Grade 8

Subject incharge: Mariam Sameen

Chapter # 2: Human Nervous System

Student’s learning outcome:

 Students will be able to know about organs and their functions

of nervous system.
 Will know about Brain and different parts of brain ;and their
functions.
 Could elaborate Peripheral nervous system and its parts
 Will understand the Collaboration of whole nervous system for
transmission of messages.

Topic #1
 Terms to know:
 Nervous system: the network of nerve cells and fibers which
transmits nerve impulses between parts of the body.
 Nerve cell/ neuron: A type of cell that receives and sends
messages from the body to the brain and back to the body.
 Central nervous system: The central nervous system is the
body's processing centre.it is made up of the brain and spinal
cord and one of the two parts of nervous system.
 Peripheral nervous system: The peripheral nervous system is a
network of nerves that runs throughout the head, neck, and
body. It carries messages to and from the central nervous
system.

Topic#2

Structure of Neuron /nerve cells

. All neurons have three different parts – dendrites, cell body and
axon. The neuron structure is specially adapted to carry messages
over large distances in the body quickly in the form of electrical
signals.

Define different parts of neuron:

Dendrites
 These are branch-like structures that receive messages from other
neurons and allow the transmission of messages to the cell body.

Cell Body
Each neuron has a cell body with a nucleus and cytoplasm contains
all essential orgenelles.

Axon
Axon is a tube-like structure that carries electrical impulse and
pass the impulse to another neuron.
How many types of neuron?
There are three different types of neurons:

1. Sensory Neurons
The sensory inputs activate the sensory neurons and carry sensory
information to the brain and spinal cord and known as receptors.
2. Motor Neurons
This is the most common type of neuron and transmits
information from the brain to the muscles of the body( known as
effectors).

3. Interneurons
Their axons connect only to the nearby sensory and motor
neurons. They help in passing signals between two neurons.

How different types of neuron work together show

diagrammatically.
 Topic#3

What are the main parts of Central nervous system and its
function?
Brain and spinal cords make central nervous system.The main
functions of CNS are to take in sensory information, process
information, and send out motor signals.

Draw a diagram for central nervous system.

 What is brain and what is its role in human body?
Brain is the most complex part of human body.It controls our
thoughts, memory ,speech and movement of the arms and legs,etc.
What are the main parts of brain?
The brain can be divided into three basic units: the forebrain, the
midbrain, and the hindbrain.
How brain region divided among different units show in a diagram?
 What do you know about brain parts and their functions?
Following are the major parts of the human brain:

 Forebrain – Largest part of the brain

It is the anterior part of the brain. The forebrain parts include:

 Cerebrum
 Hypothalamus
 Thalamus
Forebrain Function:
Cerebrum divided into two hemisphere;right and left.
Right hemisphere Controls creativity and skills
Left hemisphere controls speech, comprehension, arithmetic and
writing.
Hypothalamus controls body temperature, hunger and thirst.
Thalamus controls many sensory functions.

 Midbrain: Smallest and central part of the brain

Midbrain coordinate sensory information with specified brain parts.

 Hindbrain: The lower part of the brain

The hindbrain is composed of:

 Cerebellum
 Medulla
 Pons
Hindbrain functions:
Cerebellum : it acts as controller for maintaining the body balance
and making accurate movements.
Medula oblongata: These induce breathing, heartbeat, and digestion.
Pons: it controls sleep, swallowing, equilibrium and taste, etc.

What is spinal cord and what is its function?

The spinal cord lies inside the spinal column, which is made up of

33 bones called vertebrae.

The three primary roles of the spinal cord are to send motor
commands from the brain to the body, send sensory information
from the body to the brain, and coordinate reflexes.
 Topic #4

Define peripheral nervous system and how it works?

The peripheral nervous system is a network of nerves that runs
throughout the head, neck, and body. It carries messages to and
from the central nervous system. There are 12 pairs of cranial
nerves arise from brain and 31 pairs of spinal nerves arise from
spinal cord.

Topic # 5

Differentiate between voluntary and involuntary actions.

 What is reflex action?give an example.
An immediate and involuntary response to a stimulus is called
reflex action.quick pulling of hand just after touching the hot object
is a common example of reflex action. Which is shown as in figure.

Topic #6

Give detailed working model of nervous system.

The nervous system takes in information through our
senses(stimulus) processes the information and triggers reactions,
such as making your muscles move or causing you to feel
pain.shown in the figure.