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EFFECTIVENESS OF HYLOCEREUS UNDATUS’ EXTRACT AS ALTERNATIVE

TREATMENT FOR ANTIBIOTICS FOR ORYCTOLAGUS CUNICULUS
DOMESTICUS INFECTED WITH ESCHERICHIA COLI

A Thesis
Presented to the Faculty of the
College of Veterinary Medicine and Agricultural Sciences
DE LA SALLE ARANETA UNIVERSITY
Victoneta Ave., Malabon City, Metro Manila

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

DOCTOR OF
VETERINARY MEDICINE

By

LEANDRO EMMANUEL U. RIVERA

KATHERINE C. WEPEE
AUGUST 2028
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Table of Contents

Page

TITLE PAGE .................................................................................................................1

TABLE OF CONTENTS...............................................................................................2

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .............................................................................................5

ABSTRACT...................................................................................................................6

LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................4

CHAPTER

1 The Problem and a Review of Related Literature

Introduction ........................................................................................................7

Review of Related Literature .............................................................................8

Theoretical Framework ....................................................................................11

Conceptual Framework ....................................................................................12

Statement of the Problem .................................................................................13

Definition of Terms..........................................................................................14

Objectives of the Study ....................................................................................14

Scope and Limitation of the Study...................................................................15

Statement of the Hypothesis ............................................................................15

2 Methods

Research Design...............................................................................................17

Research Locale ...............................................................................................17

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Research Procedure ..........................................................................................17

REFERENCES ............................................................................................................22

CURRICULUM VITAE ..............................................................................................23

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List of Figures

Figure Page

1 Framework on how gastrointestinal issues causes death in rabbits .................15

2 Framework on dragon fruit and the growth of gram-positive bacteria ............15

3 Framework of the inhibition of bacteria by dragon fruit .................................15

4 Illustration of a six-point disk application .......................................................23

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Acknowledgements

We would like to express our heartfelt gratitude to Ms. Maria Ysabel Bordador,

our research adviser who has guided us and educated us in the ways to formulate each

and every part of our thesis.

We would also like to express our thanks to our friends specifically the following:

Ms. Darlene Dumindin, Ms. Gemarie Garing, Ms. Hannah Dorado, Ms. Jenna Balingit,

Mr. Lester Panganiban, Mr. Ivan Bulan, Ms. Myca Beliot, and Ms. Yzabella Santos for

assisting us destress when the pressure is getting to us.

Lastly, we would like to thanks our family and other friends who have not been

mentioned in helping us overcome the other challenges we have faced in completing our

thesis. Thank you for your unwavering support. None of this could have been

accomplished without you.

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Abstract

TITLE : Effectiveness of Hylocereus Undatus’ Extract as

Alternative Treatment for Antibiotics for Oryctolagus
Cuniculus Domesticus Infected with Escherichia Coli

RESEARCHER : LEANDRO EMMANUEL U. RIVERA

KATHERINE C. WEPEE

ADVISER : MS. MARIA YSABEL BORDADOR

SCHOOL : De La Salle Araneta University

DEGREE CONFERRED : Doctor of Veterinary Medicine

It is a known fact that rabbits have a very sensitive Gastrointestinal tract. Any

damages to their G.I. tract can mean sudden death for them. Thus, it is essential to have a

multitude of options to ensure any potential threats can be handled accordingly. Escherichia

coli, which is a common intestinal bacterium that causes diarrhea, is a known gram-

negative bacterium that affects rabbits. The only effective treatment against it is the use of

antibiotics which are costly and may cause further harm if used for long. The bacterium

can also build a resistance to antibiotics after prolonged use. With no other alternatives to

antibiotics, the importance to find an alternative is no doubt. Thus, the use of Hylocereus

undatus is proposed to be an effective alternative to antibiotics to combat E. coli. It has

already been proven to be effective against gram-positive bacteria which have a much

thicker cell wall compared to gram-negative bacteria.

