2021 acFac 2 L 139 Y

Doi:

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* B + *

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‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ‬
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h‫ﺍﻟﺨﺮﻳﺠﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ‬
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‫ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎﺕ‬
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‫ﻃﻠﺒﺔ‬ty G JGQ9‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬AGQtV ?g|9:‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻛﺘﺴﺎﺏ‬
A
‫ﺷﻘﺮﺍﺀ ﻟﻤﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺟﻬﺔ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ‬
F %C

U QOAyG ?8 A9]‫ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺲ‬
* fC Qd‫ﻫﻴﺌﺔ‬
+$ !

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻳﺔ‬ :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬

jQ}WyG O*OI f9}zS .O
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ‬ ‫ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‬- ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻳﺖ‬ :‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺮ‬
AGQtV ?g|9F - ?+<QAyG ?+zv
‫ ﺳﻠﻤﺎﻥ ﺣﺪﻳﺪ‬،‫ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﻱ‬ :‫ﺍﻟﻤؤﻟﻒ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ‬
?*O(gTyG ?+<QgyG ?wz}CG

139‫ ﻉ‬,35‫ﻣﺞ‬ :‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ‬/‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ‬

[Mz}yG ‫ﻧﻌﻢ‬ :‫ﻣﺤﻜﻤﺔ‬

B9c]9cQ_G [ZMA ?=_a >9TAtG ?GQO Hf qWt_G yE 2021 ?TGQO_G gPJ:‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩﻱ‬

BpOJ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ‬
?8cJ A9]fC QdF ?KGa Hl HcQWg_Ga jO9J_G HQr_G BGQ9K* AGQrW ?gl9G v {GcQM_G
‫ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ‬ :‫ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺮ‬
,B;tW*G cJa Or9F_G |tpA_G BGQ9Kl :B:9Gl ?TlM zf ?TGQO_G BQZArGa ,UcQOA_G
,?cFK*Ga ?cA9cJ_G BGQ9K*Ga ,YGO=DGa Q9tA=:G BGQ9Kla213
,uQ-9W254
A_Ga c9ZA:G BGQ9K:‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺎﺕ‬
la
IQ9=f 35 Bl] ?F9=ATG mGOMATG mA ?TGQO_G qOJ scrJA_a .?cGa_aFtA_G BGQ9K*Ga
1162316 :MD ‫ﺭﻗﻢ‬
HatAa .xc_JA_G dpZa_G HKF*G ?TGQO_G Bg=AG .?TlM_G ?TGQO_G B:9Gl zf ?fRal
{ZZMA*G ?=_a_G HaTQOc HcP_G UcQOA_G ?8cJ‫ﻭﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ‬ A9]fC h‫ﺑﺤﻮﺙ‬
clG Hl ?TGQO_G :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮﻯ‬
hlAGl ‫ﻧﻮﻉ‬
?TGQO_G ?Fcf 9lC ,{TFG_G Hl UcQOA ?8cJ a]f 50 mJOOfa ,?gl9G_G v B9c]9cQ_9=
.UcQOA ?8cJ a]f 41 mJOOfa ,?TGQO_G hlAGlArabic Hl >9GATG Hl= B_DlAp :‫ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‬
EduSearch :‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ‬
?TlM_G ?TGQO_G B:9G* ?l9g_G ?c=9TJ_G B9aTaA*G HC yE ?TGQO_G H89AF BZ_Ma
|jA* iR‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺩﻱ‬
،‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ‬ gA ?c89Z JE ?_:
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ‬ O BGP s،‫ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻣﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬ aQp OaGa y،‫ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺎﺕ‬
E BZ_M 9lt‫ﻃﻠﺒﺔ‬
,bTaAl iaATl= BA:‫ﻣﻮﺍﺿﻴﻊ‬C
o k
j|jA* iRgA ?c89ZJE ?_:O BGP 9raQp H89AF_G QKdA ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺳﻮﻕ‬
m_ {J v , E9 FDG K _9Z_ a UFG _G
Hl OOg= EJ9=_G bZaC ?TGQO_G H89AF Aa] va .?lOM_G BGaFTa ,?clcO9tFG ?=AQ_G
hrGa=http://search.mandumah.com/Record/1162316
?cTGQO_G BGQQr*G b=Qa ,?DcOJ_G UcQOA_G B9cGcAG~TG mGOMAT9t B9cZaA_G :‫ﺭﺍﺑﻂ‬
.dA9cJ_Ga xlg_G ?=_a_G
.UcQOA_G ?8cJ A9]fC ,B9c]9cQ_G [ZMA ?=_a ,HcQWg_Ga jO9J_G HQr_G BGQ9Kl :?cJ9Ap*G B9l_t_G

?lOrl_G

B9cOJA :E dJ9l Q]9J_G 9FQZf 9JOKWc d.‫ﻣﺤﻔﻮﻇﺔ‬ A_G ?rJ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ‬

;A*G ‫ﺟﻤﻴﻊ‬
BG|.‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ‬
jA_G HE ‫ ﺩﺍﺭ‬2022 ©
‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ‬.‫ ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ ﻣﺤﻔﻮﻇﺔ‬،‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ ﻣﻊ ﺃﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‬
‫)ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻊ‬ aGal ‫ﺃﻱ‬O9G
{F‫ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺮ‬cD u_P‫ﺃﻭ‬a‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‬ ,9KA=t‫ﺃﻭ‬Ga‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺦ‬
* B9‫ﻭﻳﻤﻨﻊ‬
f9ar،‫ﻓﻘﻂ‬
_G h‫ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ‬
clG Hl‫ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬
OaKG_G ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬
Qp9] A ‫ﻃﺒﺎﻋﺔ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ >GaA‫ﺃﻭ‬T‫ﺗﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
A
.‫ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻲ( ﺩﻭﻥ ﺗﺼﺮﻳﺢ ﺧﻄﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ‬

213 35 OvzvGv}vyG
2021 acFac 2 L 139 Y

Doi:

G Q G J9 \9 QyG [ZM@ ?=z_ H9TAvG ?FQO

Q #+ * B + *

? Fh | QWgyGh jO9 G fQtyG JGQ9 AGQtV ?g|9F

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U QOAyG ?8 A9]fC Qd * +$ !

Q}WyG O*OI f9}zS .O

j
AGQtV ?g|9F - ?+<QAyG ?+zv

?*O(gTyG ?+<QgyG ?wz}CG

[Mz}yG
B9c]9cQ_G [ZMA ?=_a >9TAtG ?GQO Hf qWt_G yE ?TGQO_G gPJ BpOJ
?8cJ A9]fC QdF ?KGa Hl HcQWg_Ga jO9J_G HQr_G BGQ9K* AGQrW ?gl9G v {GcQM_G
,B;tW*G cJa Or9F_G |tpA_G BGQ9Kl :B:9Gl ?TlM zf ?TGQO_G BQZArGa ,UcQOA_G
,?cFK*Ga ?cA9cJ_G BGQ9K*Ga ,YGO=DGa Q9tA=:G BGQ9Kla ,uQ9WA_Ga c9ZA:G BGQ9Kla
IQ9=f 35 Bl] ?F9=ATG mGOMATG mA ?TGQO_G qOJ scrJA_a .?cGa_aFtA_G BGQ9K*Ga
HatAa .xc_JA_G dpZa_G HKF*G ?TGQO_G Bg=AG .?TlM_G ?TGQO_G B:9Gl zf ?fRal
{ZZMA*G ?=_a_G HaTQOc HcP_G UcQOA_G ?8cJ A9]fC hclG Hl ?TGQO_G hlAGl
?TGQO_G ?Fcf 9lC ,{TFG_G Hl UcQOA ?8cJ a]f 50 mJOOfa ,?gl9G_G v B9c]9cQ_9=
.UcQOA ?8cJ a]f 41 mJOOfa ,?TGQO_G hlAGl Hl >9GATG Hl= B_DlAp
?TlM_G ?TGQO_G B:9G* ?l9g_G ?c=9TJ_G B9aTaA*G HC yE ?TGQO_G H89AF BZ_Ma
|jA* iRgA ?c89ZJE ?_:O BGP saQp OaGa yE BZ_M 9lt ,bTaAl iaATl= BAC
o k
j|jA* iRgA ?c89ZJE ?_:O BGP 9raQp H89AF_G QKdA m_ {J v ,E9FDG K_9Z_a UFG_G
Hl OOg= EJ9=_G bZaC ?TGQO_G H89AF Aa] va .?lOM_G BGaFTa ,?clcO9tFG ?=AQ_G
hrGa= ?cTGQO_G BGQQr*G b=Qa ,?DcOJ_G UcQOA_G B9cGcAG~TG mGOMAT9t B9cZaA_G
.dA9cJ_Ga xlg_G ?=_a_G
.UcQOA_G ?8cJ A9]fC ,B9c]9cQ_G [ZMA ?=_a ,HcQWg_Ga jO9J_G HQr_G BGQ9Kl :?cJ9Ap*G B9l_t_G

?lOrl_G

B9cOJA :E dJ9l Q]9J_G 9FQZf 9JOKWc dA_G ?rJ;A*G BG|jA_G HE

{FaGal O9GcD u_Pa ,9KA=tGa* B9f9ar_G hclG Hl OaKG_G Qp9]A >GaATA

213 35 OvzvGv}vyG
jQlW_G H9l_T .O

.9Kc_f >_jA_Ga B;tW*G ?KGGal Hl mKFtlA BGQ9Kl Hat_Alc ,hlAG*G v Hc_f9p

k
H9t ?lGOAT*G ?clFA_G scrJAa c=rAT*G A9F= v Uc8Q QaO Hl mc_gA__ 9* GQdFa
k
spGaAc 9l= ?clc_gA_G 9KA9T9cTa 9KpGOJC EcOJA ?clc_gA_G ?ldFFG zf 9lGR_
OcOJA hcaATc m_gAl O9GcD 9JQaO= m9cr_G cGC Hl u_Pa ,QZg_G B9=_aAla
mcarA_G zf QO9ra ,\pGOJC scrJA_ ?ltJl ?aM spa |Tca ,?clc_gA_G \A9G9cAJG
HQr_G v cf9pA_Ga Xcg_G \_ KcAA ?crc=aAa ?cQtp BGQ9Kl Hl HtlAla ,?cfa]al=
Hl ) Talat & Chaudhry, 2014: 102( gQtP 9l hl u_P spAca .HcQWg_Ga jO9J_G
HcQWg_Ga jO9J_G HQr_G B9=_aAl hl bW9lAc 9l= ?clc_gA_G B9T9cT_G EcOJA HC
k
B9gl9G_G HE EcJa .9cOJA QDtCa c]pC dlc_gA m9dF yE jOCc ?cf9lAG:G ?clFA_Ga
B9cOJA ?KGGal zf QO9r_G KG9F_G H9TFDG OGOfE v hlAG*G BGaOC mJC Hl OgA
Hl mKFctlAa {l_gA*G OcaRA v B9gl9G_G QaO R}c GP_ ,9Kc_f >_jA_Ga QZg_G
zf mAJc GPJa ,mKglAGl v Hc_f9p A9]fC GaFatc HC yE mK= brQA dA_G BGQ9K*G
,IOcOG_G ?pQg*G L9AF@t IOOgAl BGQ9Kl 9JaGcQM u_Alc HC zf clg_G B9gl9G_G
zf {GcQM_G Of9TA dA_G BGQ9K*G Hl 9J|ia ,Or9F_G |tpA_Ga ,YGO=DGa ,c9ZA:Ga
.clg_G saT B9=_aAl= A9pa_Ga m_gA_G QGQlATG

BGQ9Kl ?clFA v [9M h=9a= bdJA dA_G ma_g_G Hl B9c]9cQ_G OgAa

9lf ?p_AM*Ga ,HcQWg_Ga jO9J_G HQr_G v ?fQ9TA*G BGQaaA_G ?=tGa* {l_gA*G
HC y E ) Raphael & Youssef, 2001: 44( Q9WC Orp ;d]9*G HQr_G v \c_f BF9t
9JGaAJl A9F= OFf bfGQc HC O=: HcQWg_Ga jO9J_G HQr_G v B9c]9cQ_G HJ9Fl
ca_J O9GcE zf ?=_a_G >cQOAa ,?=_a_G I9cJ=a hlAG*G B;tWl= s_gAA B9rc=aA
Bra_G v ?=89Z_G BGQGQr_G P9MAG zf ?=_a_G BGQOr ?clFAa ,?cA9cJ_G B;tW*G ^g=_
?=_a_G iO_ |tpA_G Hl ?p_AMl b9lFC ?clFA_ ?lR;_G ?aWFFG LGQOEa ,>T9F*G
?J_l ?G9J_G BJ=ZC u_P_ ,9J|ia xl.A_G |tpA_Ga xcMA_G |tpA_Ga Or9F_G |tpA_9t
,HvcQvWvgv_Ga jO9vJv_G HQvrv_G BGQ9vKvl bvlvTvl BvJvA BGQ9vK*G Hvl ?vfavlvGvl H9vrvAD
BGQ9Kl m8Gar OcOJA_ B:a9J*G Hl OcOg_9= QMRc gOGF ja=~_G >OFG yE YaGQ_9=a
miQ_9=a ,IOOJl ?l89r zf s9pAG OaGa mOf qWtc 9ll ,HcQWg_Ga jO9J_G HQr_G

35 OvzvGv}vyG 214
2021 acFac 2 L 139 Y

I9cJ {l.A= ?_cpt_G ?cQaQ]_G BGQ9K*G zf clAWA B:a9J*G u_A hclGp u_P Hl
.HcQWg_Ga jO9J_G HQr_G v {l_gAl__ ?JG9F

iOl jC yE K]aA dA_G B9F9c=_G zf caZJ_G EJ9=_G ca9J 9FJ Hla

HcQWg_Ga jO9J_G HQr_G BGQ9Kl ?clFA v AGQrW ?gl9G= B9c]9cQ_G ?TGQO mKTA
.^Qj_G GPK_ EJ9=_G 9JOfC IGOC c;M Hl ,?=_a_G iO_

?TGQO_G ?_tWl

jO9J_G HQr_G BGQ9K* ?=_a_G u;AlG ?clJF EJ9=_G uGQOE Hl 9r;aFG

mKglAGl ?lOM Hl ?=_a_G HtlA 9JQaO= dA_G ,clg_G saT_ ?lR;_G HcQWg_Ga
?_Z_G BGP B9TGQO_G ^g= H89AF zf EJ9=_G Y;aG c;M Hla ,>a_a*G ctW_9=
Hl 9J|ia ,)2018 ,m_caTa YQW_G( ?TGQOt ,HcQWg_Ga jO9J_G HQr_G BGQ9Kl=
B9TGQO_Ga ?c_lg_G BG}M_G Hl IO9pAT:G zf ?=_a_G IQOr= BlAJG dA_G B9TGQO_G
qg] OaGa Hl \c_E B=JP 9la ,HcQWg_Ga jO9J_G HQr_G BGQ9K* ?cQdF_G
BlAJG dA_G B9TGQO_G IQOF_a .BGQ9K*G u_A ^g=_ ?=_a_G u;AlG v eaJ_l
?KGa Hl HcQWg_Ga jO9J_G HQr_G BGQ9K* ?=_a_G >9TAtG ?GQO Hf qWt_9=
v B9c]9cQ_G v {ZZMA*G ?=_a_G HaTQOc HcP_G UcQOA_G ?8cJ A9]fC QdF
?KGa Hf qWt__ ?c_9J_G ?TGQO_G dA.A ,EJ9=_G m_f >TJ - ?c=Qg_G ?raF*G
B9c]9cQ_G [ZMA ?=_a >9TAtG ?GQO caJ UcQOA_G ?8cJ A9]fC QdF
.HcQWg_Ga jO9J_G HQr_G BGQ9K* AGQrW ?gl9G v {GcQM_G

