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Cambridge Senior Maths for Queensland ISBN 978-1-108-45164-2 © Evans et al. 2019 Cambridge University Press
Mathematical Methods 3&4 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
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Contents
About the lead author and consultants ix
Introduction and overview x
Acknowledgements xv
Preliminary topics
1 Functions and relations

1A Set notation and sets of numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
2
1B Identifying and describing relations and functions . . . . . . . . 6
1C Implied domains and types of functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1D Combining functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1E Power functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
1F Applications of functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Review of Chapter 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2 Coordinate geometry and transformations

2A Linear coordinate geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
41
42
2B Translations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
2C Dilations and reflections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
2D Combinations of transformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
2E Using transformations to sketch graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
2F Transformations of power functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
2G Determining the rule for a function from its graph . . . . . . . 66
iv Contents
3 Polynomial functions
3A Quadratic functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
75
76
3B Determining the rule for a parabola . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
3C The language of polynomials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
3D Division and factorisation of polynomials . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
3E The general cubic function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
3F Polynomials of higher degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
3G Determining the rule for the graph of a polynomial . . . . . . . 110
3H Solution of literal equations and systems of equations . . . . . 116
4 Trigonometric functions
4A Measuring angles in degrees and radians . . . . . . . . . . . .
128
129
4B Defining sine, cosine and tangent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
4C Further symmetry properties and the Pythagorean identity . . . 138
4D Graphs of sine and cosine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
4E Solution of trigonometric equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
4F Sketch graphs of y = a sin n(t ± ε) and y = a cos n(t ± ε) . . . .. 151
4G Sketch graphs of y = a sin n(t ± ε) ± b and y = a cos n(t ± ε) ± b. 153
4H Determining rules for graphs of trigonometric functions . . . . 156
4I The tangent function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
4J Applications of trigonometric functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
5 Revision of preliminary topics

5A Technology-free questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
175
5B Multiple-choice questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176

5C Extended-response questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
5D Degree-of-difficulty classified questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Unit 3
6 Exponential and logarithmic functions
6A Revision of exponential functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
189
190
6B The exponential function f (x) = ex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
6C Revision of exponential equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
6D Logarithms and the logarithm laws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
6E Graphing logarithmic functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Contents v
6F Determining rules for graphs of exponential and

logarithmic functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
6G Solving equations involving exponential and
logarithmic functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 216
6H Applications of exponential functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
6I Applications of logarithmic functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
6J Modelling data using a graphics calculator . . . . . . . . . . . 236
7 Refresher on differentiation
7A The derivative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
253
254
7B Rules for differentiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
7C Differentiating xn where n is a negative integer . . . . . . . . . 270
7D The graph of the derivative function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
8 Further differentiation and applications

8A The chain rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
281
282
8B Differentiating rational powers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
8C Differentiation of ex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
8D Differentiation of the natural logarithm function . . . . . . . . 292
8E Differentiation of trigonometric functions . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
8F The product rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
8G The quotient rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
8H Tangents and normals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
8I Rates of change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
8J Motion in a straight line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
8K Stationary points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
8L Types of stationary points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
9 Anti-differentiation
9A Anti-differentiation of polynomial functions . . . . . . . . . . .
346
347
9B Anti-differentiation of power functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352
9C The anti-derivative of (ax + b)r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
9D The anti-derivative of ekx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
9E Anti-differentiation of trigonometric functions . . . . . . . . . 358
9F Further anti-differentiation techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360
9G Applications of anti-differentiation to motion in a
straight line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
vi Contents
10 Integration
10A Estimating the area under a graph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
372
373
10B Finding the exact area: the definite integral . . . . . . . . . . . 378
10C Signed area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
10D Integration of more families of functions . . . . . . . . . . . . 390
10E Further integration techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394
10F The area of a region between two curves . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
10G Applications of integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
10H The area under a graph as the limit of a sum . . . . . . . . . . 409
Review of Chapter 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
11 Revision of Unit 3
11A Technology-free questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
421
421
Online assessment practice in the Interactive Textbook and Online Teaching Suite
IA1: Practice problem-solving and modelling task
IA2: Practice internal examination on Unit 3
Unit 4
12 The second derivative and applications
12A The second derivative and acceleration . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441
440
12B Using the second derivative in graph sketching . . . . . . . . . 445

12C Absolute maximum and minimum values . . . . . . . . . . . . 455
12D Optimisation problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458
13 Trigonometry using the sine and cosine rules

13A Reviewing trigonometry . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
479
480
13B The sine rule . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486
13C The cosine rule . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490
13D The area of a triangle . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494
13E Angles of elevation, angles of depression and bearings . . . . . 497
13F Problems in three dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501
13G Angles between planes and more complex 3D problems . . . . 505
Contents vii
14 Refresher on probability and discrete random variables

14A Sample spaces and probability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
515
516
14B Conditional probability and independence . . . . . . . . . . . . 526
14C Discrete random variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534
14D Expected value, variance and standard deviation . . . . . . . . 541
15 Bernoulli sequences and the binomial distribution

15A Introduction to Bernoulli sequences and the
559
binomial distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 560

15B The graph, expectation and variance of a
binomial distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567
15C Finding the sample size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571
15D Proofs for the expectation and variance . . . . . . . . . . . . . 574
16 Continuous random variables

16A Introduction to continuous random variables . . . . . . . . . .
581
582
16B Mean and median for a continuous random variable . . . . . . 594
16C Measures of spread . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 602
16D Properties of mean and variance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 607
16E Cumulative distribution functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 610
17 The normal distribution

17A The normal distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623
622
17B Standardisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629

17C Determining normal probabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 634
17D Solving problems using the normal distribution . . . . . . . . . 640
17E The normal approximation to the binomial distribution . . . . . 645
18 Sampling and estimation

18A Populations and samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
654
655
18B The exact distribution of the sample proportion . . . . . . . . . 664
18C Approximating the distribution of the sample proportion . . . . 672
18D Confidence intervals for the population proportion . . . . . . . 678
viii Contents
19 Revision of Unit 4
694
694
20 Revision of Units 3 & 4

716
716
A Appendix A: Counting methods and the binomial theorem

A1 Counting methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 743
743
A2 Summation notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 746

A3 The binomial theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 747
Online assessment practice in the Interactive Textbook and Online Teaching Suite
IA3: Practice internal examination on Unit 4
EA: Practice external examination on Units 3 and 4
Glossary 750
Answers 761
Online Appendix B: Guides to using technology

These online guides are accessed through the Interactive Textbook or PDF Textbook
B1 Online guide to the TI-Nspire CX Non-CAS graphics calculator
B2 Online guide to the TI-84 Plus CE graphics calculator
B3 Online guide to the Casio fxCG20AU and Casio fxCG50AU graphics
calculators
B4 Online guide to the Desmos graphing calculator
Note: A printable copy of the QCAA Formula sheet is available in the Interactive
Textbook
About the
lead author and
consultants
About the lead author

Michael Evans was a consultant to ACARA on the writing of the Australian Curriculum
on which the new Queensland syllabus is based. He is a consultant with the Australian
Mathematical Sciences Institute, and is coordinating author of the ICE-EM 7–10 series also
published by Cambridge.
He has also been active in the Australian Mathematics Trust, being involved with the writing
of enrichment material and competition questions.
He has many years’ experience as a Chief Examiner and Chairperson of examination panels.
About the consultants

Chicri Maksoud is Senior Mathematics Teacher at Brisbane Boys’ College
Steve Sisson is Curriculum Leader – Mathematics at Redeemer Lutheran College,
Rochedale, QLD
Trevor Redmond is Head of Mathematics at Somerville House, South Brisbane
Ray Minns is Head of Mathematics at Northpine Christian College, Dakabin, QLD
Introduction and
overview
Cambridge Senior Mathematics for Queensland Mathematical Methods Units 3 & 4 provides
complete and close coverage of the QCAA syllabus to be implemented in Year 12 from
2020. Its four components — the print book, downloadable PDF textbook, online Interactive
Textbook (ITB) and Online Teaching Resource (OTS), both powered by the HOTmaths
platform — contain a huge range of resources, including worked solutions available to
schools in a single package at one convenient price (the OTS is included with class adoptions,
conditions apply). There are no extra subscriptions or per-student charges to pay.
Preliminary topics (review of Units 1&2): The first four chapters can be considered as a
review of Units 1&2: Chapter 1 Functions and relations, Chapter 2 Coordinate geometry
and transformations, Chapter3 Polynomial functions and Chapter 4 Trigonometric functions.
The topics covered in these chapters are important for Units 3&4 and of course may be
examined at year 12. You may choose to complete these chapters prior to the beginning of
Year 12.
In addition, two ‘refresher’ chapters are provided: Chapter 7 Refresher on differentiation and
Chapter 14 Refresher on probability and discrete random variables. It is recommended that
these be done just before the chapters for which they are preparation.
To help decide whether any students can be exempted from doing the preliminary topics and
refresher chapters, the multiple-choice question sections from their chapter reviews are set up
in the Online Teaching Suite to provide the option of being used as diagnostic tests for this
purpose.
Degree of difficulty classification of questions: in the exercises, questions are classified
as simple familiar SF , complex familiar CF , and complex unfamiliar CU questions. The
revision chapters described below also contain model questions for each of these categories,
and tests are also provided in the teacher resources, made up of such categorised model
questions.
Three revision chapters of material covered in Units 3 and 4: These chapters contain
sections on Technology-free questions, Multiple choice questions, Extended-response
questions, and Degree of difficulty classification of questions. The first revision chapter
occurs at the end of Unit 3, the second at the end of Unit 4 and there is a final revision chapter
that will help with revision for the external examination
Calculator guidance: Throughout the book there is guidance for the use of the TI-Nspire
CX non-CAS and the Casio fxCG20AU and fxCG50AU graphics calculators for the solution
of problems. Guidance on the TI-84Plus CE is included in the interactive textbook, accessed
via icons next to the TI-Nspire boxes. There are also online guides for the general use of each
of these calculators.
Introduction and overview xi
The online graphing calculator from Desmos.com is also embedded in the interactive
textbook, as blank screens that students and teachers can use for their own calculations, or as
widgets which have been set up for a variety of activities. The new Desmos geometry tool is
also embedded in the Interactive Textbook, and activities and widgets using the tool will be
added as they are developed.
Assessment practice: two sets of problem-solving and modelling tasks and internal and
external examinations are provided, one in the Interactive Textbook which students can
access, and a different set in the Online Teaching Suite for teacher-only access.
Overview of the print book (shown below)

1 Graded step-by-step worked examples with precise explanations (and video versions)
encourage independent learning, and are linked to exercises.
2 Section summaries provide important concepts in boxes for easy reference.
3 Additional linked resources in the Interactive Textbook are indicated by icons, such as
skillsheets and video versions of examples.
4 Degree of difficulty categories are indicated in exercises (similar familiar, complex
familiar and complex unfamiliar).
5 Chapter reviews contain a chapter summary and technology-free, multiple-choice, and
extended-response questions. The latter are classified by degree of difficulty.
6 The glossary includes page numbers of the main explanation of each term.
Numbers refer to descriptions above. Content shown from Units 1 & 2.

