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S.S.L.C Contents
Part -1
1 Arithmetic Progression 1 - 31
MATHS
Yakub Koyyur 2 32 - 62
Triangles
GHS nada
Belthangady 3 Pair of Linear equation in two variables 63 - 98
taluk
D.K. – 574214 4 Circles 99 - 107
Email:
yhokkila@gmail.com
English Medium 5 Area Related to circles 108 - 122
Part-1 6
7
Constructions
Coordinate Geometry
123 - 132
133 - 149
Available in:ykoyyur.blogspot.com
SSLC Mathematics Solutions – Part -1 YK SSLC Mathematics Solutions – Part -1 YK
Infinite AP.:
Arithmetic progression In an AP there are infinite number of terms. Such an AP is called a infinite AP. Each of
these Arithmetic Progressions (APs) do not have last term.
1.2 Arithmetic Progressions: a) 3, 7, 11, . . . .
b) 1, 4, 7, 10, . . .
An arithmetic progression is a list of numbers in which c) -10, -15, -20, . . . .
each term is obtained by adding a fixed number to Note: You will If we know the first term a’ and the common difference d’ then we can
the preceding term except the first term. write an AP.
Example 1: , , − , − ........... write the first term a and the common difference d.
Here, = d= - = - = -1 - =− - = -1
i) 1, 2, 3, 4 ................. each term is 1 more than the term preceding it.
Example 2 : Which of the following list of numbers form an AP? If they form an AP,
ii) 100, 70, 40, 10 ........ each term is 30 less than the term preceding it. write the next two terms
i) 4, 10, 16, 22 ........
each term is obtained by adding 1 to the term preceding it.
iii) -3, -2, -1, 0 .............. ii) 1, -1, -3, -5 ........
iii) -2, 2, -2, 2 ........
all the terms in the list are 3 , i.e., each term is obtained by
iv) 3, 3, 3, 3 ................ iv) 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3 ..........
adding(or subtracting) 0 to the term preceding it.
Solution :
-1, -1.5,-2.0,-2.5 each term is obtained by adding – 0.5 to (i.e., subtracting 0.5 i) 4, 10, 16, 22 ........
v) from) the term preceding it. - = 10 – 4 = 6
.......
This fixed number is called the common difference of the AP. Remember that it can be positive, - = 16 – 10 = 6
negative or zero. - = 22 – 16 = 6
i.e., ak + 1 – ak is the same every time.
Let us denote the first term of an AP by a1, second term by a2, So, the given list of numbers forms an AP with the common difference d = 6. The next two
. . ., nth term by an and the common difference by d. Then terms are: 22 + 6 = 28 and 28 + 6 = 34.
ii) 1, -1, -3, -5 ........
the AP becomes a1, a2, a3, . . ., an.
- = -1 – 1 = -2
So, a2 – a1 = a3 – a2 = . . . = an – an – 1 = d - = -3 – (-1) = -2
a, a + d, a + 2d, a + 3d, . . . - = -5 – (-3) = -2
i.e., ak + 1 – ak is the same every time.
Represents an arithmetic progression where a is the first term
and d the common difference. This is called the general form So, the given list of numbers forms an AP with the common difference d = -2. The next two
of an AP. terms are: – 5 + (– 2 ) = – 7 and – 7 + (– 2 ) = – 9
iii ) -2, 2, -2, 2 ........
Finite AP.: - = 2 – (-2) = 2 + 2 = 4
In an AP there are only a finite number of terms. Such an AP is called a finite AP. Each - = -2 – 2 = -4
of these Arithmetic Progressions (APs) has a last term. - = 2 – (-2) = 2 + 2 = 4
Here, ≠ So, the given list of numbers does not form an AP.
a) The heights ( in cm ) of some students of a school standing in a queue in the morning
iv) 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3 ..........
assembly are 147 , 148, 149, . . ., 157.
b) The balance money ( in Rs ) after paying 5 % of the total loan of Rs 1000 every month - =1 – 1 =0
- =1 – 1 =0
is 950, 900, 850, 800, . . ., 50.
- = 2 – 1 =1
c) The total savings (in Rs ) after every month for 10 months when Rs50 are saved each
- = - ≠ - So, the given list of numbers does not form an AP.
month are 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500.
i) = +( − ) ii) ,
18 ,, 13, 8 ,, 3,
a = 7 + (8 − 1)3
a = 7 + 7x3 iii) ,, 5, ,, 6 , 8 ,,, 9 ,
a = 7 + 21
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SSLC Mathematics Solutions – Part -1 YK SSLC Mathematics Solutions – Part -1 YK
iv),, -4,,, -2 , , 0 , , 2 ,, 4 ,,, 6 164
n =
3
n is not an integer. So, -150 is not a term of the AP: 11, 8, 5, 2, ..
v) ,, 53,,,, 38,,, 23, , ,, 8, ,,, -7, , −22
7. Find the 31st term of an AP whose 11th term is 38 and the 16th term is 73.
4. Which term of the AP : 3, 8, 13, 18, . . . ,is 78? Solution:a = a + (n − 1)d Alternate Method:
Solution:a = a + (n − 1)d a = 38, a = 73, a = ?
d=
d = a - a = 8 – 3 = 5; a = 3; an = 78; n = ? a + (11 − 1)d = 38
78 = 3 + (n − 1)5 a + 10d = 38 ---------------(1) a =a ;a =a
78 = 3 + 5n − 5 a + (16 − 1)d = 73 d= = = =7
78 = 5n − 2 a + 15d = 73 ----------------(2)
5n = 78 + 2 = +( − ) a
from (1) and (2) = + ( 31 − 16)7
5n = 80
+ = = 73 + ( 15)7
n = 16
5. Find the number of terms in each of the following APs : + = = 73 + 105 = 178
Solution: i) 7, 13, 19 ....... 205 -5d = -35
a = a + (n − 1)d d = =7
d = a - a = 13 – 7 = 6; a = 7; an = 205; n = ? (1) ⇒ a + 10x7 = 38
205 = 7 + (n − 1)6 ⇒ a + 70 = 38
205 = 7 + 6n − 6 ⇒ a = 38 − 70
205 = 6n + 1
⇒ a = −32
6n = 205 − 1
a = −32 + (31 − 1)7
6n = 204
a = −32 + (30)7
n =
a = −32 + 210
n = 34 a = 178
(ii) 18, 15 , 13 ....... -47 8. An AP consists of 50 terms of which 3rd term is 12 and the last term is 106. Find the 29th
a = a + (n − 1)d term.50
d = a - a = 15 – 18 =- ; a = 18; an = -47; n = ?
5 Solution:a + (n − 1)d = a
−47 = 18 + (n − 1) − n = 50, a = 12, a = 106 a = ?
2
5 5 a + (50 − 1)d = 106
−47 = 18 − n + a + 49d = 106 -------- (1) Alternate Method:À
2 2
36 − 5n + 5 a + 2d = 12 -------- -(2) d=
−47 = + =
2 a =a ;a =a
41 − 5n + =
−47 = 47d = 94 d= = = =2
2
−94 = 41 − 5n ⇒d = 2 = +( − ) a
−5n = −94 − 41 Substitute d = 2 in eqn (2) = + ( 29 − 3)2
−5n = −135 a + 2(2) = 12 = 12 + ( 26)2
n = 27 a + 4 = 12 = 12 + 52 = 64
6. Check whether – 150 is a term of the AP : 11, 8, 5, 2 . . . a = 12 - 4
Solution:a = a + (n − 1)d
a = 8
d = a - a = -3; a = 11; an = 150; n = ?
a = 8 + (29 − 1)2
−150 = 11 + (n − 1)(−3)
a = 8 + (28)2
−150 = 11 − 3n + 3
a = 8 + 56
−150 = 14 − 3n
a = 64
−3n = −150 − 14
9. If the 3rd and the 9th terms of an AP are 4 and – 8 respectively, which term of this AP is
−3n = −164
zero?
Summery:
An arithmetic progression (AP) is a list of numbers in which each term is obtained
The logs are in an AP by adding a fixed number d to the preceding term, except the first term. The fixed
20, 19, 18… number d is called the common difference
a = 20, d = a2 − a1 = 19 − 20 = −1 The general form of an AP : a, a + d, a + 2d, a + 3d......
Sn = 200
Sn = [2a + (n - 1)d]
In an AP if there are only a finite number of terms. Such an AP is called
a finite AP. Such AP has a last term.
200 = [2(20) + (n - 1)(-1)]
The AP has infinite number of terms is called infinite Arithmetic
200 = [40 - n + 1] Progression. Such APs do not have a last term.
400 = n (40 − n + 1)
400 = n (41 − n)
The first term – a and the common difference is d then the nth term of
an AP
400 = 41n − n2
= + ( − 1)
n2 − 41n + 400 = 0
n2 − 16n − 25n + 400 = 0 The nth term from the last [ last term – l , common difference – d ]
n (n − 16) −25 (n − 16) = 0 − ( − 1)
(n − 16) (n − 25) = 0
(n − 16) = 0 or n − 25 = 0 a is the first term, d is the common difference then sum to nth term
n = 16 or n = 25 S = [2a + (n - 1)d]
an = a + (n − 1)d
a16 = 20 + (16 − 1) (−1)⇒ a16 = 20 − 15 = 5
If common difference is unknown then the sum to nth term
Similarly, S = [a + l] { l – the last term }
a25 = 20 + (25 − 1) (−1) = 20 − 24
= −4 (negetive number is not possible)
Hence the number of rows is 16 and the number of logs in the top row is 5
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SSLC Mathematics Solutions – Part -1 YK SSLC Mathematics Solutions – Part -1 YK
1. Give two different examples of pair of
Triangles (i) similar figures:
Pair of circles
2.2 Similar Figures Pair of squares
Two polygons of the same number of sides are similar, if (ii) non-similar figures.
A triangle and a square
All the corresponding angles are equal and
A rectangle and a Quadrilateral
4. State whether the following quadrilaterals are similar or not:
EXERCISE 2.1
1. Fill in the blanks using the correct word given in brackets
i) All circles are _____________ (congruent, similar)
ii) All squares are ____________(similar, congruent) The corresponding angles are not equal. Hence, they are not similar
iii) All____________triangles are similar. (isosceles, equilateral) 2.3 Similarity of Triangles
iv) Two polygons of the same number of sides are similar, if (a) their corresponding angles
are___________and (b) their corresponding sides are____________(equal, proportional) Basic proportionality theorem[Thales theorem]
2. Give two different examples of pair of
(i) similar figures. (ii) non-similar figures.
If a line is drawn parallel to one side of a triangle to
3. State whether the following quadrilaterals are similar or not:
intersect the other two sides in distinct points, the other two
sides are divided in the same ratio
Solutions:
1. Fill in the blanks using the correct word given in brackets
v) All circles are similar (congruent, similar)
vi) All squares are similar (similar, congruent) Data: In ∆ABC, the line drawn parallel to BC intersects AB and AC at D and E .
vii) All similar triangles are equilateral. (isosceles, equilateral)
To prove: = ,
viii) Two polygons of the same number of sides are similar, if (a) their corresponding
angles are equal and (b) their corresponding sides are proportional (equal, Construction: Join BE and CD. Draw DM⟘AC and EN⟘AB.
proportional)
or =
Exercise 2.2
1. In Fig. 2.17, (i) and (ii), DE || BC. Find EC in (i) and AD in (ii).
+1 = +1
=
= (∵ Taken reciprocals)
Example 2 : ABCD is a trapezium with AB || DC. E and F are points on non parallel sides AD
a n d BC r es pect ively su ch tha t EF is parallel to (See fig 2.14 ) Show that =
9. In Fig. 2.39, ∆ABC and ∆AMP are two right tr ia n gl es, r ig h t an g led a t B a n d M
6. In Fig. 2.37, if ∆ABE ≅ ∆ACD, show that ∆ADE ~ ∆ABC
Solution: respectively. Prove that:
i) ∆ABC ~ ∆AMP
ΔABE ≅ ΔACD [Given]
∴ AB = AC -----------(1) [By CPCT] ii) =
and AD = AE -----------(2) [By CPCT] (i) In ΔABC and ΔAMP ,
ΔADE ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ΔABCUÀ¼À°è,
∠A = ∠A [Common angle]
Dividing (2) by (1)
∠ABC = ∠AMP = 90°
= ∴ ΔABC ~ ΔAMP [AA similarity criteria]
∠A = ∠A [Common angle] (ii) ΔABC ~ ΔAMP [Proved in(i)]
∴ ΔADE ~ ΔABC [SAS Similarity criteria]
7. In Fig. 2.38, altitudes AD and CE of ABC intersect each other at the point P. Show that ⇒ = [the corresponding sides of similar triangles are proportional]
i) ∆AEP ~ ∆CDP 10. CD and GH are respectively the bisectors of ∠ACB and ∠EGF such that D and H lie on
ii) ∆ABD ~ ∆CBE sides AB and FE of ∆ABC and ∆EFG respectively. If ∆ABC ~ ∆EFG, show that:
iii) ∆AEP ~ ∆ADB
iv) ∆PDC ~ ∆BEC
i) =
(i) In ΔAEP and ΔCDP, ii) ∆DCB ~ ∆HGE
iii) ∆DCA ~ ∆HGF
∠AEP = ∠CDP = 90°
∠APE = ∠CPD [Vertically opposite angles] (i) ΔABC ~ ΔFEG [Given]
∴ ΔAEP ~ ΔCDP[AA similarity criteria] ∴ ∠A = ∠F, ∠ACB = ∠FGE [Corresponding angles of similar triangles]
(ii) In ΔABD and ΔCBE, CD is the bisector of ∠ACB, GH is the bisector of ∠FGE
∠ADB = ∠CEB = 90° ∴ ∠ACD = ∠FGH
∠ABD = ∠CBE [Common angle] In ΔACD and ΔFGH,
∴ ΔABD ~ ΔCBE [AA similarity criteria] ∠A = ∠F
(iii) In ΔAEP and ΔADB, ∠ACD = ∠FGH
∠AEP = ∠ADB = 90 0 ∴ΔACD ~ ΔFGH [AA similarity criteria]
∠PAE = ∠DAB [Common angle] ⇒ =
∴ ΔAEP ~ ΔADB [AA similarity criteria] (ii) ΔABC ~ ΔFEG [Given]
(iv) In ΔPDC and ΔBEC, ∴ ∠B = ∠E, and ∠ACB = ∠FGE [Corresponding angles of similar triangles]
∠PDC = ∠BEC = 90° CD is the bisector of ∠ACB, GH is the bisector of ∠FGE
∠PCD = ∠BCE [Common angle] ∴∠DCB = ∠HGE
∴ ΔPDC ~ ΔBEC [AA similarity criteria] Now, In ΔDCB and ΔHGE,
8. E is a point on the side AD produced of a parallelogram ABCD and BE intersects CD at F. ∠DCB = ∠HGE
Show that ∆ABE ~ ∆CFB ∠B = ∠E
Solution: ∴ ΔDCB ~ ΔHGE [AA similarity criteria]
In ΔABE and ΔCFB, (iii) ΔABC ~ ΔFEG [Given]
∠A = ∠C [Opposite angles of a parallelogram] ∴ ∠A = ∠F, ∠ACB = ∠FGE [Corresponding angles of similar triangles]
Exercise 2.4
1. Let ∆ABC ~ ∆DEF and their areas be, respectively, 64 cm 2 and 121 cm2 . If EF =
Given: ∆ABC ~ ∆PQR 15.4 cm, find BC.
( ) ΔABC ~ ΔDEF [Given]
To Prove: = = =
( ) Area ΔABC = 64 cm2 and area ΔDEF = 121 cm2; EF = 15.4 cm
Construction: Draw AM⟘BC and PN⟘QR ( )
= = = [∵ ΔABC ~ ΔDEF] ------------(i)
( )
( )
ProofÉ: ( )
= = - - -(1) [Area of triangle= xbasexheight] =
In ∆ABM and ∆PQN, ⇒ = ⇒ = ⇒ = .
∠B = ∠Q [Corresponding angles of the similar triangle]
Two lines are intersecting at the point (3, 5). ∴ The solution is: x = 3, y = 5
⇒This pair of linear equations are consistent. ∴ These are parallel lines and have no solutions.Hence the pair is inconsistent.
(ii) − = ; − = (iii) + – = ; − − =
= = , = = , = ∴ = ≠ = = , = =− ∴ ≠
⇒This pair of equations are inconsistent ∴these lines are consistent and intersect each other. These lines have unique solution
(2.2). 2 + – 6 = 0 ⟹ = 6 − 2
(iii) + = ; − =
= = × = , = = × =− ∴ ≠
⇒This pair of linear equations are consistent.
1. Which of the following pairs of linear equations has unique solution, no solution, or = ; = = 1; = =
infinitely many solutions. In case there is a unique solution, find it by using cross
multiplication method ⇒ ≠
(i) x - 3y - 3 = 0 Therefore the pair has unique solution.
3x – 9y – 2 =0
Here, a = 1, b = -3, c = -3 and a = 3, b = -9, c = -2
= ; = = ; = =
⇒ = ≠
Therefore the given pair of linear equations are parallel and not intersecting each other.
Hence the pair has no solution. = =
(ii) 2x + y = 5 ⇒ 2x + y – 5 = 0
3x + 2y = 8⇒ 3x +2y – 8 = 0 ⇒ =( ) ( )
=
( )( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( )
Here a = 2, b = 1, c = -5 and a = 3, b = 2, c = -8 ⇒ = =
= ; = ; = = ⇒ ≠ ⇒ = = ⇒ = ⇒ 6x = 24 ⇒x = 4
Therefore the pair of linear equations has unique solution = ⇒6y = -6 ⇒ y = -1
There fore x = 4 and y = -1
2. (i) For which values of a and b does the following pair of linear equations have an
infinite number of solutions?
2x + 3y = 7 ⇒ 2x + 3y – 7 = 0
(a - b) x + (a + b)y = 3a + b - 2 ⇒ x + (a + b)y – (3a + b – 2) = 0
For a pair of linear equations to have infinitely many solutions: = =
Here, a = 2, b = 3, c = -7 and a = (a - b), b = (a + b), c = -(3a +b – 2)
= = = ; = ; = =
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
⇒ =( ) ( )
= = ⇒ = ⇒ 2(a + b) = 3(a – b )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
⇒ = = ⇒ = = ⇒ 2a + 2b = 3a – 3b
⇒ = ⇒x=2 ⇒a = 5b (1)
= ⇒( =(
= ⇒y = 1 ) )
⇒ 3(3a + b -2) = 7(a+b) ⇒9a + 3b – 6 = 7a + 7b
Therefore x = 2 and y = 1
⇒2a - 4b = 6 ⇒ a – 2b = 3 (2)
iii) 3x - 5y = 20 ⇒ 3x – 5y – 20 = 0
From (1) and (2)
6x - 10y = 40⇒6x – 10y – 40 = 0
Here, a = 3, b = -5, c = -20 and a = 6, b = -10, c = -40 (2)⇒ 5b – 2b = 3 ⇒ 3b = 3 ⇒ b = 1[∵a = 5b]
a = 5b ⇒ a = 5x1 ⇒ a = 5
= = ; = = ; = = ⇒ If a = 5 and b = 1 the pair of linear equations has infinite solutions.
⇒ = = ii) For which value of k will the following pair of linear equations have no solution?
3x + y = 1 ⇒ 3x + y – 1= 0
Therefore the given pair of linear equations are coincident and the pair has infinite solutions.
(2k - 1)x + (k - 1)y = 2k + 1 ⇒ (2k - 1)x + (k - 1)y - (2k + 1) = 0
(iv) x - 3y - 7 = 0
3x - 3y - 15 = 0 For a pair of linear equations to have no solutions: = ≠
Let = p and = q
√
+ = 2 ⇒ 2p + 3q = 2 ⇒ 2p + 3q - 2 = 0 (1)
√
- = −1⇒ 4p – 9q = -1 ⇒ 4p – 9q + 1 = 0 (2)
= = √
Here, a = 2 , b = 3, c = -2 and a = 4, b = -9, c = 1
⇒ =( ) ( )
=
( )( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( )
= =
⇒ = =
⇒( =( =
⇒ = = )( ) ( )( ) ) ( ) ( ) ( )
⇒ = =
⇒ =
⇒ = =
p = ⇒p=
⇒ = ⇒ -30p = -15 ⇒ p =
=
= ⇒ -30q = -10 ⇒ q =
⇒q = ⇒q=
=p⇒ = ⇒ √ = 2 ⇒ x = 4ªÀÄvÀÄÛ
⇒ = p⇒ = ⇒ x– y= 5 √ √
= q⇒ = ⇒ = 3⇒ y=9
=q⇒ = ⇒ x + y = 11
Adding the equations we get, (iii) + 3y = 14; - 4y = 23
2x = 16 ⇒ x = 8 Let =p
8 – y = 5⇒ y = 3 4p + 3y = 14 (1) x 3
Therefore the speed of the boat = km/h and speed of the stream = 3km/h 3p – 4y = 23 (2) x 4
12p + 9y = 42 (3)
Exercise 3.6 12p - 16y = 92 (4)
1. Solve the following pairs of equations by reducing them to a pair of linear equations Substracting equation(3) from equation(4) we get,
(i) + = 2; + = -25y = 50 ⇒ y = -2
Substitute y = 2 in equation (1)
Let = p and = q 4p + 3(-2) = 14
⇒4p = 20⇒p = 5
=p⇒ = ⇒ 3 = x -1 ⇒ x = 4 =p⇒ = ⇒ y= 2
circles The sum of the areas of two circles = 64π cm2 + 36π cm2 = 100π cm2
According to question,
πR2 = 100π cm2⇒ R2 = 100cm2 ⇒ R2 = 100 cm2 ⇒ R = 10 cm
5.2 Perimeter and Area of a Circle — A Review 3. Fig. 5.3 depicts an archery target marked with its five scoring regions from the centre
The distance covered by travelling once around a circle is its perimeter, usually called its outwards as Gold, Red, Blue, Black and White. The diameter of the region representing
circumference. You also know from your earlier classes, that circumference of a circle bears Gold score is 21 cm and each of the other bands is 10.5 cm wide.Find the area of each of
the five scoring regions.
a constant ratio with its diameter. This constant ratio is denoted by the Greek letter (read
as ‘pi’). In other words, The diameter of the Golden colour Circle = 21 cm
1st circle 2 nd circle 3rd circle 4th circle 5th circle
r1 = 10.5 cm r2 = 21 cm r3 = 31.5 r4 = 42 r5 = 52.5
A1 = π r 1 2 A2 = π r22 A3 = π r 3 2 A4 = π r 4 2 A5 = π r 5 2
π (10.5)2 π(21)2 π(31.5)2 π(42)2 π(52.5)2
346.5 cm2 1386 cm2 3118.5 cm2 5544 cm2 8662.5 cm2
Area of Golden colour = π r12 = π (10.5)2 = 346.5 cm2
Area of Red colour = [Area of 2 nd – Area of 1 st ]
= 1386 - 346.5 cm2 = 1039.5 cm2
The cost of fencing a circular field at the rate of R s 24 per metre is Rs 5280. The field
Area of blue colour = [Area of 3rd – Area of 2 nd ]
is to be ploughed at the rate of R s 0.50 per m2. Find the cost of ploughing the field. (Take
= 3118.5 - 1386 cm2 = 1732.5 cm2
= )
Area of black colour = [Area of 4th – Area of 3 rd ]
Solution:Length of the fence (in metres) = = = 220 «ÄÃ. = 5544 - 3118.5 cm2 = 2425.5 cm2
So, circumference of the field = 220 m. Therefore, if r metres is the radius of the field, Area of white colour = [Area of 5th – Area of 4th]
= 8662.5 cm2 - 5544 cm2 = 3118.5cm2
then, 2 r = 220 Or 2 x x r = 220 ⇒ r = = 35m 4. The wheels of a car are of diameter 80 cm each. How many complete revolutions does
Therefore, area of the field = πr = x 352 = (22 x 5 x 35)m2 each wheel make in 10 minutes when the car is travelling at a speed of 66 km per hour?
