DISASTER RISK REDUCTION
(DRRM)
Disaster Risk Reduction-actions taken to reduce the
risk of disasters and the adverse impacts of natural
hazards, through systematic
DISASTER-originated from the French word “desastre”
-serious disruption of the functioning of a
community involving widespread human, material,
economic, or environmental losses and impacts,
-consequences to human lives and not on
the basis of the disaster itself
RISK-The concept of chance or possibility of an event
and it’s negative consequence.
DISASTER RISK- Refers to the potential, disaster losses
which could occur in a particular community over some
specified future time period.
-can be categorized as either intensive
or extensive, can be considered as “acute” or “slow”
HAZARD-“dangerous phenomenon”, substance,
human activity, or condition, that may cause loss of
life
NATURAL HAZARD- are phenomena that may cause
severe death toll, damages to property, environment
and socio-economic
 Biological hazard
 Geologic hazard
 Hydro meteorological hazard
HUMAN- INDUCED HAZARDS- This kind of hazards
sprouts from technological or industrial conditions
which include infrastructure failures or specific human
activities.
EXPOSURE-This refers to people and properties that
are affected by hazards.
SENSITIVITY- the degree to which a certain
community can be affected by hazards.
VULNERABILITY- and circumstances of a community,
system or asset that make it susceptible to the
damaging effects of a hazard
ADAPTIVE CAPACITY- as the ability of the individual or
a community to withstand and adapt to continuous
environmental changes.
 Social impacts
Housing- the destruction of houses which may be
brought by floods and earthquakes can lead to
homelessness.
Health- health care infrastructures in most parts of
the developing world are vulnerable to hazards
because of poor facilities.
Education- school facilities often serve as evacuation
and relief centers.
 Economic impacts- several experts say that
the basic structure of the economy is a major
determining factor on the degree of the
vulnerability to hazards.
 Environmental impacts- trees can be
uprooted due to typhoons, hurricanes, and
strong winds, and there could be forest fires
when lightning hits a dry land.
Seismology-Greek words “seismos” which means
earthquake
-study of earthquakes and seismic waves
that move through and around the world.
Seismic waves-vibrations generated by a sudden
impulse in the Earth.
Types of Seismic Waves
Surface waves- waves only travel through the
earth’s crust and have lower frequency than body
waves
Two kinds of Seismic Waves
Rayleigh waves- the movement of Rayleigh wave
is through rolling up the ground like waves in
oceans. This wave is what we mostly feel during
earthquakes.
Love waves- faster than Rayleigh wave and can
only be felt in the earth’s crust, and shakes the
ground only in horizontal manner.
Body waves- these waves travel only through the  Volcanic earthquake- it happens because
earth’s interior and also the precursor of surface of an volcanic eruption, the stronger the
waves. eruption, the greater earthquake it may
induce.
Two kinds of Body waves
Magnitude-Measures the energy released by an
➢ P-waves or the primary waves, is the
earthquake and is assessed through seismograph.
fastest kind of seismic wave, called as
compressional waves
➢ S-waves or the secondary waves, it is the
next wave we feel after the first shaking
of the ground.
Earthquake-quake, tremor or temblor. It is the
shaking of the surface of the Earth, resulting from a Intensity-the actual effects and damages made
sudden release of energy in the Earth’s lithosphere by an earthquake
that creates seismic waves.
Signs of an impending earthquakes
seven primary tectonic plates, (African, American,
Eurasian, Indo-Australian, Pacific, North American  Animal behavior
and south American tectonic plates).  Change in atmospheric conditions
Fault-underground surface were plates slip and  Electromagnetic disturbance
the fault line are located; and were two plates
meet.  Boom sound

Three major types of Faults Earthquake- related hazards

 Dip-slip fault, it moves along the direction
of the dip-plane, downward movement on
a sloping fault
 Strike- slip fault, main movement of this
block along this fault is horizontal and
which two blocks slide past one another.
 Ground shaking- one of the most
common hazard.
 Liquefaction- a process in which
soft and sandy soils can be behave
like a fluid.

