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Editor
Zingoni
Research and Applications
in Structural Engineering,
Mechanics and Computation
Research and Applications in Structural Engineering, Mechanics and Computation Editor: Alphose Zingoni
Mechanics and Computation

Research and Applications in Structural Engineering,
contains the Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Structural
Engineering, Mechanics and Computation (SEMC 2013, Cape Town, South Africa,
2-4 September 2013). Over 420 papers are featured. Many topics are covered, but the
contributions may be seen to fall into one of four broad themes of the conference,
namely: (i) structural mechanics (dynamics, vibration, seismic response, statics,
bifurcation, buckling, stability, impact response, contact mechanics, fluid-
structure interaction, soil-structure interaction, etc); (ii) mechanics of materials
(elasticity, plasticity, fracture, damage, fatigue, creep, shrinkage, etc); (iii)
modelling and testing (finite-element modelling, numerical methods, numerical
simulations, experimental methods, experimental testing); (iv) structural-
engineering practice (planning, analysis, design, construction, maintenance,
repair, retrofitting, decommissioning). Not only do the considerations cover
many types of engineering structures (buildings, bridges, tunnels, towers, space
frames, roofs, foundations, shells, plates, mechanical assemblies, etc), they also
span a diversity of engineering materials ranging from the traditional to the novel:
steel, concrete, timber, masonry, aluminium, special alloys, glass, composites,
functionally-graded materials, smart materials, etc.
Two versions of each paper are available. The printed book features 2-page versions
of the papers, intended to be concise but sufficiently informative summaries of
the full papers. Details may be seen in the full papers, which are carried on the
accompanying CD-ROM. Research and Applications in Structural Engineering,
Mechanics and Computation is of interest to civil, structural, mechanical,
marine and aerospace engineers concerned with the modelling, analysis,
design, construction and maintenance of engineering structures. Researchers,
practitioners and academics in these discipines will find the book useful.
The SEMC international conferences, inaugurated in 2001, aim at bringing

together from around the world academics, researchers and practitioners in
the broad fields of structural mechanics, associated computation and structural
engineering, to review recent achievements in the advancement of knowledge and
understanding in these areas, share the latest developments, and address the
challenges that the present and the future pose.
an informa business
RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS IN STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING,
MECHANICS AND COMPUTATION
PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON STRUCTURAL
ENGINEERING, MECHANICS AND COMPUTATION, CAPE TOWN, SOUTH AFRICA,
2–4 SEPTEMBER 2013
Research and Applications in

Structural Engineering, Mechanics
and Computation
Editor
Alphose Zingoni
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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© 2013 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
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Research and Applications in Structural Engineering, Mechanics and Computation – Zingoni (Ed.)
© 2013 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-1-138-00061-2
Table of Contents
Preface XXVII
Committees XXIX
1. Keynote lectures
Insights and advances in the analysis of structures 3
K.J. Bathe
Recent studies on long-span bridges: Vibration control, seismic retrofit and monitoring in Japan 5
Y. Fujino & D.M. Siringoringo
Local-distortional interaction in cold-formed steel columns: Non-linear behaviour,
ultimate strength and DSM design 7
D. Camotim, P.B. Dinis, B. Young & N. Silvestre
Simulation of multi-physical processes in solar updraft power generation 9
W.B. Krätzig
Mechanics of interfaces and evolving discontinuities 11
R. de Borst, J.J.C. Remmers, C.V. Verhoosel & A. Needleman
Recent controversies and new challenges in structural topology optimization 13
G.I.N. Rozvany
2. Dynamic response, vibration analysis, vibration control