Total cost of ploughing the field at the rate of 0.50/sqm = (22 x 5 x 35) x 0.5 = gÀÆ 1925 The diameter of the wheels of a car = 80 cm
Circumference of the wheel C = 2πr = 2r × π = 80 π cm
The Car traveled a distance in 10 minutes = (66 × 1000 × 100 × 10)/60 = 110000 cm
Exercise 5.1 ಚ ದ ದೂರ
Therefore no of revolution = = = = 4375
[Unless stated otherwise, use = ]
5. Tick the correct answer in the following and justify your choice : If the perimeter and the
1. The radii of two circles are 19 cm and 9 cm respectively.Find the radius of the circle area of a circle are numerically equal, then the radius of the circle is
which has circumference equal to the sum of the circumferences of the two circles. A) 2 Units B) Units C) 4 Units D) 7 Units
Let the required radius = R. Therefore the circumference C = 2πR Radius of the circle = r
The circumference of the circle of radius 19 cm = 2π × 19 = 38π cm ∴ Circumference(Perimeter) = 2πr ∴ Area = π r2
The circumference of the circle of radius = 2π × 9 = 18π cm According to question,
The sum of the circumference of two circles = 38π + 18π = 56π cm Perimeter = Area
⇒ 2πR = 56π cm [According to question] ⇒ 2R = 56 cm ⇒ R = 28 cm 2πr = π r2⇒ 2 = r
2. The radii of two circles are 8 cm and 6 cm respectively. Find the radius of the circle ∴ A) 2 Units
having area equal to the sum of the areas of the two circles.
5. In a circle of radius 21 cm, an arc subtends an angle of 60° at the centre. Find: The angle of minor sector = 120°
°
(i) the length of the arc (ii) area of the sector formed by the arc ∴ Area of the minor sector = ×π r2 cm2
°
(iii) area of the segment formed by the corresponding chord °
= x 3.14 x 12 x 12 cm2 = x 3.14 x 12 x 12 cm2
°
Radius of the circle = 21 cm = 3.14 x 4 x 12 cm2 = 3.14 x 48 cm2 = 150.72 cm2
(i) The length of the Arc AB = × 2πr ∴ Area of the minor segment = Area of the minor sector – Area of ΔAOB
°
Arc AB = ×2x x 21 = × 2 x 22 x 3 = 22cm = 150.72 cm2 - 62.28 cm2 = 88.44 cm2
°
(ii) The angle formed by arc AB = 60° 8. A horse is tied to a peg at one corner of a square shaped grass field of side 15 m by
Area of the sector of angle 60 0 = ° ×π r2 cm2 means of a 5 m long rope (see Fig. 5.11). Find
(i) The area of that part of the field in which the horse can graze
= °
x x 21x21 cm2= x 22x 3 x21 cm2= x 22x21 cm2
(ii) The increase in the grazing area if the rope were10 m long instead of 5 m. (Use = 3.14)
= 11x21 cm2 = 231 cm2 Given, the side of the square = 15 m
√ √ √
(iii) The area of the equilateral ΔAOB = x (OA)2 = x (21)2 = cm2 The length of the rope [Radius of the arc(r)] = 5 m
Hence the required area = Area of the sector formed by the Arc - area of ΔAOB The radius of the field in which the horse can graze = 5 m.
√ (i) Area of the field graze by the horse
= − cm2 [Horse is tied at the corner of the square.So, it graze only
6. A chord of a circle of radius 15 cm subtends an angle of 60° at the centre. Find the areas quadrant of the circle of radius 5m]
of the corresponding minor and major segments of the circle. (Use = √ = 1.73) = =
.
=
.
= 19.625 m2
Radius of the circle = 15 cm (ii) The length of the rope is 10m then, the area graze
In triangle ΔAOB, ∠AOB and ∠A = ∠B = 600 [∵OA = OB = 15cm] .
by the horse = = = = 78.5 m2
∴ ΔAOB is an equilateral triangle.
Therefore increase in grazing area
√ √ √
The area of ΔAOB = x (OA)2 = x (15)2 = cm2 = 78.5 m2 - 19.625 m2 = 58.875 m2
=
. 2
cm = 97.3 cm 2 9. A brooch is made with silver wire in the form of a circle with diameter 35 mm. The wire
is also used in making 5 diameters which divide the circle into 10 equal sectors as shown
The angle formed by the arc AB = 60° in Fig. 5.12. Find :
∴ The area of the sector formed by the arc AB = °
×π r2 cm2 (i) the total length of the silver wire required
= ° x (3.14)x 15x15 cm = x 3.14 x 5x15 cm = 1.57 x 75 cm2 = 117.75 cm2
2 2 (ii) the area of each sector of the brooch.
Area of the minor segment = Area of the sector formed by the arc AB – Area of ΔAOB Number of diameters = 5; Legnth of the diameter = 35 mm
∴ Radius (r) = 35/2 mm
= 117.75 - 97.3 = 20.4 cm2
(i) The total lenth of wire required
Area of the major segment = Area of the circle – Area of minor segment
Summary:
1. Circumference of the circle = 2πr
Step-1: Draw any ray AX, making an acute angle with AB
2. Area of the circle = πr
3. The radius of the circle r the angle measure with θ (Can draw above or below the given line)
Then the Length of the Arc of the sector = x 2πr Step-2: Locate 5 (= m + n) points A1, A2, A3, A4 and A5 on AX so that AA1 = A1 A2 =
4. The radius of the circle r the angle measure with θ A2 A3 = A3 A4 = A4 A5
Then the area of the sector = x πr Step-3: Join BA5
5. Area of segment of a circle = Area of the corresponding sector - Area of the Step-4: Through the point A3 (m = 3), draw a line parallel to A5B (by making an angle
corresponding triangle. equal to AA5 B) at A3 intersecting AB at the point C (see Fig.). Then, AC : CB = 3 : 2
Justification:
A3CǁA5B ⇒ = [Basic proportionality theorem]⇒ = = ⇒ 3:2
Now AC : CB = 3 : 2
Alternate Method:
Step 1: Draw any ray AX making an
acute angle with AB .
Step 2: Draw a ray BY parallel to AX by
making ∠ABY equal to ∠BAX
Step 3: Locate the points A1, A2, A3 (m
= 3) on AX and B1, B2 (n = 2) on BY
such that AA1 = A1A2 = A2 A3 = BB1
= B1 B2
Step 4: Join A3B2 . Let it intersect AB at
a point C
7
Step-1:Draw a circle by using a bangle.
Step-2: Draw two chords MN and NL
Step-3:Draw perpendicular bisector of
Coordinate Geometry
MN and NL they intersect at point O Coordinate axes:
which is the center of the circle. | |
A set of a pair of perpendicular axes and
Step-4: Take a point P outside the
circle join OP and bisect it.
Step-5: Let D be the midpoint of OP. Horizontal line
Taking D as center and OD as radius,
draw a circle which intersects the given
circle at A and B. X1OX X - Axis
Step-6: Join AP and BP. Thus AP and
BP are the required tangents from P
Vertical line
Justification:
Join OA,OB. ∠OAP is the angle lying in the semi-circle.
∴ ∠OAP = 900 ⇒ AP⟘OA,
YOY1 Y - Axis
Since, OA is the radius of the circle with center O. So AP has to be a tangent to the circle.
Similarlly BP is also a tangent.
The intersection point of X and Y axes is called the Orgin ′O
Summary
In this chapter, you have learnt how to do the following constructions:
1. To divide a line segment in a given ratio The distance of a point from the y-axis is called its x-coordinate, or abscissa. The distance
2. To construct a triangle similar to a given triangle as per a given scale factor of a point from the x-axis is called its y-coordinate, or ordinate. The coordinates of a
which may be less than 1 or greater than 1. point on the x-axis are of the form (x, 0), and of a point on the y-axis are of the form (0, y).
3. To construct the pair of tangents from an external point to a circle. The Coordinate axes divides the plane in to four parts. They are called quadrants.
The coordinaes of the orgin is ( , )
7.2 Distance Formula
The distance between two points on X-axis or on
the straight line paralle to X-axis is
Distance = −
The distance between two points on Y-axis or on
the straight line paralle to Y-axis isÀ
Distance = −
AB = AC + BC
The distance between two points which are
neither on X or Y axis nor on the line paralle to
X orY axis
= ( − ) +( − )
The distance between the point P(x,y) and the orgin
= +
Example 1:Do the points (3, 2), (–2, –3) and (2, 3) form a triangle? If so, name the type
of triangle formed.
P(3, 2), Q(−2, −3), R(2, 3)
Formula = ( − ) +( − )
P a g e 132 | 159 Available in ykoyyur.blogspot.com P a g e 133 | 159 Available in ykoyyur.blogspot.com
SSLC Mathematics Solutions – Part -1 YK SSLC Mathematics Solutions – Part -1 YK
AB + BC = 3√2 + 2√2 = 5√2
PQ = 3 − (−2) + 2 − (−3) Since,, AB + BC = AC we can say that the points A, B and C are collinear.
= (3 + 2) +(2 + 3) Therefore, they are seated in a line
= (5) +(5) = √25 + 25 = √50 = 7.07 Example 4 : Find a relation between x and y such that the point (x , y) is equidistant
from the points (7, 1) and (3, 5).
QR = (−2 − 2) +(−3 − 3)
Let the point P (x, y) is equi distance from the
= (−4) +(−6) = √16 + 36 = √52 = 7.21 points A (7, 1) and B (3, 5)
PR = (3 − 2) +(2 − 3) = (1) +(−1) PA = PB ⇒ PA2 = PB2
= √1 + 1 = √2 = 1.41 PA = (x − 7) +(y − 1)
Since the sum of any two of these distances is PB = (x − 3) +(y − 5)
greater than the third distance, therefore the point
P,Q and R form a triangle. AP2 = BP2 ⟹ (x – 7) +(y − 1)
Also, PQ2 + PR2 = QR2 by the converse of = (x − 3) +(y − 5)
Pythagoras theorem ∠P = 90O we have
Therefore, PQR is a right triangle. (x − 7)2 + (y − 1)2 = (x − 3)2 + (y − 5)2
Example2: Show that the points (1, 7), (4, 2), (–1, –1) and (– 4, 4) are the vertices of a x + 7 − 2(x)(7) + y + 1 − 2(y)(1) = x + 3 − 2(x)(3) + y + 5 − 2(y)(5)
square. x + 49 − 14x + y + 1 − 2y = x + 9 − 6x + y + 25 − 10y
Solution: A (1, 7), B (4, 2), C (-1, -1) and D (-4, 4) x − x − 14x + 6x + y − y − 2y + 10y = 34 − 50
AB = (4 − 1) + (2 − 7) = (3) +(−5) = √9 + 25 = √34 −8x + 8y = −16 ÷ −8 ⇒ − = 2
Which is the require relation.
BC = (−1 − 4) +(−1 − 2) = (−5) +(−3) = √25 + 9 = √34
Remark :Note that the graph of the equation x – y = 2 is a line. From your earlier studies, you
CD = −4 − (−1) + 4 − (−1) know that a point which is equidistant from A and B lies on the perpendicular bisector of
AB. Therefore, the graph of x – y = 2 is the perpendicular bisector of AB
= (−4 + 1) +(4 + 1)
Example 5 : Find a point on the y-axis which is equidistant from the points A(6, 5) and
= (−3) +(5) = √9 + 25 = √34 B(– 4, 3).
DA = 1 − (−4) +(7 − 4) We know that a point on the y − axis is of the form (0, y). P (0, y) So, let the point P(0, y)
be equidistant from A and B. Then PA = PB
= (1 + 4) +(3) = (5) +(3) = √25 + 9 = √34 (6 − 0)2 + (5 − )2 = (−4 − 0)2 + (3 − )2
AC = (−1 − 1) +(−1 − 7) 36 + 5 + − 2(5)( ) = 16 + 3 + − 2(3)( )
= (−2) +(−8) = √4 + 64 = √68 36 + 25 + − 10 = 16 + 9 + −6
BD = (−4 − 4) +(4 − 2) − − 10 + 6 = 25 − 61 ⇒ −4 = −36
= (−8) +(2) = √64 + 4 = √68 = = 9 Therefore the required point is ( , )
Since, AB = BC = CD = DA and AC = BD, all the PA = (6 − 0) +(5 − 9) = (6) +(−4) = √36 + 16 = √52
four sides of the quadrilateral ABCD are equal and its
diagonals AC and BD are also equal. Thereore, ABCD PB = (−4 − 0) +(3 − 9) = (−4) +(−6) = √16 + 36 = √52
is a square
Example 3 : Fig. 7.6 shows the a r r a n gement o f Exercise 7.1
des ks in a classroom. Ashima, Bharti and
Camella are seated at A (3, 1), B(6, 4) and C(8, 6) 1. Find the distance between the following pairs of points :
respectively. Do you think they are seated in a line? i) (2, 3), (4, 1) ii) (-5, 7), (-1, 3) iii) (a, b), (-a, -b)
G ive r ea s on s for your answer. i) (x , y ) = (2, 3) , (x , y ) = (4, 1)
AB = (6 − 3) +(4 − 1) = (3) +(3) Formula = ( − ) +( − )
2 3 4 1
= √9 + 9 = √18 = √9 × 2 = √ d = (4 − 2) +(1 − 3) = (2) +(−2)
BC = (8 − 6) +(6 − 4) = (2) +(2) d = √4 + 4 = √2 × 4 = 2√2 Units
= √4 + 4 = √8 = √4 × 2 = √ ii) (x , y ) = (−5, 7) , (x , y ) = (−1, 3) -5 7 -1 3
AC = (8 − 3) +(6 − 1) = (5) +(5) d = (−1 − [−5) +(3 − 7) = (4) +(−4)
= √25 + 25 = √50 = √25 × 2 = √ d = √16 + 16 = √2 × 16 = 4√2 Units
iii) (x , y ) = (a, b) , (x , y ) = (−a, −b)
= = ⇒ m : m = 2: 7
30 = 2p + 16 ⇒ 2p = 30 − 16 ⇒ p = ⇒ p=7
We should verify that the ratio satisfies the y-coordinate also.
( ) ( )
= = = =6
Exercise 7.2
Therefore, the point (– 4, 6) divides the line segment joining the points A(– 6, 10) and
B(3, – 8) in the ratio 2 : 7 1. Find the coordinates of the point which divides the join of (–1, 7) and (4, –3) in the
Example: Find the coordinates of the points of trisection (i.e., points dividing in three equal ratio 2 : 3.
parts) of the line segment joining the points A(2, – 2) and B(– 7, 4). Let the Coordinates of the Points be(x,y)
Let P and Q be the trisection points of AB. ⇒ AP = PQ = QB m : m = 2: 3 (x , y ) = (−1, 7), (x , y ) =
(4, −3) , -1 7 4 -3
Therefore, P divides AB internally in the ratio 1 : 2. Therefore, the coordinates of P, by applying
the section formula, (x, y) = ,
A(x , y ) = (2, −2) , B(x , y ) = (−7, 4) =
( ) ( )
,
( ) ( )
= , = , ⇒ (x, y)= (1 , 3)
m = 1, m = 2
m x +m x m y +m y 2. Find the coordinates of the poin ts of trisection of the line segment join ing (4, –1) and
P(x, y) = 1 2 2 1 , 1 2 2 1
m1 m2 m1 m2 (–2, –3).
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Let P and Q are the trisection points of AB
= , = , -1 7 4 -3
⇒ AP = PQ = QB
∴ The point P divides AB internally in the ratio 1 : 2
= , = (−1, 0)
A(x , y ) = (4, −1) , B(x , y ) = (−2, −3),
m = 1, m = 2
Now, Q also divides AB internally in the ratio 2 : 1. So, the coordinates of Q are
∴ The coordinates of P is,
A(x , y ) = (2, −2) , B(x , y ) = (−7, 4)
m = 2, m = 1 P(x, y) = ,
m x +m x m y +m y
Q(x, y) = 1 2 2 1 , 1 2 2 1 =
( ) ( )
,
( ) ( )
m1 m2 m1 m2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) = , = , = 2,
= , = , = , = (−4, 2)
The point Q divides AB internally in the ratio 2 : 1
Therefore, the coordinates of the points of trisection of the line segment joining A and B are A(x , y ) = (4, −1) , B(x , y ) = (−2, −3) ; m1 = 2, m2 = 1
(–1, 0) and (– 4, 2).
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Area = [ ( − )+ ( − )+ ( − )]
= , = , = ,
= 1(6 − (−5)) + (−4) −5 − (−1) + (−3)(−1 − 6)
9. Find the coordinates of the points which divide the line segment joining A(– 2, 2) and = [1(6 + 5) + (−4)(−5 + 1) + (−3)(−7)]
B(2, 8) into four equal parts
The point X divides AB in the ratio 1: 3 = [11 + 16 + 21]
The coordinates of X is, = (48) = 24
(x, y) = , -2 2 2 8
Area of the triangle is = 24 Square units
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
Example 12 : Find the area of a triangle formed by
= , = , = , = −1, the points A(5, 2), B(4, 7) and C (7, – 4).
A (5, 2), B (4, 7) and C (7, -4)
The point Y is the mid-point of AB
The coordinates of Y Area = [ ( − ) + ( − ) + ( − )]
(x, y) = , = , = , = (0, 5) = [5(7 − (−4)) + 4(−4 − 2) + 7(2 − 7)]
= [5(7 + 4) + 4(−6) + 7(−5)]
The point Z divides AB in the ratio 3: 1
The coordinates of Z is, = [55 − 24 − 35]
(x, y) = , = (55 − 59)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) = (−4) = −2
= , = , = , = 1,
Since area is a measure, which cannot be negative, we
10. Find the area of a rhombus if its vertices are (3, will take the numerical value of – 2, i.e., 2. Therefore,
0), (4, 5), (– 1, 4) and (– 2, – 1) taken in the area of the triangle = 2 square units.
order[Hint: Area of rhombus = (product of its Example 13 : Find the area of the triangle formed by the points P(–1.5, 3), Q(6, –2)
diagonals)] and R(–3, 4).
AC = (−1 − 3) +(4 − 0) = (−4) +(4) Area of the triangle= [ ( − ) + ( − ) + ( − )]
= √16 + 16 = √16 × 2 = 4√2 = [(−1.5)(−2 − 4) + 6(4 − 3) + (−3)(3 − (−2))]
BD = (−2 − 4) +(−1 − 5) = (−6) +(−6) = [(−1.5)(−6) + 6(1) + (−3)(3 + 2)]
= √36 + 36 = √36 × 2 = 6√2 = [9 + 6 − 15] = (15 − 15)
The area of the rhombus = × 4√2 × 6√2
= (0) = 0
√
= = 12(2) = 24 square units. If the area of a triangle is 0 square units, then its vertices
7.4 Area of a Triangle will be collinear.
Area of triangle = × base × height
Example 14 : Find the value of k if the points A(2, 3), B(4, k) and C(6, –3) are
By Heron’s Formula Area of the triangle = s(s − a)(s − b)(s − c) , Here, s = collinear.
a, b and c are the sides of the triangle. Since the given points are collinear, the area of the triangle formed by them must be 0, i.e.,
We could find the lengths of the three sides of the triangle using distance formula. But this [ ( − ) + ( − ) + ( − )] = 0
could be tedious, particularly if the lengths of the sides are irrational number. Then we can
[2( − (−3)) + 4(−3 − 3) + 6(3 − )] = 0
use the following formula to find the area of the triangle.
[2( + 3) + 4(−6) + 6(3 − )] = 0
Area of the triangle = [ ( − )+ ( − )+ ( − )] [2 + 6 − 24 + 18 − 6 ] = 0
(−4 ) = 0 ⇒ k = 0
Area = [ ( − ) + ( − ) + ( − )] 2 4
= , = (1, 2)
= [2(0 − (−4)) + (−1)(−4 − 3) + 2(3 − 0)]
The coordinates of F
= [2(4) + (−1)(−7) + 2(3)] = [8 + 7 + 6] = (21) = Sq.units (x, y) = , = ,
ii) (-5, -1), (3, -5) (5, 2)
= 0 , = (0, 1)
Area = [x (y − y ) + x (y − y ) + x (y − y )]
The area of ∆DEF with vertices D(1, 0) , E(1, 2) and F(0, 1)
= [(−5)(−5 − 2) + 3(2 − (−1)) + 5(−1 − (−5))] 1
= [ ( − ) + ( − ) + ( − )]
= [(−5)(−7) + 3(2 + 1) + 5(−1 + 5)] = [35 + 9 + 20] = (64) 2
= [1(2 − 1) + 1(1 − 0) + 0(0 − 2)] = [1(1) + 1 + 0]
= 32 Sq.units.