1 3 2
5 6
3
2
4
xii Introduction and overview
Overview of the downloadable

PDF textbook
7 The convenience of a downloadable PDF
textbook has been retained for times
when users cannot go online.
8 PDF annotation and search features are
enabled.
8 8
Overview of the Interactive Textbook (shown on the page

opposite)
The Interactive Textbook (ITB) is an online HTML version of the print textbook powered
by the HOTmaths platform, included with the print book or available as a separate purchase.
9 The material is formatted for on screen use with a convenient and easy-to-use
navigation system and links to all resources.
10 The new Workspaces enable students to enter working and answers online and to save
them. Input is by typing, with the help of a symbol palette, handwriting and drawing on
tablets, or by uploading images of writing or drawing.
11 The new self-assessment tools enable students to check answers, mark their own
work, and rate their confidence level in their work. This helps develop responsibility
for learning and communicates progress and performance to the teacher. Student
accounts can be linked to the learning management system used by the teacher in the
Online Teaching Suite, so that teachers can review student self-assessment and provide
feedback or adjust marks.
12 Examples have video versions to encourage independent learning.
13 Worked solutions are included and can be enabled or disabled in the student ITB
accounts by the teacher.
14 Interactive Desmos widgets and activities based on embedded graphics calculator and
geometry tool windows demonstrate key concepts and enable students to visualise the
mathematics.
15 The Desmos graphics calculator, scientific calculator, and geometry tool are also
embedded for students to use for their own calculations and exploration.
16 Quick quizzes containing automarked multiple choice questions enable students to
check their understanding.
17 Definitions pop up for key terms in the text, and are also provided in a dictionary.
18 Messages from the teacher assign tasks and tests.
19 Assessment practice items for student access are provided in downloadable PDF files.
20 Online guides to technology are provided for three calculator models and Desmos.
Introduction and overview xiii
INTERACTIVE TEXTBOOK POWERED BY THE HOTmaths PLATFORM

A selection of features is shown. Numbers refer to the descriptions on the opposite page.
HOTmaths platform features are updated regularly. Content shown from Units 1 & 2.
14 9 16 15
18
17
13
12
WORKSPACES AND SELF-ASSESSMENT
10
11
xiv Introduction and overview
Overview of the Online Teaching Suite powered by the

HOTmaths platform (shown below)
The Online Teaching Suite is automatically enabled with a teacher account and is integrated
with the teacher’s copy of the Interactive Textbook. All the teacher resources are in one place
for easy access. The features include:
21 The HOTmaths learning management system with class and student analytics and
reports, and communication tools.
22 Teacher’s view of a student’s working and self-assessment which enables them to
modify the student’s self-assessed marks, and respond where students flag that they had
difficulty.
23 A HOTmaths-style test generator.
24 Chapter test worksheets and teachers’ set of assessment practice items (these are listed
in the table of contents of this textbook).
25 Editable curriculum grids and teaching programs.
22
21
23
24
25
21
Acknowledgements
The author and publisher wish to thank the following sources for permission to reproduce
material:
Cover: © Getty Images / DuxX
Images: © Getty Images / oxygen, Chapter 1, 10, 12 & 15 openers / Andipantz, Chapter 2,
13, 14 & 18 openers / Kathy Collins, Chapter 3 & 5 openers / Jonathan Knowles, Chapter
4 opener / MirageC, Chapter 6 opener / Westend61, Chapter 7 opener / Sergey Ryumin,
Chapter 8 opener / Yulia Reznikov, Chapter 9 opener / boonchai wedmakawand, Chapter 14
opener / Burton0215, Chapter 16 opener / Liyao Xie, Chapter 17 opener / jusant, Chapter 19
opener / Imagebook / Theekshana Kumara, Chapter 20 opener.
Every effort has been made to trace and acknowledge copyright. The publisher apologises for
any accidental infringement and welcomes information that would redress this situation.
xvi Acknowledgements
1
Chapter 1
Functions and relations
Objectives
To revise set notation, including the notation for sets of numbers.
To understand the concepts of relation and function.
To find the domain and range of a given relation.
To find the implied (maximal) domain of a function.
To work with restrictions of a function, piecewise-defined functions, odd functions and
even functions.
To combine functions using sums, products, quotients and compositions.
To understand the concepts of strictly increasing and strictly decreasing.
To work with power functions and their graphs.
To apply a knowledge of functions to solving problems.
The first five chapters of this book revise and extend some important concepts and techniques
from Mathematical Methods Units 1 & 2 that will be built on in Units 3 & 4.
In this chapter we introduce the notation that will be used throughout the rest of the book.
You will have met much of it before and this will serve as revision. The language introduced
in this chapter helps to express important mathematical ideas precisely. Initially they may
seem unnecessarily abstract, but later in the book you will find them used more and more in
practical situations.
In Chapters 2 to 4 we study different families of functions and their graphs. We revise
transformations of the plane in Chapter 2, and then study polynomial functions in Chapter 3
and trigonometric functions in Chapter 4.
2 Chapter 1: Functions and relations
1A Set notation and sets of numbers

Set notation
Set notation is used widely in mathematics and in this book where appropriate. This section
summarises all of the set notation you will need.
A set is a collection of objects.
The objects that are in the set are known as elements or members of the set.
If x is an element of a set A, we write x ∈ A. This can also be read as ‘x is a member of the
set A’ or ‘x belongs to A’ or ‘x is in A’.
If x is not an element of A, we write x A.
A set B is called a subset of a set A if every element of B 3 A
B
is also an element of A. We write B ⊆ A. This expression
can also be read as ‘B is contained in A’ or ‘A contains B’. 4 0
1
For example, let B = {0, 1, 2} and A = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}. Then 2
3 ∈ A, 3 B and B⊆A
as illustrated in the Venn diagram opposite.
The set of elements common to two sets A and B is called the intersection of A and B, and
is denoted by A ∩ B. Thus x ∈ A ∩ B if and only if x ∈ A and x ∈ B.
If the sets A and B have no elements in common, we say A and B are disjoint, and write
A ∩ B = ∅. The set ∅ is called the empty set.
The set of elements that are in A or in B (or in both) is called the union of sets A and B,
and is denoted by A ∪ B.
A B
For example, let A = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} and 9 5
B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}. The intersection and union 2
1
are illustrated by the Venn diagram shown opposite: 7
3 4
A ∩ B = {1, 3, 5}
A ∪ B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9}
Example 1
For A = {1, 2, 3, 7} and B = {3, 4, 5, 6, 7}, find:
a A∩B b A∪B
Solution Explanation
a A ∩ B = {3, 7} The elements 3 and 7 are common to sets A and B.
b A ∪ B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} The set A ∪ B contains all elements that belong to A
or B (or both).
1A Set notation and sets of numbers 3
Sets of numbers
We begin by recalling that the elements of {1, 2, 3, 4, . . . } are called natural numbers, and
the elements of { . . . , −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, . . . } are called integers.
p
The numbers of the form , with p and q integers, q 0, are called rational numbers.
q √
The real numbers which are not rational are called irrational (e.g. π and 2).
The rationals may be characterised as being those real numbers that can be written as a
terminating or recurring decimal.
The set of real numbers will be denoted by R.
The set of rational numbers will be denoted by Q.
The set of integers will be denoted by Z.
The set of natural numbers will be denoted by N.
It is clear that N ⊆ Z ⊆ Q ⊆ R, and this may be
represented by the diagram on the right.
N Z Q R
Describing a set
It is not always possible to list the elements of
a set. There is an alternative way of describing
sets that is especially useful for infinite sets.
The set of all x such that is denoted by { x : }.
For example:
{ x : 0 < x < 1 } is the set of all real numbers strictly between 0 and 1
{ x : x ≥ 3 } is the set of all real numbers greater than or equal to 3
{ x : x 0 } is the set of all real numbers other than 0.
The following are subsets of the real numbers for which we have special notation:
Positive real numbers R+ = { x : x > 0 }
Negative real numbers R− = { x : x < 0 }
Set difference
Sometimes we want to describe a set of real numbers by specifying which numbers are
left out. We can do this using set difference.
The set A \ B contains the elements of A that are not elements of B.
For example:
R \ {0} is the set of all real numbers excluding 0
R \ {1} is the set of all real numbers excluding 1
N \ {5, 7} is the set of all natural numbers excluding 5 and 7.
Interval notation
Among the most important subsets of R are the intervals. The following is an exhaustive list
of the various types of intervals and the standard notation for them. We suppose that a and b
are real numbers with a < b.
(a, b) = { x : a < x < b } [a, b] = { x : a ≤ x ≤ b }
(a, b] = { x : a < x ≤ b } [a, b) = { x : a ≤ x < b }
(a, ∞) = { x : a < x } [a, ∞) = { x : a ≤ x }
(−∞, b) = { x : x < b } (−∞, b] = { x : x ≤ b }
Intervals may be represented by diagrams as shown in Example 2.
Example 2
Illustrate each of the following intervals of real numbers:
a [−2, 3] b (−3, 4] c (−∞, 5] d (−2, 4) e (−3, ∞)
Solution
a [−2, 3] b (−3, 4]
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
c (−∞, 5] d (−2, 4)
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
e (−3, ∞)
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Note: The ‘closed’ circle (•) indicates that the number is included.
The ‘open’ circle (◦) indicates that the number is not included.
Section summary
If x is an element of a set A, we write x ∈ A.
If x is not an element of a set A, we write x A.
If every element of B is an element of A, we say B is a subset of A and write B ⊆ A.
Intersection The set A ∩ B contains the elements in common to A and B.
Union The set A ∪ B contains the elements that are in A or in B (or in both).
Set difference The set A \ B contains the elements of A that are not in B.
If the sets A and B have no elements in common, we say A and B are disjoint and write
A ∩ B = ∅. The set ∅ is called the empty set.
1A 1A Set notation and sets of numbers 5
Sets of numbers:
• Real numbers: R • Rational numbers: Q
• Integers: Z • Natural numbers: N
For real numbers a and b with a < b, we can consider the following intervals:
(a, b) = { x : a < x < b } [a, b] = { x : a ≤ x ≤ b }
(a, b] = { x : a < x ≤ b } [a, b) = { x : a ≤ x < b }
(a, ∞) = { x : a < x } [a, ∞) = { x : a ≤ x }
(−∞, b) = { x : x < b } (−∞, b] = { x : x ≤ b }
Exercise 1A
Example 1 1 For A = {3, 8, 11, 18, 22, 23, 24}, B = {8, 11, 25, 30, 32} and C = {1, 8, 11, 25, 30}, find:
SF
a A∩B b A∩ B∩C c A∪C
d A∪B e A∪ B∪C f (A ∩ B) ∪ C
Example 2 2 Illustrate each of the following intervals on a number line:

a [−2, 3) b (−∞, 4] c [−3, −1]
d (−3, ∞) e (−4, 3) f (−1, 4]
3 For X = {2, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11}, Y = {7, 9, 15, 19, 23} and Z = {2, 7, 9, 15, 19}, find:
a X∩Y b X∩Y ∩Z c X∪Y d X\Y
e Z\Y f X∩Z g [−2, 8] ∩ X h (−3, 8] ∩ Y
i (2, ∞) ∩ Y j (3, ∞) ∪ Y
4 For X = {a, b, c, d, e} and Y = {a, e, i, o, u}, find:

a X∩Y b X∪Y c X\Y d Y\X
5 Use the appropriate interval notation (i.e. [a, b], (a, b), etc.) to describe each of the
following sets:
√
a { x : −3 ≤ x < 1 } b { x : −4 < x ≤ 5 } c {y : − 2 < y < 0}
1 √
d x : −√ < x < 3 e { x : x < −3 } f R+
2
g R− h { x : x ≥ −2 }
6 Describe each of the following subsets of the real number line using the interval
notation [a, b), (a, b), etc.:
a b
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
c d
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
6 Chapter 1: Functions and relations 1A
7 Illustrate each of the following intervals on a number line:
SF
a (−3, 2] b (−4, 3) c (−∞, 3) d [−4, −1] e [−4, ∞) f [−2, 5)
8 For each of the following, use one number line on which to represent the sets:
CF
a [−3, 6], [2, 4], [−3, 6] ∩ [2, 4] b [−3, 6], R \ [−3, 6]
c [−2, ∞), (−∞, 6], [−2, ∞) ∩ (−∞, 6] d (−8, −2), R− \ (−8, −2)
1B Identifying and describing relations and functions

Relations, domain and range
An ordered pair, denoted (x, y), is a pair of elements x and y in which x is considered to be
the first coordinate and y the second coordinate.
A relation is a set of ordered pairs. The following are examples of relations:
a S = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (3, 4), (5, 6)}
b T = {(−3, 5), (4, 12), (5, 12), (7, −6)}
Every relation determines two sets:
The set of all the first coordinates of the ordered pairs is called the domain.
The set of all the second coordinates of the ordered pairs is called the range.
For the above examples:
a domain of S = {1, 3, 5}, range of S = {1, 2, 4, 6}
b domain of T = {−3, 4, 5, 7}, range of T = {5, 12, −6}
Some relations may be defined by a rule relating the elements in the domain to their
corresponding elements in the range. In order to define the relation fully, we need to specify
both the rule and the domain. For example, the set

(x, y) : y = x + 1, x ∈ {1, 2, 3, 4}
is the relation
{(1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4), (4, 5)}
The domain is the set {1, 2, 3, 4} and the range is the set {2, 3, 4, 5}.
Describing relations
Often set notation is not used when describing a relation. For example:
{ (x, y) : y = x2 } is written as y = x2
√ √
{ (x, y) : y = x, x ≥ 0 } is written as y = x, x ≥ 0.
When the domain of a relation is not explicitly stated, it is understood to consist of all real
numbers for which the defining rule has meaning. For example:
y = x2 is assumed to have domain R
√
y= x is assumed to have domain [0, ∞).
1B Identifying and describing relations and functions 7
Example 3
Sketch the graph of each of the following relations and state the domain and range of each:
a y = x2 b { (x, y) : y ≤ x + 1 }
c {(−2, −1), (−1, −1), (−1, 1), (0, 1), (1, −1)} d x 2 + y2 = 1
e 2x + 3y = 6, x ≥ 0 f y = 2x − 1, x ∈ [−1, 2]
Solution
a y b y
1
−1 x
x
O O
Domain = R; Range = [0, ∞) Domain = R; Range = R
c y d y
2
1
1
x x
−2 −1 O 1 2 −1 O 1
−1
−2 −1
Domain = {−2, −1, 0, 1} Domain = [−1, 1]; Range = [−1, 1]

Range = {−1, 1}
e y f y
(2, 3)
(0, 2)
2
1
x
x O
O 1 2 3 −1
(−1, −3)
Domain = [0, ∞); Range = (−∞, 2] Domain = [−1, 2]; Range = [−3, 3]
Functions
A function is a relation such that for each x-value there is only one corresponding y-value.
This means that, if (a, b) and (a, c) are ordered pairs of a function, then b = c. In other words,
a function cannot contain two different ordered pairs with the same first coordinate.
Example 4
Which of the following sets of ordered pairs defines a function?
a S = {(−3, −4), (−1, −1), (−6, 7), (1, 5)} b T = {(−4, 1), (−4, −1), (−6, 7), (−6, 8)}
Solution
a S is a function, because for each x-value there is only one y-value.
b T is not a function, because there is an x-value with two different y-values: the two
ordered pairs (−4, 1) and (−4, −1) in T have the same first coordinate.
One way to identify whether a relation is a function is to draw a graph of the relation and then
apply the following test.
Vertical-line test
If a vertical line can be drawn anywhere on the graph and it only ever intersects the graph
a maximum of once, then the relation is a function.
For example:
y y
x x
O O
x2 + y2 = 1 is not a function y = x2 is a function
Functions are usually denoted by lowercase letters such as f , g, h.