General conditions for instantaneous system inversion in structural dynamics 17
K. Maes, E. Lourens, G. De Roeck & G. Lombaert
Determination of aerodynamic damping of twin cables in wet conditions through
passive-dynamic wind tunnel tests 19
M.B. Eriksen, E. Mattiello & C.T. Georgakis
Frequency domain stochastic response of structural systems with uncertain parameters:
Closed-form sensitivity 21
G. Muscolino, R. Santoro & A. Sofi
Semi-active control of structural systems with uncertainties using an unscented Kalman filter 23
M.S. Miah, E.N. Chatzi & F. Weber
Guided waves for stress identification 25
A. Pau, G. Ruta & F. Vestroni
Unscented Kalman Filter for the identification of passive control devices 27
R. Ceravolo, A. De Stefano, E. Matta, A. Quattrone & L. Zanotti Fragonara
Vibration elimination analysis of simply-supported bridge under moving loads based on
Laplace-Carson integral transform 29
K. Wang, H. Xia & W. Guo
Dynamic identification of Palazzo Marchesale in S. Giuliano di Puglia 31
G. Bongiovanni, G. Buffarini, P. Clemente, D. Rinaldis, F. Saitta, M. Nicoletti, A. De Sortis & G. Rossi
A suspended mass damper for torsional and translational vibration control 33
M. Carlisle & K. Li
V
Status quo and critical review of PPV safe limits for subsurface construction blasting
close to low-rise buildings 35
E.Y. Sayed-Ahmed & K.K. Naji
Dynamic response of rigid pavement under moving traffic load with variable velocity 37
Y. Zhong & M.J. Xu
Assessment of bridge behavior due to the passage of high speed trains 39
A. Graça, L. Guerreiro & F. Virtuoso
Dynamic response of airport building structure due to construction machinery effects 41
J. Benčat & D. Papán
3. Vibration serviceability, human-induced vibrations,

human-structure interaction
Data-driven model of random lateral pedestrian excitation 45
V. Racic, J.M.W. Brownjohn & A. Pavic
Simultaneous registration of walking behaviour and structural response 47
K. Van Nimmen, P. Van den Broeck, G. Lombaert & G. De Roeck
Vibrations in a multi-storey lightweight building structure: Influence of connections
and nonstructural mass 49
L.V. Andersen & P.H. Kirkegaard
Direct velocity feedback versus a geometric controller design of remotely located vibration
control systems 51
D.S. Nyawako, U. Ubaid, P. Reynolds & M.J. Hudson
Sensitivity analysis of coupled crowd-structure system dynamics to walking crowd properties 53
E. Shahabpoor, A. Pavic & V. Racic
Experimental study of the human ability to deliberately excite a flexible floor 55
C. Schwartz, A. Berger, O. Brüls, J.-L. Croisier, B. Forthomme & V. Denoël
4. Non-linear dynamics
Dynamics of structural components subjected to large rotations using a flexible multibody
approach (Invited Paper) 59
J. Ambrósio & M.A. Neto
Nonlinear dynamics of a rotating SD oscillator 61
Q. Cao, N. Han & M. Wiercigroch
A hybrid time-frequency procedure for the solution of nonlinear dynamic problems 63
F.N. Correa & B.P. Jacob
Nonplanar vibration and dynamics instability of slender cruciform columns 65
E.C. Carvalho, P.B. Gonçalves, Z.J.G.N. Del Prado & G. Rega
Bifurcation analysis of a Jeffcott rotor with a bearing clearance: Numerics and experiments
(Invited Paper) 67
J. Páez Chávez, M. Wiercigroch & S.V. Vaziri Hamaneh
A computational study of the upper Lyapunov exponent and the uniform persistence for
monotone skew-product semiflows 69
J.A. Calzada & R. Obaya
Vibrations of cables with bending stiffness by an asymptotic approach 71
T. Canor & V. Denoël
Singularities that induce a breakdown of determinism in mechanics 73
M.R. Jeffrey
On the dynamics of stacks of rigid blocks 75
F. Saitta, P. Clemente & D. Rinaldis
VI
Numerical bifurcation analysis of an impact oscillator with drift 77
J. Páez Chávez, M. Wiercigroch & E.E. Pavlovskaia
5. Seismic response, seismic analysis, earthquake-resistant design

