

 blesa cVu vkSj fyLV ckDl gksrs gS] ftldh enn ls vki esU;w ckj ls T;knk rsth ls dke
dj ldrs gSA

QkeqZyk ckj ¼Formula Bar½

 Vkbi djus ij og Formula Bar esa fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA
 Formula bar esa ckbZ vksj use ckDl es ,Dlsl ,fDVo lsy fjQjsl
a Hkh fn[krk gSA
LVsVl ckj ¼Status Bar½

 VkLdckj ds Åij LØhu ds ckVe es ;g fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA
,d lk/kkj.k LizsM’khV
 blls vki Up, Down, Left, Right button ls iwjs lsy esa vki dgha Hkh ?kwe ldrs gSA
Tab
 cVu ls vki nk;ha rjQ odZ’khV esa dwn ldrs gSA
Enter Button
 Enter Button ls vki ,d lsy ls uhps ds lsy esa tk ldrs gSA
Insert Row
 Insert Row rFkk Insert Columns ls vki odZ’khV es u;k Row vkSj Columns tksM+ ldrs
gSA
lkWfVZax
 blls vki vius lwpuk dks eupkgs lkWVZ esa O;ofLFkr dj ldrs gSA
pkVZ fotkMZ
 blls Excel esa vklkuh ls pkVZ cuk;k tk ldrk gS] Standerd Tool esa Chart Wizard cVu
gksrk gSA
egRoiw.kZ rF;
 LisMz ’khV esa lsy dks jks vkSj dkWye dk baVjlsD’ku dgrs gSA
 *Qkby use* ,d ;wuhd uke gksrk gS] tks vki fdlh lwpuk dks fdlh Qkby dks nsrs gSA
 Microsoft office ,Dlsl MkD;weasV esa izR;sd lsy vius lsy ,Mªsl ls fjQj fd;k tkrk gS tks
^lsy* dk *jks* vkSj *dkWye yscy* gSA
 fo|eku MkD;weasV dks ifjofrZr djuk MkD;weasV dh ^,fMfVax* dgykrk gSA
 ,Dlsy esa lsV vkWQ dSjsDVlZ ftlesa ,d v{kj ,d gkbQu ;k Lisl gksrk gS mls *QkeqZyk* ekuk
tkrk gSA
 êkftZax lsy* ¼Merging Cell½ nks ;k vf/kd pqus gq, lsYl dks dackbu dj ,d flaxy lsy
fØ,V djrk gSA
 odZ’khV ij gkWjhtksUVy rFkk ofVZdy ykbus gksrh gS mUgsa fxzMykbUl dgrs gSA
 lcVksVYl dekaM ds lkFk iz;qDr eksLV dkeu lcVksVy *SUM* QaD’ku gS] ftls izR;sd ckj
daVªksy QhYM ds cnyus ij ,Dlsy ,d ;ksx fMLIys djrk gSA
 vU; yksxks dks odZ’khV dks izksVsDVsM ls vuizksVsDVsM esa ifjorZu djus ls jksdus ds fy, vkidks
îkloMZ* fØ,V djuk pkfg,A
 *jst
a lsYl* ds dkye] iafDr ;k jsDVsXa ;qyj xziq esa nks ;k vf/kd ,MtslVsa lsYl dh ,d Jà[kyk
gksrh gSA
 ,Dlsy lsy esa VsDLV dh ckbZ fMQkYV *ys¶V* ,ykbUM* gksrk gSA
 *lkbt* Vkbi dSjsDVlZ dk ,fi;jsUl gksrk gSA
 Lkkj.kh esa ,d iwjh iafDr pquus ds fy, lsy ds ck;sa ,M~t dks fDyd dhft,A
 ôkbYM&dkMZ~l^ ,sls izrhd gksrs gSa tks fdlh Hkh dSjsDVj ;k dSjsDVlZ ds dkafous’ku dks fjizstsUV
djrk gSA
 ^vkbdu* xzkfQdy vkCtsDV gksrs gS] tks vkerkSj ij iz;ksx gksus okys ,fIyds’ku dk izfrfuf/kRo
djrs gSaA
 /ku dk VªSd j[kus vkSj ctV cukus ds fy, dSyD;wysVj dh rjg dke djus okys izksxzke dks
^LizsM’khV* dgrs gSA
 jkbV MSªx esFkM ls] gkbij fyad ls] dkWih vkSj isLV Lis’ky deka.Mks ls rFkk dkih vkSj LVSaMMZ
dekaMks ij isLV cVuks ls] vki oMZ MkD;weasV ds lkFk ,Dlsy odZ’khV MkVk fyad ugha dj
ldrs gSA
 ,Dlsy esa *pkVZ fotkMZ* fodYi ds iz;ksx ls pkVZ fØ,V fd, tkrs gSA
 fdlh fjdkMZ dk fof’k”V QhYM tks izR;sd fjdkMZ dks ;wuhdyh vkMMsfUVQkbM djrk gS] mls
îzkbejh QhYM* dgrs gSA
 tc vki dksbZ jkW vkSj dkye ewo djrs gS rks ewOM lsYl dk VsDLV *lsy ds lkFk ewo* djrk
gSA
 ,fDVo lsy ds daVsUV* QkeqZyk ckj* esa fMLIys gksrs gSA
Ex. = SUB(B1:B8)
 ^QhYM* ,slh fMfLVDV vkbVesa gS ftudk fn, x, lanHkZ esa cgqr vFkZ ugha gksrk gSA
 vkaf’kd :i ls iwjh dh xbZ odZcqd dks ftlesa QkeqZys vkSj QkjesfVax rks gksrh gS] ysfdu MkVk
ugh gksrk mls ^VsEiyisV* dgrs gSA
 uacj ds lsV esa lcls cMs oSY;w dh x.kuk eSFl QaD’ku djrk gSA