If f is a function, then for each x in the domain of f there is a unique element y in the range
such that (x, y) ∈ f . The element y is called ‘the image of x under f ’ or ‘the value of f at x’,
and the element x is called ‘a pre-image of y’.
For (x, y) ∈ f , the element y is determined by x, and so we also use the notation f (x), read as
‘ f of x’, in place of y.
For example, instead of y = 2x + 1 we can write f (x) = 2x + 1. Then f (5) means the y-value
obtained when x = 5. Therefore f (5) = 2 × 5 + 1 = 11.
By incorporating this notation, we have an alternative way of writing functions:

For the function with rule y = x2 and domain R, we write f (x) = x2 , x ∈ R.
For the function with rule y = 2x − 1 and domain [0, 4], we write f (x) = 2x − 1, x ∈ [0, 4].
If the domain is R, we often just write the rule. For example: f (x) = x2 .
With this notation for functions, the domain of f is written as dom f and range of f as ran f .
Using the TI-Nspire CX non-CAS

Use menu > Actions > Define to define the
function f (x) = 4x − 3.
To find the value of f (−3), type f (−3)
followed by enter .
To evaluate f (1), f (2) and f (3), type
f ({1, 2, 3}) followed by enter .
Using the Casio

To display a table of values for the function
f (x) = 4x − 3:
Press MENU 7 to select Table mode.
Enter the rule y = 4x − 3 in Y1:
4 X,θ,T − 3 EXE
Select Table F6 .
To change the x-values used in the table:

Press EXIT to return to the function list.
Select Set F5 to adjust the Table Settings.
For example, set the x-values to start at −3 and
end at 3 with a step size of 0.5:
(−) 3 EXE 3 EXE 0 . 5 EXE EXIT
Select Table F6 . Use the cursor keys to move

around the table.
Example 5
For f (x) = 2x2 + x, find:
a f (3) b f (−2) c f (x − 1)
Solution
a f (3) = 2(3)2 + 3 b f (−2) = 2(−2)2 − 2 c f (x − 1) = 2(x − 1)2 + (x − 1)
= 21 =6 = 2(x2 − 2x + 1) + x − 1
= 2x2 − 3x + 1
Example 6
For g(x) = 3x2 + 1:
a Find g(−2) and g(4).
b Express each the following in terms of x:
i g(−2x) ii g(x − 2) iii g(x + 2) iv g(x2 )
Solution
a g(−2) = 3(−2)2 + 1 = 13 and g(4) = 3(4)2 + 1 = 49
b i g(−2x) = 3(−2x)2 + 1 ii g(x − 2) = 3(x − 2)2 + 1
= 3 × 4x2 + 1 = 3(x2 − 4x + 4) + 1
= 12x2 + 1 = 3x2 − 12x + 13
iii g(x + 2) = 3(x + 2)2 + 1 iv g(x2 ) = 3(x2 )2 + 1
= 3(x2 + 4x + 4) + 1 = 3x4 + 1
= 3x2 + 12x + 13
Example 7
Consider the function defined by f (x) = 2x − 4 for all x ∈ R.
a Find the value of f (2), f (−1) and f (t). b For what values of t is f (t) = t?
c For what values of x is f (x) ≥ x? d Find the pre-image of 6.
Solution
a f (2) = 2(2) − 4 = 0 b f (t) = t
f (−1) = 2(−1) − 4 = −6 2t − 4 = t
f (t) = 2t − 4 t−4=0
∴ t=4
c f (x) ≥ x d f (x) = 6
2x − 4 ≥ x 2x − 4 = 6
x−4≥0 x=5
∴ x≥4 Thus 5 is the pre-image of 6.

Use menu > Actions > Define to define the
function f (x) = 2x − 4.
Find f (2) and f (−1) as shown.
Use menu > Algebra > Numerical Solve to
solve the equations f (t) = t and f (x) = 6.
Using the Casio

To solve equations involving the function
f (x) = 2x − 4:
Press MENU 1 to select Run-Matrix mode.
Select the numerical solver by going to
Calculation OPTN F4 , then SolveN F5 .
To solve f (x) = 6, enter the equation 2x − 4 = 6.
The equations f (x) = 0 and f (x) = x can be
solved similarly as shown.
Restriction of a function
Consider the following functions:
f(x) g(x) h(x)
f h
g
x x x
O −1 O 1 O
f (x) = x2 , x ∈ R g(x) = x2 , −1 ≤ x ≤ 1 h(x) = x2 , x ≥ 0
The different letters, f , g and h, used to name the functions emphasise the fact that there
are three different functions, even though they each have the same rule. They are different
because they are defined for different domains.
We call g and h restrictions of f , since their domains are subsets of the domain of f .
Example 8
For each of the following, sketch the graph and state the range:
a f (x) = 2x − 4, x ∈ [−2, 4] b g(x) = x2 , x ∈ (−1, 2]
Solution
a y b y
(2, 4)
(4, 4)
x (−1, 1)
O 2
−4
x
O
(−2, −8)
Range = [−8, 4] Range = [0, 4]

Domain restrictions can be entered with the
function if required.
For example: f 1(x) = 2x − 4 | −2 ≤ x ≤ 4
Note: The ‘with’ symbol | and the inequality
signs can be accessed using ctrl = .
Using the Casio

Press MENU 5 to select Graph mode.
Enter the rule y = 2x − 4 and the domain
[−2, 4] in Y1:
2 X,θ,T − 4 ,
SHIFT + (−) 2 , 4 SHIFT − EXE
Select Draw F6 to view the graph. Adjust the
View Window SHIFT F3 if required.
To label key points on the graph, use the
G-Solve menu SHIFT F5 .
Note: When defining a restricted function,
always use square brackets to specify the
domain (not round brackets).
1B 1B Identifying and describing relations and functions 13
Section summary
A relation is a set of ordered pairs.
• The set of all the first coordinates of the ordered pairs is called the domain.
• The set of all the second coordinates of the ordered pairs is called the range.
Some relations may be defined by a rule relating the elements in the domain to their

corresponding elements in the range: for example, (x, y) : y = x + 1, x ≥ 0 .
A function is a relation such that for each x-value there is only one corresponding
y-value.
Vertical-line test If a vertical line can be drawn anywhere on the graph and it only ever
intersects the graph a maximum of once, then the relation is a function.
For an ordered pair (x, y) of a function f , we say that y is the image of x under f or
that y is the value of f at x, and we say that x is a pre-image of y. Since the y-value is
determined by the x-value, we use the notation f (x), read as ‘ f of x’, in place of y.
Notation for defining functions: For example, we write f (x) = 2x − 1, x ∈ [0, 4],
to define a function f with domain [0, 4] and rule f (x) = 2x − 1.
A restriction of a function has the same rule but a ‘smaller’ domain.
Exercise 1B
Skillsheet 1 State the domain and range for the relations represented by each of the following
SF
graphs:
a y b y c y
(3, 9)
2
2
1 (−2, 4)
x 1
O 1 2
−1 O x
x
−2 1 2
d y e y f y
(1, 2) 2
x 2 1
1 x
O
x
−2 −1 O
(−3, −6)
14 Chapter 1: Functions and relations 1B
Example 3 2 Sketch a graph of each of the following relations and state its domain and range:
SF
a y = x2 + 1 b x 2 + y2 = 9 c 3x + 12y = 24, x ≥ 0
√
d y = 2x e y = 5 − x, 0 ≤ x ≤ 5 f y = x2 + 2, x ∈ [0, 4]
g y = 3x − 2, −1 ≤ x ≤ 2 h y = 4 − x2 i { (x, y) : y ≤ 1 − x }
Example 4 3 Which of the following relations are functions? State the domain and range for each.
a {(−1, 1), (−1, 2), (1, 2), (3, 4), (2, 3)} b {(−2, 0), (−1, −1), (0, 3), (1, 5), (2, −4)}
c {(−1, 1), (−1, 2), (−2, −2), (2, 4), (4, 6)} d {(−1, 4), (0, 4), (1, 4), (2, 4), (3, 4)}
4 Each of the following is the graph of a relation. Which are the graph of a function?
a y b y c y
x x
O O x
O
−2
5 Which of the following relations are functions? State the domain and range for each.
a { (x, 4) : x ∈ R } b { (2, y) : y ∈ Z } c y = −2x + 4
d y ≥ 3x + 2 e x2 + y2 = 16
y
6 The graph of the relation y2 = x + 2 is shown on the right.
CF
From this relation, form two functions and specify the range
of each.
x
−2 −1 O
Example 5 7 Let f (x) = 2x2 + 4x and g(x) = 2x3 + 2x − 6.

SF
a Evaluate f (−1), f (2), f (−3) and f (2a).

b Evaluate g(−1), g(2), g(3) and g(a − 1).
Example 6 8 Consider the function g(x) = 3x2 − 2.

a Find g(−2) and g(4).
b Express the following in terms of x:
i g(−2x) ii g(x − 2) iii g(x + 2) iv g(x2 )
Example 7 9 Consider the function f (x) = 2x − 3. Find:

a the image of 3 b the pre-image of 11
c the value of x such that f (x) = 4x d the values of x such that f (x) > x
1B 1B Identifying and describing relations and functions 15
10 Consider the functions g(x) = 6x + 7 and h(x) = 3x − 2. Determine the values of x such
SF
that:
a g(x) = h(x) b g(x) > h(x) c h(x) = 0
Example 8 11 Sketch the graph of each of the following and state the range of each:
a y = x + 1, x ≥ 2 b y = −x + 1, x≥2
c y = 2x + 1, x ≥ −4 d y = 3x + 2, x<3
e y = x + 1, x ∈ (−∞, 3] f y = 3x − 1, x ∈ [−2, 6]
g y = −3x − 1, x ∈ [−5, −1] h y = 5x − 1, x ∈ (−2, 4)
12 For f (x) = 2x2 − 6x + 1 and g(x) = 3 − 2x:

a Evaluate f (2), f (−3) and f (−2). b Evaluate g(−2), g(1) and g(−3).
c Express the following in terms of a:
i f (a) ii f (a + 2) iii g(−a) iv g(2a)
v f (5 − a) vi f (2a) vii g(a) + f (a) viii g(a) − f (a)
13 For f (x) = 3x2 + x − 2, determine the values of x such that:

a f (x) = 0 b f (x) = x c f (x) = −2
d f (x) > 0 e f (x) > x f f (x) ≤ −2
14 For f (x) = x2 + x, find:

a f (−2) b f (2)
c f (−a) in terms of a d f (a) + f (−a) in terms of a
e f (a) − f (−a) in terms of a f f (a2 ) in terms of a
15 For g(x) = 3x − 2, determine the values of x such that:

a g(x) = 4 b g(x) > 4 c g(x) = a
1
d g(−x) = 6 e g(2x) = 4 f =6
g(x)
16 Find the value of k for each of the following if f (3) = 3, where:

a f (x) = kx − 1 b f (x) = x2 − k c f (x) = x2 + kx + 1
k
d f (x) = e f (x) = kx2 f f (x) = 1 − kx2
x
17 Find the values of x for which the given functions have the given value:
1
a f (x) = 5x − 4, f (x) = 2 b f (x) = , f (x) = 5
x
1 1
c f (x) = 2 , f (x) = 9 d f (x) = x + , f (x) = 2
x x
e f (x) = (x + 1)(x − 2), f (x) = 0
1C Implied domains and types of functions