2. In each of the following find the value of ‘k’, for which the points are collinear. = [1 + 1] = (2) = 1 Sq.units
i) (7, -2), (5, 1), (3, k) ii) (8, 1), (k, -4) (2, -5) The area of given triangle = [ ( − )+ ( − )+ ( − )]
i) (7, -2), (5, 1), (3, k)
= [0(1 − 3) + 2(3 − (−1)) + 0(−1 − 1)] = [0 + 2(3 + 1)) + 0]
Since the given points are collinear, the area of the triangle formed by them must be 0, i.e.,
[x (y − y ) + x (y − y ) + x (y − y )] = 0 = [0 + 8 + 0] = (8) = 4 Sq.units
The ratio of the ∆ABC and ∆DEF = 4: 1
[7(1 − k) + 5(k − (−2)) + 3(−2 − 1)] = 0
4. Find the area of the quadrilateral whose vertices, taken in order, are (– 4, – 2), (– 3, – 5),
[7(1 − k) + 5(k + 2) + 3(−3)] = 0 (3, – 2) and (2, 3).
[7 − 7k + 5k + 10 − 9] = 0 A(-4, -2), B(-3, -5), C(3, -2) and D(2, 3)
(−2k + 8) = 0 By joining B to D, we will get two triangles ABD
and BCD
−2k = −8 ⇒ k = =4 ∴ Area ABD
ii) (8, 1), (k, -4) (2, -5)
Since the given points are collinear, the area of the triangle formed by them must be 0, i.e.,
[x (y − y ) + x (y − y ) + x (y − y )] = 0
Exercise 8.2 If the number 6n, for any n, were to end with the digit zero, then it would be divisible by 5. That
is, the prime factorisation of 4n would contain the prime 5. This is not possible because the
1. Express each number as a product of its prime factors:
prime factors of 6 are 2 and 3.
(i) 140 (ii) 156 (iii) 3825 (iv) 5005 (v) 7429 Therefore 5 is not a factor of 6. ⇒6n = (2 x 3)n
(i) 140 = 2 × 2 × 5 × 7 = 22 × 5 × 7
(ii) 156 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 13 = 22 × 3 × 13 So, there is no natural number n for which 6 n ends with the digit zero.
(iii) 3825 = 3 × 3 × 5 × 5 × 17 = 32 × 52 × 17 Explain why 7 × 11 × 13 + 13 and 7 × 6 × 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 + 5 are composite numbers
(iv) 5005 = 5 × 7 × 11 × 13 6. 7 × 11 × 13 + 13 =13 (7x11 + 1) =13(77 + 1 ) =13 (78) =13x2x3x13
The product of two or more than two prime numbers is a composite number.
(v) 7429 = 17 × 19 × 23
Therefore 7 x 11 x 13 + 13 is a composite number.
2. Find the LCM and HCF of the following pairs of integers and verify that LCM × HCF = 7×6×5×4×3×2×1+5
product of the two numbers. =5(7 × 6 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 +1) =5(1008 + 1) =5(1009)
(i) 26 and 91 (ii) 510 and 92 (iii) 336 and 54. The product of two or more than two prime numbers is a composite number.
(i) 26 = 2 × 13 Therefore 7 × 6 × 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 + 5 is a composite number
91 =7 × 13 7. There is a circular path around a sports field. Sonia takes 18 minutes to drive one round
HCF = 13; LCM = 2 × 7 × 13 =182 of the field, while Ravi takes 12 minutes for the same. Suppose they both start at the
Product of two numbers = 26 × 91 = 2366 same point and at the same time, and go in the same direction. After how many minutes
LCM x HCF = 13 × 182 = 2366 will they meet again at the starting point?
∴ LCM x HCF = Product of two numbers To find the time they meet again in the same point, we have to find the LCM of time
18 = 2 × 3 × 3; 12 = 2 × 2 × 3
(ii) 510 = 2 × 3 × 5 × 17 LCM = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 = 36
92 =2 × 2 × 23 Therefore after 36 minutes they meet again at the starting point.
HCF = 2; LCM = 2 × 2 × 3 × 5 × 17 × 23 = 23460
Product of two numbers = 510 × 92 = 46920
8.4 Revisiting Irrational Numbers
LCM x HCF = 2 × 23460 = 46920
A number which can not be expressed in the form of is called irrational number.Here,
∴ LCM x HCF = Product of two numbers
p, q Z, q ≠ 0
(iii) 336 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 7
Theorem 8.3: Let p be a prime number. If p divides a 2, then p divides a, where a is
54 = 2 × 3 × 3 × 3
a positive integer.
HCF = 2 × 3 = 6; LCM = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 7 =3024
Theorm 8.4: √ is irrational.
Product of two numbers = 336 × 54 =18144
LCM x HCF = 6 × 3024 = 18144 Proof: Let us assume, to the contrary, that √2 is rational.
∴ LCM x HCF = Product of two numbers ⇒ √2 = [ p,q∈ Z, q ≠ 0 and (p,q)=1 ]
So, there is no other common factors for p and q other than 1
3. Find the LCM and HCF of the following integers by applying the prime factorisation
NowÀ, √2 = ⇒ √2q = p Squaring on both sides we get,
method (i) 12, 15 and 21 (ii) 17, 23 and 29 (iii) 8, 9 and 25
(i) 12 = 2 × 2 × 3; 15 =3 × 5; 21 =3 × 7 √2 = p2 ⇒ 2q2 = p 2 (1)
HCF = 3; LCM = 2 × 2 × 3 × 5 × 7 = 420 ⇒ 2 divides p2 ⇒ 2, divides p . [ By theorem]
(ii) 17 = 1 × 17; 23 = 1 × 23; 29 = 1 × 29
∴ Let p = 2m,
HCF = 1; LCM = 1 × 17 × 19 × 23 = 11339
(iii) 8 =1 × 2 × 2 × 2; 9 =1 × 3 × 3; 25 =1 × 5 × 5 (1) ⇒ 2q 2 = (2m) ⇒q2 = 2m2
HCF = 1; LCM = 1 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 5 × 5 = 1800 ⇒2,divides q 2 ⇒ 2, divides q [By theorem]
4. Given that HCF (306, 657) = 9, find LCM (306, 657). ∴ 2 is the common factor for both p and q
LCM x HCF = Product of two numbers
This contradicts that there is no common factor of p and q .
×
∴ LCM (306, 657) = = 22338 Therefore our assumption is wrong. So, √2 is a an irrational number.
5. Check whether 6n can end with the digit 0 for any natural number n. Example 9 : Prove that √ is irrational.
Here, n is a natural number.
Proof: Let us assume, to the contrary, that √3 is rational.
Content
Part -2
1 Polynomials 2 - 13
2 Quadratic Equations 14 - 31
3 Introduction to Trigonometry 32 - 47
5 Statistics 58 - 76
6 Probability 77 - 86
If k is the zero of the polynomial p(x) = ax + b then p(k) = ak + b = 0 ⇒ k = − aph of y = x2 – 3x – 4 intersect s the x-axis.
This fact is true for any quadratic polynomial, i.e.,
The zero of the lenear equation ax + b is − the zeroes of a quadratic polynomial ax2 + bx + c,
a 0, are precisely the x-coordinates of the points
9.2 Geometrical Meaning of the Zeroes of a Polynomial where the parabola representing y = ax2 + bx + c
intersects the x-axis
(i) Linear Polynomial
Example y = 2x + 3
x -2 2
y -1 7
Case (i) : Here, the graph cuts x-axis Let u s t a ke a few mor e exa mp les . C onsider t he c u bic polynomials x3 and x3 – x2.
at two distinct points A and A1. The x-
We draw the graphs of y = x3 and y = x3 – x2 in Fig. 9.7 and Fig. 9.8 respectively. Note that 0
coordinates of A and A1 are the two
zeroes of the quadratic polynomial x2 is the only zero of the polynomial x3. Also, from Fig. 9.7, you can see that 0 is the x - coordinate
+ bx + c in this case (see Fig. 9.3). of the only point where the graph of y = x3 intersects the x - axis. Similarly, since x3 – x2 = x2
(x – 1), 0 and 1 are the only zeroes of the polynomial x3 – x2 . Also, from Fig. 9.8, these values
Case (ii) : Here, the graph cuts the are the x - coordinates of the only points where the graph of y = x3 – x2 intersects the x-axis
x-axis at exactly one point, i.e., at two
coincident points. So, the two points A
and A1 of Case (i) coincide here to
become one point A (see Fig. 9.4).
The x –coordinate of A is the only zero
for the quadratic polynomial
ax2 + bx + c in this case.
So, you can see geometrically that a quadratic polynomial can have either two distinct zeroes
or two equal zeroes (i.e., one zero), or no zero. This also means that a polynomial of degree 2
has atmost two zeroes. From the examples above, we see that there are at most 3 zeroes for any cubic polynomial. In
Cubic Polynomials: other words, any polynomial of degree 3 can have at most three zeroes
Example: y = x3 - 4x Example 1 : Look at the graphs in Fig. 9.9 given below. Each is the graph of y = p(x), where
x -2 -1 0 1 2 p(x) is a polynomial. For each of the graphs, find the number of zeroes of p(x).
y 0 3 0 -3 0
Locating the points of the table on a graph
paper and drawing the graph, we see that the
graph of y = x3 – 4x actually looks like the one
given in fig 9.6
We see from the table above that – 2, 0 and 2
re zeroes of the cubic polynomial x3
– 4x. Observe that – 2, 0 and 2 are, in fact,
the x- coordinates of the only points where
the graph of y = x3 – 4x intersects the x -
axis. Since the curve meets the x - axis in only
these 3 points, their x - coordinates are the
only zeroes of the polynomial
Solution :
(i) The number of zeroes is 1 as the graph intersects the x-axis at one point only. Solution: x2 + 7x + 10 = x2 + 5x + 2x + 10
(ii) The number of zeroes is 2 as the graph intersects the x - axis at two points. = x (x + 5) +2 (x + 5) = (x + 2) (x + 5)
(iii) The number of zeroes is 3 as the graph intersects the x-axis at three points
∴ The value of x2 + 7x + 10 is zero when x = -2 or x = -5
(iv) The number of zeroes is 1 as the graph intersects the x-axis at one point only.
(v) The number of zeroes is 1. as the graph intersects the x-axis at one point only. ∴ -2 and -5 are the zeros of x2 + 7x + 10
(vi) The number of zeroes is 4. as the graph intersects the x-axis at four points Sum of the zeros = (-2) + (-5) = -7 = =
1. The graphs of y = p(x) are given in Fig. 9.10 below, for some polynomials p(x). Find the Example 3 : Find the zeroes of the polynomial x2 – 3 and verify the relationship
between the zeroes and the coefficients
number of zeroes of p(x), in each case.
Solution: a2 – b2 = (a - b) (a + b)
∴ x2- 3 = (x - √3 ) (x + √3 )
∴ √3 and -√3 are the zeros of x2 - 3
Sum of the zeros = √3 + -√3 = 0 =
Product of the zeros = (√3 )(- √3 ) = -3 = =
Example 4 : Find a quadratic polynomial, the sum and product of whose zeroes are – 3
and 2, respectively.
Solution: Let the required polynomial be ax2 + bx + c and its zeros are α and .
∴ α + β = -3 = and αβ = 2 =
⇒ If a = 1 then b = 3 and c = 2
∴ Quadratic polynomial = x2 + 3x + 2
The relation between the zeros and the coefficients of Cubic polynomials:
If , β, γ are the zeros of the cubic polynomia ax3 + bx2 + cx + d then
(i) The number of zeroes is 0 as the graph not intersects the x-axis
+ + = ; + + = ; =
(ii) The number of zeroes is 1 as the graph intersects the x-axis at one point only.
(iii)The number of zeroes is 3 as the graph intersects the x-axis at three points . Exercise 9.2
(iv) The number of zeroes is 2 as the graph intersects the x-axis at two points. 1. Find the zeroes of the following quadratic polynomials and verify the relationship between
(v) The number of zeroes is 4 as the graph intersects the x-axis at four points. the zeroes and the coefficients.
(vi) The number of zeroes is 3 as the graph intersects the x-axis at three points. (i) x2 - 2x – 8 (ii) 4s2 – 4s - 1 (iii) 6x2 - 3 – 7x
(iv) 4u2 - 8u (v) t2 – 15 (vi) 3x 2 – x – 4
9.3 Relationship between Zeroes and Coefficients of a Polynomial (i) x2 – 2x – 8 = x2 – 4x + 2x – 8 = (x– 4)+ 2(x – 4) = (x - 4) (x + 2)
⇒ x = 4 and x = -2 are the zeros of polynomial x2 – 2x – 8
α and β are the zeros of the polynomial p(x) = ax2 + bx + c, a≠0 ( )
(x - α ) and (x - β) are the factors of p(x). Sum of the zeros = 4 + (-2) = 2 = =
Product of the zeros = (4) )(- 2) = -8 = =
(ii) 4s2 – 4s + 1 = 4s2 – 2s – 2s + 1 = 2s(s – 1) – 1 (2s – 1) = (2s – 1) (2s – 1)
Sum of Zeros +β = Product of Zeros β=
⇒ s = and s = are the zeros of the polynomial 4s2 – 4s + 1
( )
Sum of the zeros = + =1 = =
Example 2 : Find the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial x2 + 7x + 10, and verify the
Product of the zeros = x = =
relationship between the zeroes and the coefficients
(iii) 6x2– 3 – 7x = 6x2 –7x – 3 = 6x2 – 9x +2x –3 = 3x(2x –3) +1(2x –3) = (3x+1)(2x-3)
⇒ x = - and x = are the zeros of the polynomial 6x2 – 3 – 7x
Example 9 : Find all the zeroes of 2x4 – 3x3 – 3x2 + 6x – 2, if you know that two of its x4 + 0
- 2x2
zeroes are √ and - √ 2x2 - 5x + 6
Solution: Since two zeroes are √2 and - √2 2x2 + 0 - 4
- 5x + 10
(x - √2 ) (x + √2 ) = x2 - 2 are the factors of the polynomial
Quotient =-x2 – 2 ;remainder = -5x + 10
x2 - 2 2x4 – 3x3 – 3x2 + 6x – 2 2x2 - 3x + 1 Now, divide the polynomial by x2 – 2
-2x4 + 4x2 Factorise the Quotient = 2x2 - 3x + 1 2. Check whether the first polynomial is a factor of the second polynomial by dividing the
2x2 - 2x – x + 1 = 2x(x – 1) – 1(2x – 1) second polynomial by the first polynomial:
-3x3 + x2 + 6x - 2
(i) t2 - 3, 2 t4 + 3t3 - 2t2 - 9 t – 12 (ii) x2 + 3x + 1, 3x4 + 5x 3 - 7x2 + 2x + 2
-3x3 + 6x = (2x -1)(x - 1)
(iii) x3 - 3x + 1, x5 - 4x3 + x 2 + 3x + 1
+ x2 -2 ⇒ x = , x = 1 are the zeros (i) t2 - 3 2t4 + 3t3 - 2t2 - 9 t – 12
+ x2 -2 ∴ All 4 zeros are √2 ,- √2, , and 1
0 t2 - 3 2t4 + 3t3 - 2t2 - 9 t – 12 2t2 +3t + 4
2t4 + 0 - 6t2
Exercise 9.3 + 3t3 +4t2 – 9t
1. Divide the polynomial p(x) by the polynomial g(x) and find the quotient and remainder in + 3t3 + 0 - 9t
each of the following : +4t2 +0 - 12
3 2 2
(i) p(x) = x - 3x + 5x - 3 g(x) = x – 2 (ii) p(x) = x - 3x + 4x + 5 g(x) = x + 1 - x
4 2 2
+4t2 +0 - 12
4
(iii) p(x) = x - 5x + 6 g(x) = 2 - x
2 0
3 2 2 Remainder is Zero. Therefore first polynomial is the factor of the second polynomial.
(i) p(x) = x - 3x + 5x - 3 g(x) = x - 2
(ii) x 2 + 3x + 1 3x4 + 5x3 - 7x2 + 2x + 2
x2 - 2 x3 - 3x2 + 5x - 3 x -3
x2 +3x+1 3x4 +5x3 - 7x2 + 2x + 2 3x2 - 4x + 2
x3 - 0 - 2x
4 3 2
- 3x2 + 7x - 3 3x +9x + 3x
- 3x2 + 0 + 6 - 4x3 -10x2 + 2x
+ 7x - 9 - 4x3 –12x2 - 4x
+2x2 + 6x + 2
Quotient = x – 3 ; remainder = 7x - 9 +2x2 + 6x + 2
4
(ii) p(x) = x - 3x + 4x + 5
2 2
g(x) = x + 1 – x 0
Remainder is Zero. Therefore first polynomial is the factor of the second polynomial.
x2 - x + 1 x4 + 0.x3 - 3x2 + 4x + 5 x2 + x - 3
(iii) x 3 - 3x + 1 x5 - 4x3 + x2 + 3x + 1
4 3 2
x - x + x
x3 - 4x2 + 4x x3 -3x + 1 x5 - 4x3 + x2 + 3x + 1 x2 - 1
x3 - x2 + x x5 - 3x3 + x2
- 3x2 + 3x + 5 - x3 + 0 + 3x + 1
- 3x2 + 3x - 3 - x3 + 0 + 3x - 1
8 2
Quotient = x2 + x - 3 ;remainder = 8 Remainder is 2 Therefore first polynomial is not the factor of the second polynomial.
3. Obtain all other zeroes of 3x4 + 6x3 – 2x2 – 10x – 5, if two of its zeroes are and −
4 2
(iii) p(x) = x - 5x + 6 g(x) = 2 - x
and − are the zeros of 3x4 + 6x3 - 2x2 - 10x – 5
5. Give examples of polynomials p(x), g(x), q(x) and r(x), which satisfy the division algorithm
and (i) degp(x) = degq(x) (ii) deg(x) = degr(x) (iii) deg r(x) = 0
(i) p(x) = 6x2 + 2x + 2
g(x) = 2; q(x) = 3x2 + x + 1
r(x) = 0 ⇒ deg p(x) = deg q(x) = 2
Verifying Division Algorithm,
g(x) × q(x) + r(x) = 2 (3x2 + x + 1) + 0
g(x) × q(x) + r(x) = 6x2 + 2x + 2 = P(x)
⇒ p(x) = g(x) × q(x) + r(x)
∴ It is satisfying divison algorithm is verified.
(ii) p(x) = x3 + x
g(x) = x2; q(x) = x and r(x) = x; deg g(x) = deg r(x) = 1
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Therefore the given equation is quadratic equation. Therefore the time taken to travel 480 = ℎ
(v) ( − )( − ) = ( + )( − )
⇒ +3= ⇒ 480( − 8) + 3 ( – 8 ) = 480
2x − 6x − x + 3 = x − x + 5x − 5 ⇒ 2x − 7x + 3 = x + 4x − 5
⇒2x − x − 7x − 4x + 3 + 5 = 0 ⇒ x − 11x + 8 = 0 ⇒480 − 3840 + 3 2 – 24 = 480 ⇒3840 + 3 2 – 24 = 0
This is in the form of ax + bx + c = 0 ⇒ 3 2 – 24 + 3840= 0
Therefore the given equation is quadratic equation. ⇒ 2 – 8 + 1280= 0
10.3 Solution of a Quadratic Equation by Factorisation
(vi) + + =( − ) Note: The zeros of the quadratic polynomial ax2 + bx + c and the roots of the quadratic
x + 3x + 1 = x − 2(x)(2) + 2 ⇒ x − x + 3x + 4x + 1 − 4 = 0 equation are the same.
7x − 3 = 0
This is not in the form of ax + bx + c = 0 Example 3 : Find the roots of the equation 2x2 – 5x + 3 = 0, by factorization.
2 −5 +3= 0
Therefore the given equation is not a quadratic equation. First term = , Last term =+
⇒ 2 −2 −3 +3 = 0
(vii) ( + ) = ( − )
⇒2 ( − 1) − 3( − 1) = Their product = +
x + 2 + 3(x)(2) + 3x (2) = 2x − 2x ⇒ x + 8 + 12x + 6x = 2x − 2x The middle term = −
⇒ ( − 1)(2 − 3) = 0
⇒ x −2x + 6x + 12x + 2x + 8 = 0 ⇒ −x + 6x + 14x + 8 = 0 × −1
⇒ − 1 = 0, 2 −3=0 Divide middle term such that product =
⇒ x − 6x − 14x − 8 = 0
This is not in the form of ax + bx + c = 0 ⇒ = 1, 2 = 3 + and their sum
3
Therefore the given equation is not a quadratic equation. = 1, = − ⇒ -5x = -2x – 3x
2
(viii) − − + =( − ) Example 4: Find the roots the equation 6x 2 – x – 2 = 0
x − 4x − x + 1 = x − 2 + 3(x)(2) − 3x (2) 6 − −2=0 First term = 6 , Last term =−2
⇒ x − 4x − x + 1 = x − 8 + 12x − 6x 6 −4 +3 −2 = 0 Their product = -12
⇒x − x − 4x + 6x − x − 12x + 1 + 8 = 0 ⇒ 2x − 13x + 9 = 0 2 (3 − 2) + 1(3 − 2) = 0
The middle term = −
This is in the form of ax + bx + c = 0 (2 + 1)(3 − 2) = 0
Divide middle term such that product
Therefore the given equation is quadratic equation. 2 + 1 = 0, 3 − 2 =
= -12 and sum −
2 = −1, 3 = 2
2. Represent the following situations in the form of quadratic equations :
⇒ = , =
⇒- x = - 4x + 3x
(i) The area of a rectangular plot is 528 m2 . The length of the plot (in metres) is one more
than twice its breadth. We need to find the length and breadth of the plot. Example 5:Find the roots the equation − √ + =
Let breadth b = m ⇒ Length = (2 + 1)m − √ + =
First term = 3 , Last term =+2
Area of the rectangle = × ⇒ 528 = (2 + 1) ⇒ 528 = 2 + 3 − √6 − √6 + 2 = 0
⇒ 2 + − 528 = 0 Their product = 6
√3 − √2. √3 − √2. √3 + √2 = 0
(ii) The product of two consecutive positive integers is 306. We need to find the The middle term = −2√6
integers. √3 √3 − √2 − √2 √3 − √2 = 0
Divide middle term such that product
Let two consecutive integers be x and (x + 1); Their products = 306 √3 − √2 √3 − √2 = 0
= 6 and sum − 2√6
⇒ x(x + 1) = 306 ⇒ x + x − 306 = 0 √3 − √2 = 0 , √3 − √2 = 0
(iii)Rohan’s mother is 26 years older than him. The product of their ages (in years) 3 ⇒ −2√6 = √6 − √6
years from now will be 360. We would like to find Rohan’s present age. √3 = √2, √3 = √2 ⇒ = , =
Let the present age of Rohan = ; The present age of his mother = + 26 Example 6 : Find the dimensions of the prayer hall discussed in Section 10.1.
