Mathematics Grade 10 Unit 7 Lesson 2

7.3 FRUSTUMS OF PYRAMIDS AND CONES

Definition 7.5

If a pyramid or a cone is cut by a plane parallel to the base, the intersection of the

Plane and the pyramid (or the Cone) is called a horizontal cross-section of the

Pyramid (or the Cone)

Cross Sections

Parallel Planes

Theorem 7.1

In any Pyramid (Cone), the ratio of the area of a cross –section to the area of the
k2
2
base is h , where h is the altitude of the Pyramid and k is the distance from

the vertex to the plane of the cross – section.

Example

The area of the base of a pyramid is 90cm2. The altitude of the pyramid is 12cm.

What is the area of a horizontal cross-section 4cm from the vertex ?

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 Solution

AC k2 A C 42 90 x 16
A b = h  90 =12  A = 144
2 2
cm2 = 10cm2
C

Definition 7.6

A frustum of a pyramid (Cone) is a part of the pyramid (Cone) included

between the base and a plane parallel to the base.

Upper base

Lateral face

Altitude

Lower base

Note

i) The lateral faces of a frustum of a pyramid are trapeziums.

ii) The lateral faces of a frustum of a regular pyramid are congruent
isosceles trapeziums.
iii) The slant height of a frustum of a regular pyramid is the altitude
of any one of the lateral faces .
iv) The lateral surface area of a pyramid is the sum of the areas of
the lateral faces.

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 Example
The lower base of the frustum of a regular pyramid is a square of
Side S units long .The upper base is S| units long .If the Slant height
Of the frustum is l, then find the lateral Surface area.

l |
A B
|
S
Dl C
|

l
A
B
S

D C

Solution

AL = 4 x area of(D|C|CD)

1
= 4 [ 2 l (S + S|) ]

1
= 2 l (4S + 4S|)

1
= 2 l (P + P|)

Theorem 7.2

The lateral surface area (AL) for a frustum of a regular pyramid is

1
A L = 2 l ( P + P |) where l – Slant height

P – perimeter of lower base

P| - perimeter of upper base

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 Theorem 7.3

For a frustum of a right Circular Cone

1 1
AL = 2 l (C + C ) = 2 l (2πr + 2πr ) = l π (r + r )
| | |

C and C| are Circumferences of the bases

Example

A frustum formed from a right Circular Cone has base radii of 8cm and 12cm

and Slant height of 10cm. Find

a) The area of the Curved Surface (AL )

b) The area of the total Surface ( AT ) ( use π ¿ 3.14 )
Solution
a) AL = π l (r + r| ) = π x 10cm (8cm +12cm ) = 10πcm x 20cm =200π cm2
= 200 x 3.14 cm2 = 628 cm2
b) AB = A Cross-section + A base = π (r|)2 + π r2
= π (8cm)2 + π (12cm)2 = 64π cm2 + 144π cm2 = 208π cm2
= 208 x 3.14 cm2 = 653.12cm2 ¿ 653 cm2
AT = AL + AB = 628 cm2 + 653 cm2 = 1281 cm2

Volume of Frustum

h
V f = 3 (A + A| +√ AA )
|

Where A is the lower base area, A| the upper base area and

h the height of a frustum of Cone or Pyramid.

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 ∏ h|
Vf= 3 (r2 + (r|)2 + r r|) for Cone

Where r is the radius of the lower base of the frustum and

r| is the radius of upper base of the frustum

Example

A frustum of a regular Square pyramid has height 5cm.The upper base is of side 2cm

and the lower base is of side 6cm .Find the volume of the frustum.

Solution

A = (6cm)2 = 36 cm2

A| = (2cm)2 = 4 cm2
|
h 5 5 5
V f = 3 (A+A|+√ AA ) = 3 (36+4+√ 36 x 4 ) cm3 = 3 (40+12) cm3 = 3 x52 cm3
|

260
= 3 cm3

Exercise – Do Exercise 7.3 # 1, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12 page 292 – 294

Answer to Exercise 7.3

1 8
1a) AL = 2 l (p + p|) = 2 [4(6+3)] = 144 cm2

1b) AT = AL + A bases = 144 cm2 + 36 cm2 + 9 cm2 = 189 cm2

l 10
4a) AL = 2 (C+C|) = 2 [ 2π(6)+ 2π(3) ] = 5 (12π + 6π ) = 90π cm2

4b) AT = AL + π r2 + π R2 = 90π cm2+ π(36) cm2 + π (9) cm2 = 135π cm2

∏ h| ∏ ¿ √ 91 ¿
4c) V f = 3 (r + (r ) + r r ) = 3
2 | 2 |
(36 + 9 + 18 ) = 21√ 91 ∏ ¿¿cm 3

5
 | 10 h|= √ 100−9 = √ 91
h

|
3 = (r –r )

| |
A k2 A 25
2
6) A = h  36 = 100  A| =9 cm2

h 5
V f = 3 (A + A +√ AA ) = 3 (9 + 36 + 18) =105 cm3
| |

∏ h|
7a) V f = 3 (r2 + (r|)2 + r r|)

