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Modelling and implementation of exact linearization technique for PV microgrid system
CHAPTER 1:
Introduction
Dept of EEE, PESCE, Mandya

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1.1 INTRODUCTION
Because of the huge increase in the extraction of fossil fuels, which has a negative
influence on the environment, it has become increasingly desirable to employ
renewable energy sources. It motivates a large number of researchers to devote
more effort to researching renewable energy sources (RES). Solar photovoltaic
(PV) technology is becoming increasingly popular in power plants for a variety of
reasons, including the fact that these plants have a significantly longer lifespan, are
less harmful to the environment, require less maintenance, and can generate more
power to meet the demands of various loads. The most essential aspect is that solar
energy is really renewable. It is available every day and can be used anywhere in
the world. This solar energy harvesting technology is becoming more popular as
an alternative to fossil-fuel-generated electricity. A solar water heater is an
excellent example of a solar energy harvesting application that is widely used in
sunny climates around the world. Power electronic interfaces or power converters,
such as DC-DC converters, are required to convert the unstable DC output voltage
from a solar PV energy harvesting system to the voltage rating required by any
suitable utilization voltage. The topologies of DC-DC converters are intended to
fulfill the specific demands of DC loads. There are numerous types of DC-DC
converters that can operate as switching-mode regulators, regulating the
unregulated DC voltage with conversion to an appropriate utilization voltage by
increasing or reducing the value of the DC output voltage. Each converter requires
a power switching device to turn on and off as needed. In addition, load matching
and increased power output from the PV systems should be possible with the usage
of DC-DC converters in conjunction. For drive the AC load we need to convert into
AC using inverter.

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1.2 LITERATURE REVIEW
1 Jorge A. Solsona, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Eléctrica (IIIE),

Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, This paper proposes a
highperformance control strategy for dc–dc converters supplying combined loads
(constant current/power, and/or linear loads). This strategy combines a feedback
law with a feed forward compensation. The feedback law is based on full
feedback linearization, which guarantees that zero dynamics are avoided
2 M.SAI LOKESH, Assistant Professor, Dept of EEE, GATES Institute of
Technology, Gooty, This paper proposes an approach for the hybrid solar
photovoltaic and Battery management for stand-alone applications. Battery
charging process is non-linear, time-varying with a considerable time delay so it
is difficult to achieve the best energy management performance by using
traditional control approaches. A fuzzy control strategy for battery charging or
discharging used in a renewable power generation system is analyzed in the paper.
3 RODRIGO ALIAGA, Department of Electrical Engineering, Universidad de
Talca, Curicó 3340000, Chile, This paper presents the implementation of an exact
linearization technique for the modeling and control of a DC/DC converter for
use in a microgrid based on a photovoltaic (PV) generation system where non-
linear converters are used. The basic advantage of this technique is in linearizing
the converter model, thus allowing different operating points to be considered
under different conditions. This paper presents a general description of the
implemented microgrid topology. The exact linearization theory adapted for
power converters is applied to both a Single-Ended Primary Inductor converter

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(SEPIC) to extract energy from PV modules and to a Boost converter to increase

the voltage
4 Vitor Fernão Pires, ISEL—Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, 1500-335 Lisboa,

Portugal * Correspondence: armando.pires@estsetubal.ips.pt, . One of the aspects
that was focused on in this paper was the technology behind the DC microgrids
that can be used in several applications in the future. Not many applications have
already been implemented. Thus, in this context, this paper also presented some
perspectives about possible solutions and applications for the DC microgrids.
Some of them were perspectives of the authors that could be possible solutions in
the near future.

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1.3 GAPS IDENTIFIED:

to a wide range of variables, such as solar irradiation, sudden shifts caused by the
effects of shadowing, ambient temperature, the cleanliness degree of the PV module
surface, mismatching of PV modules, and a number of other factors. These variables
can have a significant impact on the However, the low DC output voltages that are
generated by the PV array are subject low DC output voltages that are generated by
the PV array. Diverse power electronic DC–DC converters are developed so that
this issue will be resolved.

