Rule 2: Multiplication by a Constant

This rule states that  cf ( x )dx  c  f ( x)dx .

Example 2
Page | 1
Integrate the following using multiplication by constant rule:
3
a)  5t dt
3
b) 2  x dx
c) 7  dx
d)  4 cos 3xdx
Solution 2(a)
3
 5t dt [remember that  cf ( x )dx  c  f ( x )]
ax n 1
 5 t 3dt [determine  t 3 dt using  ax n dx   c, n  1]
n 1
 t 31 
 5 c
 3  1
5t 4
 c
4
Solution 2(b)

ax n 1
2 x 3 dx [determine  x 3 dx using  ax n dx   c, n  1]
n 1
 x 31 
 2  c
 3  1 
2 x 2
 c
2
 x 2  c
Solution 2(c)

7  dx
ax n 1
 7  x 0 dx [determine  x 0 dx using  ax n dx   c, n  1]
n 1
 x 0 1 
 7 c
 0  1
 7x  c

By Emmanuel Mwaba, Northern Technical College. Chela Campus, Ndola.

Solution 2(d)

 remember that cf ( x )dx  c f ( x ) dx 

 4 cos 3xdx    
 1 
 4  cos 3 xdx  refering to the standard integrals  cos axdx  a sin ax  c 
Page | 2
1 
 4  sin 3 x   c
3 
4
 sin 3 x  c
3
Exercise 2
Integrate the following using multiplication by constant rule:
4
a)  7t dt
3
b) 8 x dx
1
c) 9  2 dt
t3
d) 5 e3 x dx
e) 5 sin 2xdx

Rule 3: Sum Rule

This rule states that   f  g dx   fdx   gdx

Example 3
Integrate the following using sum rule:

 3 2 
a)   4  7 x  6 x dx

 4 x3  3x 
b)   2 x dx
  7 sec 4 x  5 x 3  8 x 3 dx
2
c)
 3 5x 
d)   5 x  5sin 3x  e dx


By Emmanuel Mwaba, Northern Technical College. Chela Campus, Ndola.

Solution 3(a)

 3   remember that
  f  g dx   fdx   gdx 
2
  4  7 x  6 x dx
 
3
  4 x 0 dx   xdx   6 x 2 dx Page | 3
7
0 1
4x 3  x11  6 x 21
    c
0 1 7 11  2 1
3  x 2  6 x3
 4x     c
7 2  3
3x 2
 4x   2 x3  c
14
Solution 3(b)

 4 x3  3x 
  2 x dx  resolve the fraction into its partials
 4 x3 3x 
 remember that
    dx
 2x 2x 
   f  g dx   fdx   gdx 
3 0
  2 x 2 dx  x dx
2
2 x 21 3  x 0 1 
   
2 1 2  0 1 
2 x3 3x
  c
3 2
Solution 3(c)

  7 sec 4 x  5 x 3  8 x 3 dx
2
 remember that
   f  g dx   fdx   gdx 
 1 
  7 sec 2 4 xdx   5 x 3 dx   8 x 3 dx  remember that  sec 2
axdx  tan ax  c 
a 
31
1  5x 8 x 31
 7  tan 4 x    c
4  3  1 3  1
7 5 x 4 8 x 2
 tan 4 x   c
4 4 2
7 5x4
 tan 4 x   4 x 2  c
4 4

By Emmanuel Mwaba, Northern Technical College. Chela Campus, Ndola.

Solution 3(d)

 3 5x   remember that
  5 x  5sin 3x  e dx
    f  g dx   fdx   gdx 
3 1   1 1 1 ax 
    dx   5sin 3 xdx   e5 x dx  remember that  dx  ln x,  sin axdx   a cos ax,  e
ax
dx  Page
e |4
5 x  x a 
3  1  1
 ln x  5   cos 3 x   e5 x  c
5  3  5
3 1 1
 ln x  5 cos 3 x  e5 x  c
5 3 5

Exercise 3
Integrate the following using sum rule:

 2x2  1 
a)   x dx
  3cos ec 2 x  5 dx
2
b)

  3e  2 x  5dx
2 3
c)
2
  3x  2 x  dx
4
d)

Rule 4: Difference Rule

This rule states that   f  g dx   fdx   gdx

Example 4
Integrate the following using difference rule:

 3 3 2 
a)   8 x  x  7 dx
4 
b)   4 cos 2 x  sin 3x dx

By Emmanuel Mwaba, Northern Technical College. Chela Campus, Ndola.

Solution 4(a)

 3 2   remember that
  f  g dx   fdx   gdx 
3
  8 x 4
x  7 dx

 
3
  8 x 3 dx   x 2 dx   7 x 0 dx Page | 5
4
31
8x 3x 2 1 7 x 0 1
   c
3  1 4  2  1 0  1
8 x 4 3x3
   7x  c
4 4  3
3x3
 2x4   7x  c
12
Solution 4(b)

 remember that
  4 cos 2 x  sin 3x dx    f  g dx   fdx   gdx 
 1 1 
  4 cos 2 xdx   sin 3 xdx  remember that  sin axdx   a cos ax,  cos axdx  a sin ax 
1   1 
 4  sin 2 x     cos 3x   c
2   3 
1
 2sin 2 x  cos 3x  c
3

Exercise 4
Integrate the following using difference rule:

 4 x 5 
a)   x  3  9 x dx
b)   2 sin 5 x  cos 2 x  1dx

  2 cos ec 4 x  2 x 3 dx
2
c)

By Emmanuel Mwaba, Northern Technical College. Chela Campus, Ndola.