?TGQO_G ?_8TC

:w9A_G Uc8Q_G cGCT_G Hf ?=9G<_ ?c_9J_G ?TGQO_G bgTA

BGQ9K* AGQrW ?gl9G v {GcQM_G B9c]9cQ_G [ZMA ?=_a >9TAtG ?GQO 9l

GPJ Hl YQpAca ?UcQOA_G ?8cJ A9]fC QdF ?KGa Hl HcQWg_Ga jO9J_G HQr_G
:w9A_9t ?cfQp ?_8TC cGCT_G

215 35 OvzvGv}vyG
jQlW_G H9l_T .O

AGQrW ?gl9G v {GcQM_G B9c]9cQ_G [ZMA ?=_a >9TAtG ?GQO 9l - 1

?UcQOA_G ?8cJ A9]fC QdF ?KGa Hl B;tW*G cJa Or9F_G |tpA_G BGQ9K*

AGQrW ?gl9G v {GcQM_G B9c]9cQ_G [ZMA ?=_a >9TAtG ?GQO 9l - 2

?UcQOA_G ?8cJ A9]fC QdF ?KGa Hl uQ9WA_Ga c9ZA:G BGQ9K*

AGQrW ?gl9G v {GcQM_G B9c]9cQ_G [ZMA ?=_a >9TAtG ?GQO 9l - 3

?UcQOA_G ?8cJ A9]fC QdF ?KGa Hl YGO=DGa Q9tA=:G BGQ9K*

AGQrW ?gl9G v {GcQM_G B9c]9cQ_G [ZMA ?=_a >9TAtG ?GQO 9l - 4

?UcQOA_G ?8cJ A9]fC QdF ?KGa Hl ?cFK*Ga ?cA9cJ_G BGQ9Kl__

AGQrW ?gl9G v {GcQM_G B9c]9cQ_G [ZMA ?=_a >9TAtG ?GQO 9l - 5

?UcQOA_G ?8cJ A9]fC QdF ?KGa Hl ?cGa_aFtA_G BGQ9Kl__

>9TAtG ?GQO v  0:05 iaATl OFf ?c89ZJE ?_:O BGP saQp OGaA cJ - 6
jO9J_G HQr_G BGQ9K* AGQrW ?gl9G v {GcQM_G B9c]9cQ_G [ZMA ?=_a
?UFG_G |jA* iRgA UcQOA_G ?8cJ A9]fC QdF ?KGa Hl HcQWg_Ga

?GQO v  0:05 iaATl OFf ?c89ZJE ?_:O BGP saQp OGaA cJ - 7

BGQ9K* AGQrW ?gl9G v {GcQM_G B9c]9cQ_G [ZMA ?=_a >9TAtG
|jA* iRgA UcQOA_G ?8cJ A9]fC QdF ?KGa Hl HcQWg_Ga jO9J_G HQr_G
??clcO9tFG ?=AQ_G

?GQO v  0:05 iaATl OFf ?c89ZJE ?_:O BGP saQp OGaA cJ - 8

BGQ9K* AGQrW ?gl9G v {GcQM_G B9c]9cQ_G [ZMA ?=_a >9TAtG
|jA* iRgA UcQOA_G ?8cJ A9]fC QdF ?KGa Hl HcQWg_Ga jO9J_G HQr_G
??lOM_G BGaFT

?TGQO_G qGOJC

:yE ?TGQO_G BpOJ

?gl9G v {GcQM_G B9c]9cQ_G [ZMA ?=_a >9TAtG ?GQO Hf qWt_G - 1

.UcQOA_G ?8cJ A9]fC QdF ?KGa Hl HcQWg_Ga jO9J_G HQr_G BGQ9K* AGQrW

35 OvzvGv}vyG 216
2021 acFac 2 L 139 Y

[ZMA ?=_a >9TAtG ?GQO v ?c89ZJDG ?_:O_G BGP saQp_G ?pQgl - 2

HcQWg_Ga jO9J_G HQr_G BGQ9K* AGQrW ?gl9G v {GcQM_G B9c]9cQ_G

?=AQ_Ga ,UFG_G :BG|jA* 9g=A UcQOA_G ?8cJ A9]fC QdF ?KGa Hl

.I}M_Ga ,?clcO9tFG

?TGQO_G ?clJC

:dA6G v ?TGQO_G gPJ ?clJC HltA

[ZMA ?=_a >9TAtG ?GQO OtCA - EJ9=_G m_f OaOJ v - ?TGQO OaGa mOf -
.HcQWg_Ga jO9J_G HQr_G BGQ9K* B9c]9cQ_G

?8cJ A9]f.= jOCc 9ll ,QaZr_G >FGaG OcOJA ?TGQO_G H89AF KcAA Or -
iO_ HcQWg_Ga jO9J_G HQr_G BGQ9Kl ?clFA IQaQ] zf QDtC Rct~__ UcQOA_G
.?=_a_G

jO9J_G HQr_G BGQ9K* ?=_a_G >9TAtG ?GQO Hf ?TGQO= ?ca=~_G B9=At*G AGQDE -
.HcQWg_Ga

?TGQO_G OaOJ

,HcQWg_Ga jO9J_G HQr_G BGQ9K* ?=_a_G >9TAtG ?GQO :?cfa]al OaOJ -

k
,uQ9WA_Ga c9ZA:G BGQ9Kla ,B;tW*G cJa Or9F_G |tpA_G BGQ9Kl GOcOJAa
.?cGa_aFtA_G BGQ9K*Ga ,?cFK*Ga ?cA9cJ_G BGQ9K*Ga ,YGO=DGa Q9tA=:G BGQ9Kla

{GcQM_G ?=_a_G HaTQOc HcP_G UcQOA_G ?8cJ A9]fC :?cQW= OaOJ -

.B9c]9cQ_G v {ZZMA*G

.AGQrW ?gl9G :?cF9tl OaOJ -

.v v J 1440-1439 dgl9G_G m9g_G Hl caFG dTGQO_G cZp_G :?cF9lR OaOJ -

217 35 OvzvGv}vyG
jQlW_G H9l_T .O

?TGQO_G B9J_aZl

)95 :2018( mGRfa m9lAa dT9t cB 9KpQgc :HcQWg_Ga jO9J_G HQr_G BGQ9Kl -
,?cpQg*G |i BGQ9K*Ga ,?crc=aA_Ga ,?cA9cJ_G BGQ9K*G Hl ?falGl" 9KF.=
>;a__ dj=Fc dA_G ,HcQM6G hl cl9gA_G BGQ9Kla ,clg_G saT BGQ9Kla
BGQGQr_G P9MAGa clg_G saT v bGQMF:G Hl mKFtlc 9l= ,9KFl HtlA_Ga 9KApQgl
9KpQgc 9lt ."w9J_G QZg_G B9=_aAl hl spGaAc 9l= ?clac_G mKA9cJ v ?=T9F*G
,Q9tA=:Ga m_gA_G BGQ9Kl Hl ?cladFl ?_T_T" 9KF.= )10 2018 ( jOKl :
9Kt_Alc HC >Gc dA_G ,?clrQ_G 9cGa_aFtA_G BGQ9Kla ,?lf9F_G ?cA9cJ_G BGQ9K*Ga
:9c8GQGE EJ9=_G 9KpQgca ."?_l9tAl ?ctP m_gA ?8c= s_M Hl GaFtlAc dt_ ?=_a_G
,B;tW*G cJa Or9F_G |tpA_G :BGQ9Klt IOOgA*G BGQ9K*G Hl ?falGl 9KF.=
BGQ9K*Ga ,?cFK*Ga ?cA9cJ_G BGQ9K*Ga ,YGO=DGa Q9tA=:Ga ,uQ9WA_Ga c9ZA:Ga
v M9GF_G zf AGQrW ?gl9G v B9c]9cQ_G ?=_a Of9TA dA_G ?cGa_aFtA_G
.?c_lg_G mKA9cJ

o
aC OQp_G Q9tpC IO9cR" \F.= >9TAt:G )1929 :2008( Qlf qQ\gc :BGQ9K*G >9TAtG -
k
."?lcOr_G \A9=9GATG b9lFC |cjAa ,?=9GAT;_ IOcOG 9a9lFC \l_gA aC ,\A9la_gl
k o
m_gA_G aJa ,?cta_T_G B9c_lg__ yaFG ?_JQ*G" \F.= 9ca=QA >9TAt:G qQVgca
.)15 :2015 ,jQJRFGa d89K=( "BG}M_G aC BGQ9K*G aC B9la_gl__ d8O=*G
o
?c_lf 9KF.= :9c8GQGE HcQWg_Ga jO9J_G HQr_G BGQ9Kl >9TAtG EJ9=_G qQ\gca
OOJAa ,I9cJ_G v M9GF_G zf mJOf9TA BGQ9K* ?=_a_G u;AlG yE jOCA ?ldFl
?=9GATG c;M Hl B9c]9cQ_G [ZMA ?=_a 9Kc_f cZJ dA_G ?GQO_9= 9c8GQGE
.^Qj_G GPK_ ?ZZM*G ?F9=AT:G zf ?TGQO_G ?Fcf OGQpC

,B9c]9cQ_G v {ZZMA*G >;a_G hclG :{GcQM_G B9c]9cQ_G [ZMA ?=_a -

v Hl9D_Ga h=9T_G {caAT*9= ,B9c]9cQ_G v B9ZZMA*G B9=_9a_G u_Pta
.v v J 1440/1439 dgl9G_G m9g_G Hl caFG cZp__ AGQrW ?gl9G

35 OvzvGv}vyG 218
2021 acFac 2 L 139 Y

aC ,uQ9Wl P9ATC aC ,Of9Tl P9ATC ?pcda Ha_jWc HcP_G :UcQOA_G ?8cJ A9]fC -
k k
.9D9FEa GQatP AGQrW ?gl9G= B9c]9cQ_G [ZMA v ,P9ATC

jQdF_G Q9aDG

HcQWg_Ga jO9J_G HQr_G BGQ9Kl *

?=9At_Ga IAGQr_G zf IQZAr*G d]9*G HQr_G v ?cT9TFG BGQ9K*G OgA m_

?cO9ZAr:G [Qp_G HC u_P ,HcQWg_Ga jO9J_G HQr_G v M9GF__ ?cp9t >9TJ_Ga
k
?clcO9tC B9=_aAl >GaATA HQr_G GPJ v M9GF_G B9=_aAl yE ?p9]E ?c*9g_G
UFac qQf Ora ,[9ZAM;_ sclg_G mKp_Ga Hal]*G H9rAE cGC Hl ?gpAQl
9KG9AJc dA_G BGQ9K*G" 9KF.= HcQWg_Ga jO9J_G HQr_G BGQ9Kl )74 :2016(
."HcQWg_Ga jO9J_G HQr_G v clg_Ga I9cJ_G v M9GF__ >;a_G

m_ dA_G qGOJFG Hl OcOg_G R9GFE ?cF9tlE Haca=~_G HaZZMA*G iQca

ctW= HcQWg_Ga jO9J_G HQr_G BGQ9Kl cl9tA scQa Hf s=9T_G v 9JR9GFE mAc
k
?c_lg_G v ?=_a_G bGQMFG Hl]c GQ9aE QpaA 9KFC u_P ,mc_gA_G HJ9Fl v OaZrl
3
zf IQOr_G ?=_a_G u_Alc HC zf clg_G dj=Fc u_P_ ,) :2014( d=_W ?clc_gA_G
,HcQM6G hl c9gq p aJF zf cf9pA_Ga ,9K_caJAa B9la_g*G cc_JAa ,Q9tA=:G
A9cWF9= m9cr_G ?cpct caJ ?cFrA ?pQgl OQGl mKt;Al9= A9pAt:G brp Uc_a
k o
?ldFF 9J9Apl HcQWg_Ga jO9J_G HQr_G BGQ9Kl OgAa ,) Beers, 2014: 2019
(
?Tp9F*G zf IQOr QDtC >;a_G cgGc 9JRcRgAa ,m_9g_G A9JFC hclG v mc_gA_G
?falGl H9rAE IQaQ] ?=_a_G zf mAJc GPJa ,) Talat & Chaudhry, 2014: 89(
|tpA_G BGQ9Klt ,HcQWg_Ga jO9J_G HQr_G BGQ9Kl blTl BJA BGQ9K*G Hl
q
Hl ?=_a_G HtlA dA_G BGQ9K*G Hl 9J|ia ,B;tW*G cJa Ha9gA_Ga cZGaA_Ga
BGP v mKFtlAa ,?DcOJ_G 9cGa_aFtA_G 9JQpaA dA_G IOcOG_G B9cK_l__ jOZA_G
B9cGa_acOcFGa H9cOFGa B9p9rD_G q_AMl Hl OGQpC hl clg_Ga m_gA_G Hl Bra_G

219 35 OvzvGv}vyG
jQlW_G H9l_T .O

?vc*9vgv_G 9vc9v]vrv_G mvKvpa ,cO9v=vA*G mG~vJ:G 9vJOavTvc ?v8vcv= v I9vcvJv_G b9vlvFCa

.9Kcp ?tQ9W*Ga ,?faFA*G m_gA_G B9glAGla

o
HJ9F*G v 9KpcdaAa HcQWg_Ga jO9J_G HQr_G BGQ9Kl= m9lAJ:G Ogca
k k k
{= 9Z9M 9l9lAJG B_9F dA_G B9J9GA:G Hl ,B9c]9cQ_G HJ9Fl GOcOJAa ,?p_AM*G
k
s9cT_G GPJ va ,mc_gA_G qGOJC scrJA v d=9GcE QaO Hl 9K_ 9* GQdF ,{ca=~_G
m
(Pacific Policy Research Center, jO9K_G bcJ*G ?T9cT E9J=C RtQl OQaC
HcQWg_Ga jO9J_G HQr_G BGQ9Kl mccrA LGQOD jO9Fc Hl u9FJ HC 2010: 14)
OGOf@= m9lAJ:Ga ,B9c]9cQ_G v ?=_a__ dlcO9tFG mccrA_G Hl CRGAc : ARGt
.BGQ9K*G u_A_ ?=_a_G scrJA caJ B9la_g* ?Fl]A*G QcQ9rA_G