¼3½ MS Power Point
 ;g ,d ,slk Program ftlds }kjk vki LykbMksa ij vk/kkfjr izLrqrhdj.k lkekxzh rS;kj dj
ldrs gSA
 ;g vkidks izksQs’kuy rjhds ls izl sa Vsa ’s ku dh lqfo/kk nsrk gSA
 M.S. Power Point esa vki vklkuh ls Mk;usfed ist z Vsa ’s ku dj ldrs gS] ftlesa eYVhfefM;k]
Qhpj tSls & lkmaM] ewoh vkSj fiDpj ‘kkfey jgrs gSA
 Ikkoj ikabV esa VSEiysV~l dk mi;ksx dj vki csgrj iztVsa ’s ku dh fMtkbfuax dj ldrs gSA
 ,fVªC;wV esa vkCtsDV dh [kkfl;rsa rFkk xq.k fMQkbu fd, tkrs gSA tSls vki LykbV ds VkbVy
dks vaMjykbu djsa rks VkbVy vCtsDV] vaMjykbu ,fVªC;wV gSA
 Iysl gksYMj os ckDl gS] tks rc fn[krs gS tc vki ubZ LykbM rS;kj djrs gSA CySaM LykbM
ysvkmV dks NksM+dj lHkh ysvkmVksa esa IyslgksYMj gksrs gSA
 Ikkoj IokabV esa cus LykbM dks oMZ] ,Dlsy vkfn izksxzke esa tksM+k tk ldrk gS] tcfd vU;
izksxzkeksa dh lwpuk Hkh ikoj IokabV LykbM es fn[kk;k tk ldrk gSA
Shortcut Key -
Run a Presentation – F5
Insert a Newslide – Ctrl+M
Slideshow End – Esc
To Run Slideshow From current Slide – +F5
To Duplicate Slide – Ctrl +D
egRoiw.kZ rF;
 LykbM ys vkmV pquus ds fy, ^ysvkmV xSyjh* dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
 izstsUVs’ku dks *LykbM ‘kks* Hkh dgrs gSA
 LykbM ‘kks O;w esa tc vki ,d LykbM dks jkbV&fDyd djrs gSa rc fn[kus okyk îkWi&vi*
esuq ,d ‘kkVZdV esuq gSA
 ,d izstVsa s’ku esa LykbM dks izLrqr adjus ds fy, iz;qDr fo’ks”k bQsDV dks Vªkfa t’ku dgrs gSA
 LykbM ls ysvkmV pquus ds fy, QkesVZ xSyjh dk mi;ksx djuk pkfg,A
¼4½ M.S. Access
 ;g M.S. Office dk MkVkcsl izksxzke gS ftlesa lkj.kh ¼Table½ ds :i esa MkVk laxzfgr o
O;ofLFkr fd;k tk ldrk gS] rFkk muesa ifjorZu fd;k tk ldrk gSA
 blesa fjiksVZ vkSj pkVZ rS;kj fd;s tk ldrs gSA
 ,Dlsl MkVkcsl esa dbZ lkjf.k;ksa esa rS;kj MkVk dks ,d LkkFk tksM+k Hkh tk ldrk gSA
‘kkVZdV cVu
‘kkVZdV cVu dk;Z