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CHAPTER 1: The Problem and a Review of Related Literature

Introduction

The emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial species poses a major global risk to public

health. Escherichia coli, commonly known as E. coli, is one of the common examples. E. coli can

cause gastrointestinal problems both to humans and animals. Due to this, the threat it raises to

Oryctolagus cuniculus domesticus or rabbits, in particular, is a problem veterinary care needs to

overcome. Any gastrointestinal issues in rabbits can cause immediate death as they are very

sensitive to these types of diseases. With the rising of lapan or rabbit meat in today’s market, it is

a no-brainer to find a solution to these issues fast. Concerns about antibiotic resistance of bacteria,

the negative effects of long-term antibiotic usage, and the cost of antibiotics have raised interest in

natural alternatives to conventional antibiotics in recent years. One such choice is to use compounds

with antibacterial properties that are sourced from plants. Tropical fruits endemic to Central and

South America, such as dragon fruit (Hylocereus undatus), have drawn interest due to their possible

antibacterial action against a variety of diseases, including E. Coli.

There are numerous bioactive substances that can be found in the dragon fruit’s flesh and

skin. Studies have indicated that extract from dragon fruit can inhibit bacteria, particularly E. coli,

from developing. E. coli, through such methods cause disruption of bacterial cell metabolism and

impairment of the integrity of the cell membrane. Therefore, the aim of this research is to see if

there is potential of dragon fruit extract to combat against E. coli and act as a natural antibacterial

agent for rabbits infected with E. coli. To clarify how well dragon fruit extract lowers E. coli

activity, we will be using dragon fruit extract to treat rabbits infected with E. coli and observe how

E. coli reacts with the introduction of dragon fruit extract under microscopic observations. The
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results can provide a significant impact to veterinary care and can further aid the creation of new

treatment strategies especially towards humans and animals that have antibiotic resistances.

Review of Related Literature

The growing problem of antibiotic resistance has focused a lot of attention on the potential

of natural chemicals as alternatives to conventional antibiotics in recent years. Dragon fruit

(Hylocereus undatus) has become a prominent contender among natural agents due to its

documented antibacterial capabilities against a range of infections, including Escherichia coli (E.

coli). The purpose of this study is to present an overview of pertinent research on the antibacterial

properties of dragon fruit and its possible use in the fight against E. infections with coli, especially

in rabbits.

Addition of red dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) on yogurt: Effect on lactic acid

content, pH, and the inhibition of Escherichia coli growth. Antibiotics work in two different

ways. Either they stop the multiplication of the bacteria or they kill the bacteria by inhibiting its

growth through attacking its cell way and inhibits their cellular processes. In this study, it was

revealed that dragon fruit has an effect on the inhibition of Escherichia coli growth and it was also

revealed in this study that the higher concentration of dragon fruit extract has a better effect than

that of lower concentrations as revealed by (Fitratullah, A & Maruddin, Fatma & Yuliati, Farida &

Prahesti, K & Taufik, Muhammad, 2019) in the statement “This study showed that the

concentration of 7% red fruit dragon produced higher lactic acid content, a lower pH value, and

higher inhibition to E. coli growth compared to the concentration of 3% and 5%.” Although this

study is done to increase yogurt quality, it can be assumed that with the adjustment of the other

factors and with the consideration of the physiology of rabbits, a potential substitute for antibiotics
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with the correct concentration can be achieved that can aid in the formulation of a potential

substitute for antibiotics made from dragon fruits that are safe to be ingested by rabbits.

Antibacterial Activity of Red Dragon Peel (Hylocereus polyrhizus) Pigment. As

mentioned preciously, it has been stated how dragon fruit has been found to have antibacterial

properties. In this particular study, the method of extraction of the extract we are planning to use is

similar as according to (Hendra, Rudi & Masdeatresa, Lidya & Abdulah, Rizky & Haryani, Y.,

2019), it used “ethanol, methanol, dicloromethane and ethyl acetate solvents” However, instead of

just the peel, the flesh will also be utilized. It was also stated by (Hendra, Rudi & Masdeatresa,

Lidya & Abdulah, Rizky & Haryani, Y., 2019), that “The results of antibacterial activity showed

inhibition percentage against test of positive Gram bacteria Streptococcus aureus” which points to

how dragon fruit extract will also be effective against gram negative bacteria like Escherichia coli.

Gram negative bacteria have thinner cell walls compared to gram positive bacteria; however, they

are much more resistant to antibiotics than gram positive bacteria. Thus, the importance of finding

an alternative to antibiotics is important to be able to successfully combat the antibiotic resistance

quality of gram-negative bacteria.

