COMPUTER

ORGANIZATION AND
ARCHITECTURE
CENTRAL PROCESSING
UNIT (CPU)
 The CPU (Central Processing Unit) typically consists of
several components organized into a hierarchy.
1. Control Unit (CU): manages the execution of
instructions and controls the flow of data within the
CPU.
2. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): responsible for performing
arithmetic and logical operations.
3. Registers: small, fast storage locations used to hold data
temporarily during processing.
These components work together to execute instructions
and perform computations.
 CONTROL UNIT (CU)

• The Control Unit is like the brain of the CPU. It fetches instructions from memory,
decodes them to understand what operation needs to be performed, and then
executes those instructions by sending control signals to other parts of the CPU.
 ARITHMETIC LOGIC UNIT (ALU)

The ALU is where the actual mathematical and logical operations take place. It can
perform arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division,
as well as logical operations such as AND, OR, and NOT.
 REGISTE
 Registers are small, high-speed
RS
storage locations located within
the CPU. They are used to store
data temporarily during
processing.
 Common types of registers
include:

1. Program Counter (PC)

2. Memory Address Register
(MAR)
3. Memory Data Register (MDR)
4. General-Purpose Registers
 M E M O RY

1. Primary Memory
• Random Access Memory (RAM): RAM is volatile memory that temporarily stores data and program instructions
that are actively being used by the CPU. It is fast but loses its contents when the computer is powered off.

• Read-Only Memory (ROM):* ROM is non-volatile memory that stores firmware and essential startup
instructions for the computer. Unlike RAM, ROM retains its contents even when the power is turned off.
 SYSTEM BUS

• Types of Buses:
1. Address Bus: This bus carries memory addresses generated by the CPU.

2. Data Bus: The data bus carries actual data being transferred between the CPU and memory or between the
CPU and I/O devices.

3. Control Bus: The control bus carries control signals generated by the CPU to coordinate and control the
operation of various components connected to the system bus.
THANK YOU