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1.4 OBJECTIVES :
 To reduce losses
 Increasing the efficiency of the energy

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CHAPTER 2 :
Overview of the project

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2.1 METHODOLOGY:
The general topology is consists of a SEPIC converter responsible for extracting the energy and
storing it in a battery bank. Then, a Boost converter is used to rais the voltage from 12/24 V to a
reference voltage for the DC link. Thus, this topology allows the connection of both, DC and AC
loads. The proposed control technique is applied to these two power converters (SEPIC and
Boost). An inverter with an LCL filter was implemented in order to generate the sinusoidal
alternating voltage to power single-phase AC loads. Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM)
is used with a switching frequency of 5 kHz. The switching frequency can be increased to reduce
the filter size. The SEPIC converter can reduce or increase the voltage, which allows different
voltage levels at the maximum power point of the PV panels.
2.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM:
Fig : Block diagram for Exact Linearization Technique PV Microgrid Application

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The energy source used in this work is solar PV, which implies the use of DC/DC converters to
raise or lower the input voltage depending on the case. There are different power converter
topologies used in the conversion of PV energy, which can be divided into non-isolated and
isolated converters. In the first group there are converters such as Buck, Boost, Cuk, Sepic and
Zeta. In the case of isolated converters, the Flyback, Forward, Push Pull, Half-Bridge. A non-
isolated converters use a smaller number of components than isolated converters, which makes
them more economical. The SEPIC and Boost converters can be controlled by the exact
linearization technique. The idea behind exact linearization is to redefine the power converter’s
input as a function of variables and parameters to find a linear relationship between a new input
and the output. The linearization can be found by two main ways: input states linearization and
input-output linearization. The result obtained with the exact linearization is a transfer function
that allows the use of a linear controller such as a simple PI controller, highly simplifying
nonlinear DC/DC converter. The validate the implementation of the exact linearization technique
applied to the control of a Buck-Boost converter. The exact linearization is applicable to PV
systems (and other energy sources) , where an algorithms is used to track the maximum power
point, such as Perturb and Observe (P&O) or Incremental Conductance (IC) . In this
implementation, the P&O algorithm is used with a modification, which consists of providing the
current as a reference to be followed by the control, instead of the PV module.

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CHAPTER 3:
Hardware components

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3.1 3.1 SOLAR PANEL:
Fig 3.1: Solar Panel
A solar panel system is a system of interconnected assembly (also known as an array) of

photovoltaic (PV) solar cells. The energy produced by the solar panel is measured in volts or
watts, it will vary according to the type of system and solar cell that you are using. Each of the
solar panels (modules) in the array consists of a group of solar cells packed jointed in a metal
frame.
A single solar panel typically consists of 60, 72, or 96 solar cells. Every solar cell includes an
inverter to convert the direct current produced into the alternating current electricity used in the
home. The placed inverter can be large and centralized.

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3.2 Inverter
3.2.1 Block Diagram of Inverter
Inverter is a small circuit which will convert the direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC).
The power of a battery is converted in to’ main voltages’ or AC power. This power can be used
for electronic appliances like television, mobile phones, computer etc. the main function of the
inverter is to convert DC to AC and step-up transformer is used to create main voltages from
resulting AC. In the block diagram battery supply is given to the MOSFET driver where it will
convert DC to AC and the resulting AC is given to the step up transformer from the step up
transformer we will the get the original voltage.
3.3 LEAD ACID BATTERY:
The lead–acid battery is a type of rechargeable battery first invented in 1859 by French physicist
Gaston Plante. It is the first type of rechargeable battery ever created. Compared to modern
rechargeable batteries, lead–acid batteries have relatively low energy density. Despite this, their
ability to supply high surge currents means that the cells have a relatively large power-to-weight
ratio. These features, along with their low cost, make them attractive for use in motor vehicles to
provide the high current required by starter motors.

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3.4 SEPIC Converter
Components Required to Build SEPIC Converter
Components required for building the XL6009 Converter IC Based SEPIC Buck-Boost
Converter are listed below. The components used in this project are very generic and you can
find most of them in your local hobby store.
• XL6009 IC - 1
• 470uF,63V capacitor - 1
• 1uF,50V Capacitor - 2
• Diode - 1
• 10K Resistor - 1
• 10K Potentiometer - 1
• 47uH Coupled Inductor - 1
The working principle of this circuit is very simple. First, we have our input storage capacitor that
is directly connected to the input VCC pin of the IC. Next, we have our coupling capacitor, a 47uH
4A coupled inductor is recommended on the example schematic that is taken from Fig 6 of the
Xl6009 datasheet. The coupled inductor can be any type; it can be a coupled transformer or in my
case, it is a toroidal bobbin that we have disordered out from an old non-working ATX power
supply. The output diode is a MUR810 diode that is 8A and 100V. Next, we have our feedback
circuit that consists of a 10K resistor and a 10K potentiometer. Finally, we have our output
capacitors that store the output voltage.

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There are many ways to build a buck-boost circuit, for the sake of this tutorial, we will be using
the famous XL6009 DC/DC Converter IC. We have selected this IC because of its ease of
availability and beginner-friendly nature. You can also check the article on how to select
switching regulator IC to help you with other regulator selection for your switching designs.