After 3 Rohan’s age = + 3
After 3 years his mothers age = + 26 + 3 = + 29 2 + − 300 = 0 First term = 2 , Last term =−300
Product of their ages after 3 years = 360 2 − 24 + 25 − 300 = 0 Their produ= - 600
∴ ( + 3)( + 29) = 360 ⇒ + 29 + 3 + 87 = 360 2 ( − 12) + 25( − 12) = 0
The middle term = +
⇒ + 32 − 273 = 0 ( − 12)(2 + 25) =
− 12 = 0, 2 + 25 = 0 Divide middle term such that product
(iv) A train travels a distance of 480 km at a uniform speed. If the speed had been 8
= -600 and sum x
km/h less, then it would have taken 3 hours more to cover the same distance. We need to = 12, 2 = −25 ⇒ = = −12.5
find the speed of the train. ⇒+x = −24 + 25
Breadth = = 12
Let the speed of the train = /ℎ Length = 2 + 1 = 2(12) + 1 = 24 + 1 = 25
The time taken to travel 480 = ℎ
Reducing speed by 8 km/h, the speed of the train = ( − 8) /ℎ
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⇒ 2 − = < 0 ⇒There is no roots for this quadratic equation . The roots are
10.4 Solution of a Quadratic Equation by Completing the Square imaginary.
Example: Solve the equation − + = by completing the square. Solving the quadratic equations using formula:
3 −5 +2= 0 ×3 2ab = 15x Find the roots of the quadratic equation ax + bx + c = 0 by completing the square.
⇒9 − 15 + 6 = 0 ⇒ 9 − 15 = −6 2(3 )b = 15x ax + bx = −c [ multiply the equation by 4a ]
Add to both the sides b= = 4a x + 4abx = −4ac [Add to both the sides]
(3 ) − 2(3 ) + = −6 + 4a x + 4abx + b = −4ac + b
b =
3 − = −6 + ⇒ 3 − =
⇒(2ax) + 2(2ax)(b) + b = b − 4ac ⇒ (2ax + b) = b − 4ac
±√
⇒2ax + b = ±√b − 4ac ⇒ 2ax = −b ± √b − 4ac ⇒ x =
⇒ 3 − = ⇒ 3 − =± √ √
Roots are: x = , x=
±
⇒ 3 − =± ⇒3 = ± + ⇒3 = ⇒ = , = Example 10 : Solve Q. 2(i) of Exercise 10.1 by using the quadratic formula
⇒ = , = ⇒ = 1, = In Q.No.2(i) of exercise 10.i we got the equation 2 + − 528 = 0
This is in the form of ax + bx + c = 0
Example 7 : Solve the equation given in Example 3 by the method of completing the the a = 2, b = 1, c = −528
square: − + = ±√
Roots are x =
2 −5 +3= 0 ×2 2ab = 10x
4 − 10 + 6 = 0 ⇒4 − 10 = −6 x=
( )± ( ) ( )( )
⇒x=
±√
2(2 )b = 15x ( )
Add to both the sides ±√ ±
b= = ⇒x = ⇒x =
(2 ) − 2(2 ) + = −6 +
x= or x =
⇒ 2 − = −6 + ⇒ 2 − = b = x= or x =
⇒ 2 − = ⇒ 2 − =± x = 16 or x = −
± ⇒Breadth of the site = 16m and the length = 2x16 + 1 = 32 + 1 = 33m
⇒ 2 − =± ⇒2 = ± + ⇒2 = ⇒ = , =
Example 11:Find two consecutive odd positive integers, sum of whose squares is 290.
⇒ = , = ⇒ = , =1 Let the consecutive odd numbers be and + 2
x + (x + 2) = 290
Example 8 : Find the roots of the equation 5x2 – 6x – 2 = 0 by the method of completing the
x + x + 2 + 2(x)(2) = 290
square.
2ab = 30x 2x + 4x + 4 − 290 = 0
5x2 - 6x - 2 = 0 x5 2x + 4x − 286 = 0 ÷2
25 − 30 − 10 = 0 ⇒ 25 − 30 = 10 2(5 )b = 30x x + 2x − 143 = 0 this is in the form of ax + bx + c = 0
Add to both the sides a = 1, b = 2, c = −143
25 − 30 + (3) = 10 + (3)
2 2 b= =3
±√
Roots are x =
⇒(5 ) − 2(5 )(3) + (3)2 = 10 + 9 ⇒(5 − 3) = 19 b = (3)
( )± ( ) ( )( ) ±√
x= ⇒x=
⇒(5 − 3) = ±√19 ⇒5 = 3 ± √19 ( )
±√ ±
3±√ 3 √ 3 √
⇒x = ⇒x =
⇒ = ⇒ = , =
x= ,x =
Example 9 : Find the roots of 4x2 + 3x + 5 = 0 by the method of completing the
x= , x=
square.
4 + 3 + 5 = 0 ⇒4 + 3 = −5 2ab = 3x x = 11, x = −13
Add to both the sides 2(2 )b = 3x Therefore the consecutive odd numbers are 11 and 13
Example 12 : A rectangular park is to be designed whose breadth is 3 m less than its
(2 ) − 2(2 ) + = −5 + b= =
length. Its area is to be 4 square metres more than the area of a park that has already
⇒ 2 − = −5 + ⇒ 2 − = b = been made in the shape of an isosceles triangle with its base as the breadth of the
rectangular park and of altitude 12 m (see Fig. 10.3). Find its length and
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Solution: The breadth of the rectangular park be x m and the length = (x+3) m + = 3 – Multiply both sides bu x
Area = x (x + 3)m2 = (x2 + 3x)m2. + 1 = 3 ⇒ − 3 + 1 = 0 this is in the form of ax + bx + c = 0
Now, the base of the isosceles triangle = x m = 1, = −3, =1
±√
Therefore the area = × x × 12 = 6x m Roots are, =
According to question, x2 + 3x = 6x + 4 =
( )± ( ) ( )( )
⇒ =
±√
⇒ =
±√
⇒ =
√
, =
√
∴ x2 - 3x - 4 = 0 this is in the form of ax + bx + c = 0 ( )
= 1, = −3, = −4 (ii) - =3 ⇒ =3
( )
±√
The roots are = ⇒ = 3 ⇒ −2 = 3x − 6x
x=
( )± ( ) ( )( )
⇒x =
±√ 3x − 6x + 2 = 0 this is in the form of ax + bx + c = 0
( ) a = 3, b = −6, c=2
±√ ±
⇒x = ⇒x = roots are, x =
±√
x= , x= ( )± ( ) ( )( )
x= ( )
x= ,x= ±√ ±√ ±√ × ± √
x = 4 , x = −1 ⇒x = ⇒x = ⇒x = ⇒x =
∴ The breadth = x = 4m and the length = x + 3 = 4 + 3 = 7m. ⇒x =
±√
⇒x = ⇒x =
±√
, x=
√ √
Example 13 : Find the roots of the following quadratic equations, if they exist, using the Example 15 : A motor boat whose speed is 18 km/h in still water takes 1 hour more to go
quadratic formula .(i) 3x2 - 5x + 2 = 0 (ii) x2 + 4x + 5 = 0 (iii) 2x 2 – 2√ x + 1 24 km upstream than to return downstream to the same spot. Find the speed of the
(i) 3x2 - 5x + 2 = 0 this is in the form of ax + bx + c = 0 stream.
a = 3, b = −5, c = +2 Speed of the stream: = km/h
±√ Speed of the motor boat upstream = (18 − )km/h
Roots are:x = Speed of the motor boat downstram = (18 + )km/h
( )± ( ) ( )( ) ±√
x= ( )
⇒x = Time taken to travel upsteram = hour
⇒x =
±√
⇒x =
± Time taken to travel down steram = hour
x = or x = ⇒ x = 1 or x = − = 1, .
(ii) x2 + 4x + 5 = 0 this is in the form of ax + bx + c = 0 24(18 + ) − 24(18 − ) = 1(18 − )(18 + )
a = 1, b = 4, c = +5 432 + 24x – 432 + 24x = 324 – x2 ⇒ 48x = 324 – x2
±√ - x2 + 324 - 48 = 0 x (-1)
Roots are x = + 48 − 324 = 0 this is in the form of ax + bx + c = 0
( )± ( ) ( )( ) ±√ = 1, = 48, = −324
x= ⇒x =
( ) ±√
±√ ± √ Roots are, =
⇒x = ⇒x = ⇒Roots are not Real numbers. ( )± ( ) ( )( )
x=
(iii) 2x2 – 2√ x + 1 this is in the form of ax + bx + c = 0 ( )
a = 2, b = −2√2, c = +1 ⇒x =
±√
⇒x =
±√
⇒x =
±
±√
roots are, x = ⇒x = , x=
( √ )± ( √ ) ( )( ) ⇒x = , x =
x= ( ) ⇒x = 6, = −54
√ ±√ √ ±√ √ √ ⇒Speed of the stream=
⇒x = ⇒x = ⇒x = ⇒x = ⇒ =6 /ℎ
√
Example 14:Find the roots of the following equations Exercise 10.3
(i) x + = 3, x ≠ 0 (ii) + = 3 x ≠ 0, x ≠ 2 1. Find the roots of the following quadratic equations, if they exist, by the method of
(i) x + = 3, x ≠ 0 completing the square:.
(i) 2x2 - 7x + 3 = 0 (ii) 2x2 + x - 4 = 0(iii) 4x2 + 4√ x + 3 = 0 (iv) 2x2 + x + 4 = 0
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(iii) 4x 2 + 4√ x + 3 = 0 ( )± ( ) ( )( ) ±√ ±√
= ⇒ = ⇒ =
4 + 4√3 = −3 ( )
Roots are, x =
±√ 7. The difference of squares of two numbers is 180. The square of the smaller number is 8
times the larger number. Find the two numbers.
( )± ( ) ( )( ) ±√
x= ( )
⇒x = Let the larger and smaller numbers be x and respectively . According to question,
±√ ± x − y = 180 ªÀÄvÀÄÛ y = 8x⇒x − 8x − 180 = 0
⇒x = ⇒x = ⇒x = , x= ⇒x = , x =
⇒x − 18x + 10x − 180 = 0 ⇒x(x − 18) + 10(x − 18) = 0
4. The sum of the reciprocals of Rehman’s ages, (in years) 3 years ago and 5 years from now ⇒(x − 18)(x + 10) = 0 ⇒x − 18 = 0, x + 10 = 0
it is Find the present age. ⇒x = 18, x = −10
Let the present age of Rehman = Years ⇒Larger number x = 18
Age of Rehman before 3 years = ( − 3) years ∴ y = 8x = 8 × 18 = 144 ⇒y = ±√144 = ±12
His age after five years from now = ( + 5) Years. ∴ smaller number = ±12
Sum of the reciprocals of the age = The numbers are 18 and 12
+ = , . 8. A train travels 360 km at a uniform speed. If the speed had been 5 km/h more, it would
have taken 1 hour less for the same journey. Find the speed of the train.
3( + 5) + 3( − 3) = ( − 3)( + 5)
Speed of the train = km/h
3 + 15 + 3 − 9 = + 2 − 15 ⇒6 + 15 − 9 = + 2 − 15
⇒ + 2 − 15 = 6 + 6 ⇒ − 4 − 21 = 0 The time taken to travel 360 km = h
⇒ − 7 + 3 − 21 = 0 ⇒ ( − 7) + 3( − 7) = 0 If speed is 5 km/h more, then the required time is = h
⇒( − 7)( + 3) = 0 ⇒ − 7 = 0 , + 3 = 0
⇒ = + 1 ⇒360(x+5) = 360x + x(x+5)
⇒ = 7, = −3
⇒The present age of Rehman = 7 Years. ⇒360x+1800 = 360x + x2 + 5x ⇒360x+1800 = 360x + x2 + 5x
5. In a class test, the sum of Shefali’s marks in Mathematics and English is 30. Had she got 2 ⇒x + 5x − 1800 = 0 ⇒x + 45x − 40x − 1800 = 0
⇒x(x + 45) − 40(x + 45) = 0 ⇒(x + 45)(x − 40) = 0
marks more in Mathematics and 3 marks less in English, the product of their marks
would have been 210. Find her marks in the two subjects. ⇒x + 45 = 0, x − 40 = 0 ⇒x = −45, x = 40
Let the marks in Mathematics = x then the marks in English = 30 − x By question, Speed of the train = 40 km/h
(x + 2)(30 − x − 3) = 210 ⇒(x + 2)(27 − x) = 210 9. Two water taps together can fill a tank in 9 hours. The tap of larger diameter takes 10
⇒27x − x + 54 − 2x − 210 = 10 hours less than the smaller one to fill the tank separately. Find the time in which each tap
⇒−x + 25x − 156 = 0 × −1 can separately fill the tank.
⇒x − 25x + 156 = 0 ⇒x − 12x − 13x − 156 = 0 The time taken by the smaller tap to fill the tank = x hour
⇒x(x − 12) − 13(x − 12) = 0 ⇒(x − 12)(x − 13) = 0 The time taken by the larger tap to fill the tank = (x − 10) hour
⇒x − 12 = 0 , x − 13 = 0 ⇒x = 12, x = 13 The part of the tank filled by the smaller tap in one hourThe smaller tap =
If the marks in Mathematics = 12 then the marks in English = 30 − 12 = 18
The part of the tank filled by the smaller tap in one hourThe larger tap =
If the marks in Mathematics = 13 hen the marks in English= 30 − =
6. The diagonal of a rectangular field is 60 metres more than the shorter side. If the longer The time taken by both the tap to fill the tank = 9 =
side is 30 metres more than the shorter side, find the sides of the field. The part of the tank filled by both the tap in one hourThe smaller tap = =
Let the length of the shorter side = x m; Length of the longer side = (x + 30)m
Length of the diagonals = (x + 60)m + =
By Pythagoras theorem length of the diagonals = x + (x + 30) ⇒75(x − 10) + 75x = 8(x)(x – 10)⇒75x − 750 + 75x = 8x2 – 80x
x + (x + 30) = x + 60 ⇒x + (x + 30) = (x + 60) ⇒8x − 80x − 150x + 750 = 0 ⇒8x − 230x + 750 = 0
⇒x + x + 2(x)(30) + (30) = x + 2(x)(60) + (60) ⇒8x − 200x − 30x + 750 = 0 ⇒8x(x − 25) − 30(x − 25) = 0
⇒(x − 25)(8x − 30) = 0 ⇒x − 25 = 0, 8x − 30 = 0
⇒2x + 60x + 900 = x + 120x + 3600
⇒2x −x + 60x − 120x + 900 − 3600 = 0 ⇒x = 25, x = = = 3.75
⇒x − 60x − 2700 = 0 ⇒x − 90x + 30x − 2700 = 0 If the time taken by the smaller tap to fill the tank = 3.75 hr, then The time taken by the
⇒x(x − 90) + 30(x − 90) = 0⇒(x − 90)(x + 30) = 0 larger tap to fill the tank can not be negative.Therefore The time taken by the smaller tap to
⇒(x − 90) = 0, (x + 30) = 0 ⇒x = 90, x = −30 fill the tank = 25 hour. The time taken by the larger tap to fill the tank 25-10=15 Hours
⇒DAiÀÄvÀzÀ zÉÆqÀØ ¨ÁºÀÄ«£À GzÀÝ = (x + 30) = 90 + 30 = 120 m
10.An express train takes 1 hour less than a passenger train to travel 132 km between ∆= b − 4ac ⇒∆= (−4) − 4(2)(3)
Mysore and Bangalore (without taking into consideration the time they stop at ⇒∆= 16 − 24 ⇒∆= −8 < 0 Roots are imaginary
intermediate stations). If the average speed of the express train is 11km/h more than that Example 17 : A pole has to be erected at a point on the boundary of a circular park of
of the passenger train, find the average speed of the two trains. diameter 13 metres in such a way that the differences of its distances from two
Let the average speed of the passenger train = x km/h; diametrically opposite fixed gates A and B on the boundary is 7 metres. Is it possible to do
The average speed of express train = (x + 11)km/h so? If yes, at what distances from the two gates should the pole be erected?
The total distance to travel = 132 km BP = x m ;AP = (x + 7)m ; Diameter AB = 13 m
The time taken by passenger train = h ∠APB = 90 ⇒AP + PB = AB
⇒x + (x + 7) = 13 ⇒x + x + 7 + 2(x)(7) = 169
The time taken by express train =
⇒2x + 14x + 49 − 169 = 0 ⇒ 2x + 14x − 120 = 0 ÷ 2
When the difference between the time taken by two trains is 1 hour ⇒x + 7x − 60 = 0 ⇒x + 12x − 5x − 60 = 0
∴ − =1 ⇒x(x + 12) − 5(x + 12) = 0 ⇒(x + 12)(x − 5) = 0
132(x + 11) – 132 x = x(x + 11) ⇒132x + 1452 – 132x = x2 + 11x ⇒x + 12 = 0, x − 5 = 0
⇒x + 11x − 1452 = 0 ⇒x + 44x − 33x − 1452 = 0 ⇒x = −12, x = 5
⇒x(x + 44) − 33(x + 44) = 0 ⇒(x + 44)(x − 33) = 0 ⇒ x= -12 is not possible. Therefore BP = x m = 5m
⇒x + 44 = 0, x − 33 = 0 ⇒x = −44, x = 33 AP = (x + 7) = 5 + 7 = 12 m
The speed can not be negative
Find the discriminant of the equation 3x2 – 2x + = 0 and hence find the nature of the
Therefore the average speed of passenger train = 33 km/h
The average speed of the express train = (33 + 11) = 44 km/h roots. Find them if they are real.
a = 3, b = −2, c =
11. Sum of the areas of two squares is 468 m2. If the difference of their perimeters is 24 m,
find the sides of the two squares. b − 4ac = (−2) − 4(3) = 4−4 = 0
Let the side of first square be ‘x’ m and the side of the second square be y b − 4ac = 0 Roots are real and equal
According to question, 4x – 4y = 24m ⇒4x = 4y + 24 ⇒ x = (y + 6)m Roots are: ,
( )
= ( ) ,
( )
= , = ,
And x2 + y2 = 468 ⇒ (y + 6)2 + y2 = 468 ⇒ y2 + 12y + 36 + y2 = 468 ( )
The roots =
√∆
,
√∆ − 4 = (−40) − 4(1)(400) = 1600 − 1600 = 0
− 4 = 0 Roots are rea and equal
( ) √ ( ) √ √ √ ( ) ( )
= , = , Roots are: , = , = , = 20 , 20
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
√ √ √ √ Length = 20 ; Breadth = 40 − = 40 − 20 = 20
= , = ,
2. Find the values of k for each of the following quadratic equations, so that they have two
equal roots (i) 2x2 + kx + 3 = 0 (ii) kx (k - 2) + 6 = 0 Summary:
(i) + + = a = 2, b = k, c=3
b − 4ac = 0
1. A quadratic equation in the variable x is of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0, where a, b, c are real
(k) − 4(2)(3) = 0 ⇒k − 24 = 0 ⇒k = 24
numbers and a ≠ 0
k = ±√24 = ±√4 × 6 = ±2√6
( − )+ = 2. A real number is said to be a root of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, if a2
(ii)
kx − 2kx + 6 = 0 ⇒a = k, b = −2k, c=6 + b + c = 0. The zeroes of the quadratic polynomial ax2 + bx + c and the roots of the quadratic
b − 4ac = 0 equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 are the same.
⇒(−2k) − 4(k)(6) = 0 ⇒4k − 24k = 0 3. If we can factorise ax2 + bx + c, a 0, into a product of two linear factors, then the roots of the
⇒4k(k − 6) = 0 ⇒4k = 0 , k − 6 = 0 quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 can be found by equating each factor to zero.
⇒k = 0, k = 6
4. A quadratic equation can also be solved by the method of completing the square.
3. Is it possible to design a rectangular mango grove whose length is twice its breadth,
and the area is 800 m2? If so, find its length and breadth 5. Roots of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 are given by the formula
The breadth of the mango grove = ;The length = 2 ±√
= where b2 - 4ac ≥ 0
The area of the grove = Length x breadth
6. For the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 ,
⇒ ( )(2 ) = 800 ⇒2 = 800 ⇒ = = 400 ⇒ = ±√400 = ±20
(i) If b 2 - 4ac > 0 then roots are real and distinct
∴ The breadth of the mango grove = = 20 m
(ii) If b 2 - 4ac = 0 roots are real and equal
∴ The breadth of the mango grove = 2 = 2 × 20 = 40 m
4. Is the following situation possible? If so, determine their present ages.The sum of the ages (iii) If b2 - 4ac < 0 no real roots
of two friends is 20 years. Four years ago, the product of their ages in years was 48.
Let the age of A friend = Years
The age of B friend = (20 − ) years
The age of friend A before 4 = ( − 4)
The age of B friend before 4 years = (20 − − 4) = 16 −
( − 4)(16 − ) = 48
16 − − 64 + 4 = 48
− + 20 − 64 − 48 = 0
− 20 + 112 = 0
= 1, = −20, = 112
− 4 = (−20) − 4(1)(112)
= 400 − 448 = −48
The equation has no real roots. Therefore this situation is not possible
5. Is it possible to design a rectangular park of perimeter 80 m and area 400 m2? If so, find
its length and breadth.
Let the length and breadth of the rectangle be and ; The perimeter = 2( + ) = 80
+ = = 40 ⇒ = 40 −
Area × = 400 ⇒ (40 − ) = 400
⇒40 − = 400 ⇒ − 40 + 400 = 0
= 1, = −40, = 400
Example 2 :If B and Q are acute angles such that sin B = sin Q, then prove that
ITRODUCTION TO ∠B = ∠Q.
Sin B = SinQ ⇒ =
TRIGONOMETRY ⇒ = =k (1)
Trigonometry is the study of relationships between the sides and angles of a triangle. BC = √AB − AC [By Pythagoras theorem]
11.2 Trigonometric Ratios: ⇒ k PQ − k PR ⇒k. PQ − PR [ from (1)]
To know the trigonometric ratio we have to consider right angle triangle. QR = PQ − PR
.
