REVIEWER FOR FINALS (UTS)

PHILOSOPHICAL VIEWS OF THE SELF

SOCARETES – “The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.”

- An examined life is not worth living

- Socrates method: QUESTION AND ANSWER
- Know thy self.
- Only the pursuit of goodness brings happiness

PLATO – “The first and greatest victory is to conquer yourself.”

- Separation from the paradise of truth and knowledge

- He forgot most of the knowledge he had.
- Constant remembering through completion.
- Can regain his former perfections.

TRIPARTITE SOUL

- Rational part desire to exert reason and attain decision (RULING CLASS)
- Spirited part desires supreme honor (MILITARY CLASS)
- Appetite part of the soul desires bodily pleasures such as food, drink, sex(COMMONER)

ARISTOTLE – “Kowing yourself is the beginning of all wisdom.”

- Happiness begins in pir self

- To gain knowledge was through natural philosophy.
- Happiness, which is dependent in an individual virtues.
- Contributed the foundation of both symbolic logic and scientific thinking.

ST. AGUSTINE – “The truth is like a lion. You don’t have to depend on it. Let it lose. It well depend itself.

- Dot unto others. What you want others do unto you.

- Living God, the creator of the entire universe
- Development of western Christianity
- To love God means to love ones fellowman.
- Man brings together the wisdom of the Greek philosophy

RENE DISCARTES – “I doubt therefore I think, I think therefore I am.”

- The fact that I am doubting, cannot be anymore open to doubt.

- Self-defined as a subject that thinks.
- Self can only finds its truth and authenticity within its own capacity to think.
- Self has full competence in the power of human reason.

JOHN LOCKE – “No man’s knowledge here can go beyond his experience.”

- Our concept of personal identity must derive from inner experience.

- Personal identity is a matter of psychological continuity.
- Personal identity/the self is founded on consciousness.
DAVID HUME – “A wise man proportion his belief to the evidence.”

- He rejects the notion of identity over time.

- No “persons” that continue to exist over time. There are merely impressions.
- Things you are thinking towards yourself are Individual impressions or perceptions of
towards you.

IMMANUEL KANT – “To be is to do.”

-Consciousness is the central feature of the sel.

CONSCIOUSNESS IS DIVIDED INTO:
1. INTERNAL SELF – PSYCHOLOGICAL STATES AND INFORMED DECISIONS
- Remembering our own state, how can we combine the new and old ideas with our
mind.
- Self is memory and imagination
2. EXTERNAL SELF – Made up of our selves
- Physical world where the representation of object.

SIGMUND FREUD – “Out of your vulnerability will come your strength.

- Self-continue from childhood to adulthood.

- Personality is determined by childhood experiences.
STRUCTURE OF THE SELF
1. ID – (ANIMALISTIC SELF) Pleasure principle
2. EGO – (EXECUTIVE SELF) Reality principle
3. SUPEREDO – (CONSCOUS) Morality principle

GILBERT RYLE – “I made it, and so I am.”

- In search for the self, one cannot be simultaneously be the hunter and the hunted.
- Reject the theory the mental states are separable from physical states.
- Argued that philosophers do not need a “hidden” principle.
- Working of the mind are not distinct from the actions of the body but are one and the
same.
- Philosophical Behaviorism “Mental phenomena can be explained by reference to
publicly observable behavior.”
- Behavior need never refer to anything but the operations of human bodies.

MAURICE MERLEAU-PONTY – “The body is to be compared, not to a physical object, but rather to a work
of art.”

- Existentialism
- Analysis of the concrete experiences, perceptions and difficulties of human existence.
 SOCIOLOGICAL VIEWS OF THE SELF

SELF AS PRODUCT OF MODERN SOCIETY

MODERNIZATION

DELOCALIZED SELF – free, or to remove the restrictions of locality; free of localism, provincialism

FREE TO SEEK OWN IDENTITY – free from customary constraints

SELF AS A NECESSARY FICTION

- Are beliefs that cannot be proven to be true and sometimes can be proven false,
necessary to sustain life.
- Self is the representation of these fictions. A figment pf imagined role.
- PERSONA – derives from the Greek actors, mask, worn to represent a character in a
Greek play
- Like actors, we are all actors on the world stage playing out the various roles.

POST MODERN VIEW OF THE SELF

- Self is a narrative, a text written and rewritten.

