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Full Download Aplikasi Komputer Dalam Bisnis Microsoft Excel Dan Microsoft Power Point Gumulya Sonny Marcel Kusuma Online Full Chapter PDF
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The young child’s blood circulates freely, his breathing is
unrestricted, the waste of the system is fully burned up, potential
energy is released, and the result is, he must be active. The effort of
the teacher, or of those having the care of children should be, not to
restrain the child, but rather to direct his activity in advantageous and
effective use of his energy.
Scientists have a means of measuring the energy latent in food
material, also the amount of heat given off in the oxidation of a given
quantity of waste. The unit of measurement is the calorie,—the
amount of heat which will raise one pound of water to four degrees
Fahrenheit, or will lift one ton one and fifty-four hundredths.
Truly the body is a busy work-shop. Think of the billions upon
billions of cells being formed and destroyed every instant in the
liberation of heat and force! Think, also, of the necessity of perfect
circulation to bring sufficient blood to the lungs, that it may gather the
oxygen and carry it, without pausing for rest, to every tissue of the
body! Even in sleep this stream continues incessantly.
There is also a great lesson here in the law of supply and demand;
—when the body is at mental or muscular work, the potential energy
liberated leaves through muscle or brain, as energy, and is
expressed in the result of the work; when the body is at rest, it
leaves it as heat (excepting such part as is necessary to carry on
metabolism, circulation, etc.) If much muscular energy is called for, a
deep, full breath is instinctively drawn to supply the oxygen
necessary for the added force required.
If strong mental work is required, attention should be given to
exercise and deep breathing the while, that the blood may carry off
the waste liberated by brain activity. The difficulty is that in doing
close mental work, the body is too frequently bent over a desk in
such a manner as to restrict the action of the lungs; thus, the brain
worker, in order to continue strong, mental work, must often go into
the open air,—as he says, “to rest his brain”, but in reality to re-
supply the oxygen required to carry on his work and to carry away
the waste liberated by brain energy. The supply for the body work
has been called upon for the undue brain work, and this lack of
oxygen has produced a state of body designated as “tired.” Until the
necessary oxygen has been supplied, the brain and body are not
balanced, not “rested.”
Nothing is lost in Nature’s distribution of force and energy.
Everything accomplished in life, either in the physical handling of
material, the brain work in planning the constructions, the mental
movements of thought in art, literature, or science, are all
representatives of the heat and energy released from the body, and
it is the effort of every man and woman to make the body yield as
large an income as possible in the expression of this energy. In order
that it may do so, it must be used with intelligence, just as any other
great machine must be used intelligently; it must be fed, exercised,
and rested judiciously.
Every part of the body is constantly changing. Its
Repair and work never stops. If kept in thorough repair it must
Elimination of be torn down and rebuilt incessantly. These
Waste chemical changes are called collectively
(Metabolism)
metabolism. They are divided into two groups: the
chemical process of building up complex
substances from simple ones is known as anabolism; the chemical
process of oxidizing and breaking down the complex substances into
simple ones, so that they are in a state to be excreted, is catabolism.
While the process of oxidation in catabolism is going on, heat and
energy are set free. Most of the chemical changes in the body are
catabolic in character. This work of tearing down and rebuilding body
tissues never ceases—even in sleep.
It is not enough that the proper foods be furnished the body in kind
and quantity. The essential thing is that the system be kept in
condition to assimilate the foods to its needs and to promptly
eliminate the waste. Few people assimilate all of the foods eaten;
nearly every one eats more than necessary for the body needs.
By assimilation is meant the digestive process by which foodstuffs
are made soluble and diffusible, so that they can pass into the blood;
also, the metabolic activity by which the food is converted into cells
and tissues.
Nature provides for an incomplete knowledge of the amount of re-
supply necessary, by enabling the system to carry off a limited
amount of surplus food above the bodily requirements.
The distinct steps in anabolism are discussed in the following
chapter describing the work of different organs and the chemical
changes of foods as they come in contact with the elements in the
digestive juices.
CLASSIFICATION
OF FOOD ELEMENTS
By foodstuff is meant the chemical elements, appropriated by the
animal for the use of the body, as described above. By foods is
meant those articles of diet found in the market which contain the
chemical elements used by the body in various combinations. Bread,
for example, contains all of the foodstuffs and has been called the
staff of life, because it sustains life. Foods may contain elements, not
foodstuffs, and not used by the body, but cast out as waste, while
certain foods, such as sugar, cornstarch, olive oil, and egg albumen,
contain only one foodstuff, as will be noted in the following
classification of foods and foodstuffs—grouped according to the
body uses.
There are many classifications but the following tables, as
compiled by a leading dietitian[2] for his practical work in classes, are
clear and concise.
Carbonaceous foods:
Sugars
Starches
Root and tuberous vegetables
Green vegetables
Fruits
Fats
Nitrogenous foods:
Lean meat
Eggs
Gluten
Carbo-nitrogenous foods:
Cereals
Legumes
Nuts
Milk
FOOTNOTES:
[2] Winfield S. Hall, Ph. D., M. D., Prof. of Physiology,
Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago.
Carbonaceous Foodstuffs
The carbonaceous foods are those used by the body for heat and
energy and are so named because they contain a large proportion of
carbon,—heat producing element. It is the carbon in wood, which,
uniting with oxygen, produces heat and light.
The carbonaceous foods are all composed of carbon, hydrogen,
and oxygen, the difference being in the different proportions in which
these elements are combined.
They are divided into two classes, Fats and Carbohydrates. The
carbohydrates embrace the sugars and starches and include such
substances as the starches of vegetables and grains (notably corn,
rice, wheat, and the root vegetables), and the sugar of milk, of fruits,
vegetables, and the sap of trees. Their chief office is to create
energy. They are almost entirely absent from meat and eggs, the
animal having converted them into fats.
Carbohydrates are easily digested.