F1 & gsYi fo.Mks [kksyukA
F2 & Rename ds fy,A
F3 & Qkby ;k Folder [kksyukA
F4 & lfØ; fyLV dh lwph iznf’kZr djukA
F5 & lfØ; fo.Mks dks fjÝsl ¼Refresh½ djukA
F10 & lfØ; izksxzke esa Menubar iznf’kZr djukA
F7 & Spelling and Grammer dh tkap djukA
Shift+ F10 & p;fur oLrq dk ‘kkVZdV esU;w iznf’kZr
djukA
Shift+ F3 & Capital or Small Latters esa cnyukA
Shift+del & fjlkbfdu fcu esa Hksts fcuk Delete djukA
Ctrl+shift+Esc & Windows Taskbar Manager [kksyukA
Ctrl+ F4 & lfØ; izksxzke dks can djukA
Ctrl+Esc & LVkVZ esU;w [kksyukA
Ctrl+Home & MkD;weasV ds izkjaHk es tkukA
Ctrl+ F2 & Print Preview ns[kukA
Ctrl+End & MkD;weasV ds var esa tkukA
Ctrl+x & Cut djukA
Ctrl+C & Copy djukA
Ctrl+V & Cut vkSj Copy dh x;h oLrq dks Paste
djukA
Ctrl+Y & (Redo) lekIr fd, x, dk;Z dks fQj ls
djukA
Ctrl+Z & (Undo) fd, x, dk;Z dks igys tSlk djukA
Ctrl+B & p;fur ‘kCn dks Bold djukA
Ctrl+U & p;fur ‘kCn dks Under line djukA
Ctrl+I & Italic Format esa djukA
Ctrl+A & lcdks Select djukA
Ctrl+N & New Document [kksyukA
Ctrl+F12 ;k Ctrl+O & iwjkuk Document [kksyukA
Ctrl+W & MkD;weasV can djukA
Shift+F12 ;k Ctrl+S & MkD;wesVa Save djukA
Ctrl+F & VsDlV Find djukA
Ctrl+H & VsDLV dks Replace djukA
Ctrl+G & fo’ks”k ist uacj ij tkukA
Ctrl+shift+ F12 ;k Ctrl+P & Print Mk;ykx ckDl [kksyukA