HcQWg_Ga jO9J_G HQr_G BGQ9Kl QaC *

caJ EJ9=_G 9Kc_f h_aG dA_G ?faFA*G ?clcJ9p*G QaFG Hl OOf u9FJ
}AM*G 9KFla ,?p_AMl B9KG Hl 9JOGOfE mAa ,HcQWg_Ga jO9J_G HQr_G BGQ9Kl
HQr_G BGQ9Kl cGC Hl ?tGQW_G ?TTCla ,jRtQ*G w9lW_G mc_r<_ ja=~_G
?c_aO_G ?cglG_Ga ,B9gl9G_Ga B9c_t__ ?ctcQlFG ?cglG_Ga ,HcQWg_Ga jO9J_G
:w9A_9t dJa ,mc_gA_G v 9cGa_aFtA__
k
w9lW_G mc_r<_ ja=~_G }AMl__ HcQWg_Ga jO9J_G HQr_G BGQ9Kl Q9aE -:aC
HcQWg_Ga jO9J_G HQr_G BGQ9Kl mcTrA Q9aDG GPJ spa mAa ,) NCREL( jRtQ*G
BGQ9Kla ,dfGO=DG |tpA_G BGQ9Kla ,?clrQ_G BGQ9K*G :dJ ?Tc8Q B9falGl h=QC yE
NCREL, 2003: 12( ?c_9g_G ?cG9AFDG BGQ9Kla ,c9gp_G c9ZA:G
.)
k
v m_gA_G cGC Hl ?tGQW_G ?TTC* HcQWg_Ga jO9J_G HQr_G BGQ9Kl Q9aE -9cF9D
spa mA Ora ) Partnership For 21st Century Skills( HcQWg_Ga jO9J_G HQr_G
:dJ ?Tc8Q B:9Gl ?D;D yE HcQWg_Ga jO9J_G HQr_G BGQ9Kl mcTrA Q9aDG GPJ
I9cJ_G BGQ9Kla ,?cFrA_Ga m;fDGa B9la_g*G BGQ9Kla ,YGO=DGa m_gA_G BGQ9Kl
.)48 :2013 ,cO9pa HF_QA( ?FK*Ga

35 OvzvGv}vyG 220
2021 acFac 2 L 139 Y

k
B9c_vtv_v_ ?vcvtvcQvlFG ?vcvgvlvGv_v_ HvcQvWvgv_Ga jO9vJv_G HQvrv_G BGQ9vKvl Q9vaE -9vDv_9vD
jO9vJv_G HQvrv_G BGQ9vKvl mvcvTvrvA Q9vaDG GPvJ svpa mvAa ;) AACU( B9vgvl9vGv_Ga
9lt ;HcQWg_Ga jO9J_G HQr_G HcQM B9pZGa* m_gA HAGaF IQaZ v HcQWg_Ga
?c_lf BGQ9Kla ,drcRcp_Ga dgc=a_G m_9g_G Hfa ?cQW=_G B9p9rD_G Hf ?pQg*G :xc
.)32 :2015 ,{JGaW( xl9tA_G m_gA_Ga ,?cZMW_Ga ?cf9lAG:G ?c_aCT*Ga ,?c_rfa

k
v 9cGa_aFtA__ ?c_aO_G ?cglG__ HcQWg_Ga jO9J_G HQr_G BGQ9Kl Q9aE -9g=GQ
9lt ?cTGQO_G HJ9F*G v 9KFcl]A dj=Fc BGQ9Kl BT BOQaC a :) ISTE( mc_gA_G
,Ha9vgvAv_Ga cvZGavAv_9v= sv_vgvAvA BGQ9vKvla ,Q9vtvAv=:Ga YGOv=D9v= sv_vgvAvA BGQ9vKvl :xvc
cJa Or9F_G |tpA_9= s_gAA BGQ9Kla ,B9la_g*G ?r;aa EaJ=_9= s_gAA BGQ9Kla
s_gAA BGQ9Kla ,?clrQ_G ?FaGa*9= s_gAA BGQ9Kla ,BGQGQr_G P9MAGa B;tW*G
.)ISTE, 2013: 1( ?cGa_aFtA_G mcJ9p*9=

jO9J_G HQr_G BGQ9K* IOOJl ?l89r zf s9pAG OaGa mOf Hl miQ_9=a

HcQWg_Ga jO9J_G HQr_G BGQ9K* m8Gar BQtP B9c=OFG ^g= HC :E ,HcQWg_Ga
k
9KFla ,?r=9T_G QaFG Hf 9c=TF q_AMl aJ 9l 9KFl ,ccZpA_G Hl AdW= 9KA_a9FAa
,)2014 ,d=_W( ?TGQOa ) Saavedra, 2012( ?TGQOt ,xt ctW= QaFG OJC OlAfG 9l
,)2017 ,OlJl( ?TGQOa ,)2016 ,UFac( ?TGQOa )2016 ,jOl9j_Ga mcRM_G( ?TGQOa
v OQa 9lt K]Ac GPK=a .)2018 ,QaZF*G( ?TGQOa ,)2017 ,jacag_G( ?TGQOa
Hl OcOg_G OaGa ) QCAA, 2015: 4( mccrA_Ga HJ9Fl__ OF: RFcat ?8cJ ?rcDa
BGQ9K*G clWA 9KgclG HC :E ,HcQWg_Ga jO9J_G HQr_G BGQ9Kl OcOJA_ s8GQa_G
o
zf >;a_G IOf9T* ?clJC QDtFG 9KFC OrAgc dA_G ?c_9g_G ?ca_aFG BGP B9lT_Ga
.HcQWg_Ga jO9J_G HQr_G v M9GF= Xcg_G

Or9F_G |tpA_G BGQ9Kl :B:9Gl ?TlM OcOJA EJ9=_G Y9aATG s=T 9lla
,YGOv=DGa Q9vtvAv=:G BGQ9vKvla ,uQ9vWvAv_Ga c9vZvA:G BGQ9vKvla ,B;vtvW*G cvJa
?TGQO_G v 9KFl s;aF:G Htlc ?cGa_aFtA_G BGQ9K*Ga ,?cFK*Ga ?cA9cJ_G BGQ9K*Ga

221 35 OvzvGv}vyG
jQlW_G H9l_T .O

gPJ BJA ?GQOF*G ?cfQp_G BGQ9K*G ^g=_ RGal ^Qf xc 9lcpa ,?c_9J_G
:?TlM_G B:9G*G

ja=~_G >OFG zf Y;a:G c;M Hl :B;tW*G cJa Or9F_G |tpA_G BGQ9Kl - 1

>9TAtG ?cF9tlE EJ9=__ K]Ac HcQWg_Ga jO9J_G HQr_G BGQ9Kl= cZA*G
mGOMATG :9KFla ,I|Dt ?cfQp BGQ9Kl H9rAE scQa Hf BGQ9K*G gPK_ ?=_a_G
c8GO=_G mccrAa cc_JAa ,dlc_gA_G qra*G >T9Fc 9l= \fGaF.= b9=FAT:G
,B9G9AFAT:G Q9=AMGa B9la_g*G |TpAa ,?p_AM*G QdF_G B9KGaa ?J9A*G
.ca_J_G ?Wr9Fla ?_8TFG MQaa ,IQtA=l sQa= B;tW*G cc_JAa

cZA*G ja=~_G >OFG zf Y;a:G c;M Hl :uQ9WA_Ga c9ZA:G BGQ9Kl - 2

?=_a_G >9TAtG ?cF9tlE EJ9=__ K]Ac HcQWg_Ga jO9J_G HQr_G BGQ9Kl=
A9jZDG :9KFla ,I|Dt ?cfQp BGQ9Kl H9rAE scQa Hf BGQ9K*G gPK_
,?t~W*G qGOJFG scrJA_ ?FaQ*Ga ,c9ZA:G c89Ta mGOMATGa ,?c_f9p=
.HcQMFG clfa AGQBa Q9tpC {lDAa ,dFa9gA_G clg_G v ?c_aCT*G clJAa

zf YGO=DGa Q9tA=:G yE QdFc {DJ9=_G Hl |Dt :YGO=DGa Q9tA=:G BGQ9Kl -3

OlAfG 9FJ EJ9=_G HC :E ,9lKFc= Rclc Hl u9FJ c=9r*G va ,H9pOG~l 9lKFC
l
L9AFE yE Oarc b9WF :E aJ 9l YGO=DG aC Q9tA=:G HC zf ,{Al_t_G qOGQA
m
ja=~_G >OFG zf Y;a:G c;M Hla .?_9ZFGa ?FaQ*Ga ?r;a_9= qZAc
>9TAtG ?cF9tlE EJ9=__ K]Ac HcQWg_Ga jO9J_G HQr_G BGQ9Kl= cZA*G
cc_JA :9KFla ,I|Dt ?cfQp BGQ9Kl H9rAE scQa Hf BGQ9K*G gPK_ ?=_a_G
Q9tpC QcaaAa ,?r=9T_G BG}M_G v cl.A_Ga ,9KlcarAa 9KJcrFAa Q9tpFG
\FC zf cWp__ QdF_Ga ,?faFA*G QdF_G B9KGa ca=ra ,9JPcpFAa IOcOG
.ccMA_Ga |tpA_G v ?FaQ*Ga ,B:C9TA_G IQ9DEa ,M9GF__ ?ZQp

cZA*G ja=~_G >OFG zf Y;a:G c;M Hl :?cFK*Ga ?cA9cJ_G BGQ9K*G - 4

?=_a_G >9TAtG ?cF9tlE EJ9=__ K]Ac HcQWg_Ga jO9J_G HQr_G BGQ9Kl=
,qctA_G :9KFla ,I|Dt ?cfQp BGQ9Kl H9rAE scQa Hf BGQ9K*G gPK_

35 OvzvGv}vyG 222
2021 acFac 2 L 139 Y

IQGOEa ,QlATl ctW= m_gA_Ga ,dAGP_G \cGaA_Ga ,?gGGQ_G ?cPjA_G Q9lDATGa

b9rF Q9lDATGa ,B9ca_aFG OcOJAa ,H89AF_G ?c_aCTl clJAa ,?c_f9p= Bra_G
g9GA ?c_aCTl= qQZA_Ga ,?t~W*G qGOJFG scrJA_ HcQM6G v Iar_G
.hlAG*G B9l9lAJG

cvZvA*G jav=~v_G >OFG zvf Y;va:G c;vM Hvl :?vcvGav_avFvtvAv_G BGQ9vK*G - 5

?=_a_G >9TAtG ?cF9tlE EJ9=__ K]Ac HcQWg_Ga jO9J_G HQr_G BGQ9Kl=
?cFrA_G qcdaA :9KFla ,I|Dt ?cfQp BGQ9Kl H9rAE scQa Hf BGQ9K*G gPK_
,qO9J ctW= df9lAG:G cZGaA_G c89Ta mGOMATGa ,mcarA_Ga EJ=_G v
BGaOCa ?clrQ_G B9cFrA_G mGOMATGa ,?cFa~t_DG ^aQg_G mcOrAa OGOfEa
.9JQ9lDATGa B9la_g*G yE caZa__ BF~FDGa c9ZA:G

HcQWg_Ga jO9J_G HQr_G B9cOJA ?KGGal v B9c]9cQ_G QaO *

[9ZAM:G cJC 9Kr_aC dA_G B9pcQgA_G Hl |Dt_9= ja=~_G >OFG QMRc

zf BglGC B9pcQgA_G hclG HC :E AdW_G ^g= 9KFc9=A miQa ,B9c]9cQ_G zf
k k
,B9c]9cQ_G mcJ9pl Hf GQZAMl 9]GQgATG cDlc w9A_Ga ,B9c]9cQ_G ?clJC
:B9cOJA_G ?KGGal v 9JQaOa ,9KAclJCa

YGO=Ea s_M Hl jOcQGA m_f" :9KF.= B9c]9cQ_G )17 :1994( ?FcR a=C qQf
,draF*G H9J}_G mcdFAa |tpA_G b9lFCa ,s8GQa_Ga Q9tpF9= mAKA ,jQW=_G crg_G
Q9tpI_ >cAQAa sT9FAl Hp dJa ,?c]r aC ?c]Qp ?JZ c9lAJG ?=TF QQrAa
k
ccMA_G zf \AQOra d]9cQ_G YGO=DG Hf mFA ?c]9cQ GQ9tpC O_aA dJa ,9Kcp IOQGa_G
k k
,9=cQrA hclG_G OFf IOJa*G 9JRalQa 9J|=9gA= 9c*9f ?paQgl ?j_ dJa ,UOJ_Ga
k
?pQgl |i |=9gA= GAO= 9K_T_TAa 9KlcdFAa 9K_aZC 9K_ ?8c= v ?ldFl ?pQgl dJa
B9c]9cQ_G HE )4 :2014( \__G LQp c9ra ."mcl9gAa B9cQdF yE cZAa cl9tAA HC yE
B9lar*G Hl OgAa ,|tpA_G v blFa ,s8GQa_Ga ?pQg*G Hl cl9tAla crATl m9dF
>tGac_ 9KFl bFOC OJ= K_TAc HC OQp ct zfa ,?cgc=a_G ma_g_G q_AM* ?cT9TFG
:E dJ9l B9c]9cQ_G HC )17 :2007( ?F=9=fa ?FcR a=C q9]C 9lt ,m_9g_G mOrAa QaaA

223 35 OvzvGv}vyG
jQlW_G H9l_T .O

c;M Hl QaaAAa alFA ,m_9g_G mKp_ IGOCa ,b=GQAa cT_TA= Q9tpFG mcdFA_ ?rcQa
.hrGa_G mKp IO9cRa B;tW*G cJ_ ,?cO9*G hpGaO_Ga B9G9cAJ:Ga ,?cTJ_G BG}M_G
EJ9=_G OQp_G OGOf@= mAKc gOGF B9c]9cQ_G mc_gA Hl dT9TFG qOK_G cDlAF 9lOFfa
\glAGl QcaaA yE Kl9a_Ga ,dAGP cv tW= \v v l_gA ?v v v_ZGal zv v f QO9v v r_G ,YOv v v=*G
I9cJ_G v B9c]9cQ_G QaO HC yE QdFc ^g=_G cGR 9lp u_P hla ,) 29 :2006 ,9Fcl(
?cOc_rA IQdF gPJa ,{l_gA*G iO_ brp ?c=9TJ_G BGQ9K*G ?clFA zf QZArl
yE cclca ,draF*G A9F=_G zf OlAgc ?Z9M ?gc=a \_ m_f B9c]9cQ_9p ,IQZ9r
s8GQa_Ga Q9tpFG cT_TA= - \= mAKA 9l Hl] Hl - B9c]9cQ_G mAKAa .OcQGA_G
ARG B9c]9cQ_Ga :E ?clac_G I9cJ_G QJ9dl Hl QKdl a_Mc : Ora ,|tpA_G b9lFCa
m89fO Hl ?lKl ?l9fOa ,?c*9f ?j_ B9c]9cQ_G HC )27 :2017( HTJ QtP Orp ;\Fl
,mvKvTFGa ,B9vZvr9vF*Ga ,QavGFGa ,B9vT9vcvrv_9vt ?vcv]9vcQ cv8:O u9vFvKvp ,Qv]9vJv_G
,?clac_G \A9cJ v OQp_G 9KG9AJc dA_G ?c]9cQ_G B9F9c=_G Hl 9J|ia ,?pGQZ_Ga
v B9c]9cQ_G ?clJC Q9tFE hcaATc OJC :a .b]ap_Ga u9=AQ:G yE jOCcT 9K=9cia
l
zf H9TFDG Of9Tc |tpA_G v >l a_TCa ,QlATl QaaA va LQOAl ml _fp dKp ,I9cJ_G
B9c]9cQ_G ?clJC HC )6 :2014( \__G LQp QtP Ora ,?cA9cJ_G qrGa*Ga QJGad_G |TpA
:c:OvAvT:G sQva 9vJO9vlvAvfGa ,9vcvGav_avFvtvAv_G cvrvfa ,mav_vgv_G ?vjv_ :9vKvFavt Hvl hv=vFvA
zf 9K_lfa ,d]9cQ_G |tpA_Ga draF*G |tpA_9= 9Kl9lAJGa ,d8GQrAT:Ga dG9AFAT:G
v OcQGA_G Ogc EcJ ,OcQGA_Ga ,\TpF_ H9TFDG mG~JGa UpF_9= ?rD_G ?clFA
k
.jQW=_G crg_G drQ_ GQWCl B9c]9cQ_G

jO9vJv_G HQvrv_G B9vcOvJvA ?vKvGGavl v B9vcv]9vcQv_G QaO Kvcv]avA Hvtvlvca

jOJA ?KGGala ,?cGa_aFtA_G IQaD_G jOJA ?KGGal v 9JQaO c;M Hl HcQWg_Ga
B9vpv_9vJvAv_Ga B;vAvtvAv_G jOvJvA ?vKvGGavla ,c9vZvA:G 9vcvGav_avFvtvAa B9vlav_vg*G IQavD
IOcOG B:9Gl QaKd jOJA ?KGGala ,?*ag_G jOJA ?KGGala ,?v vcO9ZAr:G
jOJA ?KGGala ,YQ9TA*G df9lAG:G |jA_G jOJA ?KGGala ,mOv vrA__ ?v vlt9J
?c*9g_G B;tW*G ^g= IOJ IO9cR jOJA ?KGGala ,>9JQDGa qQaA_Ga qFg_G
.)35 :2001 ,qTac a cc89paQ(

