Topic: Triglycerids and Phospholipid

Defination: Triglycerids is an ester derived from glycerol

and three fatty acid.

Occurance: In plants they are found in both vegetative

and reproductive parts. In animals they are found in
blood,muscles,brain and other parts of body.

Classification and structure:-

Structure of Triglycerids: They are chemically esters
of fatty acids and glycerol.
In nature , three molecules of fatty acids combine with one
molecule of glycerol with the elimination of three molecules of
water.The enzyme lipase catalyses this reaction.

Formation of Triglycerids:
Classification:-
The acid which are combined with glycerol in the naturally
occuring fats are called fatty acids.

Types:
1. Saturated fatty acid
2. Unsaturated fatty acid
3. Branched chain fatty acid
4. Cyclic fatty acid

Saturated fatty acid: They have single bond in their

hydrocarbon chain.
General forumla: R-COOH
Example: palmitic acid C-16 & Steric acid C-18

Unsaturated fatty acid: They contain one or more

double in their hydrocarbons.
General formula: R-CH=CH(CH2)n-COOH
Example: oleic acid and palmitoleic acid

Branched chain: They contain odd number of carbon

atom usually found in animal fat.
General formula: CH3-CH2-C2H4-(CH2)n-COOH

Cyclic fatty acid: They have been reported from plants

and bacteria and are rare in higher animals.
Example: Chaulmoogric acid

Physical Proprties of Triglycerids:

· They depend upon the fatty acid components.
· They are soluble in organic solvents i.e: ether, benzene
and chloroform.
· Saturated are solid at room temperture while unsaturated
are liquid.
· Unsaturated fatty acid show cis-trans isomerism due to the
presence of double bond.
· Bad conductors of heat.

Chemical properties:
1.Hydrolysis: Fat undergo hydrolysis when they are treated
with mineral acid, the alkalies or fat spilliting enzyme ' lipase' to
yield and constituent fatty acid.
2.Hydrogenation: Oil contain unsaturated fatty acids can
be hydrogenated in presence of high temperture and
pressure.By this process oils are converted into solid fats.

3. Hydrogenolysis: The spilliting of fat by hydrogen is called

hydrogenolysis.

4.Halogenation : When unsaturaed fattyacids are treated

with halogens at their double bond site is called halogenation.

5.Rancidity: Oils and fats on long storage in contact with

heat , light ,air and moisture develop an unpleasant odour. such
oils are called rancid oils and fat.

6. Emulsification: The process of breaking of large sized fat

molecules into smaller ones is know as emulsification.

7. Saponification: Hydrolysis by alkalies lead to formation

of salts. These salts are know as soap and process is called
saponification.
 Phospholipids
Defination: A phospholipid is a type of lipid molecules that
is the main component of cell membrane.
· Each phospholipid is made up of two fatty acids, a
phosphate group and a glycerol.
· when many phospholipid line up they form a double layer
that is characterstics of all cell membrane.

Structure:
A phospholipid is made up of two fatty acids tails
and phosphate group head.

Composition:
Fatty acids are long chain that are mostly made of
hydrogen and carbon ,while phosphate group consist of a
phosphorous molecule with four oxygen attached.
Depending upon the alcoholic component present, the
phospholipid are classified into:

1. Phosphoglycerides (glycerol containing)

2. Phosphoinositides (inositol containing)

3. Phosphosphinogosides
 (sphingosine containing)

Properties of phospholipid:
· Phospholipid are amphipatic molecules.
· Head group = alcohol attached via phosphodiaester linkage
to ether.

· Diacylglycerol or Sphinogosine.
Cellular Membrane are composed of
phospholipid and sphingosine:-
· Glycerophospholipids an sphingosine spontaneously self
associated in water to form bilayer vesicles.
· Bilayer are permeability barriers that enclose cells and cell
organelles and dissolve intrinsic membrane proteins.
 Gly
cerophospholipid:-
· Main class of phospholipid.
· They are the main lipid component of cell membrane and
important in the cells semi-permeability.
· They also interact with triglycerids and cholestrol to
increase their solubility in the blood.
· These abilities are due to their amphipathic nature, with a
polar head group and non polar tails.

· Phosphoinosites with inositol as polar head group, is

one glycerophosphate.
Triglyceride vs phospholipid

Student's Name: Mehvish Malik

Roll no:152003