Matrices-Important Topics in Brief

Matrices were invented in connection with coordinate geometry perpendicular by its study
stretching, rotating and other simple changes and movement of geometric figure.
2.1 Definition: A matrix is an array of real number (or other suitable entities) arranged in rows
and columns.
The entities are called entries or element of a matrix we denote matrices by capital letters.
2.1.2 Examples:
1 + 𝑥2 1 − 𝑥2 −6
1 2 2+𝑖 4 7
𝐴=[ ] ,𝐵 = [ ] ,𝐶 = [ −3 2 0]
−3 5 1 −3 + 𝑖 6−𝑖
7 + sin 𝑥 2 − cos 𝑥 5
In these examples. The horizontal lines of elements are called rows and vertical lines are called
columns. A has 2 rows and 2 columns, B has 2 rows and 3 columns, C has 3 rows and 3 columns.
A matrix having m rows and n columns is called a matrix of order 𝑚 × 𝑛 or simply
𝑚 × 𝑛 matrix (read as “m by n” matrix) in general an 𝑚 × 𝑛 matrix has the form
𝑎11 𝑎12 … . 𝑎1𝑛
𝑎 𝑎22 … . 𝑎2𝑛
𝐴 = [ …21. … . …. … . .]
𝑎𝑚 𝑎𝑚2 … . 𝑎𝑚𝑛
2.2 Types of matrices:
2.2.1 Definition
A 1 × 𝑛 matrix is called a row matrix or a row vector. An 𝑚 × 1 matrix is called a column matrix
or a column vector.
For example ,
4
2
1
[0] , [ ] , [5]
0 0
4 2
A matrix having the same number of rows and columns is called a square matrix.
The zero matrix is the matrix, all of whose elements are zeros. It is also called null matrix.

If A =  aij  is a square matrix of order 𝑛, the entries 𝑎11 , 𝑎21 , 𝑎𝑚𝑛 are said to constitute its main
diagonal or principle diagonal.
 1 0 −1
E.g. If 𝐴 = [ 2 5 3 ] the diagonal of A is 1, 5, -2 .The concept of diagonal applies only
−1 −2 −2
to a square matrix.
The unit matrix or the identity matrix is the square matrix with 1’s on the main diagonal and zeros
elsewhere.
For example, the matrices
1 0 0
[1], [1 0] , [0 1 0] are identity matrices of order1 × 1, 2 × 2, 3 × 3 respectively.
0 1
0 0 1
A square matrix having non-zero entries only on the main diagonal is called a diagonal matrix.
Thus the square matrix [aij]is a diagonal matrix, if  aij  = 0 for 𝑖 ≠ 𝑗

2 0 0
1 0
[ ] , [0 −3 0] are examples of diagonal matrices
0 2
0 0 5
A diagonal matrix with equal non-zero entries on the main diagonal is called a scalar matrix.
∝ , 𝑖𝑓 𝑖 = 𝑗
Thus the square matrix  aij  is a scalar matrix if  aij  = {
0 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑖 ≠ 𝑗
For example,
1+𝑖 0 0
[2], [1 0] , 0 [ 0 1+𝑖 0 ] are scalar matrices of order 1, 2 and 3 respectively.
0 1
0 0 1+𝑖
2.3 Operations on matrices

2.3.1 Definition: Two matrices A =  aij  and B = bij  are said to be equal, if they are of the same
order (that is, they have the same number of rows and columns) and each element of A is equal to
the corresponding element of B. that is  aij  = bij  , i, j .

2.3.2 Definition: Matrix Addition If A =  aij  and B = bij  are two matrices of same order, their
sum 𝐴 + 𝐵 is the matrix whose (𝑖, 𝑗)𝑡ℎ element is aij + bij . Thus  aij + bij  = cij  , where
cij = aij + bij , i, j

3 4 −1 0 1 −1
Example 𝐴 = [ 0 1 2 ] 𝐵 = [3 −1 0 ]
−1 0 2 2 0 1
3+0 4 + 1 −1 + −1 3 5 −2
Then 𝐴 + 𝐵 = [ 0 + 3 1 + −1 2 + 0 ] = [3 0 2]
−1 + 2 0 + 0 2+1 1 0 3
Theorem:
Matrix addition is both commutative and associative .
We will prove that, if 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶are three matrices of the same order, then
i) 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 𝐵 + 𝐴 Commutativity
ii) (𝐴 + 𝐵) + 𝐶 = 𝐴 + (𝐵 + 𝐶) (associativity)
2.3.3 Scalar multiplication

Definition: If A =  aij  and 𝑘 is a number, then 𝑘𝐴 is the matrix whose (𝑖, 𝑗)𝑡ℎ elements is kaij for
all possible values of 𝑖, 𝑗. Thus kA =  kaij  .