Ctrl+L & iSjkxzkQ dks Left Align djukA
Ctrl+R & ijkSxzkQ dks Right Align djukA
Ctrl+J & iSjkxzkQ dks Justify djukA
Ctrl+E & iSjkxzkQ dks Enter Align djukA
Page Up & ,d ist vkxs tkukA
Page Down & ,d ist ihNs tkukA
Ctrl+D & Font Window [kksyukA
Ctrl+Return & Page csd z djukA
Alt+Underline & lacaf/kr esU;w iznf’kZr djukA
Alt+ F4 & lfØ; izksxzke dks can djukA
Esc & orZeku dk;Z dks lekIr djukA
Del & p;fur oLrq dks delete djukA
End & lfØ; Window ;k ykbu ds var esa
igqapkukA
Home & lfØ; Window ;k ykbu ds izkjaHk esa
igapq ukA
Enter & funsZ’k laikfnr djuk ;k oMZ esa iSjkxzkQ
Change djukA
Tab & fodYiksa esa vkxs c<+uk] Vscy ds vkxs [kkus esa
tkukA
F12 & Save as dailig box [kksyukA
Window Logo+L & Computer Lock djukA
Window logo+M & lHkh Window dks Minimise djukA
Window Logo & Start Menu iznf’kZr djukA
Alt+Tab & nwljs pkyw izksxzke esa tkukA
Alt+Enter & p;fur fo”k; dh izkiVhZ [kksyukA
vU; &
Ctrl+Enter & MS Word esau;k i`”B vkjaHk djus ds fy,A
Ctrl+shift+s & QkUV dk LVkby dks cnyus ds fy,
Ctrl+shift+f & QkUV dk vkdkj cnyus ds fy,
Ctrl+Shift+P & QkUV lkbt dks cnyus ds fy,
egRoiw.kZ rF;
 ‘kkVZdV~l vkSj vU; fo’ks”k dk;ksaZ ds fy, daVªksy&dh vkSj vkYV&dh vU; dht~ ds lkFk
dkafcus’ku esa iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
 Ctrl, Shift vkSj Alt dks *eksfMQk;j* dqaft;ka dgrs gSA
List of Abbreviations
A
ABC - Atanasoff Berry Computer
ADSL - Asymetric Digital Subscriber line
ALGOL - Algorithmic language
ALU - Arithmatic Logic Unit
AMD - Advanced Micro Devices
ANSI - American National Standards Institute
ARPANET - Advanced Reasearch Project Agency Network
ATM - Asynchronous Transfer Mode/Automatic Teller Machine
B
BARC - Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
Basic - Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction code
BCC - Blind Carbon Copy
BCD - Binary Coded decimal
BCR - Bar Code Reader
BMP - Bit map
BPL - Bytes per Inch
BPS - Bits per Second
C
CAD - Computer aided Design
CD - Compact Disk
C-DAC - Centre for development of Advanced Computing
CDMA - Code divison Multiple Access
CD-R - Compact disk Recordable

CD-R/W - Compact disk –Re-Writable
Class - Computer Literacy And studies in school
COBOL - Comman Bussiness Oriented language
CPI - Character Per Inch
CPS - Character Per Second
CRT - Cathode Ray tube
D
DDS - Digital data Storage
DHTML - Dynamic Hyper text markup Language
DNS - Domain Name System
DPI - Dots Per Inch

D RAM - Dynamic RAM
DRDO - Defence Research and Development Organisation
DSDD - Double Sided Double Density
DSHD - Double Sided High Density
DTP - Desk Top Publishing
DVD - Digital Video/Versatile Disk
E
Email - Electronic Mail
EEPROM - Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory
ERNET - Education and Research Network
EXE - Execution
F
FAT - File Allocation Table
FIFO - First in first out
FILO - First in last out
FLOP - Floating point Operation
Fm - Frequency Modulation
FORTRAN - Formula Translation
FTP - File Transfer Protocol
G
GB - Giga bytes
GIF - Graphical Interchange Format
GPRS - General Pocket Radio Service
GPS - Global Positioning System
GSM - Global System For Mobile
GUI - Graphical User Interface
H
HDTV - High Defination Television
HP - Hewlett Packard
HTML - Hyper Text Markup Language
HTTP - Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
I
IBM - International Business machines
IAB - Internet Architecture Board
IC - Integrated Circuit
IETF - Internet Engineering Task Force
IM - Instant Messaging
IP - Integrated Protocol
ISDN - Integrated Services Digital Network
ISO - International Standards Organisation
ISOC - Internet Society
ISP - Internet Service Provider
IT - Imformation Technology
IPv4 - Internet Protocol Version 4
IPv6 - Internet Protocol Version 6
J
JPEG - Joint Photographic Expert group
K
KIPS - Knowledge Imformation processing system
KB - Kilo Bytes
kb - Kilo bits
L
LAN - Local Area Network
LCD - Liquid crystal Display
LED - Light Emitting Diode
LISP - List Processing
LASER - Light Amplification For Stimulated Emission of Radiation
LLL - Low Level Language
LSD - Least Significant Digit
LSI - Large Scale Integration
M
MB - Mega Bytes
MAN - Metropolitan Area Network
MBPS - Mega bits Per Second
MHz - Mega Hertz