35 OvzvGv}vyG 224
2021 acFac 2 L 139 Y

?r=9T_G B9TGQO_G

Hl EJ9=_G HtlA dA_G ?_Z_G BGP ?r=9T_G B9TGQO_G ^g=_ ^Qf xc 9lcp
.mOrFG yE EOJFG Hl ?=AQl ;HcQWg_Ga jO9J_G HQr_G BGQ9Kl B_a9FAa ,9Kc_f Y;a:G

{GcQM_G >9TAtG iOl qQgA yE BpOJ ?TGQO )2017( baag= BQGC

?cOagT_G ?c=Qg_G ?t_l*G v ?=ca ?gl9G= ?cFp_G ?c=~_G mTr v B9GcQM_Ga
c9ZA:G :BGQ9Kl zf ?TGQO_G BQZArGa ,HcQWg_Ga jO9J_G HQr_G BGQ9K*
?Fcf Bj_=a ,?clcO9tFGa ,|tpA_Ga ,?cAGP_G IQGODGa ,9cGa_aFtA_Ga ,cZGaA_Ga
k k
?F9=ATG ?TGQO_G BlOMATG .Hl9D_G iaAT*G ?=_a Hl ?=_9aa 9=_9a 71 ?TGQO_G
?GQO HC :9JRQ=C Hl ,H89AF ?falGl ?TGQO_G BQKdCa .IQ9=f 46 Hl ?Fatl
,|tpA_Ga ,?cAGP_G IQGODGa ,cZGaA_Ga c9ZA:G :BGQ9K* B9=_9a_Ga >;a_G >9TAtG
k k
9lt .9F9cJC ?GQO= 9cGa_aFtA_G BGQ9Kl BAC {J v ,9=_9i ?GQO= BAC ?clcO9tFGa
>;vav_G >9vTvAvtG iOvl v ?vcv89vZvJE ?v_:O BGP saQvp OavGa Hv89vAvFv_G BQvKvdC
.>;a_G K_9Z_a UFG_G |jA* iRgA HcQWg_Ga jO9J_G HQr_G BGQ9K* B9=_9a_Ga

HQr_G BGQ9Kl QpGaA ?GQO ?pQgl yE BpOJ ?TGQO )2017( mJ_l BQGCa
u;AlG ?GQOa 9c_g_G ?cT9TFG ?_JQl__ 9cGa_aFtA_G QQrl v HcQWg_Ga jO9J_G
dpZa_G HKF*G ?DJ9=_G BlOMATGa ,mJQdF ?KGa Hl BGQ9K*G u_A_ ?=_a_G
k
?=_a Hl ?=_9aa 9=_9a 328 ?TGQO_G ?Fcf Bj_=a .B9F9c=_G hlG_ ?F9=AT:G O9lAf9=
UQGO*G ?vp9vt Hvl ?vcv8GavWvgv_G ?vcvrv=vav_G ?vrvcQvav_9v= mvJQ9vcvAvMG mvA QvW9vgv_G qvZv_G
QDtC HC :9JRQ=C Hl ,H89AF ?falGl ?TGQO_G BQKdCa .mQt_aa ?dp9Jl= ?clatJ_G
?=TF_9= 9lC ,clg_Ga I9cJ_G BGQ9Kl BF9t 9cGa_aFtA_G QQrl v IQpGaA*G BGQ9K*G
BQKdC 9lt ,c9ZA:G c89Taa B9la_g*G 9cGa_aFtA c9Gl 9K_aC H9tp B:9Gl__
HQr_G BGQ9K* ?=_a_G u;AlG ?GQO v ?c89ZJE ?_:O BGP saQp OaGa ?TGQO_G
.QatP_G K_9Z_a UFG_G |jA* iRgA HcQWg_Ga jO9J_G

?GQO zf qQgA_G yE BpOJ ?TGQO )2016( jOl9j_Ga mcRM_G iQGC 9lt

qapZ__ B9c]9cQ_G >9At iaAJl v HcQWg_Ga jO9J_G HQr_G BGQ9Kl QpGaA

225 35 OvzvGv}vyG
jQlW_G H9l_T .O

hclG ?TGQO_G ?Fcf Bl]a ,?cOagT_G ?c=Qg_G ?t_l*G v ?c8GOA=:G ?_JQl__ 9c_g_G
12 9JOOf a 9c_g_G qapZ__ ?c8GOA=:G ?_JQ*G >;a zf IQQr*G B9c]9cQ_G >At
k
BGQ9Kl Aa] v 9JC9F= mA dA_G iaAJ*G cc_JA IGOC EJ9=_G mOMATG .9=9At
IOvJvA*G B9vc:av_9v= 9vKvAGQvWCvla HvcQvWvgv_Ga jO9vJv_G HQvrv_v_ ?vtGQvWv_G ?vTvTCvl
cJa Or9F_G |tpA_G :B:9Gl ?g=T zf BfRaA IQ9Kl 53 m]Aa ,?ctcQlFG
B9la_g*Ga B:9ZA:G ?p9rD ,YGO=DGa Q9tA=:G ,dAGP_G m_gA_Ga ?FK*G ,B;tW*G
?=TaJ_G ?p9rD ,IOOgA*G B9p9rD_G mKp ,IO9cr_Ga scQp v clg_Ga Ha9gA_G ,m;fDGa
HC :9JRQ=C Hl ,H89AF ?falGl ?TGQO_G BQKdCa .c9ZA:Ga B9la_g*G ?cFrAa
9c_g_G qapZ__ B9c]9cQ_G >9At iaAJl v HcQWg_Ga jO9J_G HQr_G BGQ9Kl
%
. 41 Bj_= QpGaA ?=TF=a ?aTaAl BF9t ?c8GOA=:G ?_JQl__

m_g*G 9KTQ9lc dA_G QGaOFG OcOJA yE BpOJ ?TGQO )2016( clGR iQGCa
OcOJAa ,U_=9F ?dp9Jl v HcQWg_Ga jO9J_G HQr_G B9=_aAl Aa] v dFcaT_p_G
dfGO=DGa jOrF_G |tpA_G :B:9Gl ?g=QC zf ?TGQO_G BQZArGa ,9K_cgpA c=T
B9v lav _v g*G 9v cv Gav _av Fv tv Aa cv ZGav Av _Ga ,dv pv Zv _G mv _v gv Av _G IQGOEa ,B;v tv W*G cv Ja
k
GQcOl 92 ?TGQO_G ?Fcf Bj_= .?=_a_G m_gA mcarAa mc_gA_G H9rAEa ,B:9ZA:Ga
k k k
.IQ9=f 60 Hl ?Fatl ?F9=ATG ?TGQO_G BlOMATG .?pQWla 9pQWl 39a ,IQcOla
QcOrA B9aTaA* ?c_t_G ?GQO_G HC :9JRQ=C Hl ,H89AF ?falGl ?TGQO_G BQKdCa
9KTQ9lc dA_G QGaOI_ {ca=~_G HcpQW*Ga UQGO*G jQcOl Hl ?TGQO_G ?Fcf OGQpC
9lt .?aTaAl BF9t HcQWg_Ga jO9J_G HQr_G B9=_aAl Aa] v dFcaT_p_G m_g*G
OGQpC B9GQO B9aTaAl v ?c89ZJE ?_:O BGP saQp OaGa mOf ?TGQO_G BQKdC
HQr_G B9=_aAl Aa] v dFcaT_p_G m_g*G 9KTQ9lc dA_G QGaOI_ ?TGQO_G ?Fcf
cJC*Ga ,[ZMA_Ga ,UFG_G BG|jA* 9rpa ;U_=9F ?dp9Jl v HcQWg_Ga jO9J_G
k
blT*G j|jA* 9rpa ?c89ZJE ?_:O BGP saQp u9FJ BF9t {J v ,dl_g_G
.?lOM_G BGaFT OOfa dpcda_G

{l]A iOl zf qQgA_G yE BpOJ ?TGQO )2016( dJ=T BQGC Ora

35 OvzvGv}vyG 226
2021 acFac 2 L 139 Y

v bTaA*G caFG qZ__ Qaa*G ma_g_G QQrl v HcQWg_Ga jO9J_G HQr_G BGQ9Kl
Or9F_G |tpA_G :B:9Gl ?g=T zf ?TGQO_G BQZArGa ,?cOagT_G ?c=Qg_G ?t_l*G
B9p9rD_G mKp ,IO9cr_Ga scQp v clg_Ga Ha9gA_G ,YGO=DGa Q9tA=:G ,?_tW*G cJa
B9la_g*G ?cFrAa ?=TaJ_G ?p9rD ,m;fDGa B9la_g*Ga B:9ZA:G ?p9rD ,IOOgA*G
dpZa_G HKF*G ?DJ9=_G BlOMATG Ora .BGP_G zf OlAg*G m_gA_Ga ?FK*G ,c9ZA:Ga
k
B_DlAa .GQWCl 52 zf B_lAWG dA_G ,iaAJ*G cc_JA ?F9=ATG O9lAf9= xc_JA_G
m9g_ Hc_Zp__ bTaA*G caFG qZ__ IQaa*G ma_g_G BGQQrl v ?TGQO_G ?Fcf
?_O9gl mGOMAT9= 9KrOZ Hl srJA_G mAa ,BGQQrl 6 9JOOfa ,1437 -1436
ma_g_G BGQQrl {l]A iaATl ^9pMFG ?TGQO_G H89AF BQKdCa .HaA_=l9J
%
?=TF Bj_= 9lt , 22.86 Bj_= ?=TF= HcQWg_Ga jO9J_G HQr_G BGQ9K* IQaa*G
. % QpZ ?cA9cJ_G BGQ9K*G ^g=_ BGQQr*G ca9FA
n
v \A9c9pta m_g*G QGaOC qQgA yE BpOJ ?TGQO )2013( acM BQGC 9lt
?c=~_G ?c_t v UcQOA_G ?8cJ A9]fC QdF ?KGa Hl HcQWg_Ga jO9J_G HQr_G
?TGQO_G BlOMATG .UcQOA ?8cJ a]f 49 ?TGQO_G ?Fcf Bj_=a ,sWlO ?gl9G=
k
?falGl ?TGQO_G BQKdCa .HcQWg_Ga jO9J_G HQr_G v m_g*G QGaOF ?F9=ATG
v A9G "Hl9]A_Ga IGa9T*G zf IQOr_G" hT9A_G QaO_G HC :9JRQ=C Hl ,H89AF
?_:O BGP saQp OaGa mOf BQKdC 9lt ,4.74 d=9TJ bTaAl= yaFG ?=AQ*G
q o
Hl QaO ct OFf ,?cl_g_G ?GQO_Ga ,I}M_Ga ,UFG_G BG|jAl yE iRgA ?c89ZJE
.QGaOFG

k
BGQ9Kl= C=FA_G ?_a9Jl yE BpOJ ?TGQO )2013( d=QJ_G iQGC G|MCa
?TGQO_G ?Fcf Bj_=a ,{l_g*G iO_ 9JQpGaA dj=Fc dA_G HcQWg_Ga jO9J_G HQr_G
k k
>rfCa ,j9p_O >a_TC EJ9=_G mOMATGa .^9cQ_G ?raFl v 9pQWla 9l_gl 323
Hl ,H89AF ?falGl ?TGQO_G BQKdCa .xc_JA_G dpZa_G HKF*G mGOMATG u_P
,yaFG ?=AQ*G v BAC mcarA_G ?ladFl BGQ9Kla 9c_g_G |tpA_G BGQ9Kl HC :9JRQ=C
Hl HcQWg_Ga jO9J_G HQr_G v m_gl__ 9K=9TtE hraA*G BGQ9K*G [Mc 9lcp GPJ

227 35 OvzvGv}vyG
jQlW_G H9l_T .O

O9ZAr:G mfO IQ9Kl BAC Orp HcpQW*G QdF ?KGa Hl 9lC .{l_g*G QdF ?KGa
v ?c89ZJE ?_:O BGP saQp OaGa mOf BQKdC 9lt .yaFG ?=AQ*G v vQg*G
QdF ?KGa Hl HcQWg_Ga jO9J_G HQr_G v {l_g*G iO_ 9JQpGaA hraA*G BGQ9K*G
k
v 9c89ZJE ?_GO saQp u9FJ BF9t {J v ,YaF_G EcJ Hl HcpQW*Ga {l_g*G
QdF ?KGa Hl HcQWg_Ga jO9J_G HQr_G v {l_g*G iO_ 9JQpGaA hraA*G BGQ9K*G
.I}M_G EcJ Hl B9pQW*Ga HcpQW*G