Theorem: If A, B are two matrices of the same order and 𝑘 and 𝜆 are numbers, then
i) 𝑘(𝐴 + 𝐵) = 𝑘𝐴 + 𝑘𝐵
ii)(𝑘 + 𝜆)𝐴 = 𝑘𝐴 + 𝜆𝐴
Example:
3 −1 3 −1 9 −3
If 𝐴 = [ ]and 𝑘 = 3, then 𝑘𝐴 = 3 [ ]=[ ]
2 1 2 1 6 3
2.3.4 Matrix multiplication:
Let A be an 𝑚 × 𝑛 matrix and B be an 𝑛 × 𝑝 matrix, that is, the number of coloums of A is equal
to the number of rows of B. The product C of the matrices A and B is a matrix defined as follows:
To get (𝑖, 𝑗)𝑡ℎ element 𝑐𝑖𝑗 of 𝐶, we take the 𝑖 𝑡ℎ row of A and the 𝑗 𝑡ℎ column of B, and take the sum
of the product of the elements.

Thus if A =  aij  ,1  i  m,1  j  n and B = bkl  ,1  k  n,1  l  p , , then 𝑖 𝑡ℎ row of A is

𝑏1𝑗
𝑏2𝑗
.
[𝑎𝑖1 , 𝑎𝑖2 , … … . 𝑎𝑖𝑛 ] and the 𝑗 𝑡ℎ column of B is .
.
.
[𝑏𝑚𝑗 ]
Then 𝑐𝑖𝑗 = 𝑎𝑖1 𝑏1𝑗 + 𝑎𝑖2 𝑏2𝑗 + ⋯ … … . . +𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑏𝑛𝑗 = ∑𝑛𝑘=1 𝑎𝑖𝑘 𝑏𝑘𝑗

Note: If the number of columns of A is different from the number of rows of B, the product AB is
not defined. Thus matrix multiplication is not commutative.

2.3.5 Example
 3 2 −1 3
i) 𝐴 = [ ] 𝐵=[ ]
1 0 0 2
3 2 −1 3 3 × −1 + 2 × 0 3 × 3 + 2 × 2 −3 13
𝐴𝐵 = [ ][ ]=[ ]=[ ]
1 0 0 2 1 × −1 + 0 × 0 1 × 3 + 0 × 2 −1 3
−1 3 3 2 −1 × 3 + 3 × 1 −1 × 2 + 3 × 0 0 −2
𝐵𝐴 = [ ][ ]=[ ]=[ ]
0 2 1 0 0×3+2×1 0×2+2×0 2 2
∴ 𝐴𝐵 ≠ 𝐵𝐴
3 −1 0 2 −1 0
ii) 𝐴 [0 1 2] 𝐵=[1 0 1]
1 −1 0 −1 −1 0
3 × 2 + −1 × 1 3 × −1 + −1 × 0 + 0 × −1 3 × 0 + −1 × 1 + 0 × 0
𝐴𝐵 = [ 0 × 2 + 1 × 1 + 2 × −1 0 × −1 + 1 × 0 + 2 × −1 0×0+1×1+2×0 ]
1 × 2 + −1 × 1 + 0 × −1 1 × −1 + −1 × 0 + 0 × −1 1 × 0 + −1 × 1 + 0 × 0
5 −3 −1
= [−1 −2 1 ]
1 −1 −1
2.3.6 Properties:
(i) Matrix multiplication is associative and it distributes over addition. That is,
i) 𝐴(𝐵𝐶) = (𝐴𝐵)𝐶
ii)𝐴(𝐵 + 𝐶) = 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐴𝐶
iii) (𝐴 + 𝐵)𝐶 = 𝐴𝐶 + 𝐵𝐶
Whenever both sides of the equality are defined .
2.4 Transpose of a matrix
Let A be a 𝑚 × 𝑛 matrix . Then the matrix 𝐴′ is obtained by interchanging the rows and columns
of 𝐴′ is called the transpose of A.
2.4.1 Properties:
i) (𝐴′ )′ = 𝐴 ii) (𝐴 + 𝐵)′ = 𝐴′ + 𝐵′
(iii) (𝐴𝐵)′ = 𝐵′𝐴′ iv) (𝑘𝐴)′ = 𝑘𝐴′
A square matrix A is said to be symmetric if 𝐴′ = 𝐴.
A matrix A is skew-symmetric if 𝐴′ = −𝐴.
0 𝑎 𝑏
e.g. 𝐴 = [−𝑎 0 𝑐 ] is skew symmetric.
−𝑏 −𝑐 0
2.5 Application Problems
1. The amounts of carbohydrates, fats & proteins in bread butter and cheese are as in the following
table
Carbohydrates Fats Protiens
Bread 0.52 0.02 0.09
Butter 0.00 0.81 0.01
Cheese 0.00 0.25 0.20
Now suppose a cheese sandwich and roll contains the following amounts of bread, butter and
cheese
Bread Butter Cheese
Sandwich 80 20 20
Roll 50 10 0
Use matrix multiplication to show the dietary values of the sandwich and roll in terms of
carbohydrates, fats and proteins. If now the breakfast matrix of John and kamla is given as follows.
Sandwich Roll
John 3 2
Kamla 1 1