Seismic behaviour and earthquake resistant design of long period structures (Invited Paper) 81
A. Astaneh-Asl
Thinking outside the box: Integrated seismic system evolution in high rises 83
M. Sarkisian, N. Mathias & E. Long
Yokohama-Bay cable-stayed bridge seismic response analysis during the 2011 Great East
Japan Earthquake 85
Large natural draft cooling towers under earthquake excitation 87
M. Andres, R. Woermann & D. Casucci
Future development of the European seismic code, Eurocode 8 89
E.D. Booth
Dynamic shakedown design of structures under repeated seismic loads 91
S. Benfratello, L. Palizzolo & P. Tabbuso
Performance of buildings and other structures during the Tohoku Tsunami 93
I.N. Robertson & G. Chock
Numerical investigation of the cyclic response of CHS braces 95
T. Sheehan, T.M. Chan, J.H. Xing & L. Gardner
Parametric identification of building structures with seismic recordings 97
R. Zhang & L.O. Gargab
Generation of spectrum compatible site-dependent earthquake load histories by evolutionary
approach 99
F. Carli & C. Carino
Large-scale dual shake tables testing: An experimental approach to study the non-uniform
excitation effects on long span bridges 101
M.M.S. Cheung, C.-Y. Yang, Y. Pan & F. Xiong
Seismic design of the self anchored suspension bridge: San Francisco Oakland Bay Bridge 103
M. Nader & B. Maroney
Seismic performance of an asymmetric base-isolated building in the 2011 Great East Japan
Earthquake 105
Assessment of evaluation methods of dynamic response of multi-span bridge to mining tremor 107
J.M. Dulinska & M. Fabijanska-Kopacz
Characterization of the seismic behaviour of steel pallet racks in cross-aisle direction 109
C. Braham & H. Degée
Passive energy dissipation characteristics of yielding shear panel device produced from
steel and stainless steel 111
M. Ashraf & M.R. Hossain
Seismic behaviour of exposed column bases in buckling restrained braced frames 113
Y. Cui, S. Kishiki & S. Yamada
Multi-story steel structures: Seismic energy modal distribution 115
O. Prodan, I. Ladar & N. Chira
Effect of basement rigidity on seismic response of RC buildings 117
A. Koçak, M. Borekci, E.C. Ekinci & A. Kalyoncuoglu
Bidirectional pushover analysis of irregular structures 119
G.P. Cimellaro, D. Lopez-García & T. Giovine
VII
Seismic collapsing response analysis of wooden house retrofitted by ACM braces 121
T. Takatani & H. Nishikawa
Nonlinear behaviour of submerged floating tunnels accounting for seaquake effects 123
C.X. Shi, M. Domaneschi & L. Martinelli
An innovative solution for earthquake resistant hybrid steel-concrete systems with
replaceable dissipative steel links 125
A. Zona, G. Leoni, A. Dall’Asta, T. Bogdan, C. Braham & H. Degée
Effectiveness of seismic protection by added damping: An energy approach 127
I. Ladar, O. Prodan & N. Chira
Seismic Safety Screening Method (SSSM) for slum clearance 129
P.O. Caglayan
Experimental study on the performance of hollow reinforced concrete bridge piers
subjected to lateral seismic loads 131
O. Lopez-Batiz, R. Gomez-Martinez, J.A. Escobar-Sanchez, F. De la Serna-Hernandez &
G. Aguilar-Ramos
Evaluating the seismic performance of RCC dams, subjected to near-field and far-field
earthquakes via FEA approach 133
M.R.A. Ala, H.R. Vosoughifar, N. Hasani & S.K.S. Shokouhi
6. Material modelling, composite materials, functionally-graded materials

Some advances in functionally graded materials (Invited Paper) 137
L. Nunziante
Numerical implementation of the Hoek-Brown material model with strain hardening 139
E.S. Sørensen, J. Clausen & L. Damkilde
Simulation of the mechanical behaviour of W/Cu composites containing FGM related
interpenetrating microstructures under consideration of phase dependent damage limits 141
S. Schmauder & U. Weber
Determination of effective elastic constants of two phase composites 143
O. Bulut, N. Kadioglu, S. Ataoglu, M. Yuksek & E. Sancak
Strain induced product properties of magneto-electric composites 145
J. Schröder, M.-A. Keip, M. Labusch & D.C. Lupascu
Microstructural image-based modelling of weld failure 147
O. Barrera, A.C.F. Cocks & E. Tarleton
Flame straightening application on structural steels: Effects on mechanical and fracture properties 149
R. Lacalle, J.A. Álvarez, D. Ferreño, J. Portilla, E. Ruiz, B. Arroyo & F. Gutiérrez-Solana
Statistically similar RVE construction based on 3D dual-phase steel microstructures 151
L. Scheunemann, D. Balzani, D. Brands, J. Schröder & D. Raabe
A study of local mechanical properties of 304L SS welded joints subjected to cyclic
straining using depth-sensing instrumented indentation 153
D. Ye, F. Mi & X. Yin
Biological tissue mechanics with fibres modelled as one-dimensional Cosserat continua:
Applications to cardiac tissue in healthy and diseased states 155
K. Sack, S. Skatulla & C. Sansour
Buckling analysis of thin composite plates reinforced by carbon nanotubes (CNTs) using
finite strip methods (F.S.M) 157
M. Pazoki, M. Azhari & A. Heidarpour
Identification of nonlinear hyperelastic material parameters for healthy myocardial tissue
via an inverse method based on modelling the passive filling stage of the cardiac cycle 159
M. Essack & S. Skatulla
VIII
Numerical properties of second order integration algorithms for plasticity models 161
M. Jahanshahi
7. Numerical modelling, FEM modelling