- History repeats itself.
- Self is “digitalized” in cyberspace.
- Pluralized selves(can be observe through behavioral patterns portrayed in social media)
- Global migration ( produces multicultural identities

SELF AS ARTISTIC CREATION

- Self is not discovered it is made through the socialization process

- Like art, it is free choice

SELF IS CREATION AND COLLECTIVE IDENTITY

- Self creation is formed within “imagined communities”

ANDERSON 1983 – argued that the nation is an imagined political community that is inherently limited.

- Crucial defining features of this type of comradeship is the willingness on the part of its
adherent to die for this community.
- Memories play significant role in creating the self and identity.

SELF-IDENTITY IS A PRODUCT OF MODERN SOCIETY BUT THIS IS COMPLICATED BY THE SOCIO-CULTURAL

SENSIBILITIES OF POST MODERNITY, NEW INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES AND GLOBALIZATION.

MEAD AND THE SOCIAL SLEF

- His theory social self

- Social emergent

MEADS SOCIAL EMERGENCE

- Properties appeals only at certain level of complexity

 - Self rises in the process of social experiences and activity
- Self is a product of social interaction not logical or biological preconditions of that
interactions.
- Concept of self it is not initially there at birth

MIND ARISES OUT OF THE SOCIAL ACT OF COMMUNICATIN

GAMAE – Individual required to internalize the roles of all others.

ME SELF – expectations and attitudes of others ( the generalized other )

- Set of attitude of others that the individual assume.

- Socialized aspect of the individual
- ME is the image of self seen when one takes the role oh the others.

I SELF – is the response to the ME or the person individuality.

- Understand when to possibly bend and stretch the rules that govern social interactions.
- Spontaneous driving force that fosters all that is novel, unpredictable, and unorganized
in the self.

THE SELF EMBEDDED IN CUTURE

ANTHROPOLOGY

- Hold a holistic view of the self.

- How cultural and biological processes interact to shape the self.
- Both have significant influence in the development of the self.

2 WAYS WHICH CONCEPT OF THE SELF IS VIEWED IN DIFFERENT SOCIETIES:

1. SOCIOCENTRIC “Self is viewed as dependent on the situation or social setting.”

- SOCIOCENTRIC THINKING occurs when a person puts the needs and concerns of a
social group ahead of his or her own needs and concerns.
- Society is at the center.
2. EGOCENTRIC “Self is viewed as autonomous and distinct individual with inherent characteristic.”
- EGOCENTRIC THINKING occurs when an individual is unable to understand or assume
any perspective other than one’s own.

ARNOLD VAN GENNEP’S “French ethnographer and folklorist” ( 3 RITES OF PASSAGE)

- RITES OF PASSAGE a ceremonial event existing in all historical known sociaties.

- Marks the passage from one social or religious status to another.
- Prepares individual for new role.
1. SEPARATION PHASE – people detach from their former identity to another.
- EX. The bride walking down the aisle to be “given a way.”
2. LIMINALITY PLASE – EX. Wedding ceremony, process of transition.
3. INCORPORATION PHASE – the change in ones status is officially incorporated.
- EX. Wedding reception, serves as the markers that officially recognize.
 KEEP IN MIND
1. SELF IDENTIFICATION – attained by: kinship, family membership, gender, age,
language, religion, ethnicity, personal appearance, and socioeconomic status.
- Kinship, gender, and age are universally used to differentiate people.
- Ethnicity, personal appearance, and socioeconomic status are not always use.
2. FAMILY MEMBERSHIP – most significant feature to determine the persons social
identity.
3. LANGUAGE – maintain of a group identity .
4. RELIGIOUS AFFILIATION important marker of a group identity.
5. NAME – important device to individualize a person and to have identity.
6. IDENTITY IS NOT BORN – it is something people continuously develop in life.

JOHN LOCK “TABULA RASA”

- All individuals are basically the same in their potential for character development.

CULTURE – “CLIFFORD GEERTZ”

- customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits of a racial, religious or social group.
- System of inherited conceptions expressed in symbolic forms.
- Without men, no culture, certainly; but equally and more significantly, without culture,
no men.