Find the dietary composition of John and Kamla in terms of carbohydrates, fats and Proteins.
Ans. The breakfast of John consists of 176.8 carbohydrates, 109.1 fats and 61.4 proteins. The
corresponding amounts for Kamla are 67.6, 39.4, 22.0 respectively.
2. The numbers of gadgets R and S produced per day by each of two factories P and Q, and the
number of days per week that each factory operates, are shown in the following table.
Factory
P Q
gadgets R 2 1
per day S 4 3
No. of days per week 5 6
2 1 5
Determine the product of the matrices 𝐴 = [ ] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑁 = [ ] and explain what each
4 3 6
𝑥1 17
element of the product represent in the context of the above? Given that 𝐴 (𝑥 ) = [ ] . Find the
2 34
values of 𝑥1 & 𝑥2 .
Ans. 𝑥1 = 6, 𝑥2 = 5
2.6 Classwork:
 1 2
1. If 𝐴 = [ ] Find i) 𝐴2 ii) 𝐴3 iii) 𝑓(𝐴), where 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 5. (iv)
4 −3
show that 𝐴 is a zero of the polynomial 𝑞(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 11.
1 3 −1 4
2. Check whether (𝐴 + 𝐵)2 = 𝐴2 + 2𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵 2if 𝐴 = 𝐴 = [ ]and 𝐵 = 𝐴 = [ ].
2 6 2 1
1 2 0
3. If 𝐵 = (3 −4 5) and 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 8 then find 𝑓(𝐵).
0 −9 2
2.7 Exercise:
4. Find a matrix 𝐴substituting the following equations
3 −1
(i) 𝐴 + 2𝐼2 = [ ]
1 2
7 3
(ii)3𝐴 − 2𝐼2 = [ ]
6 4
2.8 Symmetric and skew-symmetric matrices
Properties
(i) The sum of two symmetric matrices is a symmetric matrix
(ii) If A is a symmetric matrix then 𝑘𝐴 is symmetric where k is as scalar.
(ii) Sum of skew-symmetric matrices is a skew-symmetric matrix.
(iv) If A is a skew-symmetric matrix then 𝑘𝐴is symmetric where k is as scalar.
(v) Every square matrix is expressible as the sum of a symmetric and a skew-symmetric matrix.
2.8.1 Example:
3 −4
1. Express the matrix 𝐴 = [ ] as the sum of a symmetric matrix and a skew-symmetric
1 −1
matrix.
3 1
Solution: 𝐴′ = [ ]
−4 −1
6 −3
𝐴 + 𝐴′ = [ ]
−3 −2
1 3 −3/2
𝑃 = 2 (𝐴 + 𝐴′ ) = [ ] 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 .
−3/2 −1
1 0 −5/2
𝑄 = 2 (𝐴 − 𝐴′ ) = [ ] 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑘𝑒𝑤 𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 .
5/2 −1
Verify 𝑃 + 𝑄 = 𝐴.
 1 3 5
2. Express the matrix 𝐴 = [−6 8 3] as the sum of a symmetric and a skew symmetric matrix.
−4 6 5
1 −3/2 1/2
′
Solution: 𝐵 = [−3/2 8 9/2] is symmetric .
1/2 9/2 5
0 9/2 9/2
1 ′)
(𝐴
𝐴=2 −𝐴 =[ −9/2 0 −3/2] is skew symmetric.
−9/2 3/2 0
Verify 𝑃 + 𝑄 = 𝐴.
3. If A is symmetric, then show that 𝐵′𝐴𝐵 is a symmetric.
Solution:
(𝐵′𝐴𝐵)′ = 𝐵 ′ 𝐴′ (𝐵 ′ )′ = 𝐵′𝐴𝐵 ⟹ 𝐵 ′ 𝐴𝐵 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐
2.8.2 Exercise:
1. If A and B are symmetric matrices of same order than show that (𝐴𝐵 − 𝐵𝐴)is skew symmetric.
0 ℎ 𝑔
2. Check whether 𝐴 = [ −ℎ 0 𝑓 ] is symmetric or skew-symmetric.
−𝑔 −𝑓 0
6 −7 4
3. Check whether 𝐵 = [−7 3 0 ] is symmetric or skew symmetric.
4 0 √5
2.8.3 Value based questions
4. The co-operative store of a particular school has 12 dozen physics books , 6 dozen chemistry
books and 7 dozen maths books. Their selling prices are AED 68.70, AED 48.20 and AED 86.50
respectively. Find by matrix method the total amount received by the store from selling all these
item.
𝑥 2𝑦 1 4
5. Solve for 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦, given that [ ] [ ] = [ ].
3𝑦 𝑥 2 2
1 3 2 1
6. Find the value of 𝑥, if [1 𝑥 2] [ 2 5 1] [0] = 0.
10 3 2 𝑥
2.9 Determinants

