Faculty of Engineering – Zagazig University

Faculty of Engineering – Zagazig National University

Mechatronics Engineering Program

Electrical Systems
LECTURE NO. 9

By

Prof .Dr. Mohamed A. Enany

 Chapter (4)
DC Machines
PART A : D.C. Generators
Chapter (4) DC Machines

Armature Reaction
Chapter (4) DC Machines

Armature Reaction Treatment

Chapter (4) DC Machines

Commutation
• Commutation is the process of
current reversal in an armature
coil as this coil crosses the brush
axis.

• When commutation takes place, the

coil undergoing commutation is
short-circuited by the brush.

• The brief period during which the

coil remains short-circuited is
known as commutation period Tc.

• If the current reversal is not

completed by that time, then
sparking occurs between the brush
and the commutator
Chapter (4) DC Machines

Commutation Problems

this nonlinearity due to two reasons:

1. Coil Inductance:
The coil undergoing commutation has inductance, which will delay current change.
2. Reactance voltage:
The coil undergoing commutation is in inter-polar region (no flux, no E.M.F. induced). But due to
armature reaction, there will be flux in this region and also an induced voltage called reactance voltage,
which will delay current change.
Chapter (4) DC Machines

Commutation improvement

The reversing voltage may be produced in the following ways:

(i) By brush shifting.
(ii) By using inter-poles or com-poles.
(iii) By using Compensating winding.
Chapter (4) DC Machines

D.C. Generator Characteristics

Chapter (4) DC Machines

1. Open Circuit Characteristic (O.C.C.)

. Its shape is practically the same for all generators shunt or series.
Chapter (4) DC Machines

2. Internal & External Characteristic

shunt Generator
Chapter (4) DC Machines

2. Internal & External Characteristic

series Generator
Chapter (4) DC Machines

Uses of D.C. Generators