 Oblique fault, is manifested when both  Surface rupture- an offset of the

dip-slip and strike- slip fault motion ground surface when fault rupture
happened. extends to the earth’s surface.
Some of the most dangerous fault lines: San
 Tsunamis and seiches- is a huge
Andreas, Southern California, New Madrid,
Central US, and Caribbean plate
series of waves, while seiches are
described as small tsunamis that are
Classifications of Earthquake often happen in lake
 Tectonic earthquake- caused by abrupt
 Sinkholes- found on areas where
movement of earth along faults, these are
rocks below the land are composed
the most dangerous and powerful
earthquakes that we experience. mostly of limestone, carbonate
rock, salt beds, or rocks that can
 Plutonic earthquake- they are less
naturally be dissolved by ground
destructive than shallow ones.
water circulating thru them.
  Landslides and rock falls- cliffs and
steep sloping areas tend to collapse,
causing landslides.
 Subsidence and lateral spreading-
the ground surface id lowered, this
is due to the downward vertical
motion on one side of fault.
 Fire- follow after an earthquake
because of knocked down power
lines and broken gas lines.
Earthquake Readiness
 Make an earthquake preparedness
plan
 Discuss earthquake preparedness
plan with your family
 Secure hazards
 Learn about earthquake risk in your
areas
 Practice drop, cover, and hold-on
drill
 Protect your properties
 Secure important documents.
Volcanology- study of volcano
Volcano- an opening or vent on the earths
surface where molten rocks, gases and ashes are
ejected
Volcanic eruption- resulted in the formation of
new mountains and landscapes- create hazardous
conditions
Subduction- process where two tectonics plates
converge one another
Different type of volcanoes
1. Cinder cone- simplest type -formed from lava
particles emitted in vent
2. Shield cone – continuous lava flows
3.Composite volcanoes- “stratovolcanoes”-
steepsided and closely symmetrical
Classification of volcanoes
1. ACTIVE VOLCANO
2. ERUPTING VOLCANO
3. DORMANT VOLCANO
4. EXTINCT VOLCANO
PHIVOLCS(the Philippines institute of volcanology and
seismology)- specialized agency of the dost that
monitors volcanoes
Alert level 1- abnormally observe- low seismic activity
with no imminent eruption
Alert level 2- increasing volcanic unrest with moderate
levels of seismic activity
Alert level 3- increasing tendency- possible eruption
within two weeks
Alert level 4- hazardous eruption is imminent
Alert level 5- hazardous eruption is in progress
Volcanic hazards
Lava flows- midly explosive when release
Pyroclastic flow and surges- hazardous and
destructive
Gas emissions- one of the basic components of a
magma or lava.
Ashfall- made up of rock, mineral, and fragments
created during explosion and separation of magma
into smaller pieces.
Tephra falls and ballistic projectiles- fragments of
volcanic rock ejected into air by explosion.
Lahar- flowing mixture of volcanic debris and water.
Formed due to pyroclastic flow mixed with water
Debris avalanche- landslide that was triggered by
intrusion of magma, earthquakes, heavy rainfall or
explosion from volcanoes.
Volcanic tsunamis- series of highwater waves
triggered by disruption of the seafloor
DISASTER READINESS

• Make a detailed emergency plan

• Arrange an emergency supply kit
• Store important documents in waterproof
container or resealable plastic bag
• Develop a communication mechanism
• Monitors news updates and coordinate
with local authorities
• Strengthen roofs of the house
Active volcanoes in the world

• Mount Vesuvius, Italy

• Mount Merapi, Indonesia
• Mount loa volcano, Hawaii
Active volcanoes in the Philippines

• Mount mayon, albay

• Taal volcano, albay
• Mount bulusan, Sorsogon