For every square matrix A =  aij  , we associate a number called determinant of 𝐴 denoted by det
𝐴 or |𝐴 |or even aij some times also denoted as  . The matrices which are not square do not have
determinants. The determinant of a 1 × 1 matrix [𝑎] is defined to be a. We now define the
determinant of a 2 × 2 matrix.
𝑎 𝑏
𝐴=[ ] by |𝐴| = 𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐.
𝑐 𝑑
𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑎3
𝑎 𝑏
We also write | | = 𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐. The determinants of 3 × 3 matrix [𝑏1 𝑏2 𝑏3 ]is denoted by
𝑐 𝑑 𝑐1 𝑐2 𝑐2
𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑎3
𝑏 𝑏3 𝑏 𝑏3 𝑏 𝑏2
|𝑏1 𝑏2 𝑏3 |and is defined to be 𝑎1 | 2 | − 𝑎2 | 1 | + 𝑎3 | 1 |
𝑐2 𝑐3 𝑐1 𝑐3 𝑐1 𝑐2
𝑐1 𝑐2 𝑐2
Note that the determinants of a 3 × 3 matrix is defined in terms of those 2 × 2 matrices. The
determinant of an 𝑛 × 𝑛 matrix is called a determinant of order 𝑛.
2.9.1 Properties of Determinants
(i) Theorem: The value of a determinant remains unchanged if its rows and columns are
interchanged. 𝑅1 ⟷ 𝑅3 shows the interchanges of first and third rows.
(ii) Theorem: If two rows or columns of a determinant are interchanged, then the sign of the
determinant is changed
(iii) Theorem: If any two rows or columns of a determinant are identical, then its value is zero.
(iv) Theorem: If each element of a row or column of a determinant is multiplied by a constant k,
then its value gets multiplied by k.
Corollary: If two rows or column of a determinants are proportional, then its value is zero.
(v) Theorem: If to any two row/column of a determinant, a multiple of another row or column is
added, the value of the determinant remains the same.
2.9.2 Application of Determinants:
(i) Area of a triangle: The area of a triangle whose vertices are (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ), , (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ), (𝑥3 , 𝑦3 ), with
reference to a pair of rectangular axes is given by the expression