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Chapter 4 :
Software Components

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4.1 Simulation diagram

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4.2 SEPIC Converter
The Single-Ended Primary Inductor Converter (SEPIC), a flexible and effective DC-DC
converter topology, can step-up and step-down the input voltage, making it the perfect option for
applications with different input voltage needs. The SEPIC converter's distinctive qualities, such
as its capacity to deliver a non-inverted output voltage and uphold minimal input and output
ripple, make it ideal for a variety of uses, including battery-powered and renewable energy
systems as well as automotive electronics.
The SEPIC converter's fundamental working theory depends on the energy transfer between two
inductors and a capacitor. Two inductors (L1 and L2) and a capacitor (C1) are connected to
provide an intermediate energy storage stage in a SEPIC converter. The coupled inductors and
capacitors in this configuration enable the converter to transfer energy from the input to the
output. In contrast, the output voltage is controlled by the switching component (often a
MOSFET) and output capacitor. The schematic below is a basic schematic of a SEPIC converter
and in this article, we are going to use this to explain the working principle.
SEPIC converter is a buck-boost topology, unlike the classic buck-boost that is an inverting
topology. A SEPIC converter is characterized by using two inductors, one is at the input and
another one is connected to the ground and these two inductors are connected by a coupling
capacitor, which effectively puts the L1 and L2 in parallel when a switching signal is applied.

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Now, to understand the working of the SEPIC converter we have modified the basic circuit and
removed the controller from the picture. As you can see when the power is applied to the circuit
at that brief moment the switch is open and the capacitor C2 starts charging through the inductor
L1. Now as the controller IC turns on, it turns on the switch.
Now, as the switch is turned on, two things happen simultaneously, first the inductor L1 and L2
start charging simultaneously. When that happens, the switch gets opened because of the PWM
pulse that is generated by the internal circuit of the XL6009 IC.

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Now, as the switch is turned off again, the inductor changes its polarity and discharges through
the diode, and at this moment, the output capacitor C3 holds the charges. And depending on the
PWM signal and feedback, now we can change the output voltage in a very stable manner.
4.3 Boost Converter
The initial requirements demanded that these converters be as compact and efficient as possible.
This emphasized the need for the design to be simple and optimum. A step-up converter consists
of an inductor, a semiconductor switch, a diode, and a capacitor. It requires fewer parts for
implementation and is less complicated than an AC transformer. The circuit diagram of a boost
or step-up converter is shown in Figure.
Figure. Circuit diagram of a boost

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High-level Circuit Operating Principle
A boost converter or step-up converter aids in stepping up a DC voltage from the input to the
output. The conduction state of the switch dictates the operation of the circuit.
During the on-state, the current flowing through the inductor increases linearly. The diode is
not conducting. This is shown in Figure 2. During the off-state, the diode conducts the current,
and the energy transfer occurs from the inductor to the capacitor. This leads to a reduction of
inductor current, although the current through the inductor cannot change abruptly [4]. This is
illustrated in Figure 3.
Fig : On-state operation of a boost converter
Fig : Off-state operation of a boost converter

Two important aspects to remember during the analysis of a boost converter include that the
inductor current is continuous, which is possible only by choosing the correct inductance value.

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Also, the net change in inductor current over any complete cycle is zero because the inductor
current value rises from a value with a positive slope to a maximum value during the on state
and then drops back to the initial value with a negative slope.
During the steady-state operation of the circuit, two modes 12
4.4 Inverter
Half Bridge and Full Bridge Inverter using MATLAB
Fig : Half Bridge and Full Bridge Inverter
Alternating Current (AC) power supply is used for almost all the residential, commercial and
industrial needs. But the biggest issue with AC is that it cannot be stored for future use. So AC is
converted into DC and then DC is stored in batteries and ultra-capacitors. And now whenever AC
is needed, DC is again converted into AC to run the AC based appliances. So the device which
converts DC into AC is called Inverter.
For single phase applications, single phase inverter is used. There are mainly two types of single-
phase inverter: Half Bridge Inverter and Full Bridge Inverter. Here we will study how these
inverters can be built and will simulate the circuits in MATLAB.

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Half Bridge Inverter
This type of Inverter requires two power electronics switches (MOSFET). The MOSFET or IGBT
is used for switching purpose. Circuit diagram of the half bridge inverter is as shown in below
figure.
As shown in circuit diagram, input DC voltage is Vdc = 12 V. This source is divided into two
equal parts. Now gate pulses are given to the MOSFET as shown in below figure.
According to output frequency, ON time and OFF time of MOSFET is decided and gate pulses
are generated. We need 50Hz AC power, so the time period of one cycle (0 < t < 2π) is 20msec.