3 COMPONENTS OF CULTURE

1. MATERIAL COMPONENT – all tangible materials that are inherited from previous generation.
2. COGNITIVE COMPONENT – all body knowledge, skills, and other capabilities handed down from
one generations to another.
3. NORMATIVE COMPONEN – prescriptions or standard or behavior that govern the relationship of
individual in society.
- STANDARD OF BEHAVIOR IS KNOWN AS SOCIETAL NORMS:
A. FORMAL SOCIAL NORMS
B. INFORMAL SOCIAL NORMS

FORMAL SOCIAL NORMS INFORMAL SOCIAL NORMS

- Established, written rules.
- Made to maintain the balance
and order among people.
- EX. Employee manual, entrance
examinations, law “no running”
- Casual behavior that are
generally and widely conformed
- Learn through observations
- Imitation and general
socialization
- EX. Not talking when mouth is
full, showing hospitality, saying
“excuse me”
 CULTURE AND ITS CHARACTERIZATION

1. CULTURE IS LEARNED 2. CULTURE IS SHARED 3. CULTURE IS BASED ON

- It is not - We share SYMBOLS
biological; we culture with - Symbol is
do not inherit. another something that
– learning member of our stands for.
culture is group.
unconscious.
- We learn
culture from
our families,
peers,
institutions
and media.

4. CULTURE IS ALL ENCOMPASSING AND 5. CULTURE IS INTEGRATED

DYNAMIC
- Most cultures are in contact
with other culture. They
exchange ideas and symbols.
CULTUREAL CHALLENGES
- Known as holism or the various
parts of a culture being
interconnected.

CULTURAL LAG (GENERATION LAG)

- Time elapses between the introduction of a new item to the culture and the
acceptance of its part.

CULTURAL BORROWING

- When one society meets another society and end up adopting it as its own.
- Excessive usage of borrowed culture results to XENOCNTRISM.

XENOCENTRISM – culturally based tendency to value other cultures highly than ones’ own.

XENOPHOBIA – fear and hatred of strangers or foreign or anything that is strange.

CULTURE SHOCK – sense of anxiety, depression or confusion that results from cut off.

THE SELF IN VARIOUS PERSPECTIVE: PSCYHOLOGY

SELF - Is the sense of personal identity and of who we are as an individual. (JHANGIANI AND TARRY2014)

- Self varies and changes from philosophical perspective, sociological perspective,

perspective of anthropology and in psychology.

WILLIAM JAMES – “ A man self is the sum of all that he can all his, not only his body, but his clothes and
his house.
 WILLIAM JAMES CONCEPT OF THE SELVES

“I - SELF”- Knows who he or she is.

- Thinking, acting and feeling self.

- Reflects the soul of a person.
- What is now thought of as the mind is called the OURE EGO.
“THE SELF AS THE THINKER. RATIONAL YET SUBJECTIVE”

“ME – SELF” – empirical self

- Describing the persons personal experience.

- Has a sub-categories.
1. MATERIAL SELF – things that belong to us or that we belong to. (Family, clothes, body,
money).
2. SOCIAL SELF – people change how they act depending on the social situation that they
are in. Based upon our interactions with society and peoples reaction to us.
3. SPIRITUAL SELF – subjective and most intimate self.
- Includes one personality, core values, and conscience
- Do not typically change throughout their life time.

DAVID LESTER’S MULTIPLE VERSUS UNIFIED SELF

MULTIPLE SELVES – varies across different roles and relationships.

- Own different identities and roles that we play.

- Formidable task among adolescents.

UNFIED SELF – composite persona

- Other personas exist within persons interactional style.

- Response to our multiple selves.
- Oue goal is to integrate our multiple selves into one.

DONALD WINNICOTT’S TRUE SELF VS. FALSE SELF

- He argued that the function of the false self is to hide and protect the true self.
- People tend to display a false self to impress others.

TRUE SELF – real self, authentic self, original self and vulnerable self.

FALSE SELF – fake, ideal, perfect, superficial, and pseudo self.

CARL ROGERS HUMANISTIC PSCYHOLOGY

- It can become a problem when our ideal self is too far removed from what we really
are.
- Lead us to become demoralized and discouraged
- Lead to stress and anxiety
 THE SELF IN EASTERN AND ORIENTAL THOUGHT

WESTERN THOUGHTS – emphasize the importance of scientific methods of investigations.

- Conduct investigation to understand the self and developed theories.

INDIVIDUALISTIC – rather than relational.

THALES – The self is primarily composed of water.

ANAXIMANDER – The self has a source and that real source of everything must be a powerful eternal
one.

SOCRATES – The self is a composite of matter and reason.

BOETHIUS – The self is believed to be a substance with a reasoning power and a questioning nature.

ARISTOLE – The self is a rational soul that is capable of feeling, sensing, thinking and reasoning.