MICR - Magnetic Ink Character Recognition
MIDI - Musical Instrument Digital Interface
MODEM - Modulator Demodulator
MOPS - Million Operation per Second
MPEG - Moving pictures expert group
MP-3 - MPEG-1 Audio Layer-3
MSI - Medium Scale Integration
MTNL - Mahanagar telephone Nigam Limited

N
NICNET - National Informatics Centre Network
NIC - Network Interface Card
NIXT - National Internet Exchange of Indian
OCR - Optical Character Recognition

OMR - Optical Mark Reader
OOP - Object Oriented Programming
OS - Operating System
OSS - Open Source Software
P
PAN - Private/personal Area Network
PCB - Printed Circuit Board
PCI - Peripheral Component Interconnect
PDA - Personal Digital Assistant
PDF - Portable Document Format
PM - Phase Modulation
POST - Power on self test
PPM - Pages Per Minute
PPP - Point to Point Protocol
PROLOG - Programming In Logic
PROM - Programmable Read only Memory
PSTN - Public Switched Telephone Network
R
RAM - Random Access Memory
RGB - Red Green Blue
ROM - Read only Memory
RS-232 - Recommended Standard 2-3-2
S
SCSI - Small Computer System Interface
SEO - Search Engine Optimization
SEQUEL - Structured English Query Language
SIMM - Single In Line memory module
SMS - Short Message Service
SMTP - Simple mail transfer Protocol
SNOBOL - String Oriented Symbolic Language
SQL - Structured Query Language
SRAM - Static RAM
SSI - Small Scale Integration
SVGA - Super Vedio graphics Arry
T
TB - Tera Byte
TCP - Transmission Control Protocol
TDM - Time Division Multiplexing
TLD - Top Level Domain
U
UPS - Uninterrupted Power Supply
ULSI - Ultra large Scale Integration
UNIVAC - Universal Automatic Computer
UPC - Universal Product Code
URL - Uniform Resource Locater
USB - Universal Serial Bus
UVEPROM - Ultra Voilet Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory
V
VDU - Video Display Unit
VGA - Video Graphics Array
VAN - Value Aided Network
VDI - Visual Display Terminal
VIRUS - Vital Resources Under seize
VLSI - Very large scale Integration
VOIP - Voice over Internet protocol
VSAT - Very Small Aperture Terminal
VSNL - Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited
W
WAN - Wide Area Network
WAP - Wireless Application protocol
W3C - World Wide Web Consortium
Wimax - World Wide Interoperability For microwave Access
WLL - Wireless Local Loop
WWW - World Wide Web
WORM - Write once Read many
X
XHTML - Extensible Hypertext Markup language
2G - Second Generation Wireless Network
3G - Third Generation Wireless Networking Technology
4GL - 4th Generation Language
4G LTE - 4th Generation Long-Term Evolution (LTE)