Implied domains
If the domain of a function is not specified, then the domain is the largest subset of R for
which the rule is defined; this is called the implied domain or the maximal domain.
√
Thus, for the function f (x) = x, the implied domain is [0, ∞). We write:
√
f (x) = x, x ∈ [0, ∞)
Example 9
Find the implied domain and the corresponding range for the functions with rules:
1 √ √
a f (x) = 2x − 3 b f (x) = c f (x) = x + 6 d f (x) = 4 − x2
(x − 2) 2
Solution
a f (x) = 2x − 3 is defined for all x. The implied domain is R. The range is R.
1
b f (x) = is defined for x 2. The implied domain is R \ {2}. The range is R+ .
(x − 2)2
√
c f (x) = x + 6 is defined for x + 6 ≥ 0, i.e. for x ≥ −6.
Thus the implied domain is [−6, ∞). The range is [0, ∞).
√
d f (x) = 4 − x2 is defined for 4 − x2 ≥ 0, i.e. for x2 ≤ 4.
Thus the implied domain is [−2, 2]. The range is [0, 2].
Example 10
Find the implied domain of the functions with the following rules:
2 √
a f (x) = b g(x) = 5 − x
2x − 3
√ √ √
c h(x) = x − 5 + 8 − x d f (x) = x2 − 7x + 12
Solution
a f (x) is defined when 2x − 3 0, i.e. when x 32 . Thus the implied domain is R \ { 32 }.
b g(x) is defined when 5 − x ≥ 0, i.e. when x ≤ 5. Thus the implied domain is (−∞, 5].
c h(x) is defined when x − 5 ≥ 0 and 8 − x ≥ 0, i.e. when x ≥ 5 and x ≤ 8. Thus the
implied domain is [5, 8].
d f (x) is defined when y
x2 − 7x + 12 ≥ 0 y = x2 − 7x + 12
which is equivalent to
(x − 3)(x − 4) ≥ 0
Thus f (x) is defined when x ≥ 4 or x ≤ 3. x
The implied domain is (−∞, 3] ∪ [4, ∞). O 1 2 3 4 5
1C Implied domains and types of functions 17
Piecewise-defined functions
Functions which have different rules for different subsets of their domain are called
piecewise-defined functions. They are also known as hybrid functions.
Example 11
a Sketch the graph of the function f given by:
⎧
⎪
⎪
⎪−x − 1 for x < 0
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎨
f (x) = ⎪
⎪ 2x − 1 for 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎩ 1 x + 1 for x > 1
2 2
b State the range of f .
Solution Explanation
f(x)
a The graph of y = −x − 1 is sketched for x < 0.
Note that when x = 0, y = −1 for this rule.
3
The graph of y = 2x − 1 is sketched for
2 0 ≤ x ≤ 1. Note that when x = 0, y = −1 and
1 when x = 1, y = 1 for this rule.
x The graph of y = 12 x + is sketched for x > 1.
1
−2 −1 O
2
1 2 3 Note that when x = 1, y = 1 for this rule.
−1
b The range is [−1, ∞).
Note: For this function, the sections of the graph ‘join up’. This is not always the case.

In a Graphs application with the cursor in
the entry line, select the piecewise function
template as shown. (Access the template from
the 2D-template palette t.)
If the domain of the last function piece is the
remaining subset of R, then leave the final
condition blank and it will autofill as ‘Else’
when you press enter .
Using the Casio

Press MENU 5 to select Graph mode.
Enter the first rule, y = −x − 1 for x < 0, in Y1:
(−) X,θ,T − 1 ,
SHIFT + , 0 SHIFT − EXE
Enter the second and third rules in Y2 and Y3
as shown.
Select Draw F6 to view the graph. Adjust the
View Window SHIFT F3 if required.
Note: The syntax for entering a function with a
restricted domain is:
function rule, [start x-value, end x-value]
Odd and even functions

Odd functions
An odd function has the property that f (−x) = − f (x). The graph of an odd function has
rotational symmetry with respect to the origin: the graph remains unchanged after rotation of
180◦ about the origin.
For example, f (x) = x3 − x is an y y
odd function, since
f (−x) = (−x)3 − (−x)
= −x3 + x
= − f (x) x x
−1 O 1 −1 O 1
y = f (x) y = f (−x)
Even functions
y
An even function has the property that f (−x) = f (x). The
graph of an even function is symmetrical about the y-axis. y = x2 − 1
For example, f (x) = x2 − 1 is an even function, since

f (−x) = (−x)2 − 1 x
O
= x2 − 1
= f (x) −1
The properties of odd and even functions often facilitate the sketching of graphs.
1C 1C Implied domains and types of functions 19
Example 12
State whether each function is odd or even or neither:
a f (x) = x2 + 7 b f (x) = x4 + x2 c f (x) = −2x3 + 7
1 1
d f (x) = e f (x) = f f (x) = x5 + x3 + x
x x−3
Solution
a f (−a) = (−a)2 + 7 b f (−a) = (−a)4 + (−a)2 c f (−1) = −2(−1)3 + 7 = 9
= a2 + 7 = a4 + a2 but f (1) = −2 + 7 = 5
and − f (1) = −5
= f (a) = f (a)
The function is even. The function is even. The function is neither
even nor odd.
1
d f (−a) = e f (−1) = − 14 f f (−a)
−a
but f (1) = − 12 = (−a)5 + (−a)3 + (−a)
1
=− and − f (1) = 12
a = −a5 − a3 − a
= − f (a) The function is neither = − f (a)
even nor odd.
The function is odd. The function is odd.
Section summary
When the domain of a function is not explicitly stated, it is assumed to consist of all
real numbers for which the rule has meaning; this is called the implied domain or the
maximal domain of the function.
Functions which have different rules for different subsets of their domain are called
piecewise-defined functions.
A function f is odd if f (−x) = − f (x) for all x in the domain of f .
A function f is even if f (−x) = f (x) for all x in the domain of f .
Exercise 1C
Skillsheet
1 State the largest possible domain and range for the functions defined by each of the
SF
Example 9 following rules:

√ √
a y=4−x b y= x c y = x2 − 2 d y = 16 − x2
1 √
e y= f y = 4 − 3x2 g y= x−3
x
2 Each of the following is the rule of a function. In each case, write down the implied
domain and the range.
√ 1
a y = 3x + 2 b y = x2 − 2 c f (x) = 9 − x2 d g(x) =
x−1
20 Chapter 1: Functions and relations 1C
Example 10 3 Find the implied domain for each of the following rules:
SF
1 √ √
a f (x) = b f (x) = x2 − 3 c g(x) = x2 + 3
x−3
√ √ x2 − 1 √
d h(x) = x − 4 + 11 − x e f (x) = f h(x) = x2 − x − 2
x+1
1 x−1 √
g f (x) = h h(x) = i f (x) = x − 3x2
(x + 1)(x − 2) x+2
√ √ √
j h(x) = 25 − x2 k f (x) = x − 3 + 12 − x
Example 11 4 a Sketch the graph of the function
CF
⎧
⎪
⎪
⎪−2x − 2, x < 0
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎨
f (x) = ⎪
⎪ x − 2, 0≤x<2
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎩3x − 6, x≥2
b What is the range of f ?
5 For each of the following graphs, state the domain and range of the function:
a y b y
3 (4, 5)
2 3
1 (1, 2)
x x
O O
−3 1 3
−2
(−5, −4)
6 a Sketch the graph of the function

⎧
⎪
⎪
⎪ 2x + 6, 0 < x ≤ 2
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎨
f (x) = ⎪
⎪ −x + 5, −4 ≤ x ≤ 0
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎩−4, x < −4
b State the domain and range of f .
7 a Sketch the graph of the function

⎧
⎪
⎪
⎪ x2 + 5, x > 0
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎨
g(x) = ⎪
⎪5 − x, −3 ≤ x ≤ 0
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎩8, x < −3
b State the range of g.
1C 1D Combining functions 21
8 Given that
CF
⎧
⎪
⎪
⎪ 1
⎪
⎨ x, x>3
f (x) = ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎩2x, x≤3
find:
a f (−4) b f (0) c f (4)
d f (a + 3) in terms of a e f (2a) in terms of a f f (a − 3) in terms of a
9 Specify the function illustrated by the graph. y
2
1
1 3,
2
x
−4 −3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3 4
−1
(−2, −2) −2
Example 12 10 State whether each of the following functions is odd, even or neither:
SF
a f (x) = x4 b f (x) = x5 c f (x) = x4 − 3x
d f (x) = x4 − 3x2 e f (x) = x5 − 2x3 f f (x) = x4 − 2x5
11 State whether each of the following functions is odd, even or neither:

a f (x) = x2 − 4 b f (x) = 2x4 − x2 c f (x) = −4x3 + 7x
1 1
d f (x) = e f (x) = f f (x) = 3 + 2x2
2x x+5
g f (x) = x2 − 5x h f (x) = 3 x i f (x) = x4 + x2 + 2
1D Combining functions
In this section we look at ways to combine two functions to form a new function, by taking
a sum, product, quotient or composition. This enables us to consider quite complicated
functions by ‘breaking them apart’ and viewing them as a combination of simpler functions.
We will apply this idea to find the derivatives of functions in Chapters 7 and 8.
Sums and products of functions

The domain of f is denoted by dom f and the domain of g by dom g. Let f and g be
functions such that dom f ∩ dom g ∅. The sum, f + g, and the product, f g, as functions
on dom f ∩ dom g are defined by
( f + g)(x) = f (x) + g(x) and ( f g)(x) = f (x) g(x)
The domain of both f + g and f g is the intersection of the domains of f and g, i.e. the values
of x for which both f and g are defined.
Example 13
√ √
If f (x) = x − 2 for all x ≥ 2 and g(x) = 4 − x for all x ≤ 4, find:
a f +g b ( f + g)(3) c fg d ( f g)(3)
Solution
Note that dom f ∩ dom g = [2, 4].
√ √
a ( f + g)(x) = f (x) + g(x) b ( f + g)(3) = 3−2+ 4−3
√ √
= x−2+ 4−x =2
dom( f + g) = [2, 4]
c ( f g)(x) = f (x) g(x) d ( f g)(3) = (3 − 2)(4 − 3)
= (x − 2)(4 − x) =1
dom( f g) = [2, 4]
Quotients of functions
Let f and g be functions such that dom f ∩ dom g ∩ { x : g(x) 0 } ∅.
f
The quotient is defined by
g
f f (x)
(x) =
g g(x)
The domain of the quotient is the intersection of the domains of f and g with the set of all
real numbers x for which g(x) 0.
Example 14
√
If f (x) = x for all x and g(x) = 16 − x for all x ≤ 16, find:
f f g g
a b (7) c d (7)
g g f f
Solution
Note that dom f ∩ dom g ∩ { x : g(x) 0 } = (−∞, 16).
f f (x) x f f (7) 7
a (x) = = √ b (7) = =
g g(x) 16 − x g g(7) 3
f
dom = (−∞, 16)
g
Note that dom g ∩ dom f ∩ { x : f (x) 0 } = (−∞, 16] \ {0}.
√
g g(x) 16 − x g g(7) 3
c (x) = = d (7) = =
f f (x) x f f (7) 7
g
dom = (−∞, 16] \ {0}
f
1D Combining functions 23
Composition of functions
A function may be considered to be similar to a 3 INPUT
machine for which the input (domain) is processed
to produce an output (range). For example, the
f-machine 11 OUTPUT
diagram on the right represents an ‘ f -machine’
where f (x) = 3x + 2. f(3) = 3 × 3 + 2 = 11
With many processes, more than one machine operation is required to produce an output.
Suppose an output is the result of one 3 INPUT
function being applied after another.
For example: f (x) = 3x + 2 f-machine 11
followed by g(x) = x2
f(3) = 3 × 3 + 2 = 11
This is illustrated on the right.
g-machine 121
A new function h is formed. The rule
OUTPUT
for h is h(x) = (3x + 2)2 . g(11) = 112 = 121
The diagram shows f (3) = 11 and then g(11) = 121. This may be written:
h(3) = g( f (3)) = g(11) = 121
The new function h is said to be the composition of g with f . This is written h = g ◦ f

(read ‘composition of f followed by g’) and the rule for h is given by h(x) = g( f (x)).
In the example we have considered:

h(x) = g( f (x))
= g(3x + 2)
= (3x + 2)2
In general, for functions f and g such that

ran f ⊆ dom g
we define the composite function of g with f by
(g ◦ f )(x) = g( f (x))
dom(g ◦ f ) = dom f
f g
domain of g
domain of f range of f
g( f(x))
x f(x)
g°f
Example 15
For the functions f (x) = 2x − 1 and g(x) = 3x2 , find:
a f (g(x)) b g( f (x))
c f ( f (x)) d g(g(x))
Solution
a f (g(x)) = f (3x2 ) b g( f (x)) = g(2x − 1)
= 2(3x ) − 1
2
= 3(2x − 1)2
= 6x2 − 1 = 12x2 − 12x + 3
c f ( f (x)) = f (2x − 1) d g(g(x)) = g(3x2 )