INDIVIDUALISTIC SELF – identifies primarily with self

- Needs of the individual being satisfied

- Everyone is acting on his or her own
- Independence amd self-reliance are greatly stressed and valued.

INDIVIDUALISTIC SELF: TRAITS

- “I” identity
- Promotes individual goal
- Individual rights are seen as being the most important.
- Independence is valued
- Dependent on others is frequently seen as shamefull
- People are encouraged to do things on their own.

EASTERN THOUGHTS – raise questions about ultimate meaning of human life.

- Developed theories of the self

- Focused on ultimate meaning of life

COLLECTIVISTIC SELF – views the group as the primary entity with the individuals lost along the way.

- Considering the needs and feelings of others, one protects oneself.

- Harmony and the interdependence of group members

COLLECTIVISTC SELF:TRAIT

- To do what is best for society rather than themselves

- The rights of families, communities, and the collective supersede.
- Rules
- Working with others
EASTERN THOUGHTS AIM AT TRANSFORMATION IN:

1. Consciousness
2. Emotions
3. Relationship to other people and the world
4. Feelings
- Relational rather than Individual
- Relations to other, society and the universe
- Highly practical
- Offers a variety of techniques
- Do not utilize the scientific techniques of investigations
1. BUDDHISM – Greek word “budh” AWAKE
- Siddharta Gautama – buddha is the founder of Buddhism
- Man is just a title

(5 PARTS THAT COMPOSE AN INDIVIUAL)

1. Matter
2. Sensation
3. Perception
4. Mental construct
5. Consciousness
- There is no self ( or no soul)
- All llusion
- Nothing is permanent
- The state of transcendence can be achieved through MEDITATION
2. HINDUISM – religion of an ancient people known as the ARYANS
- Aryans name originally given to a people who were said to “ speak an archaic indo-
european language”
- 3rd worlds largest religion with 1.2 billion followers

“ THE GOAL OF MAN IS TO HAVE KNOWLEDGE OF THE TRUE REALITY”- Lord Brahma, the creator.

LAW OF KARMA – most important doctrine of Hinduism

- Hindus believe that Atman ( Sanskrit; soul)

- Soul continue to be reincarnated until it is freed from the cycle of rebirth
- Karma doesn’t end with a body’s death
- What goes around, comes around
3. CONFUCIANISM – system of thought and behavior originating in ancient china.
- System social and ethnical philosophy

GOLDEN RULE – “ DO NOT DO OTHERS WHAT YOU WOULD NOT WANT OTHERS TO DO YOU”.

- Self-cultivation is instrumental
- Self-cultivation can be accomplished by knowing ones role in the society and act
accordingly.
RECTIFICATION OF NAMES – a person or thing should be true to its name

RECTIFICATION OF MALFUNTIONS – a person have two options ( if a person fails to be true to his name)

1. Change his ways

2. Change his title

PHYSICAL SELF

- Refers to the body that includes basic parts such as head, neck, arms, and legs.
- Made up of other organs such as brain, heart, lungs, stomach, intestines, and muscles.
- Least well during infancy and old age.
- Physical efficiency generally PEAK in early adulthood and declines into the middle age.

ADOLESCENCE – begins with onset of puberty

- One of the most crucial stage development

- Stage that characterized by rapid physical changes

(BOYS) EXTERNAL GENETALIA – penis

BODY – shoulders broaden, muscle mass

HAIR – beard, back, chest, anus

MENTAL – more aggressive, sexual interest awakens

VOICE – vocal cords in size and length: voice deepens

(GILRS) EXTERNAT GENETALIA – size breast, vagina

INTERNAL GENETALIA – size uterus

BODY – shoulders are narrows, hips broad, thighs converge

HAIR – more scalp hair, less body hair

VOICE – voice unchanged

G. STANLEY HALL “adolescence is when the very worst and best impulses is human soul struggles against
each other for possession”.