egRoiw.kZ rF;
 oMZ MkD;weasV ds lHkh rRoksa dks jax esa fn[kk;k tk ldrk gSA
 oMZ esa fdlh ‘kCn dks lysDV djus ds fy, nks ckj fDyd fd;k tkrk gSA
 ,fIyds’ku izksxzkeks dh Qkbyks esa iz;qDr gksus okyk lcls dkWeu ,DlVsa’ku ^TXT* gSA
 fdlh MkD;weasV dks ^,fMV* djus dk vFkZ blds ekStwnk daVsV es ifjorZu djuk gSA
 ^,DthD;wfVax* dekaM dks dSjh vkmV djus dk izkslsl gSA
 fdlh MkD;weasV dks Edit djuk vFkkZr~ mlds ,ih;jsla dks cnyrk gSA
 Qkbyks dks ^QksYMj* esa j[kdj vkxsuZ kbt fd;k tkrk gSA
 Font ,oa Style Change djus ds fy, ^QkesV Z esuq* dk p;u fd;k tkrk gSA
 MkD;weasV ds ckWDl es tkus ds fy, dUVªky s dqath$,aM dqath dks izsl djuk pkfg,A
 ,d dEI;wVj izksxzke] tks lHkh ,ao de ls de ,d ‘kCn dks j[kus okys MkVkcsl dks [kkstrk
gSA & lpZ batu
 fdlh MkD;weasV esa ls ,d xyr dSjsDVj fMyhV djrs gq, bul’kZu ikabV ls nk,a bjst djus ds
fy, djuk iM+rk gS & fMyhV ij izsl djsa
 tSls gh ge dksbZ MkD;weasV] xzkQ vkSj fiDpj cukrs gS] vkidk dEI;wVj MkVk dks fdl esa gksYM
djrk gS & eseksjh esa
 fofHkUUk pkSMkb;ksa vkSj yackb;ks okys Bars ;k ykbuksa okys dEI;wVj jhMscy dksM D;k dgykrk
gS \ & ckj dksM
 fdlh Qkby esa fdlh in dk irk yxkus dh {kerk fdlesa gksrh gSA & MkjsDV ,Llsl esa
 uacjks ds lsV esa lcls cM+s oSY;w dh x.kuk dkSu lk QaD’ku djrk gSA & eSDl

Current in Computer
 xqxy dk u;k ukjk *ets mM+kvks* gSA

 *;w&V~;wc xks* xqxy dk u;k ,si gS] tks de LihM baVjusV ij ;w&V~;wc ohfM;ks MkmuyksM rFkk
vkWQykbu fofM;ks ns[kus dh lqfo/kk nsxkA
 Apple ds CEO fVe dwd gSA
 Hkkjr esa dsoy 19 izfr’kr yksxks ds ikl Internet gS] rFkk LekVZQksu 10 izfr’kr yksxks ds ikl
gSA
 DykbM dEI;wfVax ds ek/;e ls ns’k Hkj dh lsV a ªy ;wfuoflZVh dk MsVk ,d gh loZj esa miyC/k
gksxkA
 PARAM ISHAN Lkqij dEI;wVj dk fodkl IIT xqokgkVh] vle }kjk fd;k x;kA ftls 19
flrEcj 2016 dks HRD Minister Prakash Javadekar }kjk ‘kq:okr fd;k x;kA
 oSKkfud us fo’o dh igyh 1000 izkslslj dEI;qVj fpi **fdyksdksj** fodflr fd;k] ftls
gksuksyqyq ¼vesfjdk½ esa 16 tqu 2016 dks iznf’kZr fd;k x;kA
fodkl & IBM Company }kjkA
 IIT dkuiqj ds izksQslj lat; feÙky dks **mPp {kerk dEI;wfVax lqfo/kk ds fy, th-Mh fcjyk
vokMZ 2016 fn;k x;kA
 Pkhu }kjk u;k lqij dEI;wVj ‘Tianhe-3’ 2020 esa fodflr djus dk y{; j[kk x;k gSA
 fMftVy bafM;k izksxzke ds czkaM+ vEcslMj &
1- lror txokuh 2- Øfr frokjh
3- vafdr feL=h 4- iz.ko feL=hA
 vesfjdk ds oSKkfud us ekuo efLr”d dh rjg dke djus okyh dEI;wVj fpi *VqukFkZ* fodflr
djus dh ?kks”k.kk fd;kA
 CERT-In us LekVZQksu ok;jl “Dendroid” dk [kkst fd;kA
 Mh vkj Mh vks }kjk mPp dEI;wfVax izn’kZu Lons’kh iz.kkyh */kzqo&3* ykap fd;kA
 dEI;wVj ekml ds tud *Mxyl ,UtsyckVZ* dk 88 o”kZ ds mez esa dSfyQksfuZ;k fLFkr vkFkVZu
esa 2 tqykbZ 2013 dks fu/ku gks x;kA