∏ h|
6000 cm3 = 3 ( 144 +400 + 240 )  18000 = h|∏ ¿¿(784)

22 18000
¿ ≈¿ ¿
18000 7 (784) h| = 2464 h|  h| =2464 7.3 cm

7b) l2 = 82 + (7.3)2 = 64 + 53.29 = 117.29  l =√ 117.29≈¿ ¿ 10.8 cm

8) ( l1) 2 =162 + 82  l 1 = √ 320=8 √ 5 Slant height of the Cone

16 8 √5 96 √ 5
=
Then 12 l 2  l = 16 =6 √5 Slant height of the frustum
2

Height of Smaller Cone = 4 cm

16 8
=
4 r|  r| = 2

1
l2
a) AL = 2 ( C + C| ) = l2 π ( r + r|) = 6√ 5 π (2 + 8) = 60√ 5 π cm2

b) AT = 60√ 5 π cm2 + 64π cm2 + 4π cm2 ( 60 √ 5 +68 ) π cm2

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 ∏ h| 12
∏¿ ¿
c) V f = 3 (r + (r ) + r r ) =
2 | 2 | 3 ( 64 + 4 + 16 ) = 336 ∏ ¿¿cm3

|
A| k 2 A 52 25
A
= 2
h  ∏
16 ¿
= 2¿
10 | ∏ x
100 = 4∏ ¿¿
10)  A = 16

 4∏ ¿¿=∏ ¿¿r2  r = 2 cm

l2 = R2 + h2  l2 = 102 + 42 = 116  l = √ 116 = 2√ 29 cm

( l|)2 = r2 + k2 = 4 + 25 = 29  l| = √ 29

Slant height l1 of the frustum is l1 = l – l| = 2 √ 29−√ 29= √ 29

l1 √29 √29
a) AL = 2 ( 2πR + 2πr ) = 2 ( 2πx4 + 2πx2 ) = 2 (12π ) = 6π√ 29 cm2
|∏ ¿
|
h
( A+ A + √ AA )
| | 2 2
h ( R +r +Rr ) ¿
b) V f = 3 or V f = 3
5 5 140
(28 ∏ )= ∏ ¿ ¿ 3
= 3 (16 ∏ +4 ∏ + 8 ∏ ¿ ¿) = 3 3 cm

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11)
V

k
√2
3
h
h
2 D C

O
A B
3 √2
AC2 = AB2 + BC2 = (3√ 2 )2 + (3√ 2 )2 = 18 + 18 = 36

AC = √ 36 = 6

AV2 = VO2 + AO2  (3√ 2 )2 = VO2 + (3)2  VO2 = 18 – 9 =9

VO = h =√ 9 = 3 cm

h = k + 2  k = 3 – 2 = 1 cm
| |
A k A 1 |
=( )2 ⇒ =( )2 ⇒ A =2 cm2
A h 18 3
h 2 52
( A + A|+ √ AA| )
V= 3 = 3 (18 + 2 + 6) = 3 cm3

12) Area A| of the lower base = πr2 = π(20cm)2 = 400π cm2

Area A of the upper base = πR2 = π(60)2 = 3600π cm2

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 h
( A + A|+ √ AA| )
Vf = 3

40 40 208000
= 3 (3600π + 400π +1200π ) = 3 (5200π ) = 3 π cm3

¿ 69333.33π cm3 ¿ 217817.09 cm3 ¿ 217.8 liters

7.4 SURFACE AREAS AND VOLUMS OF COMPOSED SOLIDS

Examples

1) A candle is made in the form of a Circular Cylinder of radius 4cm

at the bottom and a right Circular Cone of altitude 3cm, as shown
in the figure below. If the overall height is 12 cm, find the total
surface area and the volume of the candle.
Solution

3 cm

4 cm

12 cm

AT = π r l + 2πrh + πr2

=π(4)5 + 2π(4)9 + π(4)2 = 20π + 72π + 16π = 108π cm2

1
VT = V Cone + V Cylinder = 3 π r2 h Co + π r2 h Cy

9
 1
= 3 π (4)2 x 3 + π (4)2 x 9 =16 π + 144 π

= 160 π cm3

2) A cone is contained in a Cylinder so that their base radius and height

are the same, as shown in the figure below. Calculate the volume of
the space inside the Cylinder but outside the Cone.