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As shown in the diagram, MOSFET-1 is triggered for first half cycle (0 < t < π) and during this
time period MOSFET-2 is not triggered. In this time period, current will flow in the direction of
arrow as shown in below figure and half cycle of AC output is completed. The current from the
load is right to left and load voltage is equal to +Vdc/2.
In second half cycle (π < t < 2π), the MOSFET-2 is triggered and lower voltage source is
connected with the load. The current from the load is left to right direction and load voltage is
equal to -Vdc/2. In this time period, current will flow as shown in figure and the other half cycle
of AC output is completed.

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4.5 MATLAB Simulink
Simulink is a block diagram environment for multi domain simulation and Model-Based
Design. It supports system-level design, simulation, automatic code generation, and continuous
test and verification of embedded systems. Simulink provides a graphical editor, customizable
block libraries, and solvers for modeling and simulating dynamic systems. It is integrated with
MATLAB®, enabling you to incorporate MATLAB models and export simulation results to
MATLAB for further analysis.
Simulink is a simulation and model-based design environment for dynamic and embedded
systems, integrated with MATLAB. Simulink, also developed by Math Works, is a data flow
graphical programming language tool for modelling, simulating and analysing multi-domain
dynamic systems. It is basically a graphical block diagramming tool with customizable set of
block libraries.
It allows you to incorporate MATLAB algorithms into models as well as export the simulation
results into MATLAB for further analysis.
Simulink supports −
• system-level design
• simulation
• automatic code generation
• testing and verification of embedded systems
There are several other add-on products provided by Math Works and third-party hardware and
software products that are available for use with Simulink.
The following list gives brief description of some of them − • State flow allows developing state
machines and flow charts.

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• Simulink Coder allows the generation of C source code for real-time implementation of
systems automatically.
• PC Target together with x86-based real-time systems provide an environment to simulate and
test Simulink and State flow models in real-time on the physical system.
• Embedded Coder supports specific embedded targets.
• HDL Coder allows to automatically generate synthesizable VHDL and Verilog.
• Sim Events provides a library of graphical building blocks for modelling queuing systems.
Simulink is capable of systematic verification and validation of models through modelling style
checking, requirements traceability and model coverage analysis.
Simulink Design Verifier allows you to identify design errors and to generate test case scenarios
for model checking.

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Chapter 5:
Results

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5.1 Results
The experimental setup of the overall microgrid system with the proposed linearization controllers
is shown Fig. the system parameters adopted in the implementation..
Here we are using a SEPIC converter for make stable the solar energy systems because they
enable more effective utilization of solar cells, which is the primary reason for their widespread
use. This section will make stable output and this stable 12 Volt DC we will store in the battery.
This power we will provide to inverter section. The inverter section will convert this 12 volt DC
to 220 volt AC. We are using 220 volt lamp load for this inverter output.

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5.1.1 Hardware Result

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5.1.2 Software Result
Fig: SEPIC Output
Boost Converter Output

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Inverter Output

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Chapter 6 :
Conclusion

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6.1 Advantages and Applications
6.1.1 Advantages
 Easy to use
 Less Loss
 Easy to modify
 Cost effective
6.1.2 Applications
 Rural Electrification Projects.
 Solar Home Systems.
 Agricultural Applications.
 Water Pumping Systems.
6.2 Conclusion
In this project, the implementation of an exact linearization technique for control of SEPIC and
Boost converters was presented. Such converters are an essential part of a microgrid when one
of the energy sources is solar PV. It should be noted that this technique can be applied in
different energy conversion systems, including wind and wave energy. The simplification that
comes with exact linearization allows the development of simple controllers, with the ability
to control the desired variables over a wide range of values to verify the proper performance of
the linearization proposal, a prototype was developed with the aforementioned converters,
whose objective is the extraction of energy from the PV panels, storage of energy in the battery
bank and DC/AC conversion.