:?r=9T_G B9TGQO_G b_f >crgA_G

Hl 9KFlp ,HcQWg_Ga jO9J_G HQr_G BGQ9Kl caJ ?r=9T_G B9TGQO_G BFc9=A
>;a_G u;AlG ?GQO= mAJG Hl 9KFla ,dTGQO_G iaAJ*G v BGQ9K*G QpGaA= mAJG
U9cr= mAJG Hl u9FJa ,{l_g*G iO_ 9JQpGaA dj=Fc dA_G BGQ9K*9= iQMCa ,9K_
9l {= IaGp_G Hf qWt_G ?_a9Jl yE ^g=_G bJFa ,>;a_G YGO=G zf 9JQDC
jO9J_G HQr_G BGQ9Kl Aa] v clg_G saT B9G9cAJGa BGQ9Kl Hl >;a_G \t_lc
jO9J_G HQr_G BGQ9Kl= ?Z9M ?l89r O9lAfG yE 9KFl ct B=JP Ora ,HcQWg_Ga
m
9KFC :E ,B:9G*G O9lAfG EcJ Hl 9J|i Hf AdW_G ^g= q_AMA HcQWg_Ga
hl ?c_9J_G ?TGQO_G BK=9WAa ,9K_aJ QaOA dA_G ?]cQg_G baaM_G zf BrpAG
9KFC :E ,HcQWg_Ga jO9J_G HQr_G BGQ9Kl ?clJC QcOrA v ?r=9T_G B9TGQO_G
,?TGQO_G 9KA_a9FA dA_G B:9G*Ga BGQ9K*G ^g= dF=A v 9KA9r=9T Hf Bp_AMG
?GQO Hf qWt_9= BlAJG ?TGQO_G gPJ HE EcJ ;?TGQO_G hlAGl v u_Pta
HQr_G BGQ9K* AGQrW ?gl9G v {GcQM_G B9c]9cQ_G [ZMA ?=_a >9TAtG
.UcQOA_G ?8cJ A9]fC QdF ?KGa Hl HcQWg_Ga jO9J_G

BGAGQGDGa ?rcQa_G

?F9=ATG mGOMAT9= u_Pa ,xc_JA_G dpZa_G HKF*G ?TGQO_G Bg=AG :?TGQO_G HKFl
,9KA9=Da 9KrOZ Hl Ot.A_G Og= ?TGQO_G ?Fcf zf 9KgcRaAa ,9KlctJAa 9JC9F= mA
n
.9KG89AF [;MATGa 9K_c_JAa 9KjcQpA mn D Hla

35 OvzvGv}vyG 228
2021 acFac 2 L 139 Y

q
QatP UcQOA_G ?8cJ A9]fC hclG Hl ?TGQO_G hlAGl HatA :?TGQO_G hlAGl
?=_a ?cgl9G_G ?_JQ*G Hl ?g=GQ_G ?FT_G v {GcQM_G ?=_a_G HaTQq Oc HcP_G E9FEa
,AGQvrvW ?vgvl9vGv= B9vcv]9vcQv_G [vZvMvA v Hvl9vDv_G iavAvT*Ga hv=9vTv_G iavAvT*G
.UcQOA ?8cJ a]f 42 mJOOfa

,?TGQO_G hlAGl cl9t zf ?TGQO_9= ?Z9M_G IGOFG hcRaA mA :?TGQO_G ?Fcf

,UcQOA ?8cJ a]f 41 mJOOf k_9=_G {=cGAT*G OOf v ?TGQO_G ?Fcf B_DlAa
k
BG|jA* 9rpa ?TGQO_G ?Fcf hcRaA K]aA ?c_9A_G ,3 ,2 ,1 ?larQ*G caGOG_Ga
.?lOM_G BGaFTa ,?clcO9tFG ?=AQ_Ga ,UFG_G

1 mrQ caOG
k
UFG_G |jA* 9rpa ?TGQO_G ?Fcf hcRaA

?ca8*G ?=TF_G OOg_G UFG_G

% 85 35 Qv v v v v vtP

% 15 6 bDv v v vFC
%100 41 Yav v v vlG*G

,QatP_G Hl ?TGQO_G ?Fcf Hl %85 \A=TF 9l HC s=9T_G caOG_G Hl K]Ac

.E9FDG Hl %15 \A=TF 9la

2 mrQ caOG
k
?clcO9tFG ?=AQ_G |jA* 9rpa ?TGQO_G ?Fcf hcRaA

?ca8*G ?=TF_G OOg_G ?clcO9tFG ?=AQ_G

% 90 37 Of9Tl P9ATC

%10 4 uQ9Wl P9ATC

-- -- P9ATC

%100 41 Yav v v lG*G

?=AQ= ?TGQO_G ?Fcf Hl %90 \A=TF 9l HC s=9T_G caOG_G Hl K]Ac

229 35 OvzvGv}vyG
jQlW_G H9l_T .O

P9ATC ?=AQ_ ?=TF OGaA :a ,uQ9Wl P9ATC ?=AQ= %10 \A=TF 9la ,Of9Tl P9ATC
k
B9c]9cQ_G v {ZZMA*G UcQOA_G ?8cJ A9]fC Hl P9ATC ?=AQ OaGa mOg_ GQdF
.AGQrW ?gl9G=

3 mrQ caOG
k
?lOM_G BGaFT |jA* 9rpa ?TGQO_G ?Fcf hcRaA

?ca8*G ?=TF_G OOg_G I}M_G

%12 5 BGaFv vT 5 Hl crC

%42 17 BGaFv v T 10 - 5 Hl
%46 19 BGaFv v v T 10 Hl QDtC
%100 41 Yav v lG*G

OOf ?TGQO_G ?Fcf Hl%12 \A=TF 9l HC s=9T_G caOG_G Hl K]Ac

5 Hl mKAlOM BGaFT OOf %42 \A=TF 9la ,BGaFT 5 Hl crC mKAlOM BGaFT
BGaFT 10 Hl QDtC mKAlOM BGaFT OOf HcP_G ?=TF BF9t 9lt ,BGaFT 10 -
%
. 46

Q9aDG Hl IO9pAT:9= 9KlclZA mA ?F9=ATG O9lAf9= EJ9=_G m9r :?TGQO_G IGOC

:HcARG zf ?F9=AT:G B_lAWG a ,?K=9W*G ?r=9T_G B9TGQO_Ga jQdF_G

Of9Tl P9ATC ?clcO9tFG ?=AQ_Ga ,bDFC -QtP :UFG_G dJa :?c_aFG B9F9c=_G - 1
10 - 5 Hl ,BGaFT 5 Hl crC ?lOM_G BGaFTa ,P9ATC - uQ9Wl P9ATC -
.BGaFT 10 Hl QDtC ,BGaFT

dF9D_G ARG_G v dT9lM_G "BQtc_" U9crl EJ9=_G OlAfG :?TGQO_G B:9Gl - 2

?TlM zf ?fRal IQ9=f 35 zf ARG_G GPJ clAWG EcJ ;?F9=AT:G Hl
,BGQ9=f h=T zf clAWGa ,B;tW*G cJa Or9F_G |tpA_G BGQ9Kl :B:9Gl
Q9tA=:G BGQ9Kla ,BGQ9=f BT zf clAWGa ,uQ9WA_Ga c9ZA:G BGQ9Kla
clAWGa ,?cFK*Ga ?cA9cJ_G BGQ9K*Ga ,BGQ9=f dF9lD zf clAWGa ,YGO=DGa
Ora ,BGQ9=f h=T zf clAWGa ,?cGa_aFtA_G BGQ9K*Ga ,BGQ9=f h=T zf

35 OvzvGv}vyG 230
2021 acFac 2 L 139 Y

o
:dJ BGQcOrA ?TlM yE ?F9=AT:G BGQrp_ ?cpZa_G BGQcOrA_G m_T mT\r
k k
BcafCa ,GO=C spGal |i - spGal |i - Oc9Jl - spGal - GOG spGal
,?cpZa_G BGQcOrA_G gPJ c=9rA_ >cA~_9= 1 ,2 ,3 ,4 ,5 ?c_9A_G B9GQO_G
?gl9G v {GcQM_G B9c]9cQ_G [ZMA ?=_a >9TAtG ?GQO UcrA_a
?Fcf OGQpC Hl EJ9=_G >_a 9Kcpa .HcQWg_Ga jO9J_G HQr_G BGQ9K* AGQrW
>T9F*G H9t*G v (H) IQ9WE h]a= ?cZ9M_G QpGaA ?GQO OcOJA ?TGQO_G
.?F9=AT:G BGQ9=f Hl IQ9=f ct m9lC

sOZ_G EcJ Hl ?TGQO_G IGOC sOZ ARG_G GPJ ca9FAc :?TGQO_G IGOC sOZ

:w9A_G aJF_G zf bAC Ora ,xMGO_G s9TA:G sOZa ,jQJ9d_G

Hl ?falGl zf ?c_aFG 9KAQaZ= ?F9=AT:G ^Qf mA :jQJ9d_G sOZ_G -

jCQ_G AGO=D B9gl9G_G IPA9TC Hl [9ZAM:Ga I}M_G jaP Hl 9 {ltJ*G
IGOC OGOfE mA mK8GQB Aa] va ,c9G*9= b9=AQ:Ga ?caj__G ?i9cZ_G EcJ Hl 9Kcp
.?c89KF_G 9KAQaZ= ?TGQO_G gPJ
k
mA mD Hla ,9c_R9FA m9g_G bTaA*G >TJ B9F9=AT:G >cAQA mA :jRcclA_G sOZ_G -
(T-test)
, "B" Q9=AMG >9TJ mA \c_fa ,9J9FOCa B9F9=ATG 10 zfC PMC
.4 mrQ caOG_G v {=l aJ 9lt ,9cFO_Ga 9c_g_G {AfalGl__

4 mrQ caOG

jRcclA_G sOZ_G

iaATl qGQJF:G bTaA*G

B ?lcr OOg_G ?falG*G c9G*G
?_:O_G jQ9cg*G d=9TJ_G
*
0.015 1.784 0.34 4.48 10 9c_g_G ctt ?F9=AT:G

0.41 2.48 10 9cFO_G

IGOC HC zf cOc 9ll ,0.015 ?_:O_G iaATl HC s=9T_G caOG_G Hl K]Ac

.9c_g_Ga 9cFO_G {AfalG*G {= RcclA_G zf IQO9r ?TGQO_G

B9=D_G cl9gl >9TJ mA ?TGQO_G IGOC B9=D Hl srJA__ :?TGQO_G IGOC B9=D

231 35 OvzvGv}vyG
jQlW_G H9l_T .O

?F9=AT;_a ?F9=AT:G B:9Gl Hl c9Gl ct_ Cronbach's Alpha N9=FaQt 9p_C

.5 mrQ caOG_G v 9lt ctt

5 mrQ caOG

ctt ?F9=AT:Ga ?F9=AT:G B:9G* N9=FaQt 9p_C B9=D_G B;l9gl

B9=D_G cl9gl BGQ9=g_G OOf c9v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v G*G mrQ_G

0.89 7 B;tW*G cJa Or9F_G |tpA_G BGQ9Kl 1

0.88 6 uQ9WA_Ga c9ZA:G BGQ9Kl 2
0.92 8 YGO=DGa Q9tA=:G BGQ9Kl 3
0.88 7 ?cFK*Ga ?cA9cJ_G BGQ9K*G 4
0.91 7 ?cGa_aFtA_G BGQ9K*G 5
0.97 35 Yav v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v lG*G

H9t 9lFc= ,0.97 aJ ctt ?F9=AT;_ B9=D_G cl9gl HC s=9T_G caOG_G Hl K]Ac
.?TGQO_G AGOF ?=T9Fl 9KgclGa ,0.92 - 0.88 {= B:9Gl__ B9=D_G cl9gl

?c89ZJDG ?G_9gl_G

EJ9=_G mGOMATG 9KgclGA mA dA_G B9F9c=_G cc_JAa ?TGQO_G qGOJC scrJA_

?vcvf9vlvAvG:G mav_vgv_v_ ?vcv89vZvJDG mRvJv_G mGOvMvAvT9v= ?vcv89vZvJDG >c_9vTFG ^vgv=
k
Statistical Package for Social Sciences
RvlQv_9v= GQ9vZvAvMG 9vKv_ RvlQvc dvAv_G ;
:xc 9lt ,(SPSS)

B9aTaA*G LGQMAT9= yaFG UlM_G ?TGQO_G ?_8TC Hf ?=9GDG BlA - 1

Hf qWt__ >cA~_Ga ?c=TF_G ?clJFGa ?cQ9cg*G B9pGQJF:Ga ?c=9TJ_G
AGQrW ?gl9G v {GcQM_G B9c]9cQ_G [ZMA ?=_a >9TAtG ?GQO
.UcQOA_G ?8cJ A9]fC QdF ?KGa Hl HcQWg_Ga jO9J_G HQr_G BGQ9K*

?vcv=9vTvJv_G B9vavTavA*G LGQvMvAvT9v= UO9vTv_G cGCvTv_G Hvf ?v=9vGDG BvlvA - 2

zf UFG_G |jAl QDC O9GcD (T-test) "B" Q9=AMGa ?cQ9cg*G B9pGQJF:Ga
35 OvzvGv}vyG 232
2021 acFac 2 L 139 Y

AGQrW ?gl9G v {GcQM_G B9c]9cQ_G [ZMA ?=_a >9TAtG ?GQO

.UcQOA_G ?8cJ A9]fC QdF ?KGa Hl HcQWg_Ga jO9J_G HQr_G BGQ9K*

?vcv=9vTvJv_G B9vavTavA*G LGQvMvAvT9v= hv=9vTv_G cGCvTv_G Hvf ?v=9vGDG BvlvA - 3

?=AQ_G |jAl QDC O9GcD (T-test) "B" Q9=AMGa ?cQ9cg*G B9pGQJF:Ga
v {GcQM_G B9c]9cQ_G [ZMA ?=_a >9TAtG ?GQO zf ?clcO9tFG
?8cJ A9]fC QdF ?KGa Hl HcQWg_Ga jO9J_G HQr_G BGQ9K* AGQrW ?gl9G
P9ATC :brp {caATl= ?clcO9tFG ?=AQ_G B9caATl BOOJA HC Og= ,UcQOA_G
k
?8cJ A9]fC Hl P9ATC ?=AQ OaGa mOg_ GQdF uQ9Wl P9ATCa ,Of9Tl
.AGQrW ?gl9G= B9c]9cQ_G v {ZZMA*G UcQOA_G

?v cv =9v Tv Jv _G B9v av Tav A*G LGQv Mv Av T9v = Hv l9v Dv _G cGCv Tv _G Hv f ?v =9v GDG Bv lv A - 4
|jAl QDC O9GcD (ANOVA) jO9JFG Hc9=A_G cc_JAa ?cQ9cg*G B9pGQJF:Ga
v {GcQM_G B9c]9cQ_G [ZMA ?=_a >9TAtG ?GQO zf ?lOM_G BGaFT
?8cJ A9]fC QdF ?KGa Hl HcQWg_Ga jO9J_G HQr_G BGQ9K* AGQrW ?gl9G
.UcQOA_G

9cFO_G OaOJ_G U9cr*G 9c;M caa OcOJA mA ?TGQO_G ?Fcf BGQcOrA |TpA_ - 5
?clJFG B9caATl zf iO*G ?lTr mD ,5-1=4 jO*G >9TJ mD ,9c_g_Ga
yE ?lcr_G gPJ ?p9]E mD ,4/3 =1.33 ?c_M_G caa zf caZJ__ 3 ?c=TF_G
k
?c=9TJ_G B9aTaA*G mcr H@p mOrA 9l zf GO9lAfGa .1 U9cr*G v ?lcr crC
- 3.67 :dA6G aJF_G zf 9Kgl cl9gA_G mAcT ?TGQO_G 9Kc_E B_ZaA dA_G
.^pMFl :HaO 9lp - 2.33 ,bTaAl :3.66-2.34 ,hpAQl :sap 9lp

