BINOMIAL THEOREM

1. Statement of Binomial theorem : If a, b  R and n  N, then

(a + b)n = nC 0 anb 0 + nC 1 an–1 b 1 + nC 2 an–2 b 2 +...+ nC r an–r b r +...+ nC n a0 b n
n
n
=  Cr an r b r
r 0

2. Properties of Binomial Theorem :

(i) General term : T r+1 = nC r an–r b r
(ii) Middle term (s) :
(a) If n is even, there is only one middle term,

n2
which is   th term.
 2 
(b) If n is odd, there are two middle terms,

 n  1 n1 
which are   th and   1 th terms.
 2   2 
3. Multinomial Theorem :
(x1 + x2 + x3 + ........... xk)n

n!
= 
r1 r2 ... rk
r !
n 1 2
r !... rk !
x 1r1 . x r22 ...x rkk

n+k–1
Here total number of terms in the expansion = C k–1

4. Application of Binomial Theorem :

n
If ( A  B) =  + f where  and n are positive integers, n being odd and

0 < f < 1 then ( + f) f = k n where A – B 2 = k > 0 and A – B < 1.

If n is an even integer, then ( + f) (1 – f) = k n

5. Properties of Binomial Coefficients :

n
(i) C 0 + nC 1 + nC 2 + ........+ nC n = 2 n

n
(ii) C 0 – nC 1 + nC 2 – nC 3 + ............. + (–1)n nC n = 0

n
(iii) C 0 + nC 2 + nC 4 + .... = nC 1 + nC 3 + nC 5 + .... = 2 n–1

n
Cr n r 1
n n n+1
(iv) C r + C r–1 = C r (v) n =
Cr 1 r
6. Binomial Theorem For Negative Integer Or Fractional Indices

n(n  1) 2 n(n  1)(n  2) 3

(1 + x)n = 1 + nx + x + x + .... +
2! 3!

n(n  1)(n  2).......(n  r  1) r

x + ....,| x | < 1.
r!

n(n  1)(n  2).........(n  r  1)

T r+1 = xr
r!