LIFE SPAN – development from conception to death

ELIZABETH B. HURLOCKS – outline the stages on life span

- Divided the stages into 10 parts. ( STAGES OF LIFESPAN)

1. PRENATAL – fertilization to birth
2. INFANCY – birth to 2 weeks of life
3. BABYHOOD – 2 weeks to 2nd year
4. EARLY CHILDHOOD – 2 to 6 years old
5. LATE CHILDHOOD – 6 to 10 years old
6. PUBERTY – 10 or 12 or 14 years old
 7. ADOLESCENCE – 14 to 18 years old
8. EARLY ADULTHOOD – 18 TO 40 years old
9. MIDDLE ADULTHOOD – 40 to 60 years old
10. LATE ADULTHOOD – 60 years old to death

FACTORS AFFECTING PHYSICAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Nature vs. Nurture
NATURE – socio-biologist, psychologist and others in the natural sciences argued that behavior
traits can be explained by genetics.
1. HEREDITY – biological process of transmission of traits from parents to offspring
(sex/ cell-nucleus-chromosme-DNA)
2. CHROMOSOMES – thread like tissues that carries the genes, and are usually found in pairs.
- 23 pairs of chromosomes
(2 TYPES )
- AUTOSOMES – traits chromosomes 22 PAIRS
- GENESOMES – sex chromosomes X and Y

WE WERE ALL FEMALES (ONCE) – in mammals, the default chromosome is always female.

- We don’t have sex, not until 2 months in the womb.

- After the sex the baby is formed; the body will start to pump sex hormones
( testosterones, estrogen)
3. GENES – basic carries of heredity traits
- Can be classified into: Dominant ( strong genes) : Recessive ( weak genes)
- RECESSIVE GENES a trait that’s not expressed when the dominant form of the trait is
present
- DOMINANT GENES is expressed form of the trait when present

NURTURE – sociologist, anthropologist, and others in the social sciences argue that human
behavior is learned and shaped through interactions.
1. ENVIRONTMENT – refers to the factor to which the individual is exposed after conception to
death. Includes learning and experience of an individual.
- Diet, nutrition and diseases play an important role in physical development

BODY IMAGE – how individual perceive, think, and feel about their body and physical
appearance.

APPEARANCE – everything about a person that others can be observe such as height,
weight, skin color, clothes, and hair style.

SELF-CONCEPT – someone think about, evaluates or perceive themselves.

SELF-ESTEEM – evaluation of his or her own worth

YOUNGER WOMEN and girls tend to have poor body image.

- Body image can affect both the adolescents, physical and psychological well-being.
 COUSES OF POOR BODY IMAGE

1. Emphasis on ideal body.

2. Bullying and peer pressure .
3. Media
1. BODY DISSATISFACTION – we look at our selves and we don’t like what we see.
2. DEPRESSION – we look at ourselves and we don’t like what we see.
3. LOW SELF-ESTEEM – poor body has a correlation in building a persons self-worth.
4. MENTAL ILLNESSES – bulimia nervosa, anorexia nervosa and body dysmorphic disorders.
5. BODY MODIFICATION – tend to alter a part of his body that he finds unsatisfactory.
- Tattooing
- Permanent make-up
- Body piercing
- Cosmetic surgery

BEAUTY

DAVID HUMES (moral and political) – “Beauty in things exist merely in the mind which contemplates
them”.

BENJAMIN FRANKLIN (poor Richards almanac) – “Beauty, like supreme dominion is but supported by
opinion”.

BEAUTY BY NUMBERS – we perceive proportional bodies to be healthier

- If the face is proportional we more likely to notice it beautiful

EGYPTIAN ART – beauty is portrayed with slim, high waist, narrow hips, and long black hair.

RENAISSANCE PERIOD – women with full figured and rounded hips were considered beautiful.

AFRICA – chubby, fat is beautiful.

- Force feeding is often done to a woman to become wife material before marriage.

INDONESIA, MALAYSIA AND PHILIPPINES – flat noses to be most attractive.

- Standard of beauty change over time based on changing cultural values.

STANDARDS OF BEAUTY

1. Clear skin
2. Thick, skinny hair
3. Well-proportioned bodies
4. Symmetrical faces
- Beauty is considered important throughout history.
- Beauty is important in all societies.
“Above all things physical, it is more important to be beautiful inside”.
 SEXUAL SELF

PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT – beginning of adolescence is marked by rapid physical changes

1. MATURATION OF REPRODUCTIVE SYSYTEM

2. DEVELOPMENT OF DIFFERENCE SEX CHARACTERISTICS

SEX CHARACTERISTCS (PRIMARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS)

- Physical characteristics that present at birth.

WOMEN – vagina, uterus, and ovaries.

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
MEN – penis, testes, scrotum, and prostate gland.
 SEX CHARACTERISTICS (SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS)

- Develop during onset of puberty.

WOMEN – enlargement of the breast, menstrual cycle, widening of hips, enlargement of buttocks, and
growth of pubic hair.

MAN – testicular growth, sperm production, appearance of face pubic hair and other body hair,
deepening of the voice.