9KAWr9Fla H89AF_G

,?c=9TJ_G B9aTaA*G LGQMATG mA caFG cGCT_G Hf ?=9G<_ :caFG cGCT_G

|tpA_G BGQ9Kl c9Gl BGQ9=g_ ,>cA~_Ga ,?c=TF_G ?clJFGa ,?cQ9cg*G B9pGQJF:Ga
.u_P K]ac 6 mrQ caOG_Ga ,B;tW*G cJa Or9F_G

233 35 OvzvGv}vyG
jQlW_G H9l_T .O

6 mrQ caOG

?GQO_ >cA~_Ga ?c=TF_G ?clJFGa ?cQ9cg*G B9pGQJF:Ga ?c=9TJ_G B9aTaA*G

|tpA_G c9Gl BGQ9K* AGQrW ?gl9G v {GcQM_G B9c]9cQ_G [ZMA ?=_a >9TAtG
UcQOA_G ?8cJ A9]fC QdF ?KGa Hl B;tW*G cJa Or9F_G

?clJFG qGQJF:G bTaA*G

>cA~_G IQrp_G mrQ_G
?c=TF_G jQ9cg*G d=9TJ_G
2 bTaAl 0.86 3.56 hl >T9FAc 9l= ?c]9cQ_G B9la_g*G cc_JA 1
dlc_gA_G qra*G

4 bTaAl 0.94 3.37 c8GO=_G caJ ?p_AMl QdF B9KGa MQa 2

?c]9cQ_G c89T*G cJ_ ? Ft l * G

3 bTaAl 0.95 3.51 {FGara B9l_Tl zf Ak9F= B9la_g*G |TpA 3

? c] 9 cQ

7 bTaAl 1.09 3.24 d]9cQ_G |tpA__ 9c_g_G BGQ9K*G mGOMATG 4

5 bTaAl 1.09 3.37 ?cOc_rA aC IQtA=l ?=T9F*G ca_J_G O9GcG 5
?c]9cQ_G B;tWl__

1 hpAQl 1.01 3.71 .?JaQa*G ca_J_G ?Wr9Fl 6

6 bTaAl 1.13 3.32 c89T*G cJ_ ?faFAl B9cGcAG~TG mGOMATG 7
.?c]9cQ_G
bTaAl 0.82 3.44 m9g_G d=9TJ_G bTaA*G

;3.71 - 3.24 {= MaG~A ?c=9TJ_G B9aTaA*G HC s=9T_G caOG_G Hl K]Ac

qGQJFGa ,3.71 d=9TJ bTaAl= "?JaQa*G ca_J_G ?Wr9Fl" 9J;fC H9t EcJ
BAC Orp c9Gl__ ?c=9TJ_G B9aTaA*G ?cr= 9lC ,hpAQl iaATl= bAC Ora ,1.01 jQ9cgl
bTaAl= "d]9cQ_G |tpA__ 9c_g_G BGQ9K*G mGOMATG" 9J9FOC H9ta ,bTaAl iaATl=
R9J Orp c9Gl__ m9g_G d=9TJ_G bTaA*G 9lC ,1.09 jQ9cgl qGQJFGa ,3.24 d=9TJ
k k k k k
QTpc GPJa .bTaAl iaATl= jC ,0.82 9cQ9cgl 9pGQJFGa ,3.44 9l9f 9c=9TJ 9aTaAl
|tpA_G BGQ9Kl Ga=TAtc m_ AGQrW ?gl9G v {GcQM_G B9c]9cQ_G [ZMA ?=_a HC
iRgc Ora ,cal.l aJ 9lt UcQOA_G ?8cJ A9]fC QdF ?KGa Hl B;tW*G cJa Or9F_G
B;vtvW*G cvJa Ovr9vFv_G |vtvpvAv_G BGQ9vKvl UvcQOvA v mOvMvAvT*G L9vKvF*G HC yE uv_P
hl ?GcAF_G gPJ BrpAG Ora .HcQWg_Ga jO9J_G HQr_G BGQ9Kla >T9FAc : 9KA9rc=aAa

35 OvzvGv}vyG 234
2021 acFac 2 L 139 Y

v HcQWg_Ga jO9J_G HQr_G BGQ9Kl HC BQKdC dA_G )2016( jOl9j_Ga mcRM_G ?TGQO
,?aTaAl ?GQO= BAC ?c8GOA=:G ?_JQl__ 9c_g_G qapZ__ B9c]9cQ_G >9At iaAJl
Aa] v dFcaT_p_G m_g*G 9KTQ9lc dA_G QGaOFG HC BQKdC dA_G )2016( clGR ?TGQOa
hl ?GcAF_G gPJ Bp_AMG {J v .?aTaAl BAC HcQWg_Ga jO9J_G HQr_G B9=_aAl
|tpA_G BGQ9K* B9=_9a_Ga >;a_G >9TAtG ?GQO HC BQKdC dA_G )2017( baag= ?TGQO
k
.9=_9i ?GQO= BAC

B9vavTavA*G LGQvMvAvTG mvA dvF9vDv_G cGCvTv_G Hvf ?v=9vG<v_ :dvF9vDv_G cGCvTv_G

c9Gl BGQ9=g_ ,>cA~_Ga ,?c=TF_G ?clJFGa ,?cQ9cg*G B9pGQJF:Ga ,?c=9TJ_G

.u_P K]ac 7 mrQ caOG_Ga ,uQ9WA_Ga c9ZA:G BGQ9Kl

7 mrQ caOG

?GQO_ >cA~_Ga ?c=TF_G ?clJFGa ?cQ9cg*G B9pGQJF:Ga ?c=9TJ_G B9aTaA*G

c9ZA:G c9Gl BGQ9K* AGQrW ?gl9G v {GcQM_G B9c]9cQ_G [ZMA ?=_a >9TAtG
UcQOA_G ?8cJ A9]fC QdF ?KGa Hl uQ9WA_Ga

>cA~_G ?clJFG qGQJF:G bTaA*G IQrp_G mrQ_G

?c=TF_G jQ9cg*G d=9TJ_G

6 bTaAl 0.771 3.17 .?c_f9p= d]9cQ_G bFg*G q9WAtG 1

4 bTaAl 0.728 3.66 .?p_AM*G cZGaA_G BGQ9Kl mGOMATG 2
3 hpAQl 1.011 3.68 IO9cR v mKTA ?cf9lAGG B9r;f A 9 F= 3
.dl_g_G ccZJA_G
1 hpAQl 0.767 3.76 .scQp_G MaQ= c l g_ G 4
5 bTaAl 0.776 3.56 .df9lG_G clg_G A9FDC HcQM6G RcpJA 5
2 hpAQl 0.986 3.68 .?cTGQO_G m9K*G AGOC OFf ?c_aCT*G cl J A 6
bTaAl 0.71 3.59 uQ9WA_Ga c9ZA:G BGQ9Kl

- 3.17 {= MaG~A ?c=9TJ_G B9aTaA*G HC s=9T_G caOG_G Hl K]Ac

qGQJFGa ,3.76 d=9TJ bTaAl= "scQp_G MaQ= clg_G" 9J;fC H9t EcJ ;3.76
c9Gl__ ?c=9TJ_G B9aTaA*G ?cr= 9lC ,hpAQl iaATl= bAC Ora ,0.767 jQ9cgl

235 35 OvzvGv}vyG
jQlW_G H9l_T .O

d]9cQ_G bFg*G q9WAtG" 9J9FOC H9ta ,hpAQ*Ga bTaA*G iaAT*G {= BAC Orp
d=9TJ_G bTaA*G 9lC ,0.771 jQ9cgl qGQJFGa ,3.17 d=9TJ bTaAl= "?c_f9p=
k k k k k
jC ,0.71 9cQ9cgl 9pGQJFGa ,3.59 9l9f 9c=9TJ 9aTaAl R9J Orp c9Gl__ m9g_G
?gl9G v {GcQM_G B9c]9cQ_G [ZMA ?=_a HC QTpc GPJa .bTaAl iaATl=
?8cJ A9]fC QdF ?KGa Hl uQ9WA_Ga c9ZA:G BGQ9Kl Ga=TAtc m_ AGQrW
B9c]9cQ_G ?TGQOa B9F9JAl:G ?gc=a yE u_P iRgc Ora ,cal.l aJ 9lt UcQOA_G
gPJ BrpAG Ora .df9lG_G h=9a_G Hf 9JO9gA=Ga ,jOQp_G OaKG*G zf marA dA_G
jO9J_G HQr_G BGQ9Kl HC BQKdC dA_G 2016 jOl9j_Ga mcRM_G ?TGQO hl ?GcAF_G
BAC ?c8GOA=:G ?_JQl__ 9c_g_G qapZ__ B9c]9cQ_G >9At iaAJl v HcQWg_Ga
m_g*G 9KTQ9lc dA_G QGaOFG HC BQKdC dA_G 2016 clGR ?TGQOa ,?aTaAl ?GQO=
{J v .?aTaAl BAC HcQWg_Ga jO9J_G HQr_G B9=_aAl Aa] v dFcaT_p_G
c9ZA:G c9Gl HC BQKdC dA_G 2017 baag= ?TGQO hl ?GcAF_G gPJ Bp_AMG
k
.9=_9i ?=AQ= H9t cZGaA_Ga

B9vavTavA*G LGQvMvAvTG mvA Ev_9vDv_G cGCvTv_G Hvf ?v=9vG<v_ :Ev_9vDv_G cGCvTv_G

c9Gl BGQ9=g_ ,>cA~_Ga ,?c=TF_G ?clJFGa ,?cQ9cg*G B9pGQJF:Ga ,?c=9TJ_G

.u_P K]ac 8 mrQ caOG_Ga ,YGO=DGa Q9tA=:G BGQ9Kl

8 mrQ caOG

?GQO_ >cA~_Ga ?c=TF_G ?clJFGa ?cQ9cg*G B9pGQJF:Ga ?c=9TJ_G B9aTaA*G

Q9tA=:G c9Gl BGQ9K* AGQrW ?gl9G v {GcQM_G B9c]9cQ_G [ZMA ?=_a >9TAtG
UcQOA_G ?8cJ A9]fC QdF ?KGa Hl ,YGO=DGa

?clJFG qGQJF:G bTaA*G

>cA~_G IQrp_G mrQ_G
?c=TF_G jQ9cg*G d=9TJ_G
8 bTaAl 1.22 2.88 .?calF |i ?rcQa= ?c]9cQ c89Tl cJ 1
6 bTaAl 0.98 3.07 .d]9cQ_G c:OAT:Ga |tpA_G v ?FaQ*G 2
2 bTaAl 0.92 3.51 hvl bv=GaQ O9vGvcE v ?v_v8vTFG mGOvMvAvTG 3
.?r=9T_G ?pQg*G

35 OvzvGv}vyG 236
2021 acFac 2 L 139 Y

8 mrQ caOG /h=9A

?GQO_ >cA~_Ga ?c=TF_G ?clJFGa ?cQ9cg*G B9pGQJF:Ga ?c=9TJ_G B9aTaA*G

Q9tA=:G c9Gl BGQ9K* AGQrW ?gl9G v {GcQM_G B9c]9cQ_G [ZMA ?=_a >9TAtG
UcQOA_G ?8cJ A9]fC QdF ?KGa Hl ,YGO=DGa

?clJFG qGQJF:G bTaA*G

>cA~_G IQrp_G mrQ_G
?c=TF_G jQ9cg*G d=9TJ_G
5 bTaAl 1.10 3.20 qra*G hl >T9FAA IOcOG Q9tpC Oc_aA 4
.dlc_gA_G
4 bTaAl 1.15 3.34 .9KJcrFA Og= Q9tpFG PcpFA 5
7 bTaAl 1.17 2.98 .HcQM6G hl jQ9tA=:G c l g_ G 6
1 hpAQl 0.76 4.24 .A9aMC OaGa c9J v ccOgA_G c=rA 7
3 bTaAl 1.02 3.49 .d]9cQ_G Qc}A_G BGQ9Kl mGOMATG 8
bTaAl 0.89 3.34 YGO=DGa Q9tA=:G BGQ9Kl

{= MaG~A ?v c=9TJ_G B9v v v aTaA*G HC s=9v v T_G caOv v v v v G_G Hv v v v v l Kv v v]Ac

bTaAl= "A9aMC OaGa c9J v ccOgA_G c=rA" 9J;fC H9t EcJ ;4.24 - 2.88
?cr= 9lC ,hpAQl iaATl= bAC Ora ,0.76 jQ9cgl qGQJFGa ,4.24 d=9TJ
cJ" 9J9FOC H9ta ,bTaAl iaATl= BAC Orp c9Gl__ ?c=9TJ_G B9aTaA*G
jQ9cgl qGQJFGa ,2.88 d=9TJ bTaAl= "?calF |i ?rcQa= ?c]9cQ c89Tl
k k k
,3.34 9l9f 9c=9TJ 9aTaAl R9J Orp c9Gl__ m9g_G d=9TJ_G bTaA*G 9lC ,1.22
k k
[ZMA ?=_a HC QTpc GPJa .bTaAl iaATl= jC ,0.89 9cQ9cgl 9pGQJFGa
Hl YGO=DGa Q9tA=:G BGQ9Kl Ga=TAtc m_ AGQrW ?gl9G v {GcQM_G B9c]9cQ_G
IO9l ?gc=a yE u_P iRgc Ora ,cal.l aJ 9lt UcQOA_G ?8cJ A9]fC QdF ?KGa
,YGO=E aC Q9tA=G yE L9AJA : dA_G ?A=9D_G {FGar_G mGOMAT9= mTAA dA_G B9c]9cQ_G
QtPA_G zf 9JRctQAa ?=_a__ mOrA dA_G BGQ9=AM:G ?gc=a yE u_P iRgc Ora 9lt
)2016( jOl9j_Ga mcRM_G ?TGQO hl ?GcAF_G gPJ BrpAG Ora .>9gcAT:Ga mKp_Ga
B9c]9cQ_G >9At iaAJl v HcQWg_Ga jO9J_G HQr_G BGQ9Kl HC BQKdC dA_G
)2016( clGR ?TGQOa ,?aTaAl ?GQO= BAC ?c8GOA=:G ?_JQl__ 9c_g_G qapZ__

237 35 OvzvGv}vyG
jQlW_G H9l_T .O

HQr_G B9=_aAl Aa] v dFcaT_p_G m_g*G 9KTQ9lc dA_G QGaOFG HC BQKdC dA_G
.?aTaAl BAC HcQWg_Ga jO9J_G