1 𝑥1 𝑦1 1 1
|𝑥2 𝑦2 1| = [𝑥1 (𝑦2 − 𝑦3 ) − 𝑦1 (𝑥2 − 𝑦3 ) + 𝑥2 𝑦3 − 𝑥3 𝑦2 ]
2 𝑥 𝑦3 1 2
3

(ii) Solutions of systems of linear equations by Determinant

Let us consider the system
𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 = 𝑐1
𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 = 𝑐2
Solving these equations, we get
 𝑏2 𝑐1 − 𝑏1 𝑐2 𝑎1 𝑐2 − 𝑎2 𝑐1
𝑥= ,𝑦 =
𝑎1 𝑏2 − 𝑎2 𝑏1 𝑎1 𝑏2 − 𝑎2 𝑏1
We can express the solution in terms of determinant as follows.
𝑐 𝑏1 𝑎1 𝑐1
𝑥=| 1 | & 𝑦 = |𝑎 𝑐2 |
𝑐2 𝑏2 2

𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑎1 𝑐1
| | |𝑎 𝑏2 |
𝑎2 𝑏2 2

Consider the system of 𝑛linear equations in 𝑛 unknowns given by

𝑎11 𝑥1 + 𝑎12 𝑥2 + ⋯ … … + 𝑎1𝑛 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑏1
𝑎21 𝑥1 + 𝑎22 𝑥2 + ⋯ … … + 𝑎2𝑛 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑏2
……………………………………………
……………………………………………
……………………………………………
𝑎𝑛1 𝑥1 + 𝑎𝑛2 𝑥2 + ⋯ … … + 𝑎𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑏𝑛
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13 ⋯ 𝑎1𝑛
𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 ⋯ 𝑎2𝑛
Let 𝐷 = || ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ||
⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯
𝑎𝑛1 𝑎𝑛2 𝑎𝑛3 ⋯ 𝑎𝑛𝑛
𝑏1
𝑏2
Let 𝐷𝑗 be the determinant obtained from 𝐷 after replacing the 𝑗 𝑡ℎ column by || ⋮ ||
⋮
𝑏𝑛
𝐷1 𝐷2 𝐷𝑛
Then if 𝐷 ≠ 0, we have 𝑥1 = , 𝑥2 = , … … … … . , 𝑥𝑛 =
𝐷 𝐷 𝐷

2.9.3 Adjoint and Inverse of a matrix

1. Definition: A non-zero square matrix A of order in 𝑛 is said to be invertible, if there exists a
square matrix B of the same order such that 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵𝐴 = 𝐼, where 𝐼 is the identity matrix of order
𝑛, B is called an inverse of 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴 is called an inverse of 𝐵. An invertible matrix has a unique
inverse.
1. Theorem: If A, B, C are square matrices of order 𝑛 such that 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵𝐴 = 𝐼 and 𝐴𝐶 = 𝐶𝐴 = 𝐼,
then 𝐵 = 𝐶.
2. Definition: A square matrix is said to be non-singular if |𝐴| ≠ 0, otherwise 𝐴 is said to be
singular.
2. Theorem: A square matrix 𝐴 is invertible iff A is non-singular
3. Definition : The adjoint of 𝐴 is defined to be the transpose of the matrix [𝐴𝑖𝑗] and is denoted
by 𝐴.
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13
Thus, if 𝐴 = [𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 ], then the adjoint of 𝐴 is given by 𝐴𝑑𝑗 𝐴 =
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13 𝑇
[𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 ] where Aij = (−1)𝑖+𝑗 M ij , where M ij is the minor of (𝑖, 𝑗)𝑡ℎ element. Aij ’s are
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33
𝑎22 𝑎23
called the cofactors of aij or signed minors. For example, 𝑀11 = |𝑎 |
32 𝑎33
1
3. Theorem: If A is a square matrix [𝑎𝑖𝑗]and |𝐴| ≠ 0, THEN 𝐴−1 = |𝐴| × 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝑜𝑓 𝐴.

