KHAN ACADEMY UNIT - 8

Intro to Animal Behavior

innate hardwired in 's INHERITED

an
organism genes
-

learned developed through experience

-

animal behavior -
all ways animals interact w/ environment ,
members of species , & other animals

↳ be in to stimulus
can
response a

external can cause hibernation estivation or

migration
, ,

internal can include circadian rhythms

Innate Behaviors

predicted & performed similarly accross members of the same species

some behaviors innate & partly learned :

partly

Zebra finches programmed to learn a song ,

which song depends on
early experience

reflex ac tion -

involuntary & rapid response to a stimulus

its movement
Kines is
organism changes by speeding up slowing down
-
or

toward ( phototaxis )
Taxis -
movement or
away from a stimulus ,
chemotaxis
, geotaxis

fixed action
pattern predictable series of actions triggered by a key stimulus → will on until
go
-

completion

Learned Behaviors

animals of & construction of

especially primates capable problem solving mental
maps
- -

, ,

habituation to after
animal
stops responding stimulus repeated exposure
-

ex :
prairie dog warning call to humans →
exposure to humans →
stop warning call

imprinting -

highly specific type of learning that occurs at a specific point in development

ex
ducklings hatch & adult
they see adult for survival
promoting
:
imprint on first → acts as a cue -

behavior

conditioned behaviors result of associative

learning
-

classical conditioning associated w/ associated w/ second

response already one stimulus is
-

a a

ex : Pavlov's dog -
bell is a
conditioning stimulus

operant conditioning -
whenever an animal performs a behavior ,
it is punished or rewarded

ex : Skinner's rat box

 Animal Communication

↳ animal to another kind of the info

one transmits into animal
causing
some
change in the animal that gets

↳ between animals of the same species

usually

-
can help animals find mates establish dominance
,
defend
territory ,
care for
young ,
& coordinate group
,
behavior

signals :

pheromones chemicals ex :
:
dogs peeing
-

auditory cues ex : bird

song
•
visual cues fear
ex :
grin

tactile cues dance

:
waggle
-

ex

arise
by natural selection
-

Metabolic Rate

metabolism total of biochemical reactions taking in organism

place an
-

metabolic rate how fuels broken down

quickly are
"
-

gas
'
endotherm ,
generate metabolic heat → maintain itevnai temp . ( baseline = BMR ) ←
higher
stared
•
ectotherm s body temp . U w/ temp .
of environment ( baseline = SMR ) ← lower

smaller animals need more

energy
& higher metabolic rate to maintain constant internal temp .

T loose heat taste

torpor -
decreased activity & metabolism

hibernation -
slow metabolism & maintain reduced body temp .

estivation -
extended torpor

endotherm s & ectotherm s

✗ a

internally generated body term .

changes w/ •
eco therms regulate by searching for sun or shade
heat to maintain temp . of their environment

body temperature
-
endotherm s have higher metabolic rates

endotherm s I
have to burn food into full

Ji É
SE
> #
et
E
ego

outside temp .
radiation w/o
-
transfer of heat from a wa r m e r
object to a cooler one direct contac t

conduction -
heat transferred by direct contact

convection -
heat transferred through movement of air or
liquid

evaporation -
vaporization of water from sur face leads to a loss of heat ( sweat )

endotherm s increase their metabolic rate temp DÉAf !

•
as .

temp .
regulation strategies

thermogenesis -

increasing metabolic heat production

→ muscle contraction
,
non
shivering ( brown fat )

body structures : insulation , altering blood flow

, panting / sweating

vasoconstriction blood reduce blood & heat

shrinking vessels to vessels retain
-

vasodilation -
blood vessels get wider -
increases blood flow & reduces heat

life History Strategies : # of

offspring , timing of reproduction ,
amount of
parental care )

ite history -

pattern of survival & reproduction events

↳ shaped by natural selection & reflects how members of species distribute offspring
a resource
among

short lived reproduce earlier long lived later

species
- -

realistic
← more

food chains & webs

energy transfer between trophic levels is inefficient

producers -
make their own food ( autotrophs )

consumers -
eat other organisms ( heterotrophs )

de composers
-
break down dead organic material & wastes

in food webs points from organism that is eaten to the that eats it
: ar row an
organism

burger
me - King

10% RULE of ENERGY TRANSFER !

↳
energy disipated as heat
,
waste
,
death w/o being eaten
exponential & logistic growth

EXPONENTIAL :
pop 's growth rate stays the same
regardless of pop . Size ( J -
curve )

↳ ultimately limited
pop . s by resource availability

LOGISTIC :
growth gets size approaches carrying capacity ( S-curve )
pop 's smaller as
pop
✓ carrying capacity

↳ ÷-=rma×( "
In

intraspecific competition = within

species

population regulation

LIMITING FACTORS : tend to be biotic

g ex : competition

density dependent w/
( for food )
causes pop 's capita growth rate to
change increasing density
-

pop
-

per .

density -
independent -
affect
per capita growth independent of
pop .
density ( ex : natural disasters )

cyclical oscillations -

repeated rises & drops in size of over time

pop .

↳
predation & fluctuation of food
result of :
, parasites , availability

interactions in communities

community = all populations of all different species living in a

particular area

interspecific interactions -
interactions between difterent
species in a community

competition C- 1- ) compete they have overlapping niches

species when

predation ( + 1- )

mutualism ( t / t )

commensalism ( + / O )

parasitism ( + 1- )

long intimate association

symbiosis 2 species live together in a ter m
- -
niches & competition

niche -

ecological role which is defined by the set of conditions

,
resources ,
& interactions it needs

cannot coexist niche

competition exclusion
principle
-
two species if
they occupy the exact same

natural selection to have distinct niches

resource
partitioning -
2 species who overlap may evolve
by more

↳ lizard
ex : anole

richness found
high species
community structure the equator
f near

species richness -
# of different species

richness & species

species diversity -
measure of
species evenness

-
community structure influenced by abiotic factors species interactions level of disturbance & chance events
, , ,

-
more diverse ecological communities are more stable

foundation
species act by modifying the to
support other organisms
-

environment

Keystone species large effect on

community structure relative to its abundance
-

invasive species

'

species that have been introduced to areas outside of the native

range

→
-

may outcompete native

species for resources alters community structure

human impact on
ecosystems

→ land -
use
change :
destroy natural landscape -
mining resources ,
urbanization

→
pollution

→ introduced species

→ resolve exploitation : use of nonrenewable resources