B9vavTavA*G LGQvMvAvTG mvA hv=GQv_G cGCvTv_G Hvf ?v=9vG<v_ :hv=GQv_G cGCvTv_G

c9Gl BGQ9=g_ ,>cA~_Ga ,?c=TF_G ?clJFGa ,?cQ9cg*G B9pGQJF:Ga ,?c=9TJ_G

.u_P K]ac 9 mrQ caOG_Ga ,?cFK*Ga ?cA9cJ_G BGQ9K*G

9 mrQ caOG

?GQO_ >cA~_Ga ?c=TF_G ?clJFGa ?cQ9cg*G B9pGQJF:Ga ?c=9TJ_G B9aTaA*G

?cA9cJ_G BGQ9K*G c9G* AGQrW ?gl9G v {GcQM_G B9c]9cQ_G [ZMA ?=_a >9TAtG
UcQOA_G ?8cJ A9]fC QdF ?KGa Hl ,?cFK*Ga

?clJFG qGQJF:G bTaA*G

>cA~_G IQrp_G mrQ_G
?c=TF_G jQ9cg*G d=9TJ_G
3 bTaAl 0.95 3.46 .d=9GcDG dAGP_G \cGaA_G 1
6 bTaAl 0.94 3.34 .R9GF<_ B9ca_aC v m9K*G h]a 2
5 bTaAl 1.11 3.37 .qGOJFG scrJA_ OKG_Ga Bra_G Q9lDATG 3
2 bTaAl 0.95 3.49 .QGaOFG hl qctA_G 4
1 bTaAl 0.87 3.51 qOJ scrJA_ HcQM6G Iar b9rF Q9lDATG 5
.u~Wl
4 bTaAl 0.92 3.41 .QlATl ctW= m_gA_G 6
bTaAl 0.78 3.43 ?cFK*Ga ?cA9cJ_G BGQ9K*G

{= MaG~A ?v v v v c=9TJ_G B9v v vaTaA*G HC sv v=9T_G caOv v v v G_G Hv v v v l Kv v v]Ac

qOJ scrJA_ HcQM6G Iar b9rF Q9lDATG" 9J;fC H9t EcJ ;3.51 - 3.34
iaATl= bAC Ora ,0.87 jQ9cgl qGQJFGa ,3.51 d=9TJ bTaAl= "u~Wl
k
H9ta ,9]cC bTaAl iaATl= c9Gl__ ?c=9TJ_G B9aTaA*G ?cr= BAC 9lt ,bTaAl
qGQJFGa ,3.34 d=9TJ bTaAl= "R9GF<_ B9ca_aC v m9K*G h]a" 9J9FOC
k k k
9l9f 9c=9TJ 9aTaAl R9J Orp c9Gl__ m9g_G d=9TJ_G bTaA*G 9lC ,0.94 jQ9cgl
k k
[ZMA ?=_a HC QTpc GPJa .bTaAl iaATl= jC ,0.78 9cQ9cgl 9pGQJFGa ,3.43
Hl ?cFK*Ga ?cA9cJ_G BGQ9K*G Ga=TAtc m_ AGQrW ?gl9G v {GcQM_G B9c]9cQ_G

35 OvzvGv}vyG 238
2021 acFac 2 L 139 Y

sQaA_G mOf yE u_P iRgc Ora ,cal.l aJ 9lt UcQOA_G ?8cJ A9]fC QdF ?KGa
hl ?GcAF_G gPJ BrpAGa .?=_a_G I9cJ hrGa= B9c]9cQ_G b=QA ?c]9cQ c89Tl yE
HcQWg_Ga jO9J_G HQr_G BGQ9Kl HC BQKdC dA_G )2016( jOl9j_Ga mcRM_G ?TGQO
?GQO= BAC ?c8GOA=:G ?_JQl__ 9c_g_G qapZ__ B9c]9cQ_G >9At iaAJl v
k
BGQ9Kl HC BQKdC dA_G )2016( dJ=T ?TGQO hl 9=cQrA BrpAG 9lt ,?aTaAl
.QpZ ma_g_G >9At v I9cJ_G

B9aTaA*G LGQMATG mA Ul9M_G cGCT_G Hf ?=9G<_ :Ul9M_G cGCT_G

c9Gl BGQ9=g_ ,>cA~_Ga ,?c=TF_G ?clJFGa ,?cQ9cg*G B9pGQJF:Ga ,?c=9TJ_G
.u_P K]ac 10 mrQ caOG_Ga ,?cGa_aFtA_G BGQ9K*G

10 mrQ caOG

?GQO_ >cA~_Ga ?c=TF_G ?clJFGa ?cQ9cg*G B9pGQJF:Ga ?c=9TJ_G B9aTaA*G

BGQ9K*G c9G* AGQrW ?gl9G v {GcQM_G B9c]9cQ_G [ZMA ?=_a >9TAtG

UcQOA_G ?8cJ A9]fC QdF ?KGa Hl ,?cGa_aFtA_G

?clJFG qGQJF:G bTaA*G
>cA~_G IQrp_G mrQ_G
?c=TF_G jQ9cg*G d=9TJ_G
3 hpAQl 1.31 3.68 .OcG ctW= ?cGa_aFtA_G c89Ta_G hl cl9gA_G 1
4 bTaAl 1.17 3.32 >T9FAA dA_G ?cFa~t_DG ^aQg_G mcOrA 2
.dlc_gA_G qra*G hl
1 hpAQl 0.86 3.95 dv f9vlvAvG:G cvZGavAv_G B9vtv=vW mGOv Mv Av TG 3
B9c]9cQ_G [ZMA v A;lR_G hl cZGaA__

5 bTaAl 1.07 3.27 Hvf EvJv=v_v_ ?vcvlvrQv_G B9v=vAvt*G mGOvMvAvTG 4

.?c]9cQ_G B9la_g*G

7 bTaAl 1.14 3.12 ?v cv ]9v cQv _G B9v lav _v g*G ?v rO zv f mv tv Jv _G 5

.?cFa~t_DG QO9Z*G Hl ?GQMAT*G

6 bTaAl 1.07 3.24 ?cFa~t_DG B9la_g*G QO9Zl {= RcclA_G 6

.IA9pt_G ?cJ9F Hl
2 hpAQl 1.07 3.76 ?v vcv vFv vrv vAv v_G B9v vDOv vJv vAv vT*G
Hv vl IO9v vpv vAv vT:G 7
.O9=cFGa cGaG_G B9rc=aAt
bTaAl 0.93 3.47 ?cGa_aFtA_G BGQ9K*G

239 35 OvzvGv}vyG
jQlW_G H9l_T .O

{= MaG~A ?v v v c=9TJ_G B9v v vaTaA*G HC s=9v v vT_G caOv v v vG_G Hv v v v l Kv v v ]Ac

cZGaA__ df9lAG:G cZGaA_G B9t=W mGOMATG" 9J;fC H9t EcJ ;3.95 - 3.12
jQ9cgl qGQJFGa ,3.95 d=9TJ bTaAl= "B9c]9cQ_G [ZMA v A;lR_G hl
{= BAC c9Gl__ ?c=9TJ_G B9aTaA*G ?cr= 9lC ,hpAQl iaATl= bAC a ,0.86
?c]9cQ_G B9la_g*G ?rO zf mtJ_G" 9J9FOC H9ta ,hpAQ*Ga bTaA*G iaAT*G
jQ9cgl qGQJFGa ,3.12 d=9TJ bTaAl= " ?cFa~t_DG QO9Z*G Hl ?GQMAT*G
k k k
,3.47 9l9f 9c=9TJ 9aTaAl R9J Orp c9Gl__ m9g_G d=9TJ_G bTaA*G 9lC ,1.14
k k
[ZMA ?=_a HC QTpc GPJa .bTaAl iaATl= jC ,0.93 9cQ9cgl 9pGQJFGa
?KGa Hl ?cGa_aFtA_G BGQ9K*G Ga=TAtc m_ AGQrW ?gl9G v {GcQM_G B9c]9cQ_G
?rcQa_G HC yE u_P iRgc Ora ,cal.l aJ 9lt UcQOA_G ?8cJ A9]fC QdF
?cGa_aFtA_G B9rc=aA_G yE QrApA dA_G ?cOc_rA_G ?rcQa_G dJ UcQOA_G v ?lOMAT*G
jOl9j_Ga mcRM_G ?TGQO hl ?GcAF_G gPJ BrpAG Ora .9JQpGaA Hl miQ_G zf
>9At iaAJl v HcQWg_Ga jO9J_G HQr_G BGQ9Kl HC BQKdC dA_G )2016(
clGR ?TGQOa ,?aTaAl ?GQO= BAC ?c8GOA=:G ?_JQl__ 9c_g_G qapZ__ B9c]9cQ_G
B9=_aAl Aa] v dFcaT_p_G m_g*G 9KTQ9lc dA_G QGaOFG HC BQKdC dA_G )2016(
HC BQKdC dA_G )2017( ,baag= ?TGQOa ,?aTaAl BAC HcQWg_Ga jO9J_G HQr_G
k
{J v .9F9cJC ?GQO= BAC ?cGa_aFtA_G BGQ9Kl__ B9=_9a_Ga >;a_G >9TAtG ?GQO
9cGa_aFtA c9Gl HC BQKdC dA_G )2017( mJ_l ?TGQO hl ?GcAF_G gPJ Bp_AMG
.yaFG ?=AQ*G v bAC B9la_g*G

B9aTaA*G LGQMATG mA UO9T_G cGCT_G Hf ?=9G<_ :UO9T_G cGCT_G

|jAl QDC Hf qWt__ (T-test) "B" Q9=AMGa ,?cQ9cg*G B9pGQJF:Ga ,?c=9TJ_G
AGQrW ?gl9G v {GcQM_G B9c]9cQ_G [ZMA ?=_a >9TAtG ?GQO zf UFG_G
caOG_Ga ,UcQOA_G ?8cJ A9]fC QdF ?KGa Hl HcQWg_Ga jO9J_G HQr_G BGQ9K*
.u_P K]ac w9A_G ,11 mrQ

35 OvzvGv}vyG 240
2021 acFac 2 L 139 Y

11 mrQ caOG

>9TAtG ?GQO_ (T-test) "B" Q9=AMGa ?cQ9cg*G B9pGQJF:Ga ?c=9TJ_G B9aTaA*G

jO9J_G HQr_G BGQ9K* AGQrW ?gl9G v {GcQM_G B9c]9cQ_G [ZMA ?=_a

UFG_G |jAl >TJ UcQOA_G ?8cJ A9]fC QdF ?KGa Hl HcQWg_Ga

iaATl qGQJF:G bTaA*G

)B( ?lcr OOg_G UFG_G c9G*G mrQ_G
?_:O_G jQ9cg*G d=9TJ_G
*
0.034 4.558 - 0.72 3.24 35 QtP Or9F_G |tpA_G BGQ9Kl 1
0.14 4.59 6 bDFC B;tW*G cJa

0.075 3.549 - 0.65 3.44 35 QtP c9ZA:G BGQ9Kl 2

0.29 4.41 6 bDFC uQ9WA_Ga
*
0.014 5.894 - 0.69 3.08 35 QtP Q9tA=:G BGQ9Kl 3
0.10 4.79 6 bDFC YGO=DGa
*
0.011 4.696 - 0.67 3.23 35 QtP ?cA9cJ_G BGQ9K*G 4
0.23 4.55 6 bDFC ?cFK*Ga
*
0.004 4.025 - 0.85 3.26 35 QtP ?cGa_aFtA_G BGQ9K*G 5
0.14 4.69 6 bDFC
*
0.030 5.056 - 0.65 3.24 35 QtP xt_G
0.16 4.62 6 bDFC

?GQO v ?c89ZJE ?_:O BGP saQp OaGa m9f ctW= s=9T_G caOG_G Hl eJ;c
jO9J_G HQr_G BGQ9K* AGQrW ?gl9G v {GcQM_G B9c]9cQ_G [ZMA ?=_a >9TAtG
.E9FDG K_9Z_a UFG_G |jA* iRgA UcQOA_G ?8cJ A9]fC QdF ?KGa Hl HcQWg_Ga
|tpA_G BGQ9Kl v ?c89ZJE ?_:O BGP saQp OaGa s=9T_G caOG_G Hl eJ;c 9lt
BGQ9K*Ga ,?cFK*Ga ?cA9cJ_G BGQ9K*Ga ,YGO=DGa Q9tA=:G BGQ9Kla ,B;tW*G cJa Or9F_G
QdF ?KGa Hl AGQrW ?gl9G v {GcQM_G B9c]9cQ_G [ZMA ?=_a_ ,?cGa_aFtA_G
k
9raQp QKdA m_ 9lFc= ,E9FDG K_9Z_a UFG_G |jAl EcJ Hl UcQOA_G ?8cJ A9]fC
{GcQM_G B9c]9cQ_G [ZMA ?=_a_ uQ9WA_Ga c9ZA:G BGQ9Kl v ?c89ZJE ?_:O BGP
Ora .UFG_G |jAl EcJ Hl UcQOA_G ?8cJ A9]fC QdF ?KGa Hl AGQrW ?gl9G v
k
hclG zf QacTc jP_G dGa_aFtA_G mOrA_G Hl 9c=TF E9FDG HtlA yE u_P iRgc

241 35 OvzvGv}vyG
jQlW_G H9l_T .O

k k
Hl ?GcAF_G gPJ BrpAGa .QatP_9= ?FQ9rl E9FDG iO_ ZGQp B9raC OaGa_ GQdF HcO9c*G
saQp OaGa yE BQ9WC dA_G )2017( mJ_l ?TGQO hl UFG_G |jA* QDC OaGa EcJ
iRgA HcQWg_Ga jO9J_G HQr_G BGQ9K* ?=_a_G u;AlG ?GQO v ?c89ZJE ?_:O BGP
OaGa 9KG89AF BQKdC dA_G )2017( baag= ?TGQOa ,QatP_G K_9Z_ Ht_a UFG_G |jA*
jO9J_G HQr_G BGQ9K* B9=_9a_Ga >;a_G >9TAtG iOl v ?c89ZJE ?_:O BGP saQp
k
?GcAF_G gPJ Bp_AMG {J v .9]cC >;a_G K_9Z_ Ht_a UFG_G |jA* iRgA HcQWg_Ga
k o
B9GQO B9aTaAl v ?c89ZJE ?_:O BGP 9raQp QKdA m_ dA_G )2016( clGR ?TGQO hl
HQr_G B9=_aAl Aa] v dFcaT_p_G m_g*G 9KTQ9lc dA_G QGaOI_ ?TGQO_G ?Fcf OGQpC
m_ dA_G )2013( acM ?TGQOa ,UFG_G |jA* 9rpa U_=9F ?dp9Jl v HcQWg_Ga jO9J_G
k q k o
,I}M_Ga ,UFG_G |jA* 9g=A QGaOFG Hl QaO ct OFf ?c89ZJE ?_:O BGP 9raQp QKdA
k o
v ?c89ZJE ?_:O BGP 9raQp QKdA m_ dA_G )2013( d=QJ_G ?TGQOa ,?cl_g_G ?GQO_Ga
QdF \KGa Hl HcQWg_Ga jO9J_G HQr_G v {l_g*G iO_ 9JQpGaA hraA*G BGQ9K*G
.YaF_G EcJ Hl HcpQW*Ga {l_g*G