2.10 Elementary Row Transformation

The following three elementary row transformations on the matrix can be used to get the inverse
of a given matrix. A system of linear equations can be solved by finding this method
i) Interchanging any two rows.
ii) Multiplications of the elements of any row by a non-zero sector.
iii) Addition of a non-zero scalar multiple of the elements of any two row to corresponding
elements of any other row.
2.10.1 Inverse of a matrix by the elementary row operations:
Let A be a square matrix of order 𝑛 then 𝐴 = 𝐼. 𝐴. By a sequence of elementary row operations
reduce A on LHS to 𝐼 and 𝐼 to a matrix B. Then 𝐵 = 𝐴−1
2.10.2 Review of facts & formula
𝑎11 𝑎12
(i) |𝑎 𝑎22 | = 𝑎11 𝑎22 − 𝑎12 𝑎21
21
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13
𝑎 𝑎23 𝑎21 𝑎23 𝑎21 𝑎22
(ii) [𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 ] = 𝑎11 | 22
𝑎32 𝑎33 | − 𝑎12 |𝑎31 𝑎33 | − 𝑎13 |𝑎31 𝑎32 |
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33
= 𝑎11 (𝑎22 𝑎33 − 𝑎23 𝑎32 ) − 𝑎12 (𝑎21 𝑎33 − 𝑎31 𝑎23 ) + 𝑎13 (𝑎21 𝑎32 − 𝑎31 𝑎22 )
(iii) Minor of 𝑎𝑖𝑗 is given by

𝑀𝑖𝑗 = det. obtained after deleting 𝑖 𝑡ℎ row and 𝑗 𝑡ℎ column.

(iv) co factor of 𝑎𝑖𝑗 is given by 𝑐𝑖𝑗 = (−1)𝑖+𝑗 . 𝑀𝑖𝑗

(v) ∆ = sum of the product of the elements of any row or column with their corresponding co-
factors.
∆= 𝑎11 𝑐11 + 𝑎12 𝑐12 + 𝑎13 𝑐13
= 𝑎11 𝑐11 + 𝑎21 𝑐21 + 𝑎31 𝑐31
(vi) Points 𝐴(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ), 𝐵(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )and 𝑐(𝑥3 , 𝑦3 ) are collinear ⟺ ∆= 0.
2.10.3 Examples
1 3 −2
1. Compute the determinant of the matrix 𝐴 = |4 1 −1|
5 −3 2
1 3 −2
|𝐴| = |4 1 −1| = 1(2 − 3) − 3(8 + 5) − 2(−12 − 5) = −6
5 −3 2
1 4 3
2. Find the adjoint of the matrix 𝐴 = (4 2 1)
3 2 2
2 1 4 3 4 3
𝐴11 = | |=2 , 𝐴21 = − | | = (−2) , 𝐴31 = | | = −2
2 2 2 2 2 1
4 1 1 3 1 3
𝐴12 = | | = −5 , 𝐴22 = | | = −7 , 𝐴32 = | | = −11
3 2 3 2 4 1
4 2 1 4 1 4
𝐴13 = | |=2 , 𝐴23 = − | | = 10 , 𝐴33 = − | | = 14
3 2 3 2 4 2
2 −2 −2
adj𝐴 = (−5 −7 −11)
2 10 14
−2 6 4
3. Compute the inverse of the matrix 𝐴 = ( 1 −3 2)
1 5 2
−2 6 4
|𝐴| = | 1 −3 2| = −2 |−3 2| − 6 |1 2| + 4 |1 −3| = 64 ≠ 0
5 2 1 2 1 5
1 5 2
∴ 𝐴−1 exists.
Now,
−3 2 6 4 6 4
𝐴11 = | | = -16 , 𝐴21 = − | |=8 , 𝐴31 = | | = 24
5 2 5 2 −3 2
1 2 −2 4 −2 4
𝐴12 = − | |=0 , 𝐴22 = | | = −8 , 𝐴32 = − | |=8
1 2 1 2 1 1
1 −3 −2 6 −2 6
𝐴13 = | |=8 , 𝐴23 = − | | = 16 , 𝐴33 = | |=0
1 5 1 5 1 −3
 −16 8 24 −1/4 1/8 3/8
−1 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴
Adj 𝐴 = [ 0 −8 8 ] ∴𝐴 = |𝐴|
=| 0 −1/8 1/8|
8 16 0 1/8 1/4 0
Note: Inverse of a matrix if exists is unique.
4. Using elementary row operations, find the inverse of the matrix
1 3 −2
𝐴 = [−3 0 −5]
2 5 0
Solution:
1 3 −2 1 0 0
We have [−3 0 −5] [0 1 0] = 𝐴 ie., AI = A
2 5 0 0 0 1
1 3 −2 1 0 0 𝑅2 ⟶ 𝑅2 + 3𝑅1
⟹ [0 9 −11] [ 3 1 0] = 𝐴 𝑅3 ⟶ 𝑅3 − 2𝑅1
0 −1 4 −2 0 1
1 3 −2 1 0 0
⟹ [0 −1 4 ] [−2 0 1] = 𝐴 𝑅2 ⟶ 𝑅3
0 9 −11 3 1 0
1 3 −2 1 0 0
⟹ [0 1 −4 ] [2 0 −1] = 𝐴 𝑅2 ⟶ 𝑅2 × (−1)
0 9 −11 3 1 0
1 0 10 −5 0 3 𝑅1 ⟶ 𝑅1 − 3𝑅2
⟹ [0 1 −4 ] [ 2 0 −1] = 𝐴 𝑅3 ⟶ 𝑅3 − 9𝑅2
0 0 +25 −15 1 9
−5 0 3
1 0 10 1
2 0 −1
⟹ [0 1 −4] [ 3 1 9 ]=𝐴 𝑅3 ⟶ 𝑅3 × ( )
25
0 0 1 −
5 25 25
1 0 0 1 −2/5 −3/5
𝑅1 ⟶ 𝑅1 − 10𝑅3
⟹ [0 1 0] [−2/5 4/25 11/25] = 𝐴
𝑅2 ⟶ 𝑅2 + 4𝑅3
0 0 1 −3/5 1/25 9/25
1 −2/5 −3/5
−1
∴𝐴 = [−2/5 4/25 11/25]
−3/5 1/25 9/25
2.10.4 Theorem: If A and B are 𝑛 × 𝑚 non-singular square matrices, then AB has an inverse ,
namely (𝐴𝐵)−1 = 𝐵 −1 𝐴−1
Solving matrix equations:
 3 1 5 −1
4. Solve [ ] ×= [ ]
4 1 2 3
3 1
Solution: [ ] = 3 − 4 = −1
4 1
3 1 1 −1 −1 1
Inverse of [ ] is − [ ]=[ ]
4 1 −4 3 4 3
Next by left multiplications
−1 1 5 −1 −3 4
𝑋=[ ][ ]=[ ]
4 3 2 3 14 −13