A layered shell element for the thermal analysis of plates exposed to non-uniform heating 165
A.E. Jeffers
Co-rotational FEM for fast geometrically nonlinear static and dynamic algorithms 167
D. Marinkovic & M.W. Zehn
Finite element modelling of shear tab connections including damage simulation 169
A. Mirzaei, C.A. Rogers & R. Tremblay
Nonlinear static and dynamic analysis of an electrically-actuated microbeam modelled
by means of the strain gradient elasticity theory 171
P. Belardinelli & S. Lenci
Peak shear stress distribution in finite element models of concrete slabs 173
E.O.L. Lantsoght, C. van der Veen, J.C. Walraven & A. de Boer
Elimination of slip-locking in composite beam analysis by using a meshfree method 175
R.E. Erkmen
Nonlinear analysis of semi-rigid steel frames subjected to blast or fire 177
A. Heidarpour
Coupling different FE-models for the calculation of the thermo-mechanical behavior
of ultra high performance concrete components under high temperature load 179
M. Siemon, D. Hosser & J. Zehfuß
FE modelling of semi-rigid flush end plate joints with concrete-filled steel tubular columns 181
A. Ataei & M.A. Bradford
Development and testing of a technique for the simulation of the rock cutting process 183
M.J. Mikl, R. Tichy, W. Ecker, T. Antretter & G. Pittino
Material influence on the strength of aluminium column web in tension 185
G. Sarracco, G. Brando & G. De Matteis
8. Impact, blast, damage mechanics, damage modelling

Interaction forces between huge cargo vessels and quay walls 189
M. Bahr & V. Sigrist
Response of a building envelope system to near field blast events 191
H.D. Hidallana-Gamage, D.P. Thambiratnam & N.J. Perera
Impact velocity and initial length influence on the crushing behaviour of TWCF open
section members under axial impact 193
M. Kotełko, R.J. Mania & M. Jankowski
Computational modelling of reinforced concrete wall subjected to transformer tank rupture 195
M.A. Seman, M.A. Nasly, Y.T. Feng & Z.M. Jaini
Blast test and numerical simulation of point-supported laminated glass curtain wall 197
S. Chen, C.G. Zhu, G.Q. Li & Y. Lu
Thermodynamics-based constitutive modeling of coupled dissipative phenomena in
engineering materials 199
H. Egner, W. Egner & M. Ryś
Heterogeneous structures studied by an interphase elasto-plastic damage model 201
G. Giambanco, G. Fileccia Scimemi & A. Spada
A coupled local-nonlocal framework for modeling hydraulic fracturing in the Karoo 203
D.Z. Turner
IX
Tensile and compressive buckling of shear deformable damaged beams 205
S. Caddemi, I. Caliò & F. Cannizzaro
9. Fracture, fatigue
The use of the theory of critical distances in fracture and structural integrity assessments 209
S. Cicero, V. Madrazo, I. Carrascal & T. García
Fracture mechanics as an improvement of fatigue life assessment in orthotropic bridge decks 211
W. Nagy, H. De Backer & Ph. Van Bogaert
Analogies in the fracture mechanisms of concrete and ice 213
B. Chiaia, A.P. Fantilli & B. Frigo
An investigation of the double torsion geometry using peridynamics 215
T.H. Becker & D.Z. Turner
Propagation of non-planar pressurized cracks from a borehole 217
J.A.L. Napier & E. Detournay
Hydraulic fracture simulation: Comparison with exact solutions 219
C. Detournay, P.A. Cundall & B. Damjanac
Optimisation of the Double Torsion geometry 221
S.P. Goqo, S. Skatulla & T.H. Becker
An experimental validation of residual stresses in weld clad pipelines 223
G. Schnier, J. Wood & A. Galloway
Assessment of fracture toughness in strain hardening cement-based composite (SHCC)
made from fine and coarse sand 225
S.C. Paul & G.P.A.G. van Zijl
Polymeric facades: Fatigue performance of pultruded panel connections 227
P.T. Gates, T.J. Ibell, A.P. Darby & M. Evernden
Experimental evaluation of the fretting fatigue behaviour of high-strength steel monostrands 229
J. Winkler, C.T. Georgakis & G. Fischer
10. Wind loading, robustness, progressive collapse, tall buildings

