PHYSICS FOR ENGINEERS (LECTURE)

Module 2 (PART 1) / First Semester

Ms. Marie Therese Bernadette F. Sales, PhDTM By: Angelica <3

MODULE 2 (PART 1): WORK AND ENERGY

THE DOT PRODUCT OF TWO VECTORS

- the dot product of u = (u1,u2) and v = (v1,v2) is given by u · v = u1v1 + u2v2
PROPERTIES
Let u, v, and w be vectors in the plane or in space and let c be a scalar
1. u · v = v · u
2. 0 · v = 0
3. u · (v + w) = u · v + u · w
4. v · v = |v|2
5. c(u · v) = cu · v = u · cv
THE ANGLE BETWEEN TWO VECTORS
ORTHOGONAL VECTORS
- vectors u and v are orthogonal when u · v = 0
- essentially means the same with perpendicular (meeting at right
angles)
- Even though the angle between the zero vector and another vector is
not defined, it is convenient to extend the definition of orthogonality to
include the zero vector.
THE ANGLE BETWEEN TWO VECTORS
The angle between two nonzero vectors is the angle , 0    , between their
respective standard position vectors, as shown

KINETIC ENERGY
- scalar quantity
- can never be negative, depends only on the magnitude of its velocity and not on
the direction of motion
if Wtotal = positive, KE2 > KE1; KE increases
Wtotal = negative, KE2 < KE1; KE decreases
Wtotal = 0, KE2 = KE1; KE is constant
EXAMPLE:
1. If u = (-1, 3), v = (2, -4) and w = (1, -2) WORK-ENERGY THEOREM
FIND THE INDICATED QUANTITY 𝑊 = 𝐹𝑑 = 𝑚𝑎 𝑑
a. (u · v)w = [(-1 · 2) + (3 · (-4))]w From
= (-2 + (-12))(1,-2) 𝑣22 = 𝑣12 + 2𝑎𝑑
= -14(1, -2) 𝑣22 − 𝑣12
(-14, -28) 𝑑=
2𝑎
b. u · 2v = (-1, 3) · (4, -8) 1
= (-4 – 24) 𝑊 = 𝑚(𝑣22 − 𝑣12 )
2
= -28 Where KE = 1/2𝑚𝑣 2
FIND THE ANGLE BETWEEN W = 𝐾𝐸2 − 𝐾𝐸1
u = (4, 3) and v = (3, 5) 𝑊 = ∆𝐾𝐸
𝑢 ∙𝑣 (4 ∙ 3)+( 3 ∙5)
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = |𝑢||𝑣| = 2 2 2+ 2
= 22.170 GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY
√4 +3 ∙ √3 5
- energy associated with the position of
WORK a body
- defined and measured by the dot product of the
net force exerted and the distance through which
that force moves
- a scalar quantity

UNIT: 1 Joule = 1 N – m
when the body moves down, h
= 1 kgm/s2
decreases, Fgrav does +Ugrav, U decreases
1 calorie = 4.186 J
• when the body moves up, h increases,
1 Joule = 1 J = 1 N – m
Fgrav does -Ugrav, U increases
= 1.3558 ft-lbf
1 erg = 1 dyne – cm
1x107 ergs = 1 J

work is (+) if direction of force (F) is in the same direction as the displacement
✓ lifting force
✓ stretching force
✓ compressive force
work is (-) if direction of force (F) is in the opposite direction of the displacement
✓ gravitational force
✓ frictional force
work is 0 if direction of force (F) is perpendicular to with reference to the direction
of the displacement
 PHYSICS FOR ENGINEERS (LECTURE)
Module 2 (PART 1) / First Semester
Ms. Marie Therese Bernadette F. Sales, PhDTM By: Angelica <3

ELASTIC POTENTIAL ENERGY

- is potential energy stored
as a result of deformation of
an elastic object, such as the
stretching of a spring
- is equal to the work done
to stretch the spring, which
depends upon the spring
constant k as well as the
distance stretched

CONSERVATION OF MECHANICAL ENERGY

“Energy is neither created nor destroyed; it can only be transformed from one
form into another.”

CONSERVATIVE AND DISSIPATIVE FORCES

CONSERVATIVE FORCES
- forces acting on the body are conserved
Properties:
1. Equal to the difference between the initial and final values of a potential
energy function.
2. It is reversible.
3. It is independent of the path of the body and depends only on the starting and
ending points.
4. When the starting and ending points are the same, the total work is zero
DISSIPATIVE FORCES
- non conservative forces
- cannot be represented in terms of potential energy function
- Example: friction
POWER