2.10.5 Classwork
1. Solve for matrix 𝑋,
2 1 −5 0 3 −9
[ ]𝑋 + [ ]=[ ]
−3 2 2 4 7 1
2. Determine whether the inverse exists.
2 3 3 −2 2 5
a) [ ] b) = [ ] c) = [ ]
1 6 −9 6 4 7
1 1 1
3) The matrix A is given by 𝐴 = |2 −1 3 | obtained a matrix B such that 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵𝐴 = 𝐼
3 2 −1
4) Using elementary row operations find the inverse of the matrices
2 0 −1
3 −1
i) 𝐴 = [ ] ii) 𝐵 = [5 1 0]
−4 2
0 1 3
5) Find the area of triangle whose vertices are 𝐴(−2, −3), 𝐵(3,2) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶(−1, −8).
6) Find the value of 𝑘 in order that the points(5,5), (𝑘, 1)and (10,7)are collinear.
7) Find the equations of the line joining the points 𝐴(1,2)and 𝐵(3,6)using detrminants
8) Find the value of 𝑘 for which the area ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 having vertices 𝐴(2, −6), 𝐵(5,4), 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐(𝑘, 4) is
35 sq. units.
2.10.6 Value based Questions
9) The sum of three numbers is 2 if twice the second number is added to the sum of first and third
we get 1. By adding the sum of second and third number to five times the first, we get 6. Find the
three numbers by using matrices. [Use elementary row operations].
10) An amount of AED 5000 is put into 3 investments at 6%, 7% and 5% per annum respectively.
The total annual income from these investments is AED 3580. If the total annual income from first
two investments is AED 708 more than the income from the third. Find the amount of each
investment by the matrix method. [Use elementary row operations].