⇒ = =k (2)
From (1) and (2),
= = ⇒ ∆ABC ~∆PQR
∴ ∠B = ∠Q
Example 3 : Consider ∆ACB , right-angled at C, in which AB = 29 units, BC = 21 units
and ∠ABC = θ (see Fig. 11.10). Determine the values of
Cos2 + Sin2 (ii) Cos2 - Sin2
In right angle triangle ACB, ∠ACB = 90 0
Therefore AC = √AB − BC ⇒ AC = √29 − 21
⇒ AC = √841 − 441 = √400 = 20
There are six trigonometric ratios: (i) Cos2 + Sin2
Triangle 1 = + = = =1
Trigonometric ratios Triangle 2
Opposite
(ii) Cos2 - Sin2
BC AB
SinA = - = = =1
Hypotenuse AC AC
Adjecent AB BC Example 4 : In a right triangle ABC, right-angled at B, if tan A = 1, then verify that
CosA
Hypotenuse AC AB 2sin A cos A = 1
Opposite BC AB In right angle triangle ACB ,
Tan A
Adjecent AB BC tan A = 1 ⇒ = 1 ⇒ AB = BC
Hypotenuse AC AC AC2 = AB2 + BC2 [By Pythagoras theorem]
CosecA
Opposite BC AB ⇒ AC2 = 2AB2 (1)
Hypotenuse AC AC
SecA Now, 2sin A cos A = 2. . = 2. = 2. =1
Adjecent AB BC
E xa mple 5 : In ∆OPQ r ight - a ngled a t P, OP = 7 cm and OQ – PQ = 1 cm (see Fig.
Adjecent AB BC
CotA 11.12). Determine the values of sin Q and cos Q.
Opposite BC AB
Example 1: tan A = find the other In ∆OPQ,
trigonometric ratios of the angle A OQ2 = PQ2 + OP2 [By Pythagoras theorem]
In ∆ABC, ∠ ABC = 900 ∴ By Pythagoras theorem, ⇒(1 + PQ)2 = PQ2 + 7 2 ⇒1 + PQ2 + 2PQ = PQ2 + 49
AC2 = AB2 + BC2 ⇒ AC2 = 42 + 3 3 = 16 + 9 = 25 ⇒AC = 5 ⇒1 + 2PQ = 49
SinA = = ; Cos A = = ; TanA = = ⇒2PQ = 49 – 1 = 48 ⇒PQ = 24cm
⇒ OQ = 1 + PQ= 1 + 24 ⇒ OQ = 25
CosecA = = ;SecA = = ; CotA = = ∴ sin Q = and cos Q =
√3 2 1 Sin300 = ⇒ = ⇒ AC = 10cm
Sin600 Cosec600 Sin300 Cosec30 0 2
2 √3 2 Example 7 : In ∆PQR, right - angled at Q (see Fig. 11.20),
2 PQ = 3 cm and PR = 6 cm. Determine ∠QPR and ∠PRQ.
1 √3
Cos600 Sec600 2 Cos300 Sec30 0 SinR = =
2 2 √3
1 1 ⇒ ∠R = 300 ⇒ ∠PRQ = 300
Tan600 √3 Cot600 Tan300 Cot30 0 √3 ∴ ∠QPR = 600
√3 √3
Example 8: If sin (A - B) = and cos (A + B) = , 0 < A + B ≤ 90 , A > B find A and B
Trigonometric ratios of 00 and 900 If sin (A - B) = then sin 300 = ⇒ A – B = 300 (1)
If ∠A Closer to 00 then the length of BC closer to 0 If cos (A + B) = then cos 600 = ⇒ A + B = 600 (2)
and almost AB = AC (1) + (2) = 2A = 90 0 ⇒ A = 450
From (2) ⇒ 450 – B = 300 ⇒ B = 150
Sin00 0 Cosec00 ND
Exercise 11.2
Cos00 1 Sec00 1
1. Evaluate the following:
Tan00 0 Cot00 ND i) sin 600 cos 300 + sin 300 cos 600 ii) 2tan245 0 + cos230 0 - sin2600
Sin900 0 Cosec90 0 ND iii) iv) iv)
If ∠A closer to 900 Then the length of AB closer
i) sin 600 cos 30 0 + sin 300 cos 600
to 0 and almost AC = AC Cos900 1 Sec90 0 1 √ √
Let AB = AC = 1 and BC = 0 = + = + =1
0 0
Tan90 0 Cot90 ND ii) 2tan 450 + cos2300 - sin2600
2
√ √
= 2 (1) + - =2
Table 11.1
iii)
∠A 00 300 450 600 900
√ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
1 1 √3 = = √
= = = x =
0 1 √ ( √ ) √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
Sin √ √
2 √2 2 √ √ (√ √ ) (√ √ ) √ √ √ √
1 = = = = =
√3 1
Cos 1 0
2 √2 2 iv)
1 √ √ √
Tan 0 1 √3 ND
= √
= √
= √
=
√
√3 √ √ √ √
√
2 √ √
osec ND 2 √2 1 √ √ √ √ √
√3 =
√
x
√
=
( ) √
2 √ √ √ √
Sec 1 √2 2 ND = = =
√3
1
Cot ND √3 1 0 iv)
√3
= cos380 cos520 – cos520 cos38 0 = 0 RHS GzÁºÀgÀuÉ 15:Prove that = using the identity sec2θ = 1 + tan2 θ
3. If tan 2A = cot (A - 180) and 2A is an acute angle find the value of A
tan 2A = cot (A - 180) = =
⇒ cot(90-2A) = cot(A-180) ⇒ 900 -2A = A-18 0 ⇒3A = 1080 ⇒A = 360 ( ) ( )( ) ( )
4. If tan A = cot B, Prove that A + B = 900 = ( )
x = ( )( )
LHS = tan A = cot B ( ) ( ) )
= =(
⇒ cot(90-A) = cotB ⇒90 – A = B ⇒ A + B = 900 ( )( ) )( )
5. If sec 4A = cosec (A - 20 0) and 4A is an acute angle find the value of A =( =
)
sec 4A = cosec (A - 200)
⇒cosec(90 – 4A) = cosec(A – 200) ⇒90 – 4A = A – 200 ⇒5A = 110 ⇒A = 220 Exercise 11.4
( )
6. If A, B and C are the interior angles of ∆ABC then show that sin =cos 1. Express the trigonometric ratios sinA, secA ªÀÄvÀÄÛ tanA in terms of cotA
Let A , B and C are the interior angles of ∆ABC cosec2A - cot2A = 1
⇒A + B + C = 1800 ⇒ B + C = 180 – A ±
⇒ cosec2A = 1 + cot2A ⇒ = 1 + cot2A ⇒sin2A = ⇒sinA = √
⇒ = ⇒ = 90 −
( ) ( ) sin2A = ⇒ 1 - cos2A = ⇒cos2A = 1 – ⇒cos2A =
⇒sin = sin 90 − ⇒sin = cos
±√
7. Express Sin670 + cos75 0 in terms of the trigonometric ratios in between 00 and 45 0 ⇒ = ⇒ sec2A = ⇒ secA = ⇒ tan A =
Sin670 + cos75 0 2. Write all the trigonometric ratios ∠A in terms of sec A
= sin(90-230) + cos(90-150) =cos 230 + sin15 0 sec A = ⇒ cos A =
cos2A + sin2A = 1 ⇒ sin2A = 1 - cos2A ⇒ sin2A = 1 -
11.5 wæPÉÆãÀ«Äw ¤vÀå¸À«ÄÃPÀgÀtUÀ¼ÀÄ
±
⇒ sin2A = ⇒ sinA =
You may recall that an equation is called an identity when it is true for all values of the variables
±
involved. Similarly, an equation involving trigonometric ratios of an angle is called a sin A = ⇒cosec A = ⇒ cosec A =
trigonometric identity, if it is true for all values of the angle(s) involved.
Sin2A + cos2A = 1 sec A - tan A = 1 ⇒ tan A = sec A + 1
2 2 2 2
sin 25° cos 65° + cos 25° sin 65° iii) + = 1+ sec θ.cos θ
= sin(90°-25°) cos 65° + cos(90°-65°) sin 65°
[Hint : Write the expression in terms of sin and cos ]
= cos 65° cos 65° + sin 65° sin 65° = cos265° + sin265° = 1
4. Choose the correct option and justifyyour choice L.H.S. = +
i) 9 sec2A - 9 tan2A
A) 1 B) 9 C) 8 D) 0 = + = +
9 sec2A - 9 tan2A
2 2
= 9 (sec A - tan A)
= 9×1 = 9 [∵ sec2 A - tan2 A = 1] = ( )
+ ( )
Ans: B) 9
ii) (1 + tan θ + sec θ ) (1 + cot θ - cosec θ) = =
( )
-
( )
A) 0 B) 1 C) 2 D) -1
(1 + tan θ + sec θ) (1 + cot θ - cosec θ) = −
( )
= 1 + + 1 + +
= × =( ) .
( ) ( )( (
= = = = =2 =( =
. . . . ) . .
Ans C) 2
= = +1 = 1 + sec θ cosec θ = R.H.S.
iii) (secA + tanA) (1 - sinA) = . .
A) secA B) sinA C) cosecA D) cosA
iv) = = 2secA
(secA + tanA)(1 - sinA)
[Hint: simplify LHS and RHS separately]
(secA + tanA) (1 - sinA)
= + (1 - sinA) = (1 - sinA) = = = cos A L.H.S. = = =
Ans: D) cosA
= x = cos A + 1
iv) = ( )( )
A) 2
sec A B) -1 C) 2
cot A D) tan A2 R.H.S. = = = cos A + 1
L.H.S. = R.H.S.
v) Prove that = cosec A + cot A using the identity cosec2A = 1 + cot2A
= = x = = tan2A L.H.S. =
–
2 –
Ans: D) tan A –
–
5. Prove the following identities, where the angles involved are acute angles for which the = – = [ Divide both denominator and numerator by sin A]
–
expressions are defined.
–
i) (cosec θ - cot θ)2 = = –
(using cosec2A - cot2A = 1)
L.H.S. = (cosec θ - cot θ) 2
=
–( )
=
( )( – )
– –
= (cosec θ + cot θ - 2cosec θ cot θ) =
2 2
+ − = cot A + cosec A = R.H.S.
( )
= = = RHS vi) = sec A + tan A
( )( )
ii) + = 2secA ( )
= x =
L.H.S. = +
( )
( ) = = = + = secA + tanA=RHS
= =
( ) ( )
= = =
( )
= = 2 sec A = R.H.S. vii) = tan
( ) ( ) ( )
L.H.S. =
P a g e 44 | 101 Available in ykoyyur.blogspot.com P a g e 45 | 101 Available in ykoyyur.blogspot.com
SSLC Mathematics Solutions in English YK SSLC Mathematics Solutions in English YK
( ) [ ]
= ( )
= ( )
[ ] [ ]
= ( )
= ( )
= = tan θ = R.H.S. Hypotenuse
viii) (sin A + cosec A) + (cos A + sec A)2 = 7 + tan2 A + cot2 A
2
Adjacent side
L.H.S. = (sin A + cosec A)2 + (cos A + sec A)2
Adjacent side
= sin2A + cosec2A + 2 sin A cosec A + cos2A + sec2A + 2 cos A sec A
Opposite side
= (sin2A + cos2A) + 2 sin A + 2 cos A + 1 + tan2A + 1 + cot2A
2 2 2 2
= 1 + 2 + 2 + 2 + tan A + cot A = 7+tan A+cot A = R.H.S.
ix) (cosec A - sin A)(sec A - cos A) = 3. If one of the trigonometric ratios of an acute angle is known, the remaining trigonometric
ratios of the angle can be easily determined.
[Hint: simplify LHS and RHS separately] 4. The value of sin A or cos A never exceeds 1, whereas the value of sec A or cosec A is always
L.H.S. = (cosec A – sin A)(sec A – cos A) greater than or equal to 1.
= − sin A − cosA 5. sin (90° – A) = cos A, cos (90° – A) = sin A;
tan (90° – A) = cot A, cot (90° – A) = tan A; s
= = cos A sin A
ec (90° – A) = cosec A, cosec (90° – A) = sec A
R.H.S. = = 6. sec2 A - tan2 A = 1, 00 ≤ A < 900
.
cosec2 A = 1 + cot2 A, 0 0 ≤ A < 900
= = cos A. sin A
. sin2 A + cos2 A = 1,
L.H.S. = R.H.S.
x) = =
L.H.S. =
= = = = tan2A
= = ( ) = (−tanA) = tan2A
Summery:
1. In right angle triangle ABC, ∠B = 900
SinA
Adjacent side
CosA
Hypotenuse
Opposite side
Tan A
Adjacent
Example 5 : The shadow of a tower standing on a level ground is found to be 40 m longer Width of the river = AD + BD = 3√3 + 3 = 3(√3 + 1)m
when the Sun’s altitude is 30° than when it is 60°. Find the height of the tower.
Let length of the shadow when Sun’s altitude 600 BC = x m
∴ length of the shadow when Sun’s altitude 300 BD = (40 + x)m
tan600 = ⇒√3 = ⇒ AB = √3 -------------------------- (1) Exercise 12.1
tan300 = ⇒ = ⇒ 40+x = √3AB
√ A circus artist is climbing a 20 m
⇒ 40 + x = √3 . √3 long rope, which is tightly stretched
⇒ 40 + x = 3x and tied from the top of a vertical
⇒ 2x = 40 ⇒ x = 20m pole to the ground. Find the height
∴ (1) ⇒ AB = √3 ⇒ AB = 20√3 m of the pole, if the angle made by the
Example 6 : The angles of depression of the top and the bottom of an 8 m tall building from rope with the ground level is 30° (see
the top of a multi-storeyed building are 30° and 45°, respectively. Find the height of the Fig. 9.11).
multi-storeyed building and the distance between the two buildings. Height of the pole BC
Height of the building = AB = 8m Sin300 = ⇒ = ⇒ BC = 10m
Height of the multi-storeyed building
∴ Height BC = 10m
PC = PD + CD = PD + AB = PD + 8m
------------ (1) 2. A tree breaks due to storm and the broken part bends so that the top of the tree touches
Distance between the buildings=AC = BD the ground making an angle 30° with it. The distance between the foot of the tree to the
PQǁBD, point where the top touches the ground is 8 m. Find the height of the tree.
∴ ∠BPQ = ∠PBD [ Alternate angles] Let BC is the broken part of the tree
∴tan30 0 = ⇒ = ∴ Total height of the tree = AB+BC
√
cos 30° =
⇒ BD = √3PD ------------------------(2)
√
PQǁAC, ⇒ = ⇒ BC =
√
∴ ∠APQ = ∠PAC [Alternate angles]
tan 30° =
∴tan45 0 = ⇒ 1 = [ From (1) and (2)]
√
(√ ) ⇒ = ⇒ AB = m
⇒√3PD = PD + 8 ⇒PD(√3 – 1) = 8 ⇒PD = = = 4(√3 + 1) √ √
√ – ∴ Height of the tree
∴ Height of the multi-storeyed building PC = PD + 8m =4(√3 + 1) + 8
= AB+ BC = + = m
= 4√3 + 12 = 4(3 + √3) √ √ √
∴ Distance between the buildings À = Distance between the buildings =4(3 + √3) 3. A contractor plans to install two slides for the children to play in a park. For the children
below the age of 5 years, she prefers to have a slide whose top is at a height of 1.5 m, and is
[Distance between the buildings = AC = BD ⇒ BD
inclined at an angle of 30° to the ground, whereas for elder children, she wants to have a
= 4√3 (√3 + 1) [ (2) jAzÀ ] ⇒ BD =4(3 + √3)m ] steep slide at a height of 3 m, and inclined at an angle of 60° to the ground. What should
Example: From a point on a bridge across a river, the angles of depr ession of the be the length of the slide in each case?
banks on opposite sides of the river are 30° and 45°, respectively. If the bridge is at a
height of 3 m from the banks, find the width of the river.
Width of the river = AD + BD
MNǁAB ⇒ ∠MPA = ∠A = 300 and
∠NPD = ∠B = 450 [ Alternate angles]
tan300 = ⇒ =
√
⇒ AD = 3√3 m ---------------------(1)
Tan450 = ⇒ 1 =
⇒BD = 3m --------------------(2)
From (1) and (2)
Let the length of the side making inclination 600 = AC and CD = OC - OD = (30 - 1.5) = 28.5 m, According to question
.
Length of the slide making inclination 30° = PR In right angle ΔADC, tan 30° = ⇒ = ⇒ AD = 28.5√3 m
√
According to question, . .
In right angle ΔCBD AiÀÄ°è, tan 60° = ⇒ √3 = ⇒ BD = = 9.5√3 m
In right angle triangle ΔABC, √
sin 30° = ⇒ =
.
⇒ PR = 3m ∴ MN = AB = x = (28.5√3 - 9.5√3 ) = 19√3 m
In right angle triangle ΔPQR, ∴The distance he walked towards the building = 19√3 m
√ 7. From a point on the ground, the angles of elevation of the bottom and the top of a
sin 60° = ⇒ = ⇒ AC = m = 2√3 m
√
transmission tower fixed at the top of a 20 m high building are 45° and 60° respectively.
∴ Length of the slides 3m and 2√3 m .
Find the height of the tower
4. The angle of elevation of the top of a tower from a point on the ground, which is 30 m
Height of the building = BC= 20 m
away from the foot of the tower, is 30°. Find the height of the tower
Let height of the tower = AB A point on the ground where the angle of
Distance from the foot of the tower to the point elevation measured is D
BC = 30m Height of the tansmission tower AB = AC - BC
In right angle triangle ΔABC , According to question,
tan300 = In right angle triangle ΔBCD,
⇒ = tan 45° = ⇒ 1 =
√
⇒ AB = = 10√3m ⇒ CD = 20 m
√ In right angle triangle ΔACD,
5. A kite is flying at a height of 60 m above
the ground. The string attached to the tan 60° = ⇒ √3 =
kite is temporarily tied to a point on the ⇒ AC = 20√3 m
ground. The inclination of the string Height of the tansmission tower AB = AC - BC = (20√3 - 20) m = 20(√3 - 1) m.
with the ground is 60°. Find the length 8. A statue, 1.6 m tall, stands on the top of a pedestal. From a point on the ground, the
of the string, assuming that there is no angle of elevation of the top of the statue is 60° and from the same point the angle of
slack in the string.
elevation of the top of the pedestal is 45°. Find the height of the pedestal.
Height of the kite BC = 60m
Let the height of the statue = AB
Length of the tread = AB,
The point where the angle of elevation measured is D
In right angle triangle ΔABC ,
√ Height of the pedestal BC = AC – AB
Sin600 = ⇒ =
By question, In right angle ΔBCD ,
⇒AB = = 40√3m tan 45° = ⇒ 1 =
√
6. A 1.5 m tall boy is standing at ⇒ BC = CD.
some distance from a 30 m tall In right angle ΔACD,
building. The angle of
tan 60° =
elevation from his eyes to the
top of the building increases ⇒ √3CD = 1.6 m + BC ⇒ √3BC = 1.6 m + BC
from 30° to 60° as he walks ⇒ √3BC - BC = 1.6 m ⇒ BC(√3 -1) = 1.6 m
towards the building. Find the ⇒ BC(√3 -1) =
.
⇒ BC = 0.8(√3 +1) m
distance he walked towards √
the building? ∴Height of the pedestal BC = 0.8 (√3+1) m.
Angle of elevation when the boy 9. The angle of elevation of the top of a building from the foot of the tower is 30° and the
is at M = 300 After walking x
angle of elevation of the top of the tower from the foot of the building is 60°. If the tower is
meter, the angle of elevation is
600 at N. 50 m high, find the height of the building.
∴ MN = AB = x.
Height of the building = OC = 30 m
14. A 1.2 m tall girl spots a balloon moving with the wind in a horizontal line at a height of The height of the tower AB
88.2 m from the ground. The angle of elevation of the balloon from the eyes of the girl at C and D are the points from the tower at the distance 4 m and 9 m respectively
any instant is 60°. After some time, the angle of elevation r educes to 30° (see
Fig.12.13). Find the distance travelled by According to question,
the balloon during the interval. In right triangle ΔADB,
Let the initial position of the balloon and the later position be A and B respectively tan x = ⇒ tan x =
The height of the ballon = 88.2 m - 1.2 m = 87 m ⇒ AB = 4 tan x ----------------- (1)
The distance travelled by the bolloon In right triangle ΔABD,
= DE = CE - CD tan (90°-x) = ⇒ cot x =
According to question in ΔBEC, ⇒ AB = 9 cot x ---------------- (2)
tan 30° = ⇒ = ⇒ CE = 87√3 m Multiplying equation (1) and (2) ,
√
In right triangle ΔADC, AB2 = 9 cot x × 4 tan x ⇒ AB2 = 36 ⇒ AB = ± 6
AB = -6 is not possible.
tan 60° = ⇒ √3=
Therefore height of the tower is 6m
⇒ CD = m = 29√3 m
√
∴ The distance travelled by the bolloon DE = CE - CD = (87√3 - 29√3 ) m = 58√3 m. Summary:
15.A straight highway leads to the foot of a tower. A man standing at the top of the tower 1. (i) The line of sight is the line drawn from the eye of an observer to the point in the object
observes a car at an angle of depression of 30°, which is approaching the foot of the viewed by the observer.
tower with a uniform speed. Six seconds later, the angle of depression of the car is found to (ii) The angle of elevation of an object viewed, is the angle formed by the line of sight with
be 60°. Find the time taken by the car to reach the foot of the tower from this point. the horizontal when it is above the horizontal level, i.e., the case when we raise our head to
Let the height of the tower = AB look at the object.
D is the initial position of the car and C is the later position (iii) The angle of depression of an object viewed, is the angle formed by the line of sight with
BC is the distance from the car to the tower the horizontal when it is below the horizontal level, i.e., the case when we lower our head to
According to question, In right triangle ΔABC, look at the object.
tan 60° = ⇒ √3 = ⇒ BC = m The height or length of an object or the distance between two distant objects can be
√
In right triangle ΔADB, determined with the help of t
tan 30° =
⇒ =
√
⇒ AB√3 = + CD
√
⇒ CD = AB√3 -
√
⇒ CD = AB √3 −
√
⇒ CD = AB
√
⇒ CD = m
√
Here, distance BC is half the distance CD
Therefore time taken to move BC is half the time taken to move CD
Given that the time taken by the car to move distance CD = 6 sec.
∴ The time taken to move the distance BC = 6/2 = 3 sec.
16. The angles of elevation of the top of a tower from two points at a distance of 4 m and
9 m from the base of the tower and in the same straight line with it are complementary.
