UNIT :(HEM OF LIFE

INTRO TO MACROMOLECULES

•
monomers are the building blocks of polymers

•
in dehydration synthesis , one monomer forms a covalent bond to another monomer

& releases a water molecule

&
carbs , nucleic acids proteins all contain multiple types of monomers
-

↳
composition & sequence important to function

hydrolysis
-
bond is broken by adding a water molecule

" "
" "
↳ one molecule gains H the other
gains OH

↳ releases
generally energy

CARBOHYDRATES

made of CARBON ,
HYDROGEN OXYGEN
,

monÉ -

simple sugars contain 3-7 carbon atoms

,

ex :
glucose ,
fructose
, galactose
↳ isomers of each other -
differ in organization of their atoms

disaccharides -
form when two monosaccharides bond via dehydration synthesis

ex : lactose maltose ,
sucrose
,

polysaccharides -

long chains of monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds

↳ chain may be branched or unbranched

ex : starch , glycogen , cellulose chitin

,

starch -
stored form of sugars in plants

in humans
qiydogen -
storage form of glucose
PROTEIN STRUCTURE

primary structure -
sequence of amino acids

secondary -
due to interactions of the peptide backbone

•
beta -
pleated sheets -

hydrogen bonding

↳ parallel -
backbones interact & sequence match

↳ anti parallel opposite sequences & backbones interact

-

helix bonds between different of the helix

alpha hydrogen layers
• -

tertiary -
due to interactions of side chains

↳ hydrophobic & hydrophilic retract each other

↳
hydrogen bonds might form

quaternary ( more than 1

polypeptide) arrangement of multiple chains
together
-

TRIGLYCERIDES ( FATS )

fatty acids -
carbon chains ( HYDROPHOBIC ) & an acidic carboxyl group

•
glycerol can bond W 3 other fatty acids through dehydration

↳ results in a triglyceride

↳ ester bonds

saturatedfat - saturated by hydrogen

↳ solid at room temp

↳ unhealthy -
butter

↳ dense

↳ no double bonds

unsaturated - less hydrogens

↳ liquid at room
temp

↳ Kinks formed -
less dense -
healthier

↳ ex : oils
 MACRO
BUILDING
MOLECULE BLOCKS FUNCTIONS EXAMPLES

monosaccharides quick / sucrose

carbohydrates
short term energy glucose , ,

( simple sugar )
source of dietary fiber starch , Glycogen

fatty acids or
fats , phospholipids ,
long ter m
energy
-

LIPIDS oils
waxes , , grease ,
Glycerol make -
up biological membranes steroids

keratin ,
hormones
Provide send
,
cell structure
PROTEINS amino acids ,

chemical signals , speed up enzymes , antibodies

chemical reactions

NUCLEIC
stove & pass on
genetic info Dna ,
Rna
nucleotides
ACIDS

NUCLEIC ACIDS

•
Dna is found in the nucleus in eukaryotes

→ chromosomes into long

-
Dna is broken up linear pieces

-
chromosomes contain tens of thousands of genes

•
located in the nucleoid of prokaryotes
→ &
chromosomes are smaller often ring -
shaped

monomers=nuide

↳ when combined the resulting chain is called a

poly nucleotide

made up of :
nitrogen -
containing ring ( NITROGENOUS BASE )

five -
carbon sugar

at least one phosphate group

purine : ADENINE & Guanine -

two rings

pyrimidine : THYMINE URACIL , & CYTOSINE -

single ring
,

Dna's sugar : deoxyribose -

2nd carbon has a
hydrogen

Rna's sugar : ribose -

2nd carbon has a
hydroxyl group

'
poly nucleotide chain has directionality
'
→ s -
phosphate group
'
→ 3 -

hydroxyl of the last nucleotide

 ' '
•
Dna sequences written in s to 3 direction

•
Dna chains found in a double helix - two
complementary chains stuck together

→
sugar -
phosphate backbone

→ bases interior - bound to each other by hydrogen bonds

→ two strands have opposite directionality -

anti parallel ORIENTATION

•
Rna is single -
stranded

mRna_ -
an intermediate between a protein coding gene & its protein product

rRna_ -

help accelerate chemical reactions

helps mRNA bind to the right spot

tRNA -

bring amino acids to the ribosome

-
Rna is involved in
protein synthesis & gene regulation