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www.techelite.

buiqV izkls sl vkmViqV

dEI;wVj dh dk;Z iz.kkyh

dEI;wVj dh fo’ks”krk,a ¼Charcteristics of Computer½

dEI;wVj dh lhek,a ¼Limitations of Computer½

dEI;wVj v/;;u TechElite Institute

¼i½ MkVk izkslsflax esa ¼ii½ lwpukvksa ds vknku&iznku esa

dEI;wVj vuqiz;ksx ds izHkko ¼Impact of Computer Application½

dEI;wVj v/;;u TechElite Institute

vcsdl pkYlZ cScst

dEI;wVj v/;;u TechElite Institute

¼xii½ Apple-II (1977) & izFke O;olkf;d ekbØks dEI;wVjA

¼i½ izFke ih<+h

dEI;wVj v/;;u TechElite Institute

ih<+h gkMZos;j Lkk¶Vos;j Eseksjh xfr mnkgj.k fo’ks”krk,a

vxyh ih<+h ds dEI;wVj ¼Next Generation Computer½

dEI;wVj v/;;u TechElite Institute

dk;Z i)fr ds vk/kkj ij oxhZdj.k

vkdkj vkSj dk;Z ds vk/kkj ij oxhZdj.k

¼1½ esu Ýse dEI;wVj ¼Main Frame Computer½ %&

dEI;wVj v/;;u TechElite Institute

¼2½ feuh dEI;wVj ¼Mini Computer½ %&

¼4½ ekbØks dEI;wVj ¼Micro Computer½ %&

¼5½ lqij dEI;wVj ¼Super Computer½ %&

Hkkjr esa lqij dEI;wVj (Super Computer In India)

Hkkjr esa July 2016 rd lqij dEI;wVj

izeq[k& ¼1½ Sahasra T – Indian Institute of Science

dEI;wVj v/;;u TechElite Institute

Sunway Taihulight - China

vU; dqN izeq[k dEI;wVj &

¼1½ PC (Personal Computer)

¼3½ uksVcqd dEI;wVj ;k ySiVkWi (Notebook Computer or Laptop) &

¼5½ VScysV dEI;wVj (Tablet Computer) &

¼7½ LekVZQksu (Smartphone) & orZeku esa izpfyr eksckbZy QksuA

eq[; rFkk jkspd rF;

dEI;wVj v/;;u TechElite Institute

dEI;wVj dh vk/kkjHkwr lajpuk

dEI;wVw j ds eq[; 3 Hkkx gksrs gS &

¼1½ buiqV ;qfuV

¼2½ vkmViqV ;wfuV

dEI;wVj v/;;u TechElite Institute

¼3½ lsVa ªy izkslsflax ;wfuV ¼CPU½

¼ii½ vfjFkeSfVd ykWftd ;wfuV ¼ALU½ &

dh&cksMZ ¼Key Board½

dh cksMZ ds Hkkx ,ao izeq[k cVu

¼ii½ QaD’ku cVu ¼Fuction Keys½

¼iii½ la[;kRed dh iSM ¼Numeric Key-pad½

dEI;wVj v/;;u TechElite Institute

¼iv½ dlZj eqoesVa cVu ¼Cursor Movement Keys½

¼v½ eksfMQk;j cVu ¼Modifier Keys½

¼vi½ Lis’ky ijil cVu ¼Special Purpose Key½

¼2½ dSIl ykWd cVu ¼Caps Lock Key½

¼3½ f’k¶V cVu (Shift key)

¼4½ VSc cVu (Tab key)

¼5½ bUVj cVu ;k fjVuZ cVu (Enter key Or Return key)

¼6½ ,Ldsi CkVu ¼ESC-Escape key½

dEI;wVj v/;;u TechElite Institute

¼7½ Back Space key

¼8½ Del-Delete Key

¼9½ Print Screen Key

¼10½ Pause Key

¼11½ Scroll Lock Key

¼12½ Insert Key