Prove that the height of the tower is 6 m
From the above table ∑ = 35, ∑ = 1390, ∑ = -360, ∑ = -36 2. Consider the following distribution of daily wages of 50 workers of a factory. Find the
∑ mean daily wages of the workers of the factory by using an appropriate method
Average in direct Method ̅ = ∑
= = 39.71
a = 75.5, h = 3
∑
Average in Assumed Mean Method ̅ =a + ∑
= 50 - = 50 – 10.29 = 39.71 Daily No.of =
C.I. =
∑ wages workers −
Average in step deviation Method ̅ = a + ∑
x h=50 - x 10 = 50 - 10.29= 39.71 (Rs) 100-120 12 110 -40 -2 1320 -480 -24
Example 3 : The distribution below shows the number of wickets taken by bowlers in one- 100-120 12 120-140 14 130 -20 -1 1820 -280 -14
day cricket matches. Find the mean number of wickets by choosing a suitable method. 120-140 14 140-160 8 150 0 0 1200 0 0
What does the mean signify? 140-160 8 160-180 6 170 20 1 1020 120 6
= 160-180 6
C.I. = 180-200 10 190 40 2 1900 400 20
No.of No.of − 200 180-200 10 50 7260 -240 -12
Wickets Bowlers 20 -60 7 40 -160 -8 -56
20 -60 7 60 -100 5 80 -120 -6 -30 From the above table ∑ = 50, ∑ = 7260, ∑ = -240, ∑ = -12
60 -100 5 100 -150 16 125 -75 -3.75 -60 ∑
100 -150 16 Average from Direct Method ̅ = ∑
= = 145.2
150 -250 12 200 0 0 0
150 -250 12 ∑
250 -350 2 300 100 5 10 Average from assumed Mean Method ̅ =a + ∑
= 150 + = 150 – 4.8 = 145.2
250 -350 2 350 -450 3 400 200 10 30 ∑
350 -450 3 Average from step deviation method ̅ =a + x h =150+ x 20 =150 - 4.8 = 145.2
̅ = a 45 -106 ∑
∑ [Can use any method. But Assumed mean method is more suitable here]
+ ∑
x h = 200 - x 20 = 200 - 47.11 = 152.89
3. The following distribution shows the daily pocket allowance of children of a locality. The
Exercise – 13.1 mean pocket allowance is ` 18. Find the missing frequency f
1. A survey was conducted by a group of students as a part of their environment awareness Daily Pocket 11-13 13-15 15-17 17-19 19-21 21-23 23-25
programme, in which they collected the following data regarding the number of plants in 20 allowences(Rs)
houses in a locality. Find the mean number of plants per house No.of Children 7 6 9 13 f 5 4
Which method did you use for finding the mean, and why?
a = 18 , h = 2
a=7,h=2 =
C.I. = −
No.of No.of − C.I. = =
Plants Houses 0-2 1 1 -6 -3 1 -6 -3 11-13 7 12 -6 -3 84 -42 -21
0-2 1 2-4 2 3 -4 -2 6 -8 -4 13-15 6 14 -4 -2 84 -24 -12
2-4 2 4-6 1 5 -2 -1 5 -2 -1 15-17 9 16 -2 -1 144 -18 -9
4-6 1 6-8 5 7 0 0 35 0 0 17-19 13 18 0 0 234 0 0
6-8 5 8-10 6 9 2 1 54 12 6 19-21 f 20 2 1 20f 2f 1f
8-10 6 10-12 2 11 4 2 22 8 4 21-23 5 22 4 2 110 20 10
10-12 2 12-14 3 13 6 3 39 18 9 23-25 4 24 6 3 96 24 12
12-14 3 ∑ 0 162 22 11
=20 ∑ =44+ f 752+20f -40+2f -20+ f
From the above table ∑ =44+ f, ∑ = 752+ 20f, ∑ = -40 + 2f, ∑ =-20 + f
From the above table ∑ = 35, ∑ = 162, ∑ = 20, ∑ = 11
∑
∑ Average from Direct Method ̅ =
Average from Direct Method ̅ = ∑
= = 8.1 ∑
Mode = l + xh C.I. = − =
Mode = 35 + x 10= 35 + x 10 = 35 + x 10 = 35 + 1.81 1000 - 1500 24 1250 -1500 -3 -72
( )
∴ The mode of the above data is 36.81 1500 - 2000 40 1750 -1000 -2 -80
(a = 30 , h = 10) 2000 - 2500 33 2250 -500 -1 -33
2500 - 3000 28 2750 0 0 0
C.I. = − = 3000 - 3500 30 3250 500 1 30
5-15 6 10 -20 -2 -12 3500 - 4000 22 3750 1000 2 44
15-25 11 20 -10 -1 -11 4000 - 4500 16 4250 1500 3 48
25-35 21 30 0 0 0 4500 - 5000 7 4750 2000 4 28
35-45 23 40 10 1 23 ∑ =200 -35
45-55 14 50 20 2 28 ∑
By step deviation method ̅ = a + ∑
xh
55-65 5 60 30 3 15
∑ =80 43 = 2750 + x 500 = 2750 - 87.5 = 2662.5
4. The following distribution gives the state-wise teacher - student ratio in higher
∑
By step deviation method ̅ = a + ∑
x h = 30 + x 10 = 30 + 5.375 = 35.375 secondary schools of India. Fin d the mode and mean of this data. Interpret the two
So, we conclude that maximum number of patients admitted in the hospital are of the age 36.81 measures No.of
Maximum freeqency = 10, of the class interval 30 - 35 No.of
years(Approx) whereas the average age of the patient admitted in the hospital is 35.375years students per
Therefore 30 – 35 is the modal class interval state/U.Ts
2. The following data gives the information on the observed lifetimes (in hours) of 225 teacher
electrical components ∴ l = 30, h = 5, f1 = 10, f0 = 9, f2 = 3 15 - 20 3
Life time(in hours) 0 - 20 20-40 40-60 60-80 80-100 100-120 Mode = l + xh 20 - 25 8
10 35 52 61 38 29 25 - 30 9
Freequency Mode = 30 + x5
( ) 30 - 35 10
Determine the modal lifetimes of the components
Maximum frequency =61 = 30 + x5 35 - 40 3
40 - 45 0
It is in the class interval 60 – 80. So, 60 - 80 is the modal class interval. = 30 + x 5 = 30 + 0.625 = 30.625
45 - 50 0
∴ l = 60, h = 20, f1 = 61, f0 = 52, f2 = 38 ∴ The mode of the above data is 30.625 50 - 55 2
Mode = l + xh
.
C.I. = − . =
Mode = 60 + x 20 = 60 + x 20
( ) 15 - 20 3 17.5 -15 -3 -9
= 60 + x 20 = 60 + 5.625 = 65.625 20 - 25 8 22.5 -10 -2 -16
∴ The mode of the above given data = 65.625 25 - 30 9 27.5 -5 -1 -9
3. The following data gives the distribution of total monthly household expenditure of 200 30 - 35 10 32.5 0 0 0
families of a village. Find the modal monthly expenditure of the families. Also, find the 35 - 40 3 37.5 5 1 3
mean monthly expenditure. 40 - 45 0 42.5 10 2 0
Expenditure No.of
Maximum frequency = 40 45 - 50 0 47.5 15 3 0
(in Rs) families
Therefore the modal class interval is (1500 – 2000) 1000 - 1500 24 50 - 55 2 52.5 20 4 8
∴ l = 1500, h = 500, f1 = 40, f0 = 24, f2 = 33 1500 - 2000 40 ∑ =35 -23
2000 - 2500 33 ∑
Mode = l + xh By step deviation Method ̅ = a + ∑
xh = 32.5 + x 5 = 32.5 – 3.29 = 29.21
2500 - 3000 28
Mode = 1500 + x 500= 1500 + x 500 3000 - 3500 30 The students – teacher ratio is 30.625 and average ratio is 29.21
( )
3500 - 4000 22 5. The given distribution shows the number of runs scored by some top batsmen of the
= 1500 + x 500 = 1500 + 347.83 = 1847.83 world in one-day international cricket matches
4000 - 4500 16
∴ The mode of the given data = 1847.83 4500 - 5000 7 Find the mode of the data.
Maximum freequency = 18. It is in the class interval 4000 - 5000 Heights (in cm) No.of Girls C.I. f cf
Therefore 4000 -5000 is the modal class interval No.of Batsman Less than 140 4 Less than 140 4 4
Runs scored
∴ l = 4000, h = 1000, f1 = 18, f0 = 4, f2 = 9 Less than 145 11 140 - 145 7 11
3000 - 4000 4 145 - 150 18 29
Mode = l + xh Less than 150À 29
4000 - 5000 18
150 - 155 11 40
Mode = 4000+ ( ) x 1000 = 5000 - 6000 9 Less than 155 40
155 - 160 6 46
6000 - 7000 7 Less than 160 46
4000 + x 1000 160 - 165 5 51
7000 - 8000 6 51
8000 - 9000 3 Less than 165
= 4000 + x 1000 = 4000 + 608.7 = 4608.7
9000 - 10000 1 Now, n = 51, ∴ = 25.5 It is in the class interval 145 - 150
∴ The mode of the above data is 4608.7 10000 - 11000 1
∴ l (lower limit) = 145, cf = 11. f = 18, h = 5
6. A student noted the number of cars passing through a spot on a road for 100
periods each of 3 minutes and summarised it in the table given below. Find the mode of Median = l + xh
the data . .
MedianÀ = 145 + x 5 = 145 + = 149.03
No.of cars 0 - 10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 Therefore median of the given data is 149.03
7 14 13 12 20 11 15 8 Example 8 : The median of the following data is 525. Find the values of x and y, if the total
Freequency
frequency is 100.
Maximum freequency = 20. It is in the class interval 40 - 50 Class interval Freequency C.I. f cf
Therefore 40 – 50 is the modal class interval 0 -100 2 0 -100 2 2
∴ l = 40, h = 10, f1 = 20, f0 = 12, f2 = 11 100-200 5 100-200 5 7
Mode = l + xh 200-300 x 200-300 x 7+x
300-400 12 300-400 12 19+x
Mode = 40+ ( )
x 10= 40 + x 10 400-500 17 400-500 17 36+x
500-600 20 500-600 20 56+x
= 40 + x 10 = 40 + 4.71 = 44.71
600-700 y 600-700 y 56+x+y
∴ Mode of the given data 44.71 700-800 9 700-800 9 65+x+y
13.4 Median of Grouped Data 800-900 7 800-900 7 72+x+y
the median is a measure of central tendency which gives the value of the middle-most 900-1000 4 900-1000 4 76+x+y
observation in the data. Recall that for finding the median of ungrouped data, we first arrange
the data values of the observations in ascending order, then, if n is odd, then the meadian is Here, n = 100 ∴ 76 + x + y = 100
th observation and if n is an even, then the dedian is the average of and + 1 th So, x + y = 24 ........................ (1)
Median is 525, which is lies in the class interval 500 – 600
observation. ∴ l = 500, f = 20, cf = 36 + x, h = 100
After finding the median class, we use the following formula for calculating the median.
Median = l + xh
Median of Grouped Data
525 = 500 + x 100
Median = l + xh
525 = 500 + [14 − x] x 5
l = lower limit of median class, 25 = 70 – 5x ⇒ 5x = 70 – 25 ⇒ 5x = 45 ∴ x = 9
n = number of observations From equation (1) 9 + y = 24 ⇒ y = 15
cf = cumulative frequency of class preceding the median class,. Remarks: There is a empirical relationship between the three measures of central
f = frequency of median class tendency
h = class size (assuming class size to be equal).
3 Median = Mode + 2 average
Example 7 : A survey regarding the heights (in cm) of 51 girls of Class X of a school was
conducted and the following data was obtained
Find the median height.
= 144.5 + x 9 = 144.5 + x 9=144.5 + = 144.5 + 2.25 =146.75mm = 8.5 + x 3 = 8.5 - 0.18 = 8.32
5. The following table gives the distribution of the life time of 400 neon lamps . Find the To find the mode:
median life time of a lamp. Maximum freequency = 40, Which is in the class interval 7 - 10
Life time in No.of Lamps Therefore the modal class interval is 7 - 10
C.I. f cf
hours ∴ l = 7, h = 3, f1 = 30, f0 = 30, f2 = 16
1500-2000 14 14
1500-2000 14 2000-2500 56 70 Mode = l + xh
2000-2500 56 2500-3000 60 130 = 7+ x3= 7+ x3= 7+ x 3 = 7 + 0.88 = 7.88
2500-3000 60 3000-3500 86 216 ( )
3000-3500 86 3500-4000 74 290 ∴ The mode of the given data is 7.88
3500-4000 74 4000-4500 62 352 7. The distribution below gives the weights of 30 students of a class. Find the median
4000-4500 62 4500-5000 48 400 weight of the students
4500-5000 48 Weight in Kgs 40-45 45-50 50-55 55-60 60-65 65-70 70-75
Total freequencies = 400 No.of students 2 3 8 6 6 3 2
Now, n = 400, ∴ = 200 this is in the class interval 3000 – 3500
Total freequencies = 30 C.I. f cf
Now, l = 3000, cf = 130, f = 86, h = 500
Now, n = 30, ∴ = 15 40-45 2 2
Median= l + x h = 3000 + x 500= 3000 + x 500 which is in the class interval 55 – 60 45-50 3 5
So, l = 55, cf = 13, f = 6 , h = 5 50-55 8 13
= 3000 + 406.98 = 3406.98 55-60 6 19
6. 100 surnames were randomly picked up from a local telephone directory and the Meadian = l + xh 60-65 6 25
frequency distribution of the number of letters in the English alphabets in the surnames 65-70 3 28
was obtained as follows = 55 + x5 = 7 + x5 70-75 2 30
No.of Letters 1-4 4 - 7 7 - 10 10 - 13 13 - 16 16 - 19 Median= 55 + 1.67 = 56.67kg
No.of surnames 6 30 40 16 4 4 13.5 Graphical Representation of Cumulative Frequency Distribution
Determine the median number of letters in the surnames. Find the mean number of Example 9 : The annual profits earned by 30 shops of a shopping complex in a locality
letters in the surnames? Also, find the modal size of the surnames give rise to the following distribution. draw its ogive. Hence obtain the median profit.
Total freequencies = 100 C.I. f cf
1-4 6 6 Profit (in lakhs) No.of shopes(f) We first draw the coordinate axes, with
Now, n = 100, ∴ = 50 this is in the class interval 7 – 10 More than or equal to 5 30
4-7 30 36 lower limits of the profit along the
So, l = 7, cf = 36, f = 40, h = 3 7-10 40 76 More than or equal to 10 28 horizontal axis, and the cumulative
10-13 16 92 More than or equal to 15 16 frequency along the vertical axes. Then,
Median = l + xh More than or equal to 20 14
13-16 4 96 we plot the points (5, 30), (10, 28), (15, 16),
16-19 4 100 More than or equal to 25 10 (20, 14), (25, 10), (30, 7) and (35, 3). We
7 + x3 = 7 + x 3 = 7 + 1.05 = 8.05 More than or equal to 30 7 join these points with a smooth curve to get
To find the average: More than or equal to 35 3
the ‘more than’ ogive, as shown in Fig.
[a = 8.5, h = 3]
Now, let us obta in the cla ss es, their frequencies and the cumulative frequency from the
C.I. = − = table above
1-4 6 2.5 -6 -2 -12 C.I. 5-10 10-15 15-20 20-25 25-30 30-35 35-40
4-7 30 5.5 -3 -1 -30 f 2 12 2 4 3 4 3
7-10 40 8.5 0 0 0 cf 2 14 16 20 23 27 30
10-13 16 11.5 3 1 16
13-16 4 14.5 6 2 8
16-19 4 17.5 9 3 12
∑ =100 -6
∑
By step deviation method ̅ = a + ∑
xh
P a g e 72 | 101 Available in ykoyyur.blogspot.com P a g e 73 | 101 Available in ykoyyur.blogspot.com
SSLC Mathematics Solutions in English YK SSLC Mathematics Solutions in English YK
Weight No of
(in kgs) students
Less than 38 0
Less than 40 3
Less than 42 5
Less than 44 9
Less than 46 14
Less than 48 28
Daily Change the distribution to a more than type distribution, and draw its ogive.
No.of
income cf
workers
(Rs) Production
f cf
Yield(kg/ha)
100-120 12 12
50 2 100
120-140 14 26
55 8 98
140-160 8 34
60 12 90
160-180 6 40
180-200 65 24 78
10 50
2. During the medical check-up of 35 students of a class, their weights were recorded as 70 38 54
follows:
Draw a less than type ogive for the given data. Hence obtain the median weight from the
graph and verify the result by using the formula 75 16 16
Summary:
1. The mean for grouped data can be found by :
∑
Probabilty
Direct Method ̅ = ∑
∑
14.2 Probability — A Theoretical Approach
Assumed mean method: ̅ =a + ∑
∑
Suppose a coin is tossed at random When we speak of a coin, we assume it to be
Step deviation method: ̅=a+ ∑
xh the coin can only land in one of two ‘fair ’, that is, it is symmetrical so that there is no
with the assumption that the frequency of a class is centred at its mid-point, called its class possible ways — either head up or tail up. reason for it to come down more often on one
mark suppose we throw a die once. For us, a side than the other. We call this property of the
die will always mean a fair die. They are coin as being ‘unbiased’. By the phrase ‘random
2. The mode for grouped data can be found by using the formula: toss’, we mean that the coin is allowed to fall
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. Each number has the
same possibility of showing up. freely without any bias or interference
Mode = l + xh
The experimental or empirical probability P(E) of an event E as
Where symbols have the meanings
3. The cumulative frequency of a class is the frequency obtained by adding the frequencies of all
the classes preceding the given class P(E) =
4. The median for grouped data is formed by using the formula:.
The theoretical probability (also called classical probability) of an event E, written as P(E), is
meadian = l + xh defined as
Where symbols have the meanings
P(E) =
5. Representing a cumulative frequency distribution graphically as a cumulative frequency curve, .
or an ogive of the less than type and of the more than type.
Example 1 : Find the probability of getting a head when a
6. The median of grouped data can be obtained graphically as the x-coordinate of the point of coin is tossed once. Also find the probability of getting a tail.
intersection of the two ogives for this data. Random experiment: Tossing a coin once
S - { Tossing a coin once};
S - {H, T} [Here, H - Head T - Tail] – n(S) = 2
A - { Getting Head }- n(A) = 1
( )
P(A) = =
( )
B - { Getting Tail }- n(B) = 1
( )
P(B) = ( )
=
Example 2 : A bag contains a red ball, a blue ball and a yellow ball, all the balls being of
the same size. Kritika takes out a ball from the bag without looking into it. What is the
probability that she takes out the
(i) Yellow ball (ii) Red ball (iii) Blue ball
S – {Total balls in a bag } ⇒ n(S) = 3
A – { Krthika picking up yellow ball} – n(A) = 1
( )
P(A) = ( ) =
B – { Krthika picking up red ball} – n(B) = 1
( )
P(B) = =
( )
C – { Krthika picking up blue ball} – n(C) = 1
( )
P(C) = =
( )
Observe that the sum of the probabilities of all the Example 6 : Savita and Hamida are friends. What is the probability that both will have
elementary events of an experiment is 1 (i) different birthdays? (ii) the same birthday? (ignoring a leap year)
Example 3 : Suppose we throw a die once. (i) What is (i) Favarable days that Savitha and Hamida have different birthdays 365-1 = 364
the probability of getting a number greater than 4 ?
Probabilty of having different birthdays P(A) =
(ii) What is the probability of getting a number less
than or equal to 4 ? Probabilty of having same birthdayP( ̅) = [P( ̅)= 1 – P(A)]
S – {Throwing a dice once } –{ 1,2,3,4,5,6}⇒ n(S) = 6 Example 7 : There are 40 students in Class X of a school of whom 25 are girls and 15 are
A – { Getting number more than 4 } – {5,6} - n(A) = 2 boys. The class teacher has to select one student as a class representative. She writes the
( )
P(A) = ( ) = = name of each student on a separate card, the cards being identical. Then she puts cards
in a bag and stirs them thoroughly. She then draws one card from the bag. What is the
B – { Getting a number equal or less than 4} – {1,2,3,4} - n(B) = 4
( ) probability that the name written on the card is the name of (i) a girl? (ii) a boy?
P(B) = ( ) = = Total number of students: n(S) = 40
P(A) = 1 – P( ) : where A is an event and is complement of an event A Number of Girls – n(A) = 25
That is, the probability of an event which is impossible to occur is 0. Such an event is called Number of boys – n(B) = 15
an impossible event ( )
The probability of drawn card with the name of a Girl P(A) = = =
Example: We know that there are only six possible outcomes in a single throw of a die. These ( )
( )
outcomes are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6. Since no face of the die is marked 8, so there is no outcome The probability of drawn card with the name of a BoyP(B) = ( )
= =
favourable to 8, i.e., the number of such outcomes is zero. In other words, OR P(B) = 1 - P(A) = 1 - =
getting 8 in a single throw of a die, is impossible
Example 8 : A box contains 3 blue, 2 white, and 4 red marbles. If a marble is drawn at
So, the probability of an event which is sure (or certain) to occur is 1. Such an event is called
random from the box, what is the probability that it will be (i) white (ii) blue (iii) red
a sure event or a certain event.
The number of marbles in a box = n(S) = 9
Example:Since every face of a die is marked with a number less than 7, it is sure that we will
The probability of getting white marble P(W) =
always get a number less than 7 when it is thrown once. So, the number of favourable outcomes
is the same as the number of all possible outcomes, which is 6. The probability of getting white blue P(B) =
0 ≤ P(E) ≤ 1
The probability of getting white red P(B) =
Example 4 : One card is drawn from a Now, let us take an example related to playing
well-shuffled deck of 52 cards. Calculate cards. Have you seen a deck of playing cards? Example 9 : Harpreet tosses two different coins simultaneously (say, one is of ` 1 and
the probability that the card will It consists of 52 cards which are divided into 4 other of ` 2). What is the probability that she gets at least one head?
(i) Be an aace (ii) Not be an ace suits of 13 cards each— spades, hearts, The two different coins are tossed, the outcomes are S = { HH, HT, TH, TT }⇒ n(S) = 4
(i) S – {Picking a card from a deck of 52} diamonds and clubs. Clubs and spades are of The favorable outcomes to get atleast one head – {HT, TH, TT}
n(S) = 52 black colour, while hearts and diamonds are
of red colour. The cards in each suit are ace, Therefore the probability of getting atleast one head -
E – { The picked card is an ace} [Example 10 and 11 are not solved because they are optional]
king, queen, jack, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3 and 2.
P(E) = 4 [There are 4 aces in a deck of 52] Kings, queens and jacks are called face cards Example 12 : A carton consists of 100 shirts of which 88 are good, 8 have minor defects
( )
P(A) = = = and 4 have major defects. Jimmy, a trader, will only accept the shirts which are good,
( )
(ii) F – {The card picked is not an ace} but Sujatha, another trader, will only reject the shirts which have major defects. One
n(F) = 48 shirt is drawn at random from the carton. What is the probability that
( )
P(F) = = = (i) it is acceptable to Jimmy? (ii) it is acceptable to Sujatha?