SEX HORMONES – natural substance that is produced in the body.

- Influences the way the body grows or develop.

- Types of sex hormones.
1. Testosterone
2. Estrogen
3. Progesterone

HORMONES (MAN) – androgen production by the testes is constant.

- Men are more capable in sex activities without regard to biological cycles.
- Testosterone and other androgens stimulate the development of primary and
secondary sex characteristics and increase sex driven.
- Sperm production starts at puberty.

HORMONES (FEMALE) – hormones not produced constantly; it follows a cyclical pattern.

- The greatest output occurs during ovulation.

- Estrogen promotes female reproductive capacity and secondary sex characteristics.
 - 28 days monthly cycle.
- Ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone as well as small amount of testosterone.

POLYCYCTIC OVARY SYNDROM (PCOS) – hormonal disorder

- Prolonged menstrual periods.

HUMAN SEXUAL AROUSAL – stimulations of the body’s erogenous zone.

FREUD – erogenous zones are areas of the body that provide pleasure.

1. Genitals
2. Mouth
3. breast
4. Ears
5. Anus
6. The lesser degree, the entire surface of the body.
- One of the most basic sexual stimulations is masturbation that causes sexual pleasure.
- Masturbation is a normal and healthy sexual activity.
- The brain where sexual desire originated.
- Sexual arousal is closely tied to variations in hormonal level.

WILLIAM MASTERS AND VIRGINIA JOHNSON - sexual response cycle to describe the changes that occur
in the body as men and women become sexually arousal.

1. Desire phase
2. Excitement/ arousal phase
3. Plateau phase
4. Orgasmic phase
5. Resolution phase

SEXUAL RESPONSE CYCLE

DESIRE PHASE – Sexual urges occur is response to sexual cues or fantasies.

AROUSAL PHASE – a subjective sense of sexual pleasure and physiological signs of sexual arousal.

PLATEAU PHASE – brief period occurs before orgasm.

ORGASM PHASE – (MALE) feeling of inevitability of ejaculation, followed by ejaculation.

- (FEMALE) construction of a walls of the lower third of vagina.

RESOLUTION PHASE – decrease in arousal occurs after orgasm (particularly in men)

NOT ALL BODY ARE EQUAL

MEN – usually achieve one intense orgasm.

WOMEN – orgasm involves the contraction of the pelvic muscles.

 SEXUAL OREINTATION, GENDER IDENTITY AND EXPRESSION

SEX – physical attributes (body characteristics notable sex organ which are distinct in majority of
individual.

- Male and female

- Biologically determined by genes and hormones
- Relatively fixed through time and across culture

GENDER – The composite of attitudes behavior or men and women.

- Masculinity and femininity

- Learn and perpetuated primarily through the family, education and religion, and is an
acquired identity.
- Its socialized, variable through times across cultures.

SEXUAL ORIENTATION IS DIFFERENT FROM GENDER IDENTITY

SEXUAL ORIENTATION – sexual and romantic interest

1. HETEROSEXUAL – persons sexual and romantic interest towards opposite sex.

2. HOMOSEXUAL – Attracted and interested in relationship with people of the same
sex.

LESBIAN

BUTCH – masculine trait

FEMME – not read as lesbian unless they are with butch partner.

GAY MEN – social grouping of gay men based on their body type.

BISEXUAL – attracted to men and women

GENDER IDENTITY – Internal feelings

- Express through clothes, speech, activities and hobbies and our behavior.
 GENDER DEFFINITIONS
1. GENDER – State of being male and female
2. CISGENDER – identities assign at birth
3. GENDER FLUID – gender identity changes over time from one end of the spectrum
4. TRANSGENDER – not identify by the gender they were assign at birth
5. NON-BINARY – not identify as exclusively male or female
6. GENDERQUEER – identity falls on the spectrum between male and female

GENDER EXPRESSION – persons mannerism, behavior, interest, and appearance.

- Using facilities (washroom)

HOMOPHOBIA – dislike of or prejudice against gay people.

SEXUAL ORIENTATION – who you have crush on

GENDER IDENTITY – Who you are (girl, boy, or both)

ON SEXUAL ORIENTATION AND GENDER IDENTITY

- Emerged between middle childhood and early adolescence.

- Sexual attraction may arise without any prior sexual experience.
- Sexual orientation does not always appear in such definable categories.
- Sexual orientation is fluid for some people.
- There is no consensus among scientist about exact reasons that an individual develop
heterosexual, bisexual, gay, or lesbian orientation.
- Possible genetics, hormonal, developmental, social, and cultural influences
- Nature and nurture both play a complex role.
- There are no gay genes, sexuality is just complex (DNA cannot predict who is gay or
heterosexual).