= 2(2x − 1) − 1 = 3(3x2 )2
= 4x − 3 = 27x4
Note: It can be seen from this example that in general f (g(x)) g( f (x)).
Example 16
Express each of the following as the composition of two functions:
√
a h(x) = (2x + 1)2 b h(x) = x2 c h(x) = (x2 − 2)n , n ∈ N
Solution
√
a h(x) = (2x + 1)2 b h(x) = x2 c h(x) = (x2 − 2)n , n ∈ N
Choose f (x) = 2x + 1 Choose f (x) = x2 Choose f (x) = x2 − 2
√
and g(x) = x2 . and g(x) = x. and g(x) = xn .
Then h(x) = g( f (x)). Then h(x) = g( f (x)). Then h(x) = g( f (x)).
Note: These are not the only possible answers, but the ‘natural’ choices have been made.
Section summary
Combining functions
Rule Domain
Sum ( f + g)(x) = f (x) + g(x) dom( f + g) = dom f ∩ dom g
Product ( f · g)(x) = f (x) · g(x) dom( f · g) = dom f ∩ dom g
f f (x) f
Quotient (x) = dom = dom f ∩ dom g ∩ { x : g(x) 0 }
g g(x) g
Composition (g ◦ f )(x) = g( f (x)) dom(g ◦ f ) = dom f if ran f ⊆ dom g
1D 1D Combining functions 25
Exercise 1D
Skillsheet 1 For each of the following, find ( f + g)(x) and ( f g)(x) and state the domain for both
SF
f + g and f g:
Example 13 a f (x) = 3x and g(x) = x + 2
b f (x) = 1 − x2 for all x ∈ [−2, 2] and g(x) = x2 for all x ∈ R+
√ 1
c f (x) = x and g(x) = √ for x ∈ [1, ∞)
x
√
d f (x) = x2 , x ≥ 0, and g(x) = 4 − x, 0 ≤ x ≤ 4
Example 14 2 For each pair of functions f and g from Question 1:

f f g g
i find (x) and state the domain of ii find (x) and state the domain of .
g g f f
3 Functions f , g, h and k are defined by:

i f (x) = x2 + 1, x ∈ R ii g(x) = x, x ∈ R
1 1
iii h(x) = 2 , x 0 iv k(x) = , x 0
x x
a State which of the above functions are odd and which are even.
b Give the rules for the functions f + h, f h, g + k, gk, f + g and f g, stating which
are odd and which are even.
Example 15 4 For each of the following, find f (g(x)) and g( f (x)):

a f (x) = 2x − 1, g(x) = 2x b f (x) = 4x + 1, g(x) = 2x + 1
c f (x) = 2x − 1, g(x) = 2x − 3 d f (x) = 2x − 1, g(x) = x2
e f (x) = 2x2 + 1, g(x) = x − 5 f f (x) = 2x + 1, g(x) = x2
5 For the functions f (x) = 2x − 1 and h(x) = 3x + 2, find:

a f (h(x)) b h( f (x)) c f (h(2)) d h( f (2))
e f (h(3)) f h( f (−1)) g f (h(0))
6 For the functions f (x) = x2 + 2x and h(x) = 3x + 1, find:

a f (h(x)) b h( f (x)) c f (h(3)) d h( f (3))
e f (h(0)) f h( f (0))
Example 16 7 Express each of the following as the composition of two functions:

√
a h(x) = (x2 − 1)4 b h(x) = x4 + 3
1
c h(x) = (x2 − 2x)n where n ∈ N d h(x) =
2x + 3
e h(x) = (x2 − 2x)3 − 2(x2 − 2x) f h(x) = 2(2x2 + 1)2 + 1
1E Power functions
We now consider functions with rules of the form f (x) = xr , where r is a rational number.
These functions are called power functions.
In this section, we look at power functions with rules such as
1 1
f (x) = x4 , f (x) = x−4 , f (x) = x 4 , f (x) = x5 , f (x) = x−5 , f (x) = x 3
You may like to investigate further by using your calculator to plot the graphs of more
2 3
complicated power functions with rules such as f (x) = x 3 and f (x) = x 2 .
Increasing and decreasing functions

We say a function f is strictly increasing on an interval y
if x2 > x1 implies f (x2 ) > f (x1 ).
For example:
The graph opposite shows a strictly increasing function.
x
A straight line with positive gradient is strictly increasing. O
The function f (x) = x2 , x > 0, is strictly increasing.
We say a function f is strictly decreasing on an interval y

if x2 > x1 implies f (x2 ) < f (x1 ).
For example:
The graph opposite shows a strictly decreasing function.
A straight line with negative gradient is strictly decreasing. x
O
The function f (x) = x2 , x < 0, is strictly decreasing.
Power functions with positive integer index

We start by considering power functions y
f (x) = xn where n is a positive integer.
Taking n = 1, 2, 3, we obtain the linear y = x3
function f (x) = x, the quadratic function y = x2
f (x) = x2 and the cubic function f (x) = x3 .
y=x
We have studied these functions in
Mathematical Methods Units 1 & 2 and x
O
have referred to them in the earlier sections
of this chapter.
The general shape of the graph of f (x) = xn
depends on whether the index n is odd
or even.
1E Power functions 27
The function f(x) = xn where n is an odd positive integer

The graph has a similar shape to those shown below. The maximal domain is R and the
range is R.
y
Some properties of f (x) = xn where n is
an odd positive integer:
f is an odd function 2 y = x5 y = x3
f is strictly increasing
x
f (0) = 0, f (1) = 1 and f (−1) = −1 O
−2 −1 1 2
as x → ∞, f (x) → ∞ and
as x → −∞, f (x) → −∞. 2
The function f(x) = xn where n is an even positive integer

The graph has a similar shape to those shown below. The maximal domain is R and the
range is [0, ∞).
y
Some properties of f (x) = xn where n is
an even positive integer:
f is an even function
f is strictly increasing for x > 0 2 y = x4 y = x2
f is strictly decreasing for x < 0
f (0) = 0, f (1) = 1 and f (−1) = 1
as x → ±∞, f (x) → ∞. x
−2 −1 O 1 2
Power functions with negative integer index

Again, the general shape of the graph depends on whether the index n is odd or even.
The function f(x) = xn where n is an odd negative integer

Taking n = −1, we obtain y
1
f (x) = x−1 =
x
The graph of this function is shown on the right.
The graphs of functions of this type are all similar x
to this one. O
In general, we consider the function f (x) = x−k ,

where k = 1, 3, 5, . . .
the maximal domain is R \ {0} and the range is R \ {0}
f is an odd function
there is a horizontal asymptote with equation y = 0
there is a vertical asymptote with equation x = 0.
Example 17
1
For the function f with rule f (x) = :
x5
a State the maximal domain and the corresponding range.
b Evaluate each of the following:
i f (2) ii f (−2) iii f ( 12 ) iv f (− 12 )
c Sketch the graph without using your calculator.
Solution
a The maximal domain is R \ {0} and the range is R \ {0}.
1 1
b i f (2) = 5
= c y
2 32
1
y= 5
1 1 12 x
ii f (−2) = 5
=−
(−2) 32
8
1
iii f ( 12 ) = 1 = 32 4
( 2 )5 −2 −1 (1, 1)
x
1 (−1,−1) O 1 2
iv f (− 12 ) = 1 = −32 −4
(− 2 )5
−8
−12
Example 18
Let f (x) = x−1 for x ∈ R \ {0} and g(x) = x−3 for x ∈ R \ {0}.
a Find the values of x for which f (x) = g(x).
b Sketch the graphs of y = f (x) and y = g(x) on the one set of axes.
Solution
a f (x) = g(x) b y
x −1
=x −3 1
f(x) =
x
1 1
= 3 (1, 1)
x x
x2 = 1 x
O
∴ x = 1 or x = −1 (−1, −1) 1
g(x) = 3
x
Note:
1 1 1 1
If x > 1, then x3 > x and so > . If 0 < x < 1, then x3 < x and so < .
x x3 x x3
1 1 1 1
If x < −1, then x3 < x and so < 3 . If −1 < x < 0, then x3 > x and so > 3 .
x x x x
1E Power functions 29
The function f(x) = xn where n is an even negative integer

Taking n = −2, we obtain y
1
f (x) = x−2 = 2
x
The graph of this function is shown on the right.
The graphs of functions of this type are all similar
to this one.
In general, we consider the function f (x) = x−k , x
O
where k = 2, 4, 6, . . .
the maximal domain R \ {0} and the range is R+
f is an even function
there is a horizontal asymptote with equation y = 0
there is a vertical asymptote with equation x = 0.
1
The function f(x) = x n where n is a positive integer
1
Let a be a positive real number and let n ∈ N. Then a n is defined to be the nth root of a.
1 1 √
That is, a n is the positive number whose nth power is a. We can also write this as a n = n a.
1
For example: 9 2 = 3, since 32 = 9.
1
We define 0 n = 0, for each natural number n, since 0n = 0.
1
If n is odd, then we can also define a n when a is negative. If a is negative and n is odd,
1 1
define a n to be the number whose nth power is a. For example: (−8) 3 = −2, as (−2)3 = −8.
In all three cases we can write:
1 √ 1 n
an = n a with an =a
1 √
In particular, x 2 = x.
1
Let f (x) = When n is even the maximal domain is [0, ∞) and when n is odd the maximal
xn .
√ 1 √ 1
domain is R. The graphs of f (x) = x = x 2 and f (x) = 3 x = x 3 are as shown.
y
1 y
y = x2
1
y = x3
x
O
x
O
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Then was the time for General Pavia’s action. Arthur Houghton,
correspondent to The Times at Madrid, gives, in his “French History
of the Restoration of the Bourbons,” the account of this coup in the
General’s own words; for, favoured by the soldiers’ friendship, Mr.
Houghton had the opportunity of hearing the story first-hand, and the
smart General, looking spruce and trim in his well-cut black frock,
would often talk to the Englishman, when he met him in the salons of
Madrid, of the way he took matters into his own hand when the
republican Parliament could not manage the Congress.
“No, no,” said the former Governor of Madrid, “I admitted nobody
into my counsel, but, under the stress of circumstances, I took all the
responsibility upon myself. When I heard how the Assembly had
given voice to a vote of want of confidence in Castelar, I thought the
hour had come; and as the session the next day increased in force
and disorder, whilst the hours of early dawn succeeded those of the
evening and the night in fruitless and violent discussion, I called a
company of the Civil Guard, and another of the Cazadores, and, to
their surprise, I led them to the square in front of the Congress, and
stationed them all round the building. Then, entering the Parliament
with a few picked men, I surprised the deputies by ordering them to
leave the House. A few shots were fired in the corridor on those who
sought to defy the military order, so the members did not long resist,
and by four o’clock in the morning I found myself in complete
command of the House. I called a Committee, with the power to form
a Ministry, of which General Serrano was once more elected
President, and thus ensued the second period of the republic.”
This brilliant and successful coup reminds one of that of our
Oliver Cromwell when he freed the country of a particular
Government; but in this case of military sway in Spain General Pavia
acted from no aims of self-interest, but only for the restoration of
order, which it was his duty as Governor of the city to preserve.
During the second period of the republic, which lasted from
January 4, 1874, till December 30 of the same year, Serrano had his
hands weighted with two civil wars—the never-ceasing one of
Carlism in the Peninsula, as well as that of Cuba—and, as Francisco
Paréja de Alarcon says, in the criticism which he publishes in the
above-mentioned work on this period, the Government formed under
Serrano proved unable to restore order and save Spain from the
dishonour which was threatening it.
So when the Ministers heard of the rising at Sagunto, on
December 29, 1874, for the restoration of the monarchy, they knew
that the movement was really supported by leading military men,
who had been inspired thereto by the ladies of the land, who
resented the irreligion and disorder of the republic; and, as they saw
that resistance would only lead to another disastrous civil war, they
resigned their posts peacefully.
It was thus that the son of Isabella II. was raised to the throne.
And Alarcon says: “The hypocritical banner of ‘the country’s honour’
was set aside; for had it not meant the support of a foreign
monarchy, destitute of prestige; and then an unbridled, antisocial,
impious, and anarchical republic, which was a blot on the history of
our unhappy Spain in these latter days, which have been so full of
misfortunes under the government of the ambitious parties which
harrowed and exploited under different names and banners?”
The Circulo Hispano Ultramarino in Barcelona, agitating
continually for the restoration of Alfonso XII., was a strong agent in
the monarchical movement. Figuerola Ferretti worked strenuously as
secretary of the society, and this officer is the possessor of the only
escutcheon signed by Alfonso XII., in which he paid tribute to the
Colonel’s valiant conduct in the Cuban War of 1872.
It is interesting to see that the opinion of the republic published in
“Contemporaneous Truths” by this Ferretti was echoed by the great
leader of the party himself, for Señor Castelar writes: “There were
days during that summer of 1874 in which our Spain seemed
completely ruined. The idea of legality was so lost that anybody
could assume power, and notify the fact to the Cortes, and those
whose office it was to make and keep the laws were in a perpetual
ferment against them.
“It was no question then, as before, of one Ministry replacing
another, nor one form of government substituting another; but a
country was divided into a thousand parts, like the Kalifat of Cordova
after its fall, and the provinces were inundated by the most out-of-
the-way ideas and principles.”
When the great republican speaks in such a derogatory way of
the republic of which he was the leader, it is not strange that public
opinion turned to the restoration of the Bourbons as the salvation of
the country. Society clamoured for such balls and entertainments as
had formerly taken place at Court, or which had been patronized by
the palace, and the dreary disorder wearied both politicians and
patriots.
The house of the Dukes of Heredia-Spinola never ceased to be
the scene of the reunion of Alfonsists, and as General Martinez
Campos played his daily game of tresillo at their table, many
expressions of hope for the return of the ex-Queen’s son fell upon
his ears; whilst the Countess of Tacon, who had been Lady-in-
Waiting to the little Prince of Asturias as a child, was loud in her
opinions. It is interesting to note that this lady subsequently filled the
same office for the restored King’s little daughter, the Princess of
Asturias, Doña Maria de las Mercedes.
From a social point of view the salon of the old Countess of
Montijo ranked foremost in Madrid, and it assembled within its walls
the frequenters of Court society in the reign of Isabella. Scenes from
“Don Quixote” were given with great success at the Countess’s little
theatre; and the year of the restoration was marked by a very
successful dramatic representation, in which some of the members
of the old nobility took part.
Moreover, the services held every Friday in the private chapel of
the mansion, where great preachers made remarkable orations,
were a protest against the irreligion of the period. On these
occasions ladies of Court society, among whom may be noted Clara
Hunt, wife of one of the diplomats of the English Embassy—who was
quite a notable singer—gave proofs of their talent.
The niece of the Count of Nava de Tajo was another of the
distinguished ladies who frequented the salon of the Countess of
Montijo. The Count was varied in his interests. One afternoon he
paid a series of visits, beginning with the Pope’s Nuncio, going on to
the house of Canovas, then to Roque Barcia, who was asking for
subscriptions for his famous dictionary, and ending with the unhappy
Lopez Bago, who was seeking support for his Review of the Salons,
of which only three or four numbers were ever published.
CHAPTER XV
THE REVIVAL OF COURT LIFE IN SPAIN UNDER ALFONSO XII.
1874–1884
The foregoing brief sketch of the political and social life in Spain
during the republic will have given some idea of the joy which filled
Spanish hearts at seeing the Bourbons once more on the throne of
Spain in the person of Alfonso XII. Madrid indeed was wild with joy
when the little Prince whom we saw at eleven years of age, in his
blue velvet suit and lace collar, leaving his country as an exile, with
his mother and family, re-entered the royal palace as a young man
eighteen years old in January, 1875, having wisely passed through
Catalonia, which Martinez Campos had gained over to the cause,
and pleased the people by saying: “I wish to be King of all
Spaniards.”
As Isabella had abdicated in favour of her son on June 26, 1870,
there was no impediment to his taking the oath of coronation soon
after he was summoned to the Spanish capital. Of a good figure,
gentlemanly, and well cultured, Alfonso added the art of good
dressing to his other attractions, and the excellent taste and cut of
his clothes led to his being called “the Beau Brummell of Spain.”
K I N G A L F O N S O X I I . V I S I T I N G C H O L E R A PAT I E N T S AT
ARANJUEZ
From a Painting by J. Bermudo y Mateos
The Countess of Campo Alange, who had assisted at the

ceremony, in Paris, of Isabella’s abdication in favour of her son, was
one of the first to pay her respects to Alfonso XII. on his return as
King to the Court of Spain. She went in a beautiful costume of
crushed-strawberry-coloured satin, and she carried in her hand a
snuff-box decorated with a picture of the entry of Charles IV. into
Badajoz, and it was with a graceful speech that the Countess drew
the King’s attention to the miniature.
“What a memory you have, Marchioness!”
“Oh, facts and people remain in my mind when they are forgotten
by others,” returned the lady; and the affectionate look she cast at
the King reminded him of her fidelity to his family.
In his youthful exuberance of spirits, the young King was always
ready to join in any frolic, although he was not lacking in serious and
intelligent application to matters of State.
It was the Monday preceding Shrove Tuesday, and Alfonso had
remarked somewhat regretfully that the rollicking spirit of the season
seemed somewhat subdued. This the Duke of Tamanes determined
to remedy, so, when the Cabinet was assembling for a royal
audience, he swiftly emptied a bag of flour over the head of the
Minister of War, who gravely sat down to business in his transformed
condition, much to the amusement of Alfonso.
The young King was always genial and affable, and anxious to
avoid too much ceremonial etiquette when it might cause discomfort
to those who followed it.
One day he came unexpectedly into the Archæological Museum
of Madrid with an Austrian Prince. There he found two men studying
with their hats on; for all those who use public institutions in Madrid
know that the cold is intense during the winter in these buildings. At
the entrance of Alfonso the students promptly bared their heads.
“Don’t do that,” said the young King kindly; “put your hats on
again, or I shall have to take off mine.”
Alfonso was a bright and attractive figure in Spanish Court
society. His gift of making verses, either gay or sentimental, as the
occasion warranted, was always attractive, and he slackened the
stiff rules of Court life as much as possible.
The Ilustracion Española y Americana publishes an excellent
account of the historic ball given by the restored monarch:
“The festivities which celebrated the restoration of King Alfonso
XII. in the feudal mansions of Spain finally saw their culmination in
the magnificent ball given at the royal palace by the young monarch
and his widowed sister, the Infanta Isabella, the heir to the throne, on
January 15, 1877.
“The state apartments were illuminated by millions of candles in
the crystal chandeliers; the double-winged splendid staircase—
guarded at the foot by the historic white marble lions, and lined with
the Royal Guard of the Halberdiers in their high black-cloth leggings,
slashed scarlet cutaway coats, tricorn white-banded hats, and their
glittering Toledan steel halberds, at attention—was crowded with
thousands of guests in gorgeous uniforms and lovely toilettes, who
were radiant at this opportunity of once more greeting royalty at a
great fête.
“The King, with his sister, looked smiling and happy, and their
genial words of welcome warmed the hearts of the guests.
“The fine ballroom was soon filled with the stream of people in
gorgeous array; the large mirrors on the wall reflected the dancing of
the stately rigodons, so that they could be seen from the entrance of
the room even by those who could not obtain a place within its
precincts.
“A magnificent supper was served, and so perfect was the
arrangement that 3,000 people were able to partake of it without
confusion.
“To the royalties who gave this ball it offered little real enjoyment,
for the strict Court etiquette only allowed them to dance a few
rigodons according to the protocol, and to pass through some of the
illuminated salons, where they greeted those privileged to approach
them.”
In his anxiety to make acquaintance with his kingdom, Alfonso
went this year to Barcelona, Granada, Malaga, Seville, Asturias,
Galicia, etc., and he took his place as the head of the grandees of
Spain when, with all due pomp and ceremony, he was made Grand
Master of the Orders of Santiago, Alcantara, Calatrava, and
Montesa.
It was on December 8 in this year that the Duke of Sexto went to
Seville to formally ask for the hand of Doña Maria Mercedes, the
seventeen-year-old daughter of the Duke and Duchess of
Montpensier, in marriage for her cousin Alfonso XII.
The royal suitor had long been attracted to this charming girl, and
during the years of his exile many were the happy days he spent
with his cousin in his vacations from Sandhurst at Vichy. When
walking out together in the watering-place, the thoughts of the young
people would sometimes wander to the possible future, and the
young cadet, whose purse was occasionally very attenuated, would
regretfully turn away from some pretty present he would gladly have
bought for his cousin, saying: “It is rather dear; but never mind, I will
buy it when I am King.”
The account of the delicate mission of the Duke of Sexto, the
Marquis de la Frontera, the Chamberlain, and Don Fernando
Mendoza, Secretary of the Etiquette and Mayordomo of the Royal
Palace, is given in the publication mentioned below.[20] The Duke
and Duchess of Montpensier were in the white salon of their palace
when they received the request for the hand of their daughter in
marriage to the reigning King of Spain; and they were well pleased
with the suggested alliance, as they trusted that the hope of Louis
Philippe, that his descendant should sit upon the throne of Spain,
would soon now be fulfilled.
[20] “The Wooing and Marriage of Alfonso XII.”
When Alfonso followed the favourable reception of his request by

a visit to Seville, all went merrily enough in the royal circle.
A magnificent Court ball was given at the Palace of San Telmo on
December 26, to celebrate the royal engagement. The first rigodon
was led off by the King with his fiancée, looking fascinating, gowned
in white and glistening with jewels; the Infanta Doña Luisa Fernanda
danced with the Duke of Sexto, and Alfonso excited much admiration
by the able way he conducted the cotillon.
However, the Princess of Mercedes had not been the only girl
friend young Alfonso had had during his exile. For when he could not
go to the Montpensiers at Vichy, the ex-King liked to visit the Austrian
Archduke and Duchess at Biarritz, as he found their daughter Maria
Cristina très bonne camarade, and well able to hold her own with
him in a game of tennis or billiards. Maria Cristina seems to have
been attracted by Alfonso, for when his marriage was announced
with Mercedes of Montpensier, she joined the rich and noble Chapter
of Prague, of which she accepted the responsible office of Lady
Abbess, with an annual income of 20,000 marks.
The marriage of Mercedes and Alfonso took place on January 23
with all befitting ceremony. The Patriarch of the Indias blessed the
union in the Church of Atocha. The ex-King Francisco was best man,
and the Infanta Isabella represented her grandmother, Queen Maria
Cristina, as the chief lady at the ceremony.
The retinue of the palace, the grandees, the fine caparisoned
horses with their bright-liveried lackeys, the gorgeous coaches with
their magnificent trappings, all made a striking show as they swept
through the Spanish capital from the church to the Court.
But a note of horror was struck when a sudden awful sound was
heard, and a woman fell dead struck by a bomb; but no other fatality
occurred, and cheers filled the air as the troops of the capital filed
before the palace, where the Royal Family witnessed the review
from the windows.
The genial character of the young King was seen in a letter to an
Archduke, a college friend, shortly before the death of his beloved
Mercedes. This friend, with all due respect to Alfonso as King,
mentioned the fact of his marriage with a young Princess of Spain.
To this communication the King replied that he never forgot college
friends, whom he preferred in many cases to later ones.
“I forbid you to address me as ‘Majesty’; treat me as you treated
me in the Teresiano. When you marry, come to Madrid with your
wife, whom I shall at once regard as a friend. Mercedes is very kind;
we will hunt, and we will chat about old times, and so your
honeymoon will be spent as happily as mine was....”
But a telegram soon followed this bright and happy letter. It ran
thus:
“My dear Frederick,

“Queen Mercedes is dead. May God give you in your
marriage the happiness which He has denied me! In your
approaching days of joy remember the woe of your friend.
“Alfonso.”
It may be mentioned that Queen Isabella wrote to Madrid to

signify her displeasure at her son’s marriage, for the fact that the
daughter of Montpensier, who had intrigued to succeed her on the
throne, became Queen of Spain was rather a bitter pill to swallow.
However, all animosity on that score ceased at the death of the
beautiful and lovable Queen, who had had undisputed sway in the
heart of her young husband, and whose intelligence and good
feeling at the age of eighteen had promised so much good for the
country. There were not lacking those who attributed the dreadful
event to the enemies of the Montpensiers, but others said it was due
to a chill. During the sufferings of the last few hours the young
husband sat in sorrow by the bedside, and the much-loved wife
strove between her attacks of pain to comfort him with the hope of
meeting in a future world.
At last all was over, and the poor young Queen was laid out in
state on a low couch in the stately Hall of Columns. This Hall of
Columns was often used for state banquets, but, after being the
scene of the last sad functions in honour of his beloved wife, Alfonso
had a new banqueting-hall built, and the salon of such sad memories
has never since been used for any but solemn ceremonies, such as
the washing the feet and feeding the beggars by royalty on Maunday
Thursday, the Chapter of one of the grand military Orders, etc.
The corpse of the young Queen was dressed in the white garb
and black cape of a nun of the Convent of Don Juan de Alarcon; the
lower part of her face was covered with a white gauze handkerchief;
her beautiful white hands, which looked like wax, were crossed on
her bosom; and her face, which had been so admired a few short
weeks before—when, according to the custom of Spain, she passed
through the streets on foot on Holy Thursday, to make her visits to
the churches in company with her husband and the Court—looked
drawn with pain and fever as it lay in the light of countless candles.
The public defiled sadly through the mortuary chapel, and many
were the Masses celebrated by the Church dignitaries on the altar
erected at the end of the hall.
On the day of the funeral the royal cortège solemnly passed
down the soldier-lined streets to the station. The sound of the
horses’ hoofs was deadened by the tan with which the roads were
strewn, and the silence was only broken by the piercing note of an
occasional clarion or the dull tattoo of the muffled drums. Grandees,
Gentlemen-in-Waiting, mace-bearers, and officers, all with crape
badges, preceded the catafalque, before which was borne the
standard of the Sisterhood of the Royal House, followed by the cross
and the clerics in their vestments. Finally came the band of the
halberdiers, whose soblike strains of a funeral march was in tune
with the occasion.
At last, for the first time in history, the remains of a Queen were
placed on a railway-train for the Escorial, and so the coffin of
Mercedes left the station amid the booming of the cannon and the
strains of the Royal March played for the last time in her honour.
A short time after the death of the Queen, Alfonso was the object
of a regicidal attempt as he was passing No. 93 of the Calle Mayor,
on his way from the station to the royal palace after a visit to
Asturias. The criminal was a young fellow, twenty years of age, from
Tarragona, named Juan Oliva Montcousi, and he was caught with
the pistol in his hand before he had time to discharge it. The young
King was enthusiastically acclaimed when he calmly pursued his
way home as if nothing had happened.
Alfonso’s three younger sisters, Doña Pilar, Doña Paz, and Doña
Eulalia, were often seen at this time in a quiet carriage making
excursions together, so when the news of the death of Doña Pilar
spread through the capital it gave quite a shock to Spain.
It was said that the death of the Infanta Doña Pilar was indirectly
due to a shock received during the review held in honour of the
Prince of Austria. This Prince was known to have made a favourable
impression on the Infanta, and if she had lived it would probably
have resulted in a marriage. But, unfortunately, as the artillery
carriages in the military function were passing down the Alcalá, one
blew up and killed several soldiers on the spot. Perhaps for a
moment the Infanta feared that the honoured guest was among the
killed and wounded. Be that as it may, she and other members of the
Royal Family were upset in the carriage, and she died six weeks
later.
Talk of the second marriage of the King followed very soon after
the death of Queen Mercedes, as a direct heir to the throne was so
essential to the country, and all eyes turned to Maria Cristina
Enriqueta Reniera, daughter of Charles Ferdinand, Archduke of
Austria, as the future Queen of Spain. The Duke of Bailen went to
Vienna to ask the Emperor Joseph of Austria for the hand of his
daughter, the Archduchess Maria Cristina, for his Sovereign, King
Alfonso of Spain.
On August 22 Alfonso arrived at Arcachon, incognito, under the
title of the Marquis of Covadonga, to claim in person the hand of the
Archduchess.
Alfonso had reason to expect he would be favoured by Maria
Cristina, as she had always seemed to enjoy his society when he
came to visit her family, as a young cadet from Sandhurst. The royal
wooer gave expression to his poetic feeling when he found himself
on such a delicate mission at the beautiful spot which had been so
frequented by our poet Shelley. People in the place seemed at once
to recognize the royal visitor, especially as he wore his arm in a
sling, from the effect of a carriage accident which had been noised
abroad.
Anxious for the interview which was to decide his fate, Alfonso
took a basket pony-carriage from Monaco to Arcachon, and, in
company with the Duke of Tetuan and the Spanish Ambassador from
France, he soon found himself at the Villa Bellegarde, the abode of
the Archdukes of Austria.
When the young King passed into the salon, where he was soon
welcomed by Maria Cristina, his eyes fell upon the portrait of
Mercedes, whom he had lost a few short months before, and he
soon found that his bride-elect was in sympathy with his sorrow for
his loss, for, in a voice trembling with emotion, she said:
“My dearest desire is to resemble Mercedes in all things, and
even if I am to succeed her I can never dare hope to supplant her.”
Such a sympathetic speech could but unseal the heart of the
widowed King, and, having succeeded in his wooing, Alfonso could
hardly tear himself from the side of the young Archduchess, with
whom he could talk so freely of the wife he had lost.
On August 29 the young King finally left Arcachon; the
Archduchess accompanied him as far as Bordeaux, and the royal
marriage was fixed for November 29.
When the Archduke and Duchess and their daughter arrived at
the Casa de Campo on November 23, they were met by the King, his
three sisters, and the royal retinue, who accompanied them to the
Palace of the Pardo, where the marriage settlement was signed on
the 28th.
The bride-elect won all hearts by her delicate and sympathetic
behaviour on the occasion, for, turning to the Patriarch of the Indias,
she said, in a voice broken with feeling: “Pray that I may make the
King happy, for it is a difficult task to succeed a Queen who was a
saint, and who will always live in the affections of the King and the
people of Spain;” and here she drew a miniature of Mercedes from
her bosom, and gazed at it with respectful admiration.
This ceremony took place in the banqueting-hall of Ferdinand
VII., and, to the delight of the Spanish people, it was graced by the
presence of the ex-Queen, Isabella II.
“The great Isabella is coming!” was the cry that rang through the
capital, and the dethroned Queen was moved at the enthusiasm of
her quondam subjects as she passed through the city, for she saw
that there was more fidelity in her people of low degree than there
had been gratitude in the hearts of the great whom she had
overwhelmed with favours.
The wedding ceremony took place in the Church of Atocha, and
hardly was the service concluded when the King’s bride went and
knelt at the feet of Isabella and kissed her hand. It was a tribute of
gratitude to her royal mother-in-law, for it was a fact that the
influence of his mother had led the young King to take his new bride
from the House of Austria. Isabella had signified her disapproval of
the union with the Montpensiers by not being present at that
wedding, but this marriage she favoured from the beginning.
A few days after the royal marriage an attempt was made on the
lives of the young couple, by a man named Francisco Otero
Gonzalez, as they arrived at the chief entrance to the royal palace;
but, fortunately, although the bullet almost grazed the forehead and
neck of the King and Queen, they escaped unwounded.
Queen Maria Cristina is a very accomplished woman, and she
soon set herself to learn the language of her adopted country. In her
eagerness to master the tongue, she often turned to King Alfonso to
supply her with the word she required, and, in fun, he would often
supply her with some expression which she saw, by the looks of her
entourage, was hardly fitting for a lady. Maria Cristina proved she
had made great progress in Spanish when she was able, with all the
gracious courtesy for which she was noted, to ask of a certain
academician, who was complaining of the hatred of Sagasta, would
he not do better to use the word inquina than inquinia?
The affection with which the Queen inspired the young King was
seen in his daily letters to the Court when journeys on State
business obliged him to absent himself from Madrid.
“I have just put your carnation in water,” he would write; and the
many other allusions to their little domestic joys showed that the
heart of the King was with the Queen in his absence.
The Queen had to contend with national jealousy at Court when
she intimated her wish that her Austrian physician, Dr. Riedel, should
attend her in her forthcoming accouchement. Court etiquette was
not, however, to be set aside even by the chief lady in the land, so
the matter was finally settled by the doctors of both countries
presiding jointly over the event. Thus the little Princess of Asturias
made her entry into the world, on September 11, 1880, with her right
hand held by the Austrian physician, Dr. Riedel, and her left in the
grasp of the Court doctor of Spain.
The young King proudly presented his little daughter to the Prime
Minister and his Cabinet, the Court officials, and the military
diplomats and clerical dignitaries, assembled in the antechamber, as
she lay in a nest of costly lace on the historic silver tray.
On September 14 the baptism of the infant Princess of Asturias
was celebrated with all the pomp usual to the occasion. The galleries
were hung with the historic tapestries, representing Bible scenes.
The Royal Guard, in their classic dress and with their shining
halberds, formed a line on either side of the gallery between the
people and the royal procession.
First came the Gentlemen-in-Waiting, de casa y boca (of the
house and the mouth), their gold or silver keys signifying the
respective offices of attendance; then came four mace-bearers,
grandees of Spain, the men-at-arms with the royal arms, all the
Infantes and Infantas in full Court dress, with their ladies and
gentlemen in attendance; the seven gentlemen of the Chamber—the
Marquis of Salamanca, the Dukes of Almenara and Valencia, Count
Villanueva de Perales, the Marquis of Sotomayor, the Marquis of
Benamejis de Sistallo, and the Count of Superunda—all passed in
gorgeous dress and with stately step, bearing respectively the salt,
cut lemon, cruse of oil, piece of cotton-wool, the cake, the white
cape, and the water of Jordan, which all had their part to play in the
baptismal service.
The royal infant itself was carried between Isabel II., who was
godmother, and the Pope’s Nuncio, who represented His Holiness as
godfather. Then followed the proud young father, accompanied by
his military suite, and the procession ended with the band of the
halberdiers, playing a cheerful march from an opera. By the wish of
the Queen, the infant Princess was named, after her predecessor,
Mercedes.
D O N C A R L O S , P R I N C E O F A S T U R I A S , A N D H I S L AT E W I F E , T H E
I N FA N TA M E R C E D E S
It was in 1882 the King and Queen paid a visit to the Duke and
Duchess of Montpensier at their beautiful Palace of Sanlucar de
Barrameda, and the Queen won the hearts of her host and hostess
by her charming manners and the admiration with which she always
spoke of their daughter, the late wife of Alfonso.
On November 12, 1882, the Infanta Maria Teresa was born, and
two days later she was baptized with the customary ceremony.
On April 2, 1883, the King’s sister, Doña de la Paz, was married
very quietly to Prince Lewis Ferdinand of Bavaria. The Prince is a
very able surgeon, and when he comes to Madrid he delights in
going to the military hospital and exhibiting his scientific skill on
some soldier-patient.
The newly wedded pair laid the foundation-stone of the Cathedral
of the Almudena, and, according to the custom, the Princess de la
Paz placed in the casket a poem from her own pen to the Virgin of
the Almudena. The departure of the Infanta de la Paz left the Infanta
Eulalia with no companion in her musical and artistic tastes, for the
sisters had worked, played, painted, and poetized, together.
In September, 1883, Alfonso XII. went to France and Germany.
True to his old friends, the King went to see the Warden of the
Teresian College at his private house. As he was not at home,
Alfonso asked for a pencil and paper to write him a note, which he
handed to the servant. When she saw that the letter ran,
“I came to pay a debt of gratitude by coming to see you. I shall be

going to the Teresian College in two hours.
Alfonso, King of Spain”
she fell on her knees and entreated forgiveness for her stupidity in
having asked the royal visitor into the kitchen.
But Alfonso, with his usual kindness, expressed interest in this,
the first kitchen he had ever seen. He asked many questions about
the utensils, and showed great curiosity about the use of a ceramic
vessel, which, according to the description he subsequently gave
and the sketch he made of it to show the Court officials, proved to be
an egg-poacher.
The enthusiastic reception accorded to Alfonso at Homburg
excited the ire of the French, and so antagonistic was the exhibition
of public feeling as the young King was crossing Paris alone that he
informed the President of the Republic that he would recall his
Ambassador at once. This prompt act brought the necessary
apology, and the King of Spain subsequently attended the banquet
given in his honour at the Elysée, at which the Minister of War was
absent, as the President of France had asked him to send in his
resignation.
The news of this contretemps reached Spain, and when the
Queen returned from La Granja to Madrid she was at first quite
alarmed at the enthusiasm shown by the people at the station. She
clasped her children to her breast, and seemed to think she was on
the brink of a revolution. But her fears were soon stilled when
somebody shouted: “Señora, the Spanish people are only protesting
against the recent events in Paris.”
The return of the King from France saw an ovation of equal
enthusiasm, and, in defiance of all Court etiquette, the people
pressed up the staircases and into the galleries of the palace, crying:
“Viva el Rey y la Reina!”
It was on Maunday Thursday, 1884, that the Court went for the
last time in state to make the customary visits on foot to the chief
churches of the capital. There was the usual service in the morning
in the chapel of the palace, the washing of the beggars’ feet and
feeding them,[21] and the solemn, imposing public procession at
three o’clock in the afternoon. The streets were strewed with tan to
soften the cobbled stones to the feet of the ladies, whose high-
heeled velvet shoes rather impeded their walk. The streets were
lined with troops, and the Plazas de Oriente, Mayor, and La
Encarnacion, were respectively filled with the regiment of the
Princess of Pavia and the artillery.
[21] This ceremony is described on pp. 332-4.
First came a mounted company of the Civil Guard; then a long

line of kettle-drummers, the grooms and all the officials of the Court,
all in full dress; then the six men-at-arms with their embroidered
vestments, the Chamberlains, gentiles hombres, the grandees of
Spain, the King’s military retinue, etc.
Their Majesties walked between the lines of halberdiers, followed
by the Patriarch of the Indias, the Ministers of the Crown, the chiefs
of the palace, the Ladies-in-Waiting, and the Aides-de-Camp of the
King and Queen.
A Captain of the Guard and about thirty lackeys carried the
historic sedan-chairs, and notable among them were those of the
Dukes of Granada, Osuna, and Villahermosa, ornamented with
beautiful paintings.
The procession ended with a company of halberdiers and a
squadron of the royal escort.
Don Alfonso walked with martial step, his head in the air, and
smiling pleasantly to all the friends he saw. He was in the uniform of
Captain-General, with the Order of the Golden Fleece and other
decorations.
In this final public visit to “the Virgins,” the Queen wore a white
velvet robe embroidered with gold and ornamented with sapphire
buttons, and her necklace and bracelets were of the same precious
stones. She wore the Orders of Maria Luisa and the starred Cross of
Austria. The dress of the Infanta Isabella was of pale blue velvet
embroidered with flowers, and all the dresses and mantles of the
royal ladies were of equal magnificence, with tiaras of jewels and
feathers and mantillas on their heads, and, as all the ladies of the
Court also had their places in the procession in splendid attire, one
can imagine it was a superb show; but it was not one to be seen
again in the public streets.
The health of the King was now beginning to give anxiety at
Court, and loyal subjects regretted that people in high places did not
use their influence to stimulate the King in his good desires for the
welfare of the land, instead of pandering to his fancies with adulation
and flattery.
Charming ladies literally forced their way into the palace, and one
day Queen Maria Cristina gave a well-deserved[22] box on the ears
to the Duke of Sexto, when she came upon him introducing a dancer
of light character to His Majesty. It is noteworthy that one of the first
acts of the Queen as a widow was to ask this Duke to resign his post
at the palace.
[22] “La Vie intime d’Alfonse XII.,” par Croze.
It was to such flattering courtiers that Maria Cristina owed the