( )
Example 13 : Two dice, one blue and one grey, are thrown at the same time. Write down 4. Which of the following cannot be the probability of an event?
all the possible outcomes. What is the probability that the sum of the two numbers appearing A) B) -1.5 C) 15% D) 0.7 3
on the top of the dice is (i) 8 (ii) 13 (iii) less than or equal to 12 The probability of an event is always greater than or equal to 0 and less than or equal to 1.
The total number of outcomes when two dice are thrown at the same time Thus, (B) -1.5 cannot be the probability of an event.
(1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (1,4),(1,5), (1,6), (2,1), (2,2), (2,3), (2,4), (2,5), (2,6), (3,1), (3,2), (3,3), (3,4),
5. If P(E) = 0.05, what is the probability of ‘not E’?
(3,5), (3,6), (4,1), (4,2), (4,3), (4,4), (4,5), (4,6), (5,1), (5,2), (5,3), (5,4), (5,6), (6,1), (6,2), The probability of ‘not E’=1 - P(E) = 1 – 0.05 = 0.95
(6,3), (6,4), (6,5), (6,6)
6. A bag contains lemon flavoured candies only. Malini takes out one candy without looking
n(S) = 6x6 = 36 into the bag. What is the probability that she takes out
(i) A – The sum of two numbers be 8 (i) an orange flavoured candy? (ii) a lemon flavoured candy?
A – { (2,6), (3,5), (4,4), (5,3), (6,2)} - n(A) = 5 Answer
∴ The probability of getting the sum of two numbers be 8 = (i) Since the bag contains only lemon flavoured.
(ii) B - The sum of two numbers be 13 - n(B) = 0 Therefore, No. of orange flavoured candies = 0
∴ The probability of getting the sum of two numbers be 13 = =0 Probability of taking out orange flavoured candies = = 0
(ii) The bag only have lemon flavoured candies.
(iii) C - B - The sum of two numbers be equal or less than 12
Probability of taking out lemon flavoured candies = = 1
∴ The probability of getting the sum of two numbers be equal or less than = =1
7. It is given that in a group of 3 students, the probability of 2 students not having the same
birthday is 0.992. What is the probability that the 2 students have the same birthday?
Exercise 14.1 Answer
Let E be the event of having the same birthday. P(E) = 0.992
1. Complete the following statements ⇒ P(E) + P(not E) = 1 ⇒ P(not E) = 1 – P(E) ⇒ 1 - 0.992 = 0.008
(i) Probability of an event E + Probability of the event ‘not E’ = _______________ The probability that the 2 students have the same birthday is 0.008
(ii) The probability of an event that cannot happen is Such an event is called 8. A bag contains 3 red balls and 5 black balls. A ball is drawn at random from the bag.
_______ . What is the probability that the ball drawn is (i) red? (ii) not red?
(iii)The probability of an event that is certain to happen is Such an event is called
. Total number of balls in a bag = n(S) = 3 + 5 = 8
(iv) The sum of the probabilities of all the elementary events of an experiment is (i) Number of red balls = n(A) = 3
. ( )
Probabilty of drawing red balls P(A) = =
(v) The probability of an event is greater than or equal to and less than or equal ( )
Total number of coins in a piggy bank = 100 + 50 + 20 + 10 = 180 14. One card is drawn from a well-shuffled deck of 52 cards. Find the probability of getting
Total number of 50 p coins = (A) = 100 (i) a king of red colour (ii) a face card (iii) a red face card (iv) the jack of hearts (v) a spade
Number of Rs 5 coins = (B) = 10 (vi) the queen of diamonds
( ) Possible numbers of events = 52
(i) Probabilty of getting Rs 5 coins (A) = = =
( ) (i) Numbers of king of red colour = 2
( )
(ii)Probabilty of it will not be a Rs 5 coin 1 - (B) =1 - =1- = Probability of getting a king of red colour = = =
( )
11. Gopi buys a fish from a shop for his aquarium. The (ii) Numbers of face cards = 12
shopkeeper takes out one fish at random from a tank Probability of getting a face card = =
containing 5 male fish and 8 female fish (see Fig. 15.4). What
(iii) Numbers of red face cards = 6
is the probability that the fish taken out is a male fish?
Total number of fish in the tank = n(S) = 5+8 = 13 Probability of getting a king of red colour = =
Number of male fish in the tank = n(A) = 5 (iv) Numbers of jack of hearts =1
The probability of taking out the male fish Probability of getting a king of red colour =
( ) (v) Numbers of king of spade = 13
= P(A) = =
( )
12. A game of chance consists of spinning an arrow which comes to rest pointing at one of the Probability of getting a king of red colour = =
numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 (see Fig. 15.5), and these are equally likely outcomes. What is (vi) Numbers of queen of diamonds = 1
the probability that it will point at (i) 8 (ii) an odd number (iii) A number greater Probability of getting a king of red colour =
than 2 (iv) A number less than 9 15. Five cards the ten, jack, queen, king and ace of diamonds, are well-shuffled with their
Possible number of events = 8 face downwards. One card is then picked up at random.
(i) Possible chances that an arrow pointing number 8 = 1 (i) What is the probability that the card is the queen?
Probabilty of pointing 8 = (ii) If the queen is drawn and put aside, what is the probability that the second card
picked up is (a) an ace? (b) a queen?
(ii) Chances of pointing an odd number (1, 3, 5 ªÀÄvÀÄÛ 7) = 4 Total numbers of cards = 5
Probabilty of pointing an odd number = = (i) Numbers of queen = 1
(iii) Chances of pointing a number greater than 2 Probability of picking a queen =
(i,e.3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8) = 6 (ii) When queen is drawn and put aside then total numbers of cards left is 4
Probablity of pointing a number greater than 2 = = (a) Numbers of ace = 1
Probability of picking an ace =
(iv) Chances of pointing less than 9 (i.e, 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8) = 8
Probability of pointing a number less than 9 = = 1 (a) Numbers of queen = 0
Probability of picking a queen = = 0
13. A die is thrown once. Find the probability of getting
(i) a prime number; (ii) a number lying between 2 and 6; (iii) an odd number. 16. 12 defective pens are accidentally mixed with 132 good ones. It is not possible to just look
Possible numbers of events on throwing a dice = 6 at a pen and tell whether or not it is defective. One pen is taken out at random from this
Numbers on dice = 1,2,3,4,5 and 6 lot. Determine the probability that the pen taken out is a good one.
(i) Prime numbers = 2, 3 and 5 Numbers of defective pens = 12
Favourable number of events = 3 Numbers of good pens = 132
Probability that it will be a prime number = = Total numbers of pen = 132 + 12 = 144 pens
Favourable number of events = 132
(ii) Numbers lying between 2 and 6 = 3, 4 and 5
Probability of getting a good pen = =
Favourable number of events = 3
Probability that a number between 2 and 6 = =
(iii) Odd numbers = 1, 3 and 5
Favourable number of events = 3
Probability that it will be an odd number = =
17. (i) A lot of 20 bulbs contain 4 defective ones. One bulb is drawn at random from the lot. Total numbers of pens = 144
What is the probability that this bulb is defective? Numbers of defective pens = 20
(ii) Suppose the bulb drawn in (i) is not defective and is not replaced. Now one bulb is Numbers of non defective pens = 144 - 20 = 124
drawn at random from the rest. What is the probability that this bulb is not defective? (i) Numbers of favourable events = 124 ; Probability that she will buy it = =
(i) Total numbers of bulbs = 20
Numbers of defective bulbs = 4 (ii) Numbers of favourable events = 20; Probability that she will not buy it = =
Probability of getting a defective bulb = = 22. Refer to Example 13. (i) Complete the following table
(ii) One non defective bulb is drawn in (i) then the total numbers of bulb left is 19 Event
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Total numbers of events = 19 Sum on two dice
Favourable numbers of events = 19 - 4 = 15 1 5 1
Probability
Probability that the bulb is not defective = 36 36 36
(ii)A student argues that ‘there are 11 possible outcomes 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12.
18. A box contains 90 discs which are numbered from 1 to 90. If one disc is drawn at random
from the box, find the probability that it bears (i) a two-digit number (ii) a perfect square Therefore, each of them has a probability . Do you agree with this argument? Justify
number (iii) a number divisible by 5 your answer.
Total numbers of discs = 50 Events that can happen on throwing two dices are (1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (1,4),(1,5), (1,6), (2,1),
(i) Total numbers of favourable events = 81 (2,2), (2,3), (2,4), (2,5), (2,6), (3,1), (3,2), (3,3), (3,4), (3,5), (3,6), (4,1), (4,2), (4,3), (4,4), (4,5),
Probability that it bears a two-digit number = = (4,6), (5,1), (5,2), (5,3), (5,4), (5,6), (6,1), (6,2), (6,3), (6,4), (6,5), (6,6)
⇒ n(S) = 6x6 = 36
(ii) Perfect square numbers = 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64 and 81
Favourable numbers of events = 9; Probability of getting a perfect square number = = (i) To get sum as 2, possible outcomes = (1,1)
(iii) Numbers which are divisible by 5 = 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, To get sum as 3, possible outcomes = (1,2) and (2,1)
75, 80, 85 and 90 To get sum as 4, possible outcomes = (1,3); (3,1); and (2,2)
Favourable numbers of events = 18; Probability of getting a number divisible by 5 = = To get sum as 5, possible outcomes = (1,4); (4,1); (2,3); and (3,2)
To get sum as 6, possible outcomes = (1,5); (5,1); (2,4); (4,2); and (3,3)
19. A child has a die whose six faces show the letters as given below:
To get sum as 7, possible outcomes = (1,6); (6,1); (5,2); (2,5); (4,3); and (3,4)
To get sum as 8, possible outcomes = (2,6); (6,2); (3,5); (5,3); and (4,4)
To get sum as 9, possible outcomes = (3,6); (6,3); (4,5); and (5,4)
The die is thrown once. What is the probability of getting (i) A? (ii) D? To get sum as 10, possible outcomes = (4,6); (6,4) and (5,5)
Total numbers of events = 6 To get sum as 11, possible outcomes = (5,6) and (6,5)
(i) Total numbers of faces having A on it = 2; Probability of getting A = = To get sum as 12, possible outcomes = (6,6)
(ii) Total numbers of faces having D on it = 1 ; Probability of getting A =
Event
20. Suppose you drop a die at random on the 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
rectangular region shown in Fig. 15.6. What Sum on two dice
is the probability that it will land inside the 1 2 3 4 5 6 5 4 3 2 1
Probability
circle with diameter 1m?[Not for 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36
examination] (ii) No, i don't agree with the argument. It is already justified in (i).
Area of the rectangle = (3 × 2) m2 = 6m2 23. A game consists of tossing a one rupee coin 3 times and noting its outcome each time.
Area of the circle = πr2 = π 2 = m2 Hanif wins if all the tosses give the same result i.e., three heads or three tails, and loses
otherwise. Calculate the probability that Hanif will lose the game.
Probability that die will land inside the circle = = Events that can happen in tossing 3 coins
21. A lot consists of 144 ball pens of which 20 are defective and the others are good. Nuri will = HHH, HHT, HTH, THH, TTH, HTT, THT, TTT
buy a pen if it is good, but will not buy if it is defective. The shopkeeper draws one pen at Total number of events = 8
random and gives it to her. What is the probability that Hinif will lose the game if he gets HHT, HTH, THH, TTH, HTT, THT
(i) She will buy it? (ii) She will not buy it? Favourable number of elementary events = 6
Probability of losing the game = = =
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Example 3 : A wooden toy rocket is in the shape of Breadth b = 4cm and height h = 4cm
a cone mounted on a cylinder, as shown in Fig. 15.8. The surface area of the cuboid = 2(lb+bh+hl)
The height of the entire rocket is 26 cm, while the
= 2(8x4+4x4+4x8)
height of the conical part is 6 cm. The base of the
= 2(32+16+32)= 2(80) = 160 cm2
conical portion has a diameter of 5 cm, while the
2. A vessel is in the form of a hollow hemisphere mounted by a hollow cylinder. The
base diameter of the cylindrical portion is 3 cm. If the
diameter of the hemisphere is 14 cm and the total height of the vessel is 13 cm. Find the
conical portion is to be painted orange and the
inner surface area of the vessel.
cylindrical portion yellow, find the area of the rocket
The inner surface area of the vessel =
painted with each of these colours. (Take = 3.14)
Let the the radius of the cone = r, the slant height = l the Inner surface area of the cylinder+ Inner surface area of the
height of the cone = h , radius of the cylinder = r1, and hemisphere = 2 ℎ+2
height of the cylinder = h1
= ; r= = 7cm; height of the cylinder h = 13 – 7 = 6cm
Then r = 2.5 cm, h = 6 cm, r1 = 1.5 cm, h1 = 26 - 6 = 20 cm ªÀÄvÀÄÛ l = √ + ℎ
= 2x x 7x 6 + 2x x 7x 7 = 2x 22x 6 + 2x22 x 7
= l = √2.5 + 6 = 6.5cm
Here, the conical portion has its circular base resting on the base of the cylinder, but the base = 264 + 308 = 572cm2
of the cone is larger than the base of the cylinder. So, a part of the base of the cone (a ring) is to 3. A toy is in the form of a cone of radius 3.5 cm mounted on a hemisphere of same radius.
be painted. The total height of the toy is 15.5 cm. Find the total surface area of the toy.
The area to be painted orange TSA of the Toy = CSA of cone + CSA of hemisphere = + 2
= CSA of the cone + base area of the cone– base area of the cylinder
= πrl + πr2 - π( )2 = ; r = 3.5 ; h = 15.5 – 3.5 = 12cm
= π [(2.5 × 6.5) + (2.5)2 - (1.5)2] cm2 l = √ℎ + = √12 + 3.5 = √144 + 12.25
= π [20.25] cm2 = 3.14 × 20.25 cm2 = 63.585 cm2 l =√156.25 = 12.5cm
Now, the area to be painted yellow = CSA of the cylinder+ area of one base of the cylinder TSA of the Toy = x 3.5 x 12.5 + 2x x3.5 2
= 2πr1h1 + π(r1 )2 = 22 x 0.5 x 12.5 + 2x 22x0.5x3.5
= πr1 (2h1 + r1) = (3.14×1.5) ( 2×20 +1.5) cm2 = 4.71× 41.5 cm2 = 195.465 cm2 = 11 x 12.5 + 11x7= 11 x 19.5
Example 4 : Mayank made a bird-bath for his garden in the
=214.5cm2
shape of a cylinder with a hemispherical depression at one
end (see Fig. 15.9). The height of the cylinder is 1.45 m and its 4. A cubical block of side 7 cm is surmounted by a hemisphere. What is the greatest
radius is 30 cm. Find the total surface area of the bird bath diameter the hemisphere can have? Find the surface area of the solid
The greatest diameter of the hemisphere = Side of the square = 7cm
(Take = ).
Surface area of the solid
Let h be height of the cylinder, and r the common radius of the
= Surface area of cube + CSA of hemisphere - The area of the circular base of the hemisphere
cylinder and hemisphere. Then,
= 6a2 + 2 -
The total surface area of the bird-bath = CSA of cylinder + CSA of hemisphere
= 6x72 + 2 x x - x
= 2πrh + 2πr2 = 2πr (h + r) = 2 × × 30 (145 + 30) cm2 = 33000 cm2 = 3.3m2
= 6x49 + 11x7 - 11 x
= 294 + 77 - 11 x
Exercise 15.1
= 371 – 38.5
(Unless stated otherwise, take π = ) = 332.5cm2
1. 2 cubes each of volume 64 cm3 are joined end to end. Find the surface area of the 5. A hemispherical depression is cut out from one face of a cubical wooden block such that
the diameter l of the hemisphere is equal to the edge of the cube. Determine the surface
resulting cuboid.
area of the remaining solid
The volume of the cube = 64cm3, Therefore length of the side = 4cm
The surface area of the solid = Surface area of cube + Surface area of hemisphere
∴ The length of the cuboid = 4+4 = 8 cm
– Area of the circular base of the hemisphere
= 6l2 + 2 -
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9. A wooden article was made by scooping out a hemisphere from each end of a solid
= 6l2 + 2 -
cylinder, as shown in Fig. 15.11. If the height of the cylinder is 10 cm, and its base is of
= 6l2 + 2 - radius 3.5 cm, find the total surface area of the article.
TSA of the article = CSA of cylinder + 2x innere CSA of hemisphere
2 (24 + )
= 6l + = = 2πrh + 2x2πr
6. A medicine capsule is in the shape of a cylinder with two hemispheres stuck to each of its
= ; r = 3.5 ; h = 10m
ends (see Fig. 13.10). The length of the entre capsule is 14mm and the diameter of the
capsule is 5mm. Find its surface area. = 2πr(h + 2r)
Surface area of the capsule = = 2x x 3.5 (10 + 2x3.5) = 2x 22 x 0.5 (10 + 7)
2CSA of hemisphere CSA of cylinder = 2(2 )+2 ℎ = 22 (17)= 22 (17) = 374cm2
= ; r = 2.5 ; h = 9mm
= 2(2 ) + 2 ℎ = 2 (2 + ℎ) 15.3 Volume of a Combination of Solids
Example 5 : Shanta runs an industry in a shed which is in the shape of a cuboid
= 2x x (2x2.5 + 9) surmounted by a half cylinder (see Fig.15.12). If the base of the shed is of dimension 7
= (14) = 110 x 2 = 220mm2 m × 15 m, and the height of the cuboidal portion is 8 m, find the volume of air that the shed
can hold. Further, s up pose the ma chiner y in t he s hed occupies a total space of 300
7. A tent is in the shape of a cylinder surmounted by a conical top. If the height and
diameter of the cylindrical part are 2.1 m and 4 m respectively, and the slant height of the m3, and there are 20 workers, each of whom occu py ab ou t 0.08 m3 spa ce on a n
top is 2.8 m, find the area of the canvas used for making the tent. Also, find the cost of the average. Then, how much air is in the sshed ( = )
canvas of the tent at the rate of Rs 500 per m2 . (Note that the base of the tent will not be The volume of air inside the shed (when there are no people
covered with canvas.) or machinery) is given by the volume of air inside the cuboid
The area of the tent
and inside the half cylinder, taken together.
= CSA of the cylinder + CSA of cone
Now, the length, breadth and height of the cuboid are 15 m, 7
= 2 ℎ + m and 8 m, respectively. Also, the diameter of the half
= (2ℎ + ) cylinder is 7 m and its height is 15 m
= ; r=2 ; h = 2.1m ; l = 2.8m So, the required volume = volume of the cuboid + volume of the cylinder
= x 2(2x2.1 + 2.8) = 15 x 7 x 8 + x x x x 15 m3 = = 1128.75 m3
= x 7 (2x0.3 + 0.4) Next, the total space occupied by the machinery = 300 m3
And the total space occupied by the workers = 20 × 0.08 m3 = 1.6m3
= 44 (0.6 + 0.4) = 44m2
The total cost of the canvas at the rate of Rs 500/cm2 = 44x500 = Rs 22000 ∴ the volume of the air, when there are machinery and workers
= 1128.86 - (300.00 + 1.60) = 827.15 m3
8. From a solid cylinder whose height is 2.4 cm and diameter 1.4 cm, a conical cavity of the
Example 6:A juice seller was serving his customers using glasses
same height and same diameter is hollowed out. Find the total surface area of the
remaining solid to the nearest cm2 as shown in Fig. 15.13. The inner diameter of the cylindrical glass
Surface area of the solid = TSA of cylinder + Inner CSA of cone was 5 c m, b u t t he bot t om of t he gla s s ha d a hemispherical
raised portion which reduced the capacity of the glass. If the
– Area of one the circular face of the cylinder
height of a glass was 10cm, find the apparent capacity of the glass
= 2 ( + ℎ) + −
and its actual capacity. (Use = 3.14)
= ; r = 0.7 ; h = 2.4m Since the inner diameter of the glass = 5 cm and height = 10 cm,
the apparent capacity of the glass = πr2h
l = √ℎ + = √2.4 + 0.7 = √5.76 + 0.49 =√6.25= 2.5m
= 3.14 × 2.5 × 2.5 × 10 cm3 = 196.25 cm3
= 2x x0.7(0.7 + 2.4) + x 0.7x2.5 − x0.7x0.7 But the actual capacity of the glass is less by the
= 2x22x0.1(3.1) + 22x 0.1x2.5 − 22x0.1x0.7 volume of the hemisphere at the base of the glass.
= 4.4(3.1) + 2.2x2.5 − 2.2x0.7 = 13.64 + 5.5 − 1.54 i.e., it is less by = = × 3.14 × 2.5 × 2.5 × 2.5 = 32.71 cm3
So, the actual capacity of the glass = apparent capacity of glass – volume of the hemisphere
= 13.64 + 5.5 − 1.54 = 17.6m2 ≈ 18m2
= (196.25 - 32.71) cm3
E xample 7: A s olid t oy is in t he form of a hemisphere surmounted by a right circular Volume of the Jamun = 2 x Volume of two hemisphere + Volume of the cylinder
cone. The height of the cone is 2 cm and the diameter of the base is 4 cm. Determine the = 2x πr + πr h
volume of the toy. If a right circular cylinder circumscribes the toy, find the difference of
the volumes of the cylinder and the toy. ( take = 3.14). Given: π = ; r = 1.4cm; ℎ = 2.2cm;
Height of the cylinder h = radius of the hemisphere + height of the cone = 2+2= 4cm = 2x x x 1.4 x 1.4 x 1.4 + x 1.4 x1.4 x 2.2
= 3.14 ; radius of the hemisphere = radius of the cylinder = radius of the cone = 2cm
= 4x x 0.2 x 1.4x1.4 + 22 x 0.2 x1.4 x 2.2
The volume of the cylinder circumsubscried the toy = ℎ .