Solution

1 2
V = VCY – VCO = π r h - 3 π r h = 3 π r2 h
2 2

2
AS r = h, then V = 3 π r3

Exercise – Do Exercises 7.4 # 1 – 6 Page – 297

Answer to Exercises 7.4

∏ h ( R2 +r 2 + Rr )+∏ R2 h
1a) VT = V frustum + V Cylinder = 3

5
∏ ¿ (9+4+)+
^
∏ (9 )(8) ¿
95 311
∏ cm3
= 3 = (72 + 3 )∏ ¿¿cm = 3
3

1
1b) V = (4x4x10) + 2 x4x2x10 = (160 +40) cm3 = 200 cm3

2)

10
 VT =V Cylinder + V hemisphere

1 4
(
= π r h + 2 3 π r3 ) Since h = 9-2 =7 cm , r = 2cm
2

1 4 16 100
(
= π(2)2 x 7 + 2 3 π (2)2) = 28π + 3 π = 3 π cm3

4 5 125
∏ ( )3= ∏ cm 3
3 ) V ball = 3 2 6

125 125 1 5
∏ cm3 x
=∏
2
 6 (5) h  h = 6 25 = 6 cm

5
Therefore the level of the water after the ball removed drops 6 cm

2 1
∏ r3− ∏ r 2 h
4 ) V = V hem - V Cone = 3 3

1
3
∏ (2 r 3−r3 )
= because r = h for Cone

1 1 512
∏ r 3 = ∏ (83 )= ∏ cm3
=3 3 3

512
3
∏ cm3
Therefore the volume of the resulting Solid is

A T = 2 π r2 + π r l l = 8√ 2

= 2π(8cm)2 + π (8cm)(8 √ 2 cm) = 128 π cm2 + 64√ 2 π cm2 = 64(2 + √ 2 ) π cm2

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 | |
h h
( A+ A + √ AA ) ( ∏ ( 4 )+ ∏ (36 )+ √ 4 ∏ x 36 ∏ ¿) ¿
| |

5 ) Vf = 3 =3

20 1040
∏¿¿ 3
= 3 (4∏ +36 ∏ +12 ∏ ) = 3 cm

V Cylinder = ∏ r h =∏ ( 4 )(20)=80 ∏ cm
2 | 3

1040 800
∏ −80 ∏ )cm3 = ∏ cm 3
Therefore Volume of the resulting Solid = ( 3 3

l= √ 202+4 2=4 √ 26
AL(frustum) = ∏ l(r+r|)=32 √ 26 ∏ cm2
AL(Cylinder) = 2∏ r h=80 ∏ cm
| 2

Abase = ∏ r −∏ (r ) =32 ∏ cm
2 2 |2

Therefore AT = AL(frustum) + AL(Cylinder) + Abase =(112 +32√ 26) ∏ ¿ ¿ cm2

1 4 4
[ ∏ (6)3 − ∏ ( 4)3 ]
6) Volume of the resulting Solid = V6 – V4 = 2 3 3

1 256 1 608 304

(288 ∏ − ∏ ) ( ∏ )= ∏ ¿ ¿
=2 3 =2 3 3 unit3

1
( 4 ∏ 62 )=72 ∏ ¿ ¿
Abase =∏ (6 )−∏ (4 )=20 ∏ ¿ ¿
2 2
A6 = 2

1
( 4 ∏ 4 2 )=32 ∏ ¿ ¿
A4 = 2

Therefore AT = 72 ∏ +32 ∏ +20 ∏ ¿ 124 ∏ unit

2

Exercise –Do Review Exercises on unit 7 # 5, 10, 11, 13, 14 page -300

Answer to Review Exercise on unit 7

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 1 1 √3
5) AB = 2 n r2 Sin (3600/n) = 2 x6x82x Sin(3600/6) =3x64x 2 = 96√ 3 cm2

In a regular hexagon S = r =8cm

√3
a = r Cos(1800/n) = 8 x Cos300 = 8 x 2 = 4√ 3 cm

l= √ h2+a2=√ 122+( 4 √ 3)2=√ 144+48= √192=8 √3

l
h

S
a

1 1
pl= (6 x 8) x 8 √ 3=192 √ 3 cm2
AL = 2 2

AT = AL + AB = 192 √ 3 cm +96 √ 3 cm =288 √ 3 cm

2 2 2

10)

Diameter of the hole is 10 – 4 =6 cm

V Metal = V Outer – V hole =π R2 h –π r2 h = π x 30 (52 – 32) = 30 π x 16 =480π cm3

1
∏ h(r 2 +(r|)2 + rr|)
11) V = 3

1 240
∏ h(9+4+6 )⇒h= cm≈4 .02 cm ¿
 80 =
3 19 ∏ ¿

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 1
∏ r2 h
13) V = 3 l2 = r2 +h2 =122 + 152

1
720 ∏ ¿ ∏ x 122 xh
 3 l = √ 369=3 √ 41

h=720
∏ ¿ =15cm ¿¿
48 ∏ ¿

AL = ∏ rl=∏ x 12 x3 √ 41=36 √ 41 ∏ cm
2

14) The new volume is 8 times the original Volume as

4 4
∏ (2 r)3 8( ∏ r 3 )
V New = 3 = 3 = 8 V Original

The new Surface area is 4 times the Original Surface area as

S New = 4 ∏ (2r ) =4 (4 ∏ r ) = 4 S Original

2 2

THE END
CONGRATULATIONS!!
Dear Students, we have finished all contents of grade 10 mathematics.

Please go through again on the whole part of unit 6 and unit 7.In the

Coming weeks you will have an exam based on the topics of unit 6 and

Unit 7 online using the application Classera learning system. Until then

make yourself ready and keep safe.

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