TRIANGUALAR THEORY OF LOVE

LOVE – is essential to our well being

ROBERT STRENBERG – theories on love, intelligence, and creativity.

PASSION – drives that lead to romance, physical attraction, and sexual consummation.

INTIMACY – feeling of closeness. Connectedness, and bondedness.

COMMITMENT – feelings that lead a person to remain with someone and move toward shared goal.

TYPES OF LOVE ( LOVE INTERACT IN A SYSTEMATIC MANNER )

INTIMACY – liking/friendship

COMPANIONATE LOVE

ROMANTIC LOVE

CONSUMMATE LOVE
COMMITMENT – empty love

FATOUS LOVE

PASSION – infatuated love

8 TYPES OF LOVE

- Love interact in a systematic manner.

- Presence of a component of love
1. NON LOVE – complete absence of all three components
2. LIKING/FRIENDSHIP – intimacy component are present but feeling of passion
3. INFATUATION – feelings of lust and physical passion
4. EMPTY LOVE – commitment without passion or intimacy.
5. ROMANTIC LOVE – people bond emotionally through intimacy and physical passion.
6. COMPANIONATE LOVE – intimacy or liking components and commitment components.
- Found in marriages where the passion has died.
7. FATOUS LOVE – commitment and passion are present while intimacy or liking is absent.
8. CONSUMMATE LOVE – ideal relationship
- Can’t imagine themselves with other.

YOUR RELATIONSHIP IS UNIQUE

- According to Sternberg, the importance of each component of love may differ from
person to person.
LOVE IS A VERB (AN ACTION WORD)

MARRIAGE AND FAMILY

MATE SELECTION (OLD FASHIONED COURTDHIP) – man proves himself worthy of a son in law.

- It was tedious and laborious.

MATE SELECTION (MODERN DAY COURTSHIP) – one click because of modern technology

1. LUDUS (sees love as a game) – multiple conquest and will find it hard to commit in that person.
2. PRAGMA (sees love as means to economic security) – convenient, practical. No to LDR and inter
racial.
3. EROS (consumed by both passionate and romantic feeling) – being rooted in sexual attraction
4. MANIA (possessive, extreme jealousy, insecure, and controlling) – love is very intense, control
can be in a form of emotional manipulation
5. STORGE (respect, value friendship) – love develops slowly
- Grow form mutual understanding
- Stable and enduring love
- Reaction to separation.
6. AGAPE (non-expecting, nurturing, and caring) – kind, unselfish love
- Very forgiving and willing to make sacrifices

MARRIAGE – united to a person in a consensual and contractual relationship recognized by the law.
 TYPES OF MARRIAGE

1. ENDOGAMY – marrying within one group.

- Practiced in china, upper class like the shi class married among themselves.
2. EXOGAMY – marrying outside ones own group
- Internal racial marriages
RESIDENTIAL PATTERNS OF MARRIEDE COUPLES
1. PATRILOCAL – same household as husbands family
2. MATRILOCAL – same household as wife family
3. NEOLOCAL – own residence, apart from marriage
4. BILOCAL – shift from patrilocal to matrilocal and vice area.

FORMS OF MARRIAGE

1. MONOGAMY – marriage between 2 partners, most practiced form of marriage

2. POLYGAMY – a person is allowed to marry two or more
3. POLYANDRY (a rare phenomenon) – womens allowed to marry 2 or more men
- Continued to be practiced into the 21st century are the plateau and Tibet. A religion
shared by Indea, Nepal, and the Tibet autonomous region of china and the marquesas
islands in the south pacific

SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES

- Passed from one person to another through sexual contract
- Contagious diseases
- Can get an STD from vaginal, anal, or oral sex.
- Requires treatment