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References :
[1] M. Nasir, H. A. Khan, A. Hussain, L. Mateen, and N. A. Zaffar, ``Solar PV-based scalable
DC microgrid for rural electrification in developing regions,'' IEEE Trans. Sustain. Energy,
vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 390_399, Jan. 2018.
[2] R. Viswadev, A. Mudlapur, V. V. Ramana, B. Venkatesaperumal, and S. Mishra, `À novel
AC current sensor less hysteresis control for grid tie inverters,'' IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II,
Exp. Briefs, vol. 67, no. 11, pp. 2577_2581, Nov. 2020.
[3] J. Rocabert, A. Luna, F. Blaabjerg, and P. Rodríguez, ``Control of power converters in AC
microgrids,'' IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 27, no. 11, pp. 4734_4749, Nov. 2012.
[4] M. Ahmed, L. Meegahapola, A. Vahidnia, and M. Datta, ``Stability and control aspects of
microgrid architectures_A comprehensive review,'' IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 144730_144766,
2020.
[5] T. Dragicevic, S. Vazquez, and P. Wheeler, `Àdvanced control methods for power
converters in DG systems and microgrids,'' IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 68, no. 7, pp.
5847_5862, Jul. 2021.
[6] M. Khosravi, M. Amirbande, D. A. Khaburi, M. Rivera, J. Riveros, J. Rodriguez, A.
Vahedi, and P. Wheeler, ``Review of model predictive control strategies for matrix converters,''
IET Power Electron., vol. 12, no. 12, pp. 3021_3032, Oct. 2019.
[7] L. Callegaro, M. Ciobotaru, D. J. Pagano, and J. E. Fletcher, ``Feedback linearization
control in photovoltaic module integrated converters,'' IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 34,
no. 7, pp. 6876_6889, Jul. 2019.
[8] C. R. Baier, M. A. Torres, P. Acuna, J. A. Muñoz, P. E. Melín, C. Restrepo, and J. I.
Guzman, `Ànalysis and design of a control strategy for tracking sinusoidal references in
single-phase grid-connected current-source inverters,'' IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 33,
no. 1, pp. 819_832, Jan. 2018.
[9] J. Zhou and X. Lu, ``Review of exact linearization method applied to power electronics
system,'' in Proc. Asia_Paci_c Power Energy Eng. Conf., Mar. 2012, pp. 1_4.

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[10] W. E. Aouni and L.-A. Dessaint, ``Real-time implementation of input-state linearization

and model predictive control for robust voltage regulation of a DC-DC boost converter,'' IEEE
Access, vol. 8, pp. 192101_192108, 2020.

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Modelling and implementation of exact linearization technique for PV microgrid system

Dept of EEE, PESCE, Mandya

Dept of EEE, PESCE, Mandya

1.2 LITERATURE REVIEW

1 Jorge A. Solsona, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Eléctrica (IIIE),

Dept of EEE, PESCE, Mandya

(SEPIC) to extract energy from PV modules and to a Boost converter to increase

4 Vitor Fernão Pires, ISEL—Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, 1500-335 Lisboa,

Dept of EEE, PESCE, Mandya

1.3 GAPS IDENTIFIED:

Dept of EEE, PESCE, Mandya

Dept of EEE, PESCE, Mandya

Overview of the project

Dept of EEE, PESCE, Mandya

2.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Fig : Block diagram for Exact Linearization Technique PV Microgrid Application

Dept of EEE, PESCE, Mandya

Dept of EEE, PESCE, Mandya

Dept of EEE, PESCE, Mandya

3.1 3.1 SOLAR PANEL:

Fig 3.1: Solar Panel

A solar panel system is a system of interconnected assembly (also known as an array) of

Dept of EEE, PESCE, Mandya

3.2.1 Block Diagram of Inverter

3.3 LEAD ACID BATTERY:

Dept of EEE, PESCE, Mandya

3.4 SEPIC Converter

Components Required to Build SEPIC Converter

• 47uH Coupled Inductor - 1

Dept of EEE, PESCE, Mandya

Dept of EEE, PESCE, Mandya

Dept of EEE, PESCE, Mandya

4.1 Simulation diagram

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4.2 SEPIC Converter

Dept of EEE, PESCE, Mandya

Dept of EEE, PESCE, Mandya

4.3 Boost Converter

Figure. Circuit diagram of a boost

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High-level Circuit Operating Principle

Fig : On-state operation of a boost converter

Fig : Off-state operation of a boost converter

Dept of EEE, PESCE, Mandya

During the steady-state operation of the circuit, two modes 12

Half Bridge and Full Bridge Inverter using MATLAB

Fig : Half Bridge and Full Bridge Inverter

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Half Bridge Inverter

Dept of EEE, PESCE, Mandya

Dept of EEE, PESCE, Mandya

4.5 MATLAB Simulink

• automatic code generation

• testing and verification of embedded systems

Dept of EEE, PESCE, Mandya

• Embedded Coder supports specific embedded targets.

• HDL Coder allows to automatically generate synthesizable VHDL and Verilog.

Dept of EEE, PESCE, Mandya

Dept of EEE, PESCE, Mandya

Dept of EEE, PESCE, Mandya

5.1.1 Hardware Result

Dept of EEE, PESCE, Mandya

5.1.2 Software Result