B9aTaA*G LGQMATG mA h=9T_G cGCT_G Hf ?=9G<_ :h=9T_G cGCT_G

|jAl QDC Hf qWt__ , (T-test) "B" Q9=AMGa ,?cQ9cg*G B9pGQJF:Ga ,?c=9TJ_G
v {GcQM_G B9c]9cQ_G [ZMA ?=_a >9TAtG ?GQO zf ?clcO9tFG ?=AQ_G
?8cJ A9]fC QdF ?KGa Hl HcQWg_Ga jO9J_G HQr_G BGQ9K* AGQrW ?gl9G
.u_P K]ac w9A_G ,12 mrQ caOG_Ga ,UcQOA_G

12 mrQ caOG

>9TAtG ?GQO_ (T-test) "B" Q9=AMGa ?cQ9cg*G B9pGQJF:Ga ?c=9TJ_G B9aTaA*G

jO9J_G HQr_G BGQ9K* AGQrW ?gl9G v {GcQM_G B9c]9cQ_G [ZMA ?=_a
?clcO9tFG ?=AQ_G |jAl >TJ UcQOA_G ?8cJ A9]fC QdF ?KGa Hl HcQWg_Ga

iaATl qGQJF:G bTaA*G ?=AQ_G

)B( ?lcr OOg_G c9G*G mrQ_G
?_:O_G jQ9cg*G d=9TJ_G ?clcO9t:G

0.361 0.026 0.80 3.44 37 Of9Tl P9ATC Or9F_G |tpA_G BGQ9Kl 1

1.11 3.42 4 uQ9Wl P9ATC B;tW*G cJa

35 OvzvGv}vyG 242
2021 acFac 2 L 139 Y

12 mrQ caOG /h=9A

>9TAtG ?GQO_ (T-test) "B" Q9=AMGa ?cQ9cg*G B9pGQJF:Ga ?c=9TJ_G B9aTaA*G
jO9J_G HQr_G BGQ9K* AGQrW ?gl9G v {GcQM_G B9c]9cQ_G [ZMA ?=_a
?clcO9tFG ?=AQ_G |jAl >TJ UcQOA_G ?8cJ A9]fC QdF ?KGa Hl HcQWg_Ga

iaATl qGQJF:G bTaA*G ?=AQ_G

)B( ?lcr OOg_G c9G*G mrQ_G
?_:O_G jQ9cg*G d=9TJ_G ?clcO9t:G

0.206 -0.117 0.67 3.58 37 Of9Tl P9ATC c9ZA:G BGQ9Kl 2

1.09 3.62 4 uQ9Wl P9ATC uQ9WA_Ga

0.376 0.874 0.90 3.37 37 Of9Tl P9ATC Q9tA=:G BGQ9Kl 3

0.71 2.96 4 P9ATC YGO=DGa
uQ9Wl
0.824 0.038 0.78 3.43 37 Of9Tl P9ATC ?cA9cJ_G BGQ9K*G 4
0.94 3.41 4 P9ATC ?cFK*Ga
uQ9Wl
0.573 0.665 0.95 3.50 37 Of9Tl P9ATC ?cGa_aFtA_G BGQ9K*G 5
0.86 3.17 4 uQ9Wl P9ATC
0.942 0.389 0.78 3.46 37 Of9Tl P9ATC cv v v v v v v v v v v t_G
0.88 3.30 4 uQ9Wl P9ATC

?GQO v ?c89ZJE ?_:O BGP saQp OaGa mOf s=9T_G caOG_G Hl eJ;c
HQr_G BGQ9K* AGQrW ?gl9G v {GcQM_G B9c]9cQ_G [ZMA ?=_a >9TAtG
zfa ctt ?F9=AT:G zf ,UcQOA_G ?8cJ A9]fC QdF ?KGa Hl HcQWg_Ga jO9J_G
c9vZvA:G BGQ9vKvla ,B;vtvW*G cvJa Ovr9vFv_G |vtvpvAv_G BGQ9vKvl ?vTvlvMv_G 9vKvA:9vGvl
BGQ9vK*G ,?vcvFvK*Ga ?vcvA9vcvJv_G BGQ9vK*Ga ,YGOv=DGa Q9vtvAv=:G BGQ9vKvla ,uQ9vWvAv_Ga
OGa*G >Q9rA yE u_P iRgc Ora .?clcO9tFG ?=AQ_G |jAl >TJ ?cGa_aFtA_G
v ?=_a_G 9K_ h]Mc dA_G ,?clc_gA_G HlG}_Ga ,?c=cQOA_G BGQaO_Ga ,?clc_gA_G
OaGa mOf BQKdC dA_G )2013( acM ?TGQO hl ?GcAF_G gPJ BrpAG Ora .?gl9G_G
.?cl_g_G ?GQO_G |jA* iRgA ?c89ZJE ?_:O BGP saQp

,?c=9TJ_G B9aTaA*G LGQMATG mA Hl9D_G cGCT_G Hf ?=9G<_ :Hl9D_G cGCT_G

?=_a >9TAtG ?GQO zf ?lOM_G BGaFT |jAl QDC Hf qWt__ ,?cQ9cg*G B9pGQJF:Ga

243 35 OvzvGv}vyG
jQlW_G H9l_T .O

Hl HcQWg_Ga jO9J_G HQr_G BGQ9K* AGQrW ?gl9G v {GcQM_G B9c]9cQ_G [ZMA

:u_P K]ac w9A_G ,13 mrQ caOG_Ga ,UcQOA_G ?8cJ A9]fC QdF ?KGa

13 mrQ caOG
[vZvMvA ?v=v_va >9vTvAvtG ?vGQOv_ ?vcQ9vcvg*G B9vpGQvJvF:Ga ?vcv=9vTvJv_G B9vavTavA*G
?KGa Hl HcQWg_Ga jO9J_G HQr_G BGQ9K* AGQrW ?gl9G v {GcQM_G B9c]9cQ_G
?lOM_G BGaFT |jAl >TJ UcQOA_G ?8cJ A9]fC QdF

jQ9cg*G qGQJF:G d=9TJ_G bTaA*G I}M_G c9G*G

0.142 3.14 BGaFT 5 Hl crC cJa Or9F_G |tpA_G BGQ9Kl

0.859 3.67 BGaFT 10 -5 Hl B;tW*G

0.864 3.30 BGaFT 10 Hl QDtC

0.822 3.43 YalG*G

0.273 3.70 BGaFT 5 Hl crC uQ9WA_Ga c9ZA:G BGQ9Kl

0.875 3.53 BGaFT 10 -5 Hl

0.634 3.59 BGaFT 10 Hl QDtC

0.705 3.58 YalG*G

0.0684 2.92 BGaFT 5 Hl crC YGO=DGa Q9tA=:G BGQ9Kl

1.009 3.56 BGaFT 10 -5 Hl

0.858 3.24 BGaFT 10 Hl QDtC

0.887 3.33 YalG*G

0.491 3.13 BGaFT 5 Hl crC ?cFK*Ga ?cA9cJ_G BGQ9K*G

0.903 3.59 BGaFT 10 -5 Hl

0.729 3.35 BGaFT 10 Hl QDtC

0.784 3.43 YalG*G

0.142 3.57 BGaFT 5 Hl crC ?cGa_aFtA_G BGQ9K*G

1.082 3.42 BGaFT 10 -5 Hl

0.951 3.50 BGaFT 10 Hl QDtC

0.938 3.47 YalG*G

0.161 3.27 BGaFT 5 Hl crC cv v v v v v v vt_G

0.924 3.55 BGaFT 10 -5 Hl

0.757 3.39 BGaFT 10 Hl QDtC

0.782 3.44 YalG*G

35 OvzvGv}vyG 244
2021 acFac 2 L 139 Y

?GQO_ ?c=9TJ_G B9aTaA*G v saQp OaGa s=9T_G caOG_G Hl K]Ac

HQr_G BGQ9K* AGQrW ?gl9G v {GcQM_G B9c]9cQ_G [ZMA ?=_a >9TAtG
B:9Gl Hl c9Gl ct v UcQOA_G ?8cJ A9]fC QdF ?KGa Hl HcQWg_Ga jO9J_G
BGP saQp_G gPJ BF9t GPE 9l ?pQg*a ,ctt ?F9=AT:G zfa ?TlM_G ?F9=AT:G
BGaFT |jA* (ANOVA) jO9JFG Hc9=A_G cc_JA >9TJ mA ,?c89ZJE ?_:O
.u_P K]ac w9A_G 14 mrQ caOG_Ga ,?lOM_G

14 mrQ caOG
B9c]9cQ_G [ZMA ?=_a >9TAtG ?GQO_ (ANOVA) jO9JFG Hc9=A_G cc_JA
A9]fC QdF ?KGa Hl HcQWg_Ga jO9J_G HQr_G BGQ9K* AGQrW ?gl9G v {GcQM_G
?lOM_G BGaFT |jAl >TJ UcQOA_G ?8cJ

bTaAl ?GQO YalGl

?_:O_G iaATl q ?lcr c9G*G
B9g=Q*G ?cQJ_G B9g=Q*G

0.294 1.265 0.844 2 1.688 B9falG*G {= Or9F_G |tpA_G BGQ9Kl

0.667 38 25.348 B9falG*G cMGO B;tW*G cJa

40 27.036 ct_G
0.905 0.100 0.052 2 0.104 B9falG*G {= c9ZA:G BGQ9Kl
0.521 38 19.791 B9falG*G cMGO uQ9WA_Ga

40 19.896 ct_G
0.305 1.225 0.954 2 1.908 B9falG*G {= Q9tA=:G BGQ9Kl
0.779 38 29.600 B9falG*G cMGO YGO=DGa

40 31.508 ct_G
0.450 0.817 0.507 2 1.014 B9falG*G {= ?cA9cJ_G BGQ9K*G
0.621 38 23.596 B9falG*G cMGO ?cFK*Ga

40 24.610 ct_G
0.941 0.061 0.057 2 0.113 B9falG*G {= ?cGa_aFtA_G BGQ9K*G
0.925 38 35.136 B9falG*G cMGO
40 35.249 ct_G
0.724 0.326 0.206 2 0.413 B9falG*G {= cv v v t_G
0.634 38 24.091 B9falG*G cMGO
40 24.504 ct_G

245 35 OvzvGv}vyG
jQlW_G H9l_T .O

?GQO v ?c89ZJE ?_:O BGP saQp OaGa mOf s=9T_G caOG_G Hl K]Ac
HQr_G BGQ9K* AGQrW ?gl9G v {GcQM_G B9c]9cQ_G [ZMA ?=_a >9TAtG
zfa ,ctt ?F9=AT:G zf UcQOA_G ?8cJ A9]fC QdF ?KGa Hl HcQWg_Ga jO9J_G
,0.326 "q" ?lcr BF9t EcJ ,?lOM_G BGaFT |jAl >TJ ?TlM_G 9KA:9Gl
o
zf UcQOA_G ?8cJ A9]fC H9lcE yE u_P iRgc Ora .0.724 ?_:O_G iaATla
jO9vJv_G HQvrv_G BGQ9vK* ?v=v_vav_G >9vTvAvtG ?vcvlvJ.v= ?vlOvMv_G v mvKvAGavFvT q;vAvMG
BGP 9raQp BQKdC dA_G )2016( clGR ?TGQO hl ?GcAF_G gPJ Bp_AMGa .HcQWg_Ga
HQr_G B9=_aAl Aa] v dFcaT_p_G m_g*G 9KTQ9lc dA_G QGaOFG v ?c89ZJE ?_:O
k
?TGQOa ,?lOM_G BGaFT OOfa dpcda_G blT*G j|jA* 9g=A HcQWg_Ga jO9J_G
hraA*G BGQ9K*G v ?c89ZJE ?_:O BGP 9raQp BQKdC dA_G )2013( d=QJ_G
HcpQW*G QdF \KGa Hl HcQWg_Ga jO9J_G HQr_G v {l_g*G iO_ 9JQpGaA
.I}M_G EcJ Hl B9pQW*Ga

B9cZaA_G

:xc 9l= EJ9=_G dZac H89AF Hl ?TGQO_G \c_E B_ZaA 9l Aa] v

.?=_a__ ?faFAl ?c]9cQ ?clc_gA HlGQ= mcOrA

.B9c]9cQ_G UcQOA v df9lG_G clg_Ga hcQ9W*Ga 9cGa_aFtA_G mGOMATG v YaFA_G
.dA9cJ_Ga xlg_G ?=_a_G hrGa= ?cTGQO_G BGQQr*G b=Q
.?DcOJ_G UcQOA_G B9cGcAG~TG mGOMATG

B9JQArl_G

jO9J_G HQr_G BGQ9K* ?p_AMl B9ZZMA ?=_a >9TAtG ?GQO v EJ=_G -

.HcQWg_Ga

.HcQWg_Ga jO9J_G HQr_G BGQ9K* ?=_a_G >9TAtG B9rcgl v EJ=_G -

35 OvzvGv}vyG 246
2021 acFac 2 L 139 Y

Students of Mathematics Acquisition of the

Twenty first - Century Skills as Perceived by Staff
Members - at Shaqra University
Dr. Salman H. El-Shammari
College of Education - Shaqra University
K.S.A

Abstract
This study aims to identify the degree of acquiring the skills of the twenty
first-century by students of Mathematics, Shaqra University from the viewpoint
of staff members. The study comprised five skills: critical thinking and problems
solving, communication and participation, innovation and creativity, life and
professional skills, and technology. To achieve the objectives of the study, a 35-
item questionnaire covering the five skills is used. The study adopted the
descriptive analytical approach. The study sample (n=41), included 82% of the
staff members.
The study concluded that the general arithmetic average for the five study
skills was at a medium level. It also revealed the presence of statistically
significant differences due to gender, in favor of females. There are no
statistically significant differences that can be attributed to academic rank or
years of service.
In view of these results, the researcher recommended the use of recent
teaching methods and to connect the study courses with the actual practical and
professional reality of the students.
Key Words: Twenty first, Century skillsm, Students of Mathematics and staff
members

247 35 OvzvGv}vyG
jQlW_G H9l_T .O

hFGQ}yG
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.hcRaA_Ga QWF__ M;p_G

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35 OvzvGv}vyG 248
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249 35 OvzvGv}vyG
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ccZJA_G ?clFA v ?cl_g_G B9aJ*G zf m89r Hl9FQ= ?c_f9p .)2017( ?=J ,OlJl
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^g= bZrFG ?gl9G= {l_g*G ?=_a_G >9TtE v crar B9lOMa YaQW*9=
,OagT u_*G ?gl9G ,?ca=~_G ma_g_G ?_Gl .HcQWg_Ga jO9J_G HQr_G BGQ9Kl
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a_GFFG ?=Atl :IQJ9r_G .B9c]9cQ_G m_gAa mc_gA v 9c9]r .)2006( Rc9p ,9Fcl
.?cQZ*G

Aa] v ?l9g_G ?caF9D_G ?_JQ*9= 9cpGQjG_G HKFl mcarA .)2016( UcQOE ,UFac
B9vTGQOv_v_ ?vcav=~v_G ?vcvgvlvGv_G ?v_vGvl .HvcQvWvgv_Ga jO9vJv_G HQvrv_G BGQ9vKvl
.92 - 63 ,)76( ,QZl ,?cf9lAG:G
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