Revised wind loading for linear and non-linear design of cooling towers (Invited Paper) 233
H.-J. Niemann & W. Hubert
Wind-tunnel investigations of pressure distribution over high-rise buildings 235
M. Cwik, M.A. Gizejowski & A.M. Goliger
Probabilistic models for design of structures against wind loads 237
J.V. Retief, C. Barnardo-Viljoen & M. Holicky
Computational fluid dynamics simulations and validation of results 239
M.A. Sitek, M. Cwik, M.A. Gizejowski & A.M. Goliger
Equivalent static wind loads for structures with non-proportional damping 241
N. Blaise, V. Denoël & T. Canor
Robustness of structures: State of art 243
Seema, N. Baldassino & R. Zandonini
Performance-based plastic design of earthquake resistant tall building frames 245
W.-C. Liao, M.R. Bayat & S.C. Goel
Parametric study of pyramid-like tubular structure 247
G.S. Liou & H.-C. Kuo
More optimal seismic design of highrise structures using nonlinear analysis techniques 249
S.A. Ashrafi
X
Progressive collapse prevention of drive-in steel storage racks 251
S. Yadwad & L.H. Teh
Assessment of column removal time for progressive collapse evaluation of high rise structures 253
O.D. Stephen, D. Lam & V.V. Toropov
Rotational capacity of concrete slabs and its influence on tensile membrane action
in the framework of robustness analysis 255
D. Gouverneur, R. Caspeele & L. Taerwe
The impact of fire scenario to the collapse of a tall structure 257
S. Selamet
Behaviour of tall buildings under blast loading with direct simulation method 259
F. Fu
A modal property analysis of linked tall buildings using a matrix model 261
K.T. Tse & J. Song
11. Bridge engineering, bridge girders

Composite steel-concrete cable-stayed bridges: Developments and future trends 265
J.J. Oliveira Pedro & A.J. Reis
Analysis of steel and steel-concrete bridge girders through a higher order beam model (Invited Paper) 267
R.F. Vieira, F.B. Virtuoso & E.B.R. Pereira
Full-scale testing of concrete deck slabs under fatigue-causing axle loads 269
G. Borkowski, K. Thoma & P. Roos
Cable stressing sequence of an asymmetrical cable stayed bridge 271
J.R.B. Anderson
Design curves for stiffened flanges used in steel box girder bridges 273
P.S. Ferreira & F. Virtuoso
Fatigue life assessment of existing motorway bridge 275
L. D’Angelo, A. Nussbaumer, M.A. Fenart & A.-G. Dumont
Comparing two types of fatigue and tsunami resisting medium span bridges 277
Ph. Van Bogaert
Are short span reinforced concrete bridge girders cost effective? 279
T.N. Haas & D. Smith
Effect of constraint in-plane displacement conditions for the unloaded edges of stiffened
flanges used in steel box girder bridges 281
P.S. Ferreira & F. Virtuoso
Buckling resistance with combined shear of steel curved bridge girder webs 283
Ph. Van Bogaert
The weathering steel bridges maintenance practice in Poland 285
M. Łagoda & T. Wierzbicki
Study on high speed railway prestressed continuous rigid frame bridges 287
J.Q. Lei & K. Zhang
Experimental study on hybrid FRP-concrete bridge superstructure 289
Y.L. Wang, J.H. Ran, Y.Y. Li & M.M. Cao
12. Lightweight structures, roof systems, membranes, cables, bars, rods, struts
Design of tension components according to Eurocode 3 Part 1-11 (Invited Paper) 293
K. Kathage
Extraordinary possibilities using fabric to form concrete structures (Invited Paper) 295
J.J. Orr, T.J. Ibell, A.P. Darby & M. Evernden
XI
The Porsche Pavilion in the Autostadt Wolfsburg, Germany (Invited Paper) 297
H. Pasternak & T. Krausche
Computational model for simulation of rigid foldable origami structures 299
J.D. van der Woerd, R. Chudoba & J. Hegger
Performance analysis of a membrane roof project 301
E.F. Nunes, J.B.M. de Sousa Jr, B. Baier & A.M.S. de Freitas
Collapse behaviour of double-layer grid structures in steel 303
J.M. Adams & A. Zingoni
Behaviour of composite bar structures: Theory and examples (Invited Paper) 305
J.B. Obre˛bski
A method for reconstructing the shape of highly flexible, slender objects from
distributed strain measurements 307
M.D. Todd, C.J. Stull & M. Dickerson
Rod-in-tube buckling – Comparative analysis of numerical and test results 309
V.S. Tikhonov & O.S. Bukashkina
On load drop phenomenon in axially compressed elasto-plastic columns 311
L. Kwasniewski
Eulerian formulation for an extensible elastic rod 313
A. Huynen, E. Detournay & V. Denoël
Some results of experimental investigations of thin-walled bars 315
J.B. Obre˛bski
13. Plates, shells, laminated composite structures, sandwich structures