Antimicrobial activity of Hylocereus undatus (White dragon fruit) peel extract using

ethanol against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Similar to the previously

mentioned related literature, this study also shows the potential of dragon fruit extract in combatting

the bacteria that have developed multi-drug resistances. As mentioned by (Jr, Carl, Capuli, Leigh-

Ann, Enriquez, Jezhrell, Figueroa, Azaizah, 2021). The difference however is that in this study,

white dragon fruit was used instead of red dragon fruit. Although the findings and the methodology

are similar, this study has highlighted the struggles more of how resistant the bacteria that have
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developed drug resistances are. This further highlights the importance of finding alternatives to the

issue.

Gastrointestinal Diseases of Rabbits. In this article, the sensitivity of rabbits to

Gastrointestinal stasis or GI stasis is explored. As mentioned in the article by (Oglesbee BL, Lord

B., 2020), “Gastrointestinal stasis syndrome is a very common presentation of an ill rabbit to the

veterinarian.” and it was also mentioned how “Complications of this disorder can lead to

gastrointestinal obstruction, a life-threatening condition that necessitates aggressive medical and,

in some case, surgical therapy”. This article raises how much of a big factor it is for a rabbit to have

a healthy GI tract. Any complications can for sure lead to sudden death. Rabbits are known to eat

cecotropes which is fecal matter that is filled with a lot of nutrients that rabbits use to their benefit.

A large chunk of the nutrients the rabbits get are from cecotropes. Thus, when attacked by any

bacteria that causes harm to their GI tracts is basically a sure death for them. This shows the

importance of finding an alternative for antibiotic resistant bacteria that is safe for rabbits to be

used.

Protection of rabbits against enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) using an

intimin null mutant. In this research it was found that the presence of the E. coli bacteria in the

intestines of rabbits led to them having diarrhea. It highlights the importance of finding an

alternative to antibiotics. As stated by (Stakenborg, T., Vandekerchove, D., Mariën, J. et al., 2006),

“Diarrhea and mortality resulting from infections with enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC)

are of major economic importance in the rabbit meat industry. There is a growing need for an

effective vaccine to cope with these problems and to reduce the use of antibiotics.”. Not only does

it mention the issue of mortality due to Escherichia coli, but it also mentions the economic

importance of reducing the use of antibiotics to medicate those infected with E. coli.
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The Profile of Red Dragon Fruit Extract as a Natural Antimicrobial in Reducing E.

coli. This article highlights the properties of dragon fruit which is effective in combatting against

E. coli. Similar to previous studies, the use of dragon fruit peel in different concentrations were

performed to determine whether or not the inhibition of the E. coli bacteria was observed. It was

found that the pH level of dragon fruit which came up at 5.2 may have a connection between the

effectiveness of dragon fruit against the bacteria as stated by (Sartika, D., Syarifah, R.M., Sutikno,

D.). The study further points out the potential the fruit has in becoming an alternative for traditional

antibiotics to combat against E. coli.

Theoretical Framework

Oryctolagus cuniculus domesticus or rabbits are susceptible to gastrointestinal issues as

these can immediately cause their death. As stated in a study by (Oglesbee BL, Lord B., 2020).

Therefore, there is a call for medication that specifically deals with bacteria and infections related

to this issue. Organic forms of medicine must be prioritized as the rabbits have sensitive

gastrointestinal tracts. To add to this, there are countless of bacteria evolving to have antibiotic

resistances and E. coli is not exempted from this. H. undatus or dragon fruit is a tropical fruit that

has been tested and proven in several studies to be able to inhibit the growth of gram-positive

bacteria as seen in the study by (Hendra, Rudi & Masdeatresa, Lidya & Abdulah, Rizky & Haryani,

Y., 2019). However, their antibacterial potential has yet to be tested against gram-negative bacteria

such as E. coli, a form of normal bacterial flora in the gastrointestinal tract which can lead to

illnesses if exposed to it through an infection.

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Figure 1. Framework on how gastrointestinal issues causes death in rabbits

Figure 2. Framework on dragon fruit and the growth of gram-positive bacteria

Conceptual Framework

Figure 3. Framework of the inhibition of bacteria by dragon fruit

The study aims to determine whether or not the flesh and skin extracts of dragon fruit

possess inhibitory antibacterial potential against E. coli, a gram-negative bacterium, given that

dragon fruit is already known to have inhibited the growth of gram-positive bacteria.
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Statement of the Problem

Escherichia coli (E. coli) has some strains that have started to develop resistances to some

antibiotic properties. This is a concern that has started to rise in veterinary medicine. Severe

gastrointestinal and even urinary tract issues can arise from E. coli infections. This is an extreme

issue especially for rabbits who heavily rely on cecotropes to meet their daily nutritional

requirements to survive. Furthermore, the increasing consumption of lapan or rabbit around the

world, particularly in Mindanao in the Philippines, can pose several health risks to humans due to

the presence of E. coli in the meat. Rabbits are also being kept as pets, which further calls for the

need to address the E. coli infections in them.

Due to this, the main issue the study attempts to solve is the possibility to use the

antibacterial properties dragon fruit’s peel and flesh possess to combat E. coli infections in rabbits.

The main points of the issue the research will be addressing are the following:

1. Evaluate dragon fruit extract's effectiveness in lowering E. Coli infections in

rabbits.

2. Observe how the extract from the dragon fruit’s peel and flesh interact against E.

coli to be able to test how effective the antibacterial properties of the dragon fruit

are.

3. Evaluate the dragon fruit extract’s potential to be an alternative to treat E. coli

infections in rabbits while still considering elements including sustainability,

safety, and potential for being an accepted medical alternative.

Definition of Terms
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Dragon fruit- also known as “pitaya”, an exotic tropical fruit that has several human health

benefits due to its high nutritional value and bioactive compounds, especially its high number of

antioxidants. The two most common types have bright red skin with green scales that resembles a

dragon, thus its name.

Escherichia coli (E. coli)- a large group of mostly harmless bacteria that are found in the

intestines of humans and animals, as well as in the environment and foods. Some kinds of E. coli

can cause diarrhea, respiratory illnesses, urinary tract infections, and more.

Gram-negative bacteria- a classification of bacteria after undergoing the chemical

process of gram staining. Gram-negative stains red or pink while gram-positive stains blue. They

cause numerous infections and are thus one of the world’s most significant public health concerns,

especially due to their resistance to antibiotics.

Inhibitory antibacterial potential- the potential or the ability of a certain substance to

inhibit the growth of bacteria.

Objectives of the Study

The main objectives of the study are as follow:

1. Determine the inhibitory antibacterial potential of dragon fruit peel and flesh extract

against gram negative bacteria, particularly E. coli.

2. Develop an alternative organic medication composed of dragon fruit extract against

E. coli for rabbits.

3. Test the medication derived from dragon fruits on rabbits to ensure that it will not

cause any harm to their gastrointestinal tract.

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Scope and Limitation of Study

Scope. The study will make use of dragon fruit peel and flesh extracts to be tested

against the gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli (E. coli). This will be done in a

controlled laboratory setting at De La Salle Araneta University where the researchers are

studying. The rabbits for the study will be obtained from local farms as it is much more

accessible to the researchers. Three trials will be conducted in the study to ensure accurate

results.

Limitations. The study will not be utilizing other species of gram-negative bacteria

other than E. coli as it is the focus of the study. It will focus on the inhibitory antibacterial

potential of the dragon fruit peel and flesh extracts against it to determine whether or not it

can be an alternative to antibiotics. The other positive or beneficial effects of the dragon

fruit will not be explored as it has already been proven to be effective against some gram-

positive bacteria which is not the focus of the study. The researchers will not be directly

testing on rabbits and will instead be growing bacterial colonies in petri plates. This is to

lessen the cost and to uphold the humane treatment of rabbits involving laboratory

experiments.

Statement of the Hypothesis

We believe that the dragon fruit extract will be effective in inhibiting the growth

of E. coli.
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Hypothesis (H1): There is no significant indication indicating dragon fruit extract

can lower the infection of rabbits from E. coli

Hypothesis (H2): There is a significant inhibitory antibacterial effect of dragon

fruit peel and flesh extract against E. coli.

Hypothesis (H3): Dragon fruit extract is effective in combatting E. coli in rabbits

and is a potential alternative treatment for E. coli in rabbits.

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CHAPTER 2: Methods

Research Design

The study will employ an experimental research design emphasizing qualitative methods

and measures. This experiment will determine the antibacterial properties of Hylocereus undatus

extract against E. coli. An assessment will be conducted to determine the efficacy of the said

plant extract against E. coli. The data will be gathered through the observation of the interaction

between the plant extract and the bacteria under a microscope and whether or not the extract is

effective in penetrating the cell wall of the bacteria. The data will then be analyzed in a

qualitative manner.

Research Locale

All laboratory procedures will be conducted in the Research Laboratory at the De La

Salle Araneta University Campus. The plant samples will be purchased from Ayala Malls

Cloverleaf at A. Bonifacio Ave, A. Bonifacio, Quezon City, Metro Manila. The microbial

organisms will be collected from local rabbit farms around Metro Manila and will be cultured in

the laboratory at De La Salle Araneta University as well.

Research Procedure

Collection of Plant Samples. The researchers will go to the aforementioned supermarket

in order to buy dragon fruit (Hylocereus undatus) samples. A number of factors will be considered

in choosing the dragon fruit. Such as the size, shape, color, and firmness of the dragon fruits. These

factors help assure that the dragon fruits are of good quality and are mature samples. The plants are

then stored in a sterile plastic container before they will be used.

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Collection and Preparation of Bacteria Samples. The researchers will contact local

farms in the area to find any rabbits affected with E. coli. A stool sample will then be collected and

brought to the laboratory. A swap of the stool sample will be done on the prepared petri plates for

the bacteria colony to grow.

Preparation of Plant Samples. An adaptation of the method by (Jr, Carl, Capuli, Leigh-

Ann, Enriquez, Jezhrell, Figueroa, Azaizah, 2021) will be conducted. The dragon fruit will first be

washed with distilled water and left to air dry over a clean paper towel to remove excess moisture.

Afterwards, the fruit will be placed in a dehydrator for 12 hours at 57°C to allow for the highest

concentration of its components as possible.

Sterilization of Materials. The materials that will be used in the procedure will be properly

sterilized in the laboratory autoclave beforehand, at 121°C at 15 PSI. The following materials will

be sterilized: glass container, stirring rods, beakers, Erlenmeyer flasks, bowls, petri dishes, mortar,

pestle, and paper disks cut from Whatman filter paper no.1.

Extraction of Plant Samples. After drying, the fruit will then be cut into slices and then

grinded thoroughly with a food processor to ensure that the compounds within them would be

properly dispersed. The mixture will be left in a bowl before 100 grams of the mixture will be left

in a sterile glass container with 225 milliliters of absolute ethanol for 24 hours. The ethanol acts as

the solvent to help disassociate and absorb the dragon fruit compounds.

Afterwards, the solution will be drained through the means of a filter paper and the crude

extracts will be processed through a rotary evaporator at an optimum temperature of 37°C. This

will allow the solution to properly separate from the plant particles. Once the rotary evaporator is

complete, 30 mL of the extract will be placed in a sterile 30 mL vial, which will be used in the later

procedures.
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Preparation of Antibiotics and Distilled Water for Positive and Negative Control. For

the purpose of consistency and quality assurance, a positive control of one (1) 500 mg azithromycin

dihydrate antibiotic tablet and a negative control of distilled water will be used. A positive control

is guaranteed to provide a positive result while a negative control is guaranteed to give a negative

result.

Preparation of agar and bacteria culture. Prior to the preparation of the agar that will

be mainly used in the procedure, a subculture will be performed, which is “a method in which

microorganisms will be transferred from their stock culture onto a new medium” (Jain, A., Jain, R.,

& Jain, S., 2020) in order to increase the number of available colonies for the use of the study and

therefore prolong the availability of the e. coli samples. An inoculating loop will be set over a flame

until it becomes red-hot then left to cool before it will be sued to inoculate e. coli colonies onto two

new petri dishes containing Mueller-Hinton agar.

Four (4) teaspoons of Mueller-Hinton agar will be dissolved in two (2) cups of water. It

will then be heated over a heat plate in an Erlenmeyer flask and continuously stirred to allow it to

properly mix. The agar will be poured on the 5 prepared sterilized petri plates and stored in a sterile

environment until it will be used.

In the streaking of the e. coli colonies onto the agar, sterile cotton swabs will be used in

order to lessen the possibility of damage to the agar.

Observation under a microscope. A swab taken from the bacterial colony of E. coli will

be taken and stained on a glass slide. It will be observed under the microscope before and after the

introduction of the dragon fruit extract. The researchers will be observing how the extract interacts

with the bacteria and whether or not the extract will be successful in penetrating the cell wall of the

bacteria which therefore proves that it is effective in combatting the E. coli bacteria.
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Testing for antibacterial properties via the Kirby-Bauer Test. A disk diffusion assay

will be performed wherein 6 paper disks cut from Whatman filter paper no. 1 will be placed onto

each agar plate. The disks will be cut using a paper puncher to ensure equal measurements of 6

mm. These will be sterilized beforehand in the autoclave. A total of 30 paper disks will be needed

as there will be 5 agar plates, 3 for the dragon fruit extracts under 3 trials, 1 for the positive control

of azithromycin dihydrate antibiotics, and 1 for the negative control of water.

A micropipette will be used in order to extract and disseminate approximately 9 μL the test

solutions onto their respective paper disks. The disks will then be carefully added to each agar plate

following a radial equidistant pattern using a pair of flame-sterilized tweezers. The plates will then

be incubated at 37°C for 24 hours.

Figure 4. Illustration of a six-point disk application

After the incubation period, the plates will be measured for their zones of inhibition, which

are circular clear areas on the agar wherein bacteria were not able to grow. In order to measure the

zones, a clear plastic ruler will be held against the back of the agar plate and will be used to measure

them in millimeters. Afterwards, 6 mm will be subtracted from the measurements in order to

account for the size of the paper disks themselves.

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To allow for analysis, the measurements for each trial will be totaled then divided by 6 in

order to achieve a mean. The means of each trail will then be compared.
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References

Bush, L.M. (2022). Overview of Gram-Negative Bacteria. MSD Manuals. Retrieved

from: https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/infections/bacterial-infections-gram-
negative-bacteria/campylobacter-infections.

E. coli (Escherichia coli). (n.d.). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved
from: https://www.cdc.gov/ecoli/index.html.

Fitratullah, A & Maruddin, Fatma & Yuliati, Farida & Prahesti, K & Taufik, Muhammad.
(2019). Addition of red dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) on yogurt: Effect on
lactic acid content, pH, and the inhibition of Escherichia coli growth. IOP
Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 303.

Hendra, Rudi & Masdeatresa, Lidya & Abdulah, Rizky & Haryani, Y. (2019).
Antibacterial Activity of Red Dragon Peel (Hylocereus polyrhizus) Peel. Journal
of Physics: Conference Series.

Jain, A., Jain, R., & Jain, S. (2020). Sub-culturing of bacteria, fungi and Actinomycetes.
Basic Techniques in Biochemistry, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 101–
103.

Jr, Carl, Capuli, Leigh-Ann, Enriquez, Jezhrell, Figueroa, Azaizah. (2021). Antimicrobial
activity of Hylocereus undatus (White dragon fruit) peel extract using ethanol
against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. International Journal of
Research Publications, 79.

Oglesbee BL, Lord B. (2020). Gastrointestinal Diseases of Rabbits. Ferrets, Rabbits, and
Rodents, 174–187.

Sartika, D., Syarifah, R.M., Sutikno, D. (n.d.). The Profile of Red Dragon Fruit Extract as
a Natural Antimicrobial in Reducing E. Coli. LPPM-UNILA Institutional
Repository.

Stakenborg, T., Vandekerchove, D., Mariën, J. et al. (2006). Escherichia coli and
Diarrhoea in the Rabbit. Protection of rabbits against enteropathogenic
Escherichia coli(EPEC) using an intimin null mutant, 2, 22.
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Curriculum Vitae

LEANDRO EMMANUEL U. RIVERA Photo

Lumiyap Road, Divisoria, Zamboanga City [Passport]

+639064450276
leandro.rivera@dlsau.edu.ph

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
2008-2014 WESTERN MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY
Normal Road, Zamboanga City

2014-2018 ATENEO DE ZAMBOANGA UNIVERSITY

Lunzuran Road, Zamboanga City

2018-2020 ATENEO DE ZAMBOANGA UNIVERSITY

La Purisima St, Zamboanga City
Accountancy and Business Management

2020-2023 ATENEO DE ZAMBOANGA UNIVERSITY

La Purisima St, Zamboanga City
Bachelor of Science
Biology