= 3.14 x 2 x 2 x 4 = 3.14 x 16 = 50.24cm3 = + 13.552 = 11.5 + 13.552 = 25.05 cm3
The volume of the toy = + ℎ Therefore the amount of sugar contained = 25.05 x = 7.515cm3
= [2 + ℎ] = x 3.14x 2 [4 + 2]= x 3.14x 4[6] ∴ The total amount of sugar contained in 45 jamun = 7.515x 45
= 338.175cm3 ≈ 338cm3
= x 3.14x 4[6] = 25.12cm3
4. A pen stand made of wood is in the shape of a cuboid with four conical depressions to
Hence, the required difference of the two volumes hold pens. The dimensions of the cuboid are 15 cm by 10 cm by 3.5 cm. The radius of each
= 50.24 - 25.12 cm3 = 25.12cm3 of the depressions is 0.5 cm and the depth is 1.4 cm. Find the volume of wood in the entire
stand (see Fig. 15.16)
Exercise 15.2 The radius of the conical deoressions r = 0.5cm, the depth ℎ = 1.4 cm
[Unless stated otherwise, take = ] Length of the cuboid shape l = 15cm,breadth b = 10cm height hÀ = 3.5cm
1. A solid is in the shape of a cone standing on a hemisphere with both their radii being 4 (Volume of the conical depressions) = 4 ℎ
equal to 1 cm and the height of the cone is equal to its radius. Find the volume of the solid in
=4 x x 0.5 x0.5 x1.4 = 4 x22x 0.5 x0.5 x 0.2
terms of
Volume of the solid = Volume of the cone + volume of the hemisphere =4 x22x 0.5 x0.5 x 0.2 = 1.47cm3
Given: π = ; h = 1cm; r = 1cm Volume of the wood in the pen stand
Volume of the solid = ℎ + = Volume of the cuboid shape - 4 (Volume of the conical depressions)
= 15x10x3.5 – 1.47 = 525 – 1.47 = 523.53cm3
= x1x1 + x 1 x1 x1
5. A vessel is in the form of an inverted cone. Its height is 8 cm and the radius of its top,
= + = = cm3 which is open, is 5 cm. It is filled with water up to the brim. When lead shots, each of which
2. Rachel, an engineering student, was asked to make a model shaped like a cylinder with is a sphere of radius 0.5 cm are dropped into the vessel, one-fourth of the water flows out.
two cones attached at its two ends by using a thin aluminium sheet. The diameter of the Find the number of lead shots dropped in the vessel.
model is 3 cm and its length is 12 cm. If each cone has a height of 2 cm, find the volume of The Volume of the lead shots =
air contained in the model that Rachel made. (Assume the outer and inner dimensions of
= x x x x = cm3
the model to be nearly same]
Volume of the air contained in the model = 2xVolume of the cone +Volume of the cylinder The volume of the water in the vessel = ℎ
V = 2x ℎ + ℎ = x x5 x8 = cm3
Given: π = ; r = 1.5cm; The volume of the water flows out
ℎ = 2cm; ℎ = 8cm = x = cm3
V = 2x x x (1.5) x 2 + x(1.5) 8 ∴ Number of lead shots =
= x 2.25x2 + x 2.25x8
∴ Number of lead shots = = 100 shots
= x 4.5 + x 18 = + = + = = 66cm3
3. A gulab jamun, contains sugar syrup up to about 30% of its volume. Find approximately 6. A solid iron pole consists of a cylinder of height 220 cm and base diameter 24 cm, which is
how much syrup would be found in 45 gulab jamuns, each shaped like a cylinder with two surmounted by another cylinder of height 60 cm and radius 8 cm. Find the mass of the pole,
hemispherical ends with length 5 cm and diameter 2.8 cm (see Fig. 15.15).
given that 1 cm3 of iron has approximately 8g mass. (Use = 3.14)
= x 60x60x 100 = = 1131428.57cm3 = 1.131m3 The volume of the rod = × x 8 cm3 = 2 cm3
The length of the new wire of the same volume = 18 m = 1800 cm
8. A spherical glass vessel has a cylindrical neck 8 cm long, 2 cm in
diameter; the diameter of the spherical part is 8.5 cm. By If r is the radius (in cm) of cross-section of the wire, its volume = r2 × 1800 cm3
measuring the amount of water it holds, a child finds its volume Therefore, r2 × 1800 = 2 ⇒ r2 = ⇒r=
to be 345 cm3. Check whether she is correct, taking the above So, the diameter of the cross section, i.e., the thickness of the wire is cm
as the inside measurements, and = 3.14.
i.e., Approximately 0.67 mm
Height of the cylinder h = 8cm; Radius = = 1cm
. Example 11 : A hemispherical tank full of water is emptied by a pipe at the rate of 3
Radius of the sphere = cm litres per second. How much time will it take to empty half the tank, if it is 3m in
Volume of the Vessel diameter? (Take = )
= Volume of the cylinder + Volume of the sphere = ℎ +
Radius of the hemispherical tank = m
.
= 3.14x1 x 8 + x3.14x = 25.12 + x 8.5x8.5x8.5
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Volume of the tank = x x m3 = m3 5. A container shaped like a right circular cylinder having diameter 12 cm and height 15 cm is
full of ice cream. The ice cream is to be filled into cones of height 12 cm and diameter 6 cm,
So, the volume of the water to be emtied = x m3 = x 1000 = ltr
having a hemispherical shape on the top. Find the number of such cones which can be filled
since, ltr of water emptied in 1 second with ice cream
The required time to empty ltrs of water = x seconds = 16.5minute Volume of ice cream to be filled in cone =
Volume of Hemisphere + Volume of cone
Exercise 15.3
= + ℎ
(Take π = unless stated otherwise)
1. A metallic sphere of radius 4.2 cm is melted and recast into the shape of a cylinder of = x x3 + x x 3 x 3 x 12
radius 6 cm. Find the height of the cylinder. = 2x x9+ x 3 x 12
Radius of the sphere = 4.2cm, Radius of the cylinder = 6cm
= + = cm3
πr = ℎ The ice-cream filled in the cylinder = Volume of the cylinder = x 6 x 6 x 15 = cm3
= x 4.2 = 6 h ⇒ 4 x 1.4 x 4.2 x 4.2= 36h ⇒ 4 x 1.4 x 4.2 x 4.2= 36h
⇒ 98.784 = 36h ⇒h = 2.744cm Therefore, number of cones = = = 10
2. Metallic spheres of radii 6 cm, 8 cm and 10 cm, respectively, are melted to form a single solid sphere. 6. How many silver coins, 1.75 cm in diameter and of thickness 2 mm, must be melted to form a
Find the radius of the resulting sphere. cuboid of dimensions 5.5 cm × 10 cm × 3.5 cm?
= 6cm, = 8cm, = 10cm
No.of silver coins = =
Let radius of the resulting sphere = r
Volume of silver coin lbh = 5.5 x 10 x 3.5 = 192.5cm3
= + + ⇒ = ( + + ) . .
Volume of cuboid ℎ = 0.2 = 0.48125
⇒ = (6 + 8 + 10 ) ⇒ = (216 + 512 + 1000) .
⇒ = 1728 ⇒ r = 12cm No.of silver coins = .
= 400
3. A 20 m deep well with diameter 7 m is dug and the earth from digging is evenly spread out to 7. A cylindrical bucket, 32 cm high and with radius of base 18 cm, is filled with sand. This
form a platform 22 m by 14 m. Find the height of the platform. bucket is emptied on the ground and a conical heap of sand is formed. If the height of the
Depth of the well h = 20m; radius of the well r = m conical heap is 24 cm, find the radius and slant height of the heap.
Length of the platform l = 22m; Breadth b = 14m; HeightÀ H = ? Height of the cylindrical bucket h = 32cm; radius of the base = 18cm
Volume of the well = Volume of the platform Height of heap of the sand H = 24cm
ℎ= ℎ Volume of cylindrical bucket = ℎ = x 18 x18 x 32 =
x x x 20 = 22 m × 14h Volume of heap of sand πr H = x x r x 24 =
⇒ 11 x 7 x 10 = 22 m × 14h ⇒ 10 = 4h ⇒ 14h = 22 x 7 x 5 ⇒ h = = 2.5m Volume of heap of sand = Volume of cylindrical bucket
4. A well of diameter 3 m is dug 14 m deep. The earth taken out of it has been spread evenly all
= ⇒ = = 1296
around it in the shape of a circular ring of width 4 m to form an embankment. Find the
height of the embankment . = √24 + 36 = √576 + 1296 = √1872 = √144x13 = 12√13 cm
Volume of the well = ℎ = x 1.5 x 1.5 x 14 8. Water in a canal, 6 m wide and 1.5 m deep, is flowing with a speed of 10 km/h. How much
= 22 x 2.25 x 2 = 44 x 2.25 =99cm3 area will it irrigate in 30 minutes, if 8 cm of standing water is needed?
Volume of the embankment = [ x - x ]h Speed of the water = 10km/h ⇒ 10 x 1000 m/h
Length of the water flows in 1 hour
= ℎ [30.25 - 2.25]= [28]h = 88h
l = 10 x 1000 m
Volume of the embankment = Volume of the well
Area of the rectangular canal = lb = 6 x 1.5 = 9m2
88h = 99 ⇒ h = = 1.125 ⇒ ℎ = 99 The volume of water flows in 1 hour
⇒ ℎ= = 0.26m = Area of canal x Length of water flows in 1 hour
= 9 x 10 x1000 m3
The volume of water flows in 30 minutes = = 45000m3 Example 13 : Hanumappa and his wife Gangamma are busy making jaggery out of
sugarcane juice. They have processed the sugarcane juice to make the molasses, which is
Hence, the area required for covering 8 cm = m of standing water poured into moulds in the shape of a frustum of a cone having the diameters of its two
= x 100 = 562500m3 = 56.25hec [ 1hec = 10000m3] circular faces as 30 cm and 35 cm and the vertical height of the mould is 14 cm (see Fig.
15.22). If each cm3 of molasses has mass about 1.2 g, find the mass of the molasses that
9. A farmer connects a pipe of internal diameter 20 cm from a canal into a cylindrical tank in
can be poured into each mould(take = )
her field, which is 10 m in diameter and 2 m deep. If water flows through the pipe at the
rate of 3 km/h, in how much time will the tank be filled? Since the mould is in the shape of a frustum of a cone, the quantity (volume) of molasses that
Speed of the water = 10km/h ⇒ 3 x 1000 m/h can be poured into it = ℎ( + + ) where, h = 14cm, = , = 15
Length of the water flows in 1 hour l = 3000 m Volume = x x 14(17.5x17.5 + 15x15 + 17.5x15)
Now, area of the pipe which is in the form of a circle = = x 22 x 2(17.5x17.5 + 15x15 + 17.5x15)
= x = 100 cm2 = m2 = x 22 x 2(306.25 + 225 + 262.5)
Volume of cylindrical tank = ℎ = x 5 x 5 x 2 = 50 m2 = x 22 x 2(793.75) = 11,641.7cm3
∴ Required time = Mass of molasses = 1.2 g
∴ The mass of the molasses that can be poured into each mould = (11641.7 × 1.2)g
= = = 1.67 hourss or 1.67x 60 = 100 min
= 13970.04 g = 13.97 kg ≈ 14 kg
Example 14 : An open metal bucket is in the shape of a frustum of a cone, mounted on a
15.5 Frustum of a Cone hollow cylindrical base made of the same me- tallic sheet (see Fig. 15.23). The diameters of
the two circular ends of the bucket are 45 cm and 25 cm, the total vertical height of the
Given a cone, when we slice (or cut) through it with a plane parallel to its base (see Fig. 15.20)
bucket is 40 cm and that of the cylindrical base is 6 cm. Find the area of the metallic
and remove the cone that is formed on one side of that plane, the part that is now left over on
the other side of the plane is called a frustum of the cone. sheet used to make the bucket, where we do not take into account the handle of the bucket.
Example 12 : The radii of the ends of a frustum of a cone 45 cm high are 28 cm and Also, find the volume of water the bucket can hold.(Take = )
7 cm (see Fig. 15.21). Find its volume, the curved s u r f a c e a r ea a n d t he t ot a l s Height of the bucket = 40 cm,(it include height of the base)
u f a c e a r ea (take = ) Height of the frustum of cone = h = (40 - 6) cm = 34 cm
Volume of frustum of cone = + + Slant height of frustum of cone = ℎ + ( − )
CSA of frustum of cone = ( + ) [ = + ( − ) Where, h = 34cm, = 22.5 , = 12.5cm
= 34 + (22.5 − 12.5) ⇒ = 34 + (10) = 35.44
TSA of frustum of cone = ( + ) + +
The area of metallic sheet used
h = 48cm, = 28cm, = 7cm = CSA of frustum of cone + Area of circular base + CSA of cylinder
= ℎ + ( − ) = [ × 35.44 (22.5 + 12.5) + × (12.5)2 + 2 × 12.5 × 6] cm2
⇒ = 48 + (28 − 7) ⇒ = (3x15) + (3x7) = (1240.4 + 156.25 + 150) cm2 = 4860.9 cm2
⇒ = 3√225 + 49 ⇒ = 3√225 + 49 = 49.65cm Now, the volume of water that the bucket can hold (also, known as the capacity
i) CSA of frustum of cone = ( + )
of the bucket)
= (28 + 7)49.65 = 22 x 5 x 49.65 = 5461.5cm2 = ℎ( + + )
ii) TSA of frustum of cone = ( + ) + + = x x 34 (22.5 + 12.5 + 22.5x12.5) = (506.25 + 156.25 + 281.25)
= (28 + 7)49.65 + x 28 x 28+ x7x7
= (943.75) = 33615.48cm3 = 33.62 °ÃlgïUÀ¼ÄÀ (¸Àj¸ÀĪÀiÁgÁV)
= 5461.5 + 22 x 4 x 28+ 22 x 7 = 5461.5 + 2464+ 154= 8079.5cm2
iii) Volume of frustum of cone = + +
= x x 45 (28x28 + 7x7 + 28x7) = x 15(784 + 49 + 196)
= x 15(784 + 49 + 196) = 48510cm3
Exercise 15.4
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= x x 14(7) = x 22x 14 = 2 5. A metallic right circular cone 20 cm high and whose vertical angle is 60° is cut into two
parts at the middle of its height by a plane parallel to its base. If the frustum so obtained
2. The slant height of a frustum of a cone is 4 cm and the perimeters (circumference) of its be drawn into a wire of diameter cm find the length of the wire.
circular ends are 18 cm and 6 cm. Find the curved surface area of the frustum
Circumference of the circular base = 18cm Cot 300 = ⇒ √3 = ⇒ BO = cm =
√
⇒ 2 = 18 ⇒ = cm Cot 300 = ⇒ √3 = ⇒ CD = cm =
√
3
Volume of the wire = Volume of the frustum of cone
= + 4= 4 = 48cm
ℎ = ⇒ ℎ =
3. A fez, the cap used by the Turks, is shaped like the frustum of a cone (see Fig. 15.24). If its
radius on the open side is 10 cm, radius at the upper base is 4 cm and its slant height is 15 ⇒ h= ⇒h= ⇒ h = 796444.44cm = 7964.44m
cm, find the area of material used for making it.
TSA of fez = CSA of fez + Area of circular top
CSA of frustum of cone = ( + ) +
Summary:
1. To determine the surface area of an object formed by combining any two of the basic solids,
= 10cm; = 4cm ; l = 15cm
namely, cuboid, cone, cylinder, sphere and hemisphere.
= (10 + 4)15 + x 42
2. To find the volume of objects formed by combining any two of a cuboid, cone,
= (14)15 + x 16 = + cylinder, sphere and hemisphere.
3. Given a right circular cone, which is sliced through by a plane parallel to its base,
= = 710 cm3
when the smaller conical portion is removed, the resulting solid is called a
4. A container, opened from the top and made up of a metal sheet, is in the form of a Frustum of a Right Circular Cone.
frustum of a cone of height 16 cm with radii of its lower and upper ends as 8 cm and 20 4. The formulae involving the frustum of a cone are
cm, respectively. Find the cost of the milk which can completely fill the container, at the Volume of frustum of cone = ℎ( + + )
rate of Rs 20 per litre. Also find the cost of metal sheet used to make the container, if it
costs Rs 8 per 100 cm2. (Take = 3.14) CSA of frustum of cone = ( + ) [ = ℎ + ( − )
TSA of frustum of cone = ( + ) + +
Volume of frustum of cone = ℎ( + + )
= x 3.14 x 16(8 x 8 + 20 x 20 + 8x20)
= x 3.14 x 16(64 + 400 + 160)
= x 3.14 x 16(624) = 10449.9cm2 ⇒ 10.45 ltr
Total amount required at the rate of Rs 20/ltr = 10.45 x 20 = Rs 209
= ℎ + ( − )
2. Find the zeroes of 4x2 – 7 and verify the relationship between the zeroes and its coefficients.
• Relationship between the zeroes and the coefficients of a Polynomial.
Sol. Let p(x) = 4x2 – 7
Here coefficient of x2 = 4,
(i) If α, β are zeroes / roots of p(x) = ax2 + bx + c, then Coefficient of x = 0 and constant term = –7.
4x²
• Algebraic Method
We have already studied (i) Substitution method and (ii) Elimination method. Here, we will study
cross-multiplication method also.
If a1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0
a2 x + b2 y + c2 = 0
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form a pair of linear equations, then the following three situations can arise:
Class 10 Maths Concept Sheet
(i) If then the system is consistent.
Quadratic Equations
(ii) If then the system is inconsistent.
A Polynomial of the form p(x) = ax2 + bx + c, where a =/ 0 and a, b, c are real numbers and x is a real variable
(ii) If then the system is dependent and consistent. is called a quadratic polynomial.
An equation p(x) = 0, where p(x) is a quadratic polynomial is called a quadratic equation
• Graphical Method of Solution of a Pair of Linear Equations i.e. ax2 + bx + c = 0, a =/ 0
(i) If the graphs of two equations of a system intersect at a point, the system is said to have a unique Zeros of Quadratic Equations
solution, i.e., the system is consistent.
Those values of x for which ax2 + bx + c = 0 is satisfied are called zeros of quadratic equation.
(ii) If the graphs of two equations of a system are two parallel lines, the system is said to have no solution,
i.e., the system is inconsistent. Quadratic equation is classified into two categories
(iii) When the graphs of two equations of a system are two coincident lines, the system is said to have • Pure quadratic equation of type
infinitely many solutions, i.e., the system is consistent and dependent. ax2 + c = 0
by putting b = 0 in ax2 + bx + c = 0
• Affected quadratic equation of type ax2 + bx + c = 0, b =/ 0.
Roots of Quadratic Equations
If α, β are the zeros of the polynomial ax2 + bx + c. Then α, β are called roots of corresponding equation
ax2 + bx + c = 0
p(α) = p(β) = 0
i.e. aα2 + bα + c = 0
and aβ2 + bβ + c = 0
Pure quadratic ax2 + c = 0 can be solved by any one of the following methods:
• By Taking square root
• By factorisation
Affected quadratic equation can be solved by any one of the following method:
• By splitting middle term
• By method of completing the square
D = b2 – 4ac, is called the discriminant which decides the nature of roots.
• If D > 0, Roots are real and unequal.
• If D = 0, Roots are real and equal.
• If D < 0, No Real roots are possible.
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The quadratic formula or Sridharacharya’s formula to find the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0 is
Class 10 Maths
Arithmetic Progression
A group of numbers connected by a definite law is known as sequence.
nth term of an Arithmetic Progression is the difference of the sum to first n terms and
the sum to first (n - 1) terms
an = Sn - Sn - 1
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Class 10 Maths Concept Sheet
Triangles BASIC PROPORTIONALITY THEOREM
Basic Concepts with Examples
• SIMILAR TRIANGLES. Two triangles are said to be similar if
(i) their corresponding angles are equal and
(ii) their corresponding sides are proportional.
• All congurent triangles are similar but the similar triangles need not be congruent.
• Two polygons of the same numbers of sides are similar, if
(i) their corresponding angles are equal and
(ii) their corresponding sides are in the same ratio.
• BASIC PROPORTIONALITY THEOREM. In a triangle, a line drawn parallel to one side,
to intersect the other sides in distinct points, divides the two sides in the same ratio.
• CONVERSE OF BASIC PROPORTIONALITY THEOREM. If a line divides any two sides of
a triangle in the same ratio, the line must be parallel to the third side.
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Class 10 Maths Class 10 Maths
Co-ordinate Geometry Introduction to Trigonometry
Trigonometric ratios
•The certain ratios involving the sides of a right angled triangle are called Trigonometric ratios.
Suppose:
b is the base
h is the hypotenuse
p is perpendicular
then,
sin A = Perpendicular = p
hypotenuse h
cos A = Base = b
hypotenuse h
tan A = Perpendicular = p
Base b
Reciprocals of the ratios are:
Cosec A= 1/sin A= h/p
Sec A= 1/cos A= h/b
Cot A= 1/tan A= b/p
• Sin x is a single symbol and sin cannot be detached from ‘x’.
This remark is true for other ratios as well
Trigonometric /Ratios of some specific angles
The specific angles are 0°, 30°,45°, 60°, 90°. These are given in the following table
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The value of sin A increases from 0 to 1, as A increases from 0° to 90°
Class 10 Maths
The value of cosA decreases from 1 to 0, as A increases from 0° to 90°
The value of tan A increases from 0 to infinity, as A increases 0° to 90° Circles
√2 = 1.414 and √3 = 1.732
Trignometric identities
Facts that Matter
•Tangent to a Circle
• sin2 A + Cos2 A = 1
A tangent to a circle is a line that touches the circle at only one point.
• 1+tan2 A = sec2 A
• 1+Cot2 A = cosec2 A Theorem 1
The tangent at any point of a circle is perpendicular to the radius, through the point of contact.
Proof: We have the centre O of the given circle and XY is the tangent to the circle at a point P
Let us take a point Q on Xy other than P, Join OQ.
Given: AP and AQ are two tangents drawn from a point A to a circle C (0, r).
To prove: AP = AQ.
Construction: Join OP, OQ and OA.
Proof: In MOQ and APO
LOQP = LOPA [Tangent at any point of a circle is perp. to radius through the point of contact]
AO = AO [Common]
OQ = OP [Radius]
So by R.H.S. criterion of congruency AOQ ::: MOP .
AQ = AP. [By CPCT] Hence Proved
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Class 10 Maths Concept Sheet Class 10 Maths Concept Sheet
Surface Areas and Volumes Statistics
• Lets remember that the mean, mode and median are measures if central tendency ie numerical
representatives of the given data.
• Mean of the grouped data
1. Using direct method:
2. Using assumed mean method:
3. Using step deviation method:
EMPIRICAL FORMULA
MODE = 3 MEDIAN - 2 MEAN
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•The mode of the grouped data is
Mode: l + ( f1–f2/ 2f1–f0–f2)x h
Class 10 Maths Concept Sheet
Where, l= lower limit of the class
h= size of the class
f1= frequency of the modal class
Probability
f0= frequency of the preceding class
• The Cumulative Frequency of a class-interval is the sum of frequencies of that class and the classes which
precede (come before) it.
• Median if the grouped data
Median = l + ((N/2–cf)/f) X h
Where, l = lower limit of median class
N = number of observations
cf = cumulative frequency of the class preceding the median class
f = frequency of median class
h = class size
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