shadows which crossed the happiness of her married life, for under
good influence Alfonso would always have been true to Maria
Cristina, as the King loved and venerated her above all women; but
when politicians encouraged the escapades of an attractive young
Sovereign the wife’s influence was weakened. Queen Maria Cristina
was deeply offended when she found that her husband’s connection
with this Elena Sanz was a well-known fact, two sons being born to
the singer.
It was then that it was seen that the Queen was no mere weak
woman who would submit calmly to what might be termed los
costumbres (custom) of the Court; and when she found that the King
had a rendezvous with a señorita in the Casa de Campo, the
magnificent wide-stretching park beyond the palace, she declared
she would leave Spain and go back to Austria.
Nothing but the strong pleas and arguments of those about her,
including Alfonso XII., persuaded her to stay at the Spanish Court,
and it was certainly due to this illustrious lady that a higher morality
there became customary. For, as nobody ever was able to breathe a
word against her honour, she subsequently exercised her right, as
Queen-Regent, of sweeping the Court clean of those who smirched
its purity.
Moreover, those who had expected Alfonso XII. to save Spain by
the introduction of a pure and unmystified suffrage, such as he had
seen in England when studying at Sandhurst, were disappointed in
their hopes; for Canovas, the leader of the Conservatives, openly
said at Court: “I have come to continue the history of Spain”—which
meant the history when the voice of the people is not heard; and
Sagasta, the head of the Liberals, acted in the same spirit, although
he did not express himself so openly.
Canovas, the leader of the Conservatives, and Sagasta, the chief
of the Liberals, used all their eloquence at the Court of Spain to
persuade Alfonso XII. that sincere elections in Spain would lead to
the Carlists attaining a majority in the Congress. So the King, not
seeing that the leaders of both parties wished to prevent the
realization of a true Parliamentary representation, because it would
lose them their patronage of deputies’ seats, ended by signing the
Pacto del Pardo. This document, endorsed by the King at the
country palace, was simply an arrangement between Canovas and
Sagasta, by which each was insured an equal period as Prime
Minister, so that their respective partisans could feel that their
patrons had the same amount of influence.
P R A X E D E S M AT E O S A G A S TA , L I B E R A L P R I M E M I N I S T E R
And yet Alfonso XII., who was overborne by what he considered

the experience of the two leaders, had the welfare of his country at
heart, for he said to Ernest Daudet: “I am Sovereign, and as long as I
am King of Spain I will never allow a Ministry to be overthrown by an
intrigue in the palace, as it has frequently happened hitherto. If the
country wants a Liberal Government, it shall have it; but, before
talking of liberty, Spain herself must have both liberty and stability. As
to those who say I am not accessible to truth, it is because they have
not tried to show it to me. The country is difficult to manage; it is
impatient, and cannot see, as I do, that its condition requires
prudence and management. We have remade the army; we have not
had a manifesto for three years. We have a standing army of 80,000
men, and we have been able to send 20,000 to Cuba. The
insurrection of Cuba is a great wound, and it must be healed before
we can cure the other evils.” But the King was never allowed to take
the sure means of healing these wounds; he was never permitted to
say: “I wish to respect the people and their votes, and by the Law of
the Universal Suffrage they can go to the polls.”
With the loss of the love of his life, the young Queen Mercedes,
Alfonso seemed to become enervated, and self-interested courtiers
found that they could use the King’s pocket for the protection of
needy ladies of all ranks.
Canovas and Sagasta were both aware of this abuse, and,
indeed, both these Ministers were themselves under the influence of
certain ladies, who used their power over these Ministers to their
own pecuniary advantage; for they themselves were liberally
rewarded for the titles which they persuaded these politicians to ask
the King to grant.
The Queen’s ignorance of Spanish when she first came to Madrid
made it more difficult to contravene the influence of the camarillas,
which wove their nets round the young husband, whose real wish for
the welfare of the country would have made him a willing disciple of
good advice.
Moreover, flattering courtiers carefully concealed from the King
the sad results which would inevitably follow his course of self-
indulgence, and the palace became a constant scene of camarillas
and intrigues which could but be disastrous to the land.
Even Nakens (whose protection of the anarchist Morral, after the
bomb tragedy of the royal marriage morn of May 30, 1906, led to his
being imprisoned for nearly two years) pays tribute to the wish of the
young King to act for the welfare of the kingdom, for, in a collection
of his articles published when he was in gaol,[23] we read an appeal
to Alfonso to consider his own good with regard to his health, and
not to listen to self-interested advisers.
[23] “Muestras de mi Estilo,” Nakens.
“Nobody,” says the writer in this appeal, “has the courage to warn
you of the impending evil. When the doctors order you change of
climate, the Government opposes the course for reasons of State.
‘Reasons of State’ imperil the life of a man! And a man to whom we
owe so much!
“Therefore, even as a republican, I beg you, as the occupier of
the throne, to look to your health, if it be only to overthrow some
iniquitous plan, or some unworthy object which is contingent on your
illness; and if scientists think it well for you to pass the winter in
some other place in Spain, or abroad, follow their counsel, and not
that of interested politicians, in sacrificing your life to their ambitions.”
It was certainly true that the King was overborne by the intrigues
of the politicians in the palace. Even in such a little social matter as
that of wishing to go in costume to a fancy ball, the King could not
have his own way, for Canovas showed such aversion to Alfonso
donning fancy attire for the occasion that he had to abandon the idea
and wear his ordinary dress.
If such influence had been used to the prevention of the King
favouring a danseuse like Elena Sanz, which brought so much
sorrow and so many complications in the Royal Family, his life might
certainly have been prolonged. It was true that the doctors advised
the King’s wintering in Andalusia, but “State reasons” led to the
failing Sovereign being exposed to the colder climate and sharp
winds of the Palace of the Pardo, where politicians could use their
influence with the invalid, and remind him continually that he alone
was the arbiter of parties.
Alfonso was only twenty-seven years of age when he felt he was
doomed to an early death; but his natural energy led him to take
horse exercise, despatch business with his Ministers every day, and,
in spite of daily increasing weakness, to do as much as possible.
If his longing for the sea-breezes of San Sebastian had been
gratified, his life might have been prolonged; but politicians gave little
heed to the plea, and their authority was paramount.
On November 24, 1894, the royal invalid was seized with
faintness when he came in from a walk. Queen Maria Cristina,
Queen Isabella, and the Duchess of Montpensier, were called to his
side. Seeing his wife by him when he recovered consciousness, the
King embraced her, and the alarming symptoms vanished for a time;
but the following day he was seized with another fainting fit, which
proved fatal.
We read in La Ilustracion Española of this date, that when Queen
Maria Cristina was told by Dr. Riedel that all was over, she fell
weeping at the head of the bed of her unhappy husband, whilst
covering his hand with kisses.
D E AT H O F A L F O N S O X I I .
After the Painting by J. A. Benlliure y Gil
Cardinal Benavides performed the sacred office of the occasion.

The doctor could not suppress his emotion, and hid his face, covered
with tears, in his hands; and Count Morphy, the King’s faithful
secretary, went sorrowfully to announce the sad news to the Queen-
mother and the rest of the Royal Family.
At nine o’clock the next morning the little daughters came to
embrace their father for the last time. The Queen, with only the
assistance of Dr. Camison, prepared the body of her husband for
burial, and she assisted at the obsequies in the Escorial with her little
daughter, the Queen of Spain. Arrived at the historic monastery, the
Augustine Brothers came to meet the sad cortège, in their black
vestments and holding lighted torches, and, headed by the Prior and
the Principal, the procession passed to the burial-place of the Kings.
The iron seemed to enter the soul of Maria Cristina when the
Chief of the Palace cried before the catafalque: “Señor, señor,
señor!”
Solemn silence reigned. “Then our Sovereign really is no more,”
said the Chamberlain. He broke his wand of office, whilst the drums
of the halberdiers, the bells of the cathedral, and the booming of the
cannon, added to the solemnity of the occasion. The Bishop of
Madrid officiated at the final office, after the coffin was finally carried
with countless candles down into the Pantheon, which he had
entered ten years before in all the exuberance and with all the
illusions of youth.
Then the unhappy widowed Queen returned to Madrid, there to
pass the sad months till the child should be born who might prove
the future King of Spain.
It was an impressive sight to see the Queen, with her orphaned
little girls, take the solemn oath of Regency. Putting her hand on the
Gospels, which the President held open, she said:
“I swear by God to be faithful to the heir of the Crown during the
minority, and to guarantee the Constitution and the laws. May God
help me and be my Defence; and if I fail, may He require it of me!”
Then the Queen sat down with her little girls, and the Prime
Minister made the following formula:
“The Parliament has heard the solemn oath just made by Her
Majesty the Queen-Regent, to be faithful to the legitimate successor
of Don Alfonso XII., and to guard the Constitution and its laws.”
The marriage of the Infanta Eulalia with Don Antonio, son of the
Duke and Duchess of Montpensier, in 1886, was the next interesting
function at the Court of Spain.
The Montpensiers seized this fresh opportunity of becoming
connected with the Spanish Royal Family, and Doña Eulalia
augmented their riches by a large sum of money; but it seemed as if
fate wished to warn the Infanta that the marriage would not be
happy, for it was postponed through the illness and death of her
brother, and she was weeping as she came out of the royal chapel
on her wedding-day. And, indeed, it was not long before the Infanta
found her husband was utterly unworthy of her, and she now lives
apart from him.
The Infanta Eulalia was a great loss to the Court of Spain, where
her bright intelligence and charming ways had made her presence
like sunshine. She was twenty-two years of age when she married,
very pretty and high-spirited, an expert in riding and driving, and a
lover of all kinds of activity.
Her father, Don Francisco, and the Duke of Montpensier—who,
we know, killed Don Enrique, her uncle, in a duel—supported her at
the altar; and Queen Isabella, the Comtesse de Paris, the Queen-
Regent and her little daughters, were also at the ceremony.
This Infanta is often seen at the Court of Spain, with her son
Alfonso. It was she who warned Alfonso XIII., when he presented his
new-born son to the assembled Ministers, that the infant might catch
cold if exposed too long; and at the royal baptism on June 2, 1907,
she looked striking in her long train of scarlet velvet, with the satin
front sewn with jewels, and with scarlet plumes surmounting her tiara
of diamonds.
Even those who had not been in favour of Alfonso were rapidly
gained over to the Bourbons when they saw the difficult position of
the Queen-Regent. All the chivalry of the Spaniards was aroused to
support the young widowed mother in her trying task.
When a lady of the Court condoled one day with the royal widow,
and expressed wonder that she could so valiantly seek to steer the
ship of State whilst suffering the pain of loss, and not knowing how
fate would settle the question of the future Sovereign of Spain, Maria

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Mathematical Methods Units 3 4 for

Queensland 1st Edition Michael Evans

Mathematical Methods Units 1 2 for Queensland 1st

Cambridge Senior Maths Australian curriculum VCE

CSM AC Mathematical Methods Year 12 2017th Edition

Cambridge Seniour Mathematics VCE Specialist

Economics for the Real World Units 3 & 4 4th Edition

Psychology VCE Units 3 & 4 6th Edition John Grivas

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Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge.

About the lead author and consultants ix

Introduction and overview x

1 Functions and relations

2 Coordinate geometry and transformations

5 Revision of preliminary topics

5B Multiple-choice questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176

6F Determining rules for graphs of exponential and

8 Further differentiation and applications

12B Using the second derivative in graph sketching . . . . . . . . . 445

13 Trigonometry using the sine and cosine rules

14 Refresher on probability and discrete random variables

15 Bernoulli sequences and the binomial distribution

binomial distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 560

16 Continuous random variables

17 The normal distribution

17B Standardisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629

18 Sampling and estimation

20 Revision of Units 3 & 4

A Appendix A: Counting methods and the binomial theorem

A2 Summation notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 746

Online Appendix B: Guides to using technology

About the lead author

About the consultants

Overview of the print book (shown below)

Numbers refer to descriptions above. Content shown from Units 1 & 2.

Overview of the downloadable

Overview of the Interactive Textbook (shown on the page

INTERACTIVE TEXTBOOK POWERED BY THE HOTmaths PLATFORM

WORKSPACES AND SELF-ASSESSMENT

Overview of the Online Teaching Suite powered by the

1A Set notation and sets of numbers

Example 2 2 Illustrate each of the following intervals on a number line:

4 For X = {a, b, c, d, e} and Y = {a, e, i, o, u}, ﬁnd:

7 Illustrate each of the following intervals on a number line:

1B Identifying and describing relations and functions

Domain = R; Range = [0, ∞) Domain = R; Range = R

Domain = {−2, −1, 0, 1} Domain = [−1, 1]; Range = [−1, 1]

x2 + y2 = 1 is not a function y = x2 is a function

Functions are usually denoted by lowercase letters such as f , g, h.

By incorporating this notation, we have an alternative way of writing functions:

Using the TI-Nspire CX non-CAS

Using the Casio

To change the x-values used in the table:

Select Table F6 . Use the cursor keys to move

Using the TI-Nspire CX non-CAS

Using the Casio

f(x) g(x) h(x)

f (x) = x2 , x ∈ R g(x) = x2 , −1 ≤ x ≤ 1 h(x) = x2 , x ≥ 0

Range = [−8, 4] Range = [0, 4]

Using the TI-Nspire CX non-CAS

Using the Casio

Example 5 7 Let f (x) = 2x2 + 4x and g(x) = 2x3 + 2x − 6.