BODY FLUIDS CONSIDERED INFECTOUS

- Semen
- Vaginal fluid
- Saliva
- Blood

BATERIAL STD’S – chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, LGV

- Can be treated and cured with antibiotics

- Untreated infectious can cause PID, infertility

VIRAL STD’S – HPV, HIV, Herpes

- No cure
- Medication is available to treat symptoms only

STD’S BACTERIA

1. CHLAMYDIA (UNTREATED) – most common bacteria, found in 15 to 24 years old

- Can be treated antibiotics
- Affect the cervix and urethra and occasionally the rectum, throat and eye.
 CHLAMYDIA IN MEN – white, cloudy, or watery discharge from the tip of the penis.
- Appear within 1 or 3 weeks of initial exposure.
CHLAMYDIA IN WOMEN – abnormal vaginal discharge that have an odor
- Bleeding between periods
- Abdominal pain with fever and itching
2. GONORRHEA – greater frequency or urgency of urination
- Pus like discharge
- Swelling or pain
- Increased vaginal discharge, painful urination.
3. SYPHILIS – bacterial infection that progresses in stages.
- PRIMARY 3 days and 3 months starts at small, painless sore called a canker.
- SECONDARY 2-24 weeks rash on the body palms and hands
- LATENT lesions or rashes can recur
- Untreated syphilis may lead to tertiary syphilis
- Cannot be spread through casual contact
4. GENITAL HERPES (2 TYPES)
- HSV Causing cold sores
- HSV 2 causing genital herpes
- Viral infectious causing outbreak of painful sores
- Spread through direct vaginal, oral, or anal sexual
- Can be treated with antiviral medications (NO CURE)
5. HSV – cold sores
6. HUMAN PAPPILOMA VIRUS (HPV) OR GENITAL WARTS – No cure, but vaccination is available to
prevent certain types of HPV
7. PENILE PAPULES – Not sexually transmitted infectious.
- Small pink white growths that develop around the head of the penis.
8. HUMAN IMMUNODEFIENCY VIRUS (HIV) – attacks the body’s immune system
- Once you have it you have It forever
- Can be control
- Start at chimpanzee in central Africa
- Chimpanzee version of the virus called simian immunodeficiency virus or SIV
HIV STAGES
1. ACCUTE HIV STAGES – large amount of HIV in their blood
- People may not feel sick right away at all
2. CHRONIC HIV INFECTIOUS – called asymptomatic HIV infection or clinical latency.
- At the end of the phase it is called viral load
3. ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFIENCY SYNDROM (AIDS) – severe phase (opportunistic
infectious)
- Badly damaged the immune system
TREATMENT
- HIV medicine called antiretroviral therapy (art)

PRE EXPOSURE PROPHYYLAXES – A medicine to prevent getting HIV from sex

- 99% when taken as prescribed

 RESPONSIBLE PARENTHOOD AND FAMILY PLANNING
- Basic unit of the society
KEYTERMS

PARENTS – a person who has a child

PARENTHOOD – a state of being a parent

RESPONSIBLE PARENTHOOD – a shared responsibility of the marital couple to determine and achieve
the desired number of their children

1. Aspirations
2. Psychological preparedness
3. Health status
4. Socio-cultural
5. Economic

PLANNING – process to deciding to achieve or do something

1. Increase efficiency
2. Reduce risk
3. Proper organization
4. Right direction

FAMILY PLANNING is very important to prevent unwanted pregnancy

- To individual to improved maternal and infant health

- To families reduced competition and delusion of resources
- To society standard of living and human welfare

TEEN AGE PREGNANCY

UN population funds (UNFPA)

- Has a huge rate among poor people
PHILIPPINE STATISTICS AUTHORITY (NSO)
- Baby born to mothers in 15 to 19 years old
POPULATION INSTITUTE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
- 46% Of women induced abortion
REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH ACT (RH LAW)
- Responsible parenthood and reproductive health act o 2012 ( R.A 10353)
- Guarantee universal access to methods on contraception

TRADITION CONTRACPTIVE

- Periodic abstinence fertility awareness method

1. Calendar method
2. Cervical mucus detecting ovulation
- Withdrawal ejaculation outside the vagina
- Lactational amenorrhea method (LAM) based on breast feeding
-
MODERN CONTRACEPTIVES

1. HORMONAL
- Pills 99% effective stop the ovulation
- Injectable 99.7% effective
- Implants placed in the body
2. BARRIED METHODS accurate but not precise
- Spermicides kill the sperm in the vagina
- male and female condom
- diaphragm latex barrier place inside the vagina
- cervical cap caps around the cervix with suction
- intrataurine devices T shaped object placed in the uterus
3. EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTIVES must taken within 72 hours of the act
4. SURGICAL CONTRACEPTIVES tubal ligation perfomed in women
5. VASECTOMY male sterilization procedure
- Ligation of vas deference tube

HORMONAL METHODS

- Estrogen and progesterone

- Preventing an ovary on releasing an egg