Bending and buckling of circular sandwich orthotropic plates with corrugated cores (Invited Paper) 319
K. Magnucki, M. Walachowski & E. Magnucka-Blandzi
Modeling and simulation of large amplitude vibrations of layered composite and smart structures 321
R. Schmidt, M.N. Rao & T.D. Vu
Simplified modelling of stiffened panels for simultaneous static and dynamic optimisation 323
L. Weiß, H. Köke & C. Hühne
Finite element vibration analysis of pole structures made of advanced composite materials 325
G.-D. Kim & S.-Y. Lee
Experiments on fatigue behaviour of sandwich panels 327
H. Nelke & J. Lange
Modelling and nonlinear FE analysis of composite shells at finite rotations (Invited Paper) 329
R. Schmidt, M.N. Rao & T.D. Vu
Using the polynomial annihilation edge detection for locating delamination in laminated
composite plates 331
C. Surace, H. Darwich & M. Gherlone
On the design of plates and stiffeners of rectangular industrial ducts 333
T. Thanga, K.S. Sivakumaran & B. Halabieh
Structural behaviour of flexible straws 335
B. Zhang & Z. You
A strain gradient Reissner-Mindlin micro-plate model obtained through an asymptotic analysis 337
M. Serpilli
Inelastic buckling of annular plates in shear 339
J. Becque
XII
A novel analytical solution of orthotropic rectangular thick plate 341
B. Pan & H. Liu
14. Renewable energy structures

Wind loading on solar chimneys: From wind tunnel experiments to CFD simulation 345
F. Lupi, C. Borri & H.-J. Niemann
Stability and nonlinear behaviour of RC solar updraft towers 347
R. Harte
An analysis of an optimised solar thermal chimney for desert deployment 349
P. Cottam, P. Duffour & P. Fromme
Solar energy systems under impact of aeolian sand and dust 351
C. Kalender-Wevers, U. Winkelmann & R. Höffer
Constructability-aspects for reinforced concrete solar updraft power plants chimneys:
From construction technology and logistics to schedules and costs – data-requirements for
economical evaluation 353
L. Laußat, N. Warkus & M. Helmus
SHM strategies, application and measurements on tripod offshore wind energy
converters within the German offshore park Alpha Ventus 355
W. Rücker, S. Thöns, S. Said & W. Schmid
A comparative study about the effects of linear, weakly and fully nonlinear wave models
on the dynamic response of offshore wind turbines 357
E. Marino, G. Stabile, C. Borri & C. Lugni
Structural health monitoring for life-cyle estimation of on-shore wind energy converters 359
R. Höffer, D. Hartmann, S. Lachmann, X. Liu & K.R. Leimbach
15. Cold-formed steel structures, thin-walled sections

Analysis and design of perforated cold-formed steel members in compression (Invited Paper) 363
Z. Yao & K.J.R. Rasmussen
A semi-discretized thin-walled beam element including distortion 365
M.J. Andreassen & J. Jönsson
Generalised Beam Theory (GBT) for stiffened sections 367
G. Taig, G. Ranzi, G. Piccardo & A. Luongo
Cold-formed steel design and research assisted by testing (Invited Paper) 369
D. Dubina
On the response of cold-formed steel sections under compression 371
N. Baldassino, G. Torresani, R. Zandonini, G. Manzini & F. Scavazza
Local and global vibration analysis of thin-walled steel frames using Generalised Beam Theory (GBT) 373
C. Basaglia, D. Camotim & H.B. Coda
Moment redistribution in cold-formed steel continuous beams 375
C. Hui, L. Gardner & D.A. Nethercot
Shear strengths of lipped channel beams with stiffened web openings using numerical studies 377
P. Keerthan & M. Mahendran
Coupled instability behaviour of members with thin-walled welded box sections loaded in
bending and compression 379
A. Taras, H. Unterweger & S. Hafner
Performance of reinforced web openings of cold-formed steel joists 381
K.S. Sivakumaran
XIII
A linear one-dimensional model for the flexural-torsional vibrations of tapered thin-walled
bars with open cross-sections 383
A. Andrade, P. Providência & D. Camotim
Design models for the bolted joints of cold-formed steel pitched roof portal frames 385
D. Dubina, V. Ungureanu & P. Perneş
Tests of cold-formed steel lipped channel columns undergoing local-distortional-global interaction 387
B. Young, D. Camotim & P.B. Dinis
Shear design of cold-formed steel beams using direct strength method 389
P. Keerthan & M. Mahendran
Influence of cross-section geometry on the distortional post-buckling strength of
cold-formed steel columns 391
A. Landesmann, D. Camotim & C. Basaglia
Cold-formed steel beams of corrugated web 393
D. Dubina, V. Ungureanu & L. Gîlia
Post-buckling behaviour and strength of cold-formed steel lipped channel columns: When
is local-distortional interaction relevant? 395
P.B. Dinis, D. Camotim & A.D. Martins
Design of Z-section purlins under combined axial compression and bending 397
J. Becque & K.J.R. Rasmussen
Buckling of cold-formed lipped-channel stub columns 399
M. Dundu & J. Lim
Continuous beam tests on aluminium alloy SHS and RHS with internal stiffeners 401
M. Su, B. Young & L. Gardner
Rational DSM design of thin-walled cruciform and angle columns 403
P.B. Dinis & D. Camotim
Flexural-torsional analysis of shear-deformable monosymmetric thin-walled open members –
I. Closed-form solution 405
M.A. Hjaji & M. Mohareb
Flexural-torsional analysis of shear-deformable monosymmetric thin-walled open members –
II. Finite element formulation 407
M.A. Hjaji & M. Mohareb
Flexural strength of single channels restrained by angle cleats 409
G.M. Bukasa & M. Dundu
Single shear screwed connection tests of thin sheet steel at elevated temperatures 411
S. Yan & B. Young
Finite element simulation of perforated rack section columns 413
A.M. Sarmanho Freitas, M.S.R. Freitas & F.T. Souza
16. Steel structures: Stability, strength, design

Inelastic post-buckling GBT analysis of tubular thin-walled metal members 417
M. Abambres, D. Camotim & N. Silvestre
Direct stability analysis of steel beam-column with an elastic restraints 419
I. Misiunaite & A. Juozapaitis
Stabilization of members with I-sections against flexural torsional buckling 421
R. Stroetmann
Lateral-distortional buckling formulae for hollow tubular flange plate girders with
slender unstiffened webs 423
M.F. Hassanein & N. Silvestre
XIV
Modeling of force deformation characteristic of angle bracing members (Invited Paper) 425
M.A. Gizejowski & A.M. Barszcz
Experimental and numerical research on longitudinally stiffened tapered steel plate girders
subjected to shear 427
A. Bedynek, E. Mirambell & E. Real
A new design methodology for steel hollow sections: The Overall Interaction Concept 429
J. Nseir, E. Saloumi & N. Boissonnade
Use of the Overall Interaction Concept for the practical design of steel sections and members 431
N. Boissonnade, J. Nseir & E. Saloumi
Influence of imperfections and geometrical discontinuities on the behavior of the steel towers 433
A.I. Dogariu & D. Dubina
Nonlinear finite element modelling of castellated steel beams lateral torsional bucking 435
F.O.M. da Gama, L.R.O. Lima, J.G.S. Silva, P.C.G.S. Vellasco & M.M.B.R. Vellasco
Buckling mode decomposition of thin-walled members with holes 437
M. Nedelcu, N. Chira, H.L. Cucu & A.G. Popa
Resistance assessment of the sinusoidal openings in cellular beams 439
S. Durif & A. Bouchaïr
GBT buckling analysis of I-section steel girders under concentrated loads 441
P. Natário, N. Silvestre & D. Camotim
Design by inelastic analysis – 2010 AISC specification 443
R.D. Ziemian
Three-dimensional joist member design using equivalent beam theory 445
S.J. Kilber & A.E. Surovek
Behaviour of I-section columns experiencing local–global mode interaction: Analytical and
finite element modelling 447
M.A. Wadee, L. Bai, D. Camotim & C. Basaglia
Influence of the cross section slenderness on the buckling behaviour of steel welded
tapered beam-column 449
I.M. Cristutiu & D.L. Nunes
Analyzing portal frames using rotational springs 451
T.N. Haas, H.L. Albertyn & P.E. Dunaiski
Behaviour of pitched-roof portal frames with tapered web and flange members considering
lateral restraints 453
I.M. Cristutiu & D.L. Nunes
Compressive resistance of circular hollow sections with squashed ends 455
M. Dundu & J. Tumkou
The influence of pallets on the behaviour and design of drive-in steel storage racks – Part I: Behaviour 457
B.P. Gilbert, L.H. Teh, R.X. Badet & K.J.R. Rasmussen
The influence of pallets on the behaviour and design of drive-in steel storage racks – Part II: Design 459
B.P. Gilbert, L.H. Teh, R.X. Badet & K.J.R. Rasmussen
Extension of the DSM to welded H profile cross-sections 461
B. Rossi & Y. Li
On the strength of T-section columns 463
F. Sena Cardoso & K.J.R. Rasmussen
Stability, failure and design of I-section steel beams subjected to tension 465
J. Tomás, J. Nseir, D. Camotim & N. Boissonnade
XV
17. Steel joints, steel connections
Lateral-torsional buckling behaviour of members in steel structures with hanging-profile connections 469
D. Liu & J. Lange
Design bearing stresses for injection bolts with short and long duration high loads 471
A.M. Gresnigt & D. Beg
On evaluation of a unified moment-rotation characteristic of steel and steel-concrete composite joints 473
M.A. Gizejowski, W. Barcewicz, J. Uziak & A.A.K. Saleh
The influence of the bolt grade on its behaviour under combined tension and shear 475
A. Renner & J. Lange
Finite element modeling of CHS T-joints strengthened using through bolts 477
M.A. Mohamed, A.A. Shaat & E.Y. Sayed-Ahmed
In-plane shear flexibility evaluation of fastened steel flat plate by numerical simulation
considering the interaction between connectors and thin plate 479
F. Bakhti, R. Tremblay & C.A. Rogers
New experimental method for determining the stiffness and strength of steel storage rack
floor connections 481
F. Roure, M.M. Pastor, M.R. Somalo & M. Casafont
Seismic behaviour of welded and bolted I-beam to box column connections 483
Q.Y. Song, A. Heidarpour & X.L. Zhao
Analytical approach for the determination of the strength and stiffness of the T-stub with
four rows of bolts 485
N. Mehidi, F.Z. Mimoune, M. Mimoune & A. Bouchaïr
Axial capacity of transverse branch plate-to-CHS T-joints 487
A.A. Shaat
18. Steel-concrete composite construction

Sustainable composite beams with deconstructable bolted shear connectors 491
S.S.M. Lee & M.A. Bradford
Numerical simulations of concrete-composite-slabs with perforated metal sheets 493
S. Pirringer & J. Kollegger
A computer method for design and M-N- analysis of composite steel-concrete cross-sections 495
C.G. Chiorean, A. Chira & M. Buru
Load-carrying capacity of steel and high-strength concrete composite columns 497
M. Karmazínová & J.J. Melcher
Behaviour of multi-span composite steel-concrete beams subjected to combined flexure and torsion 499
E.L. Tan, B. Uy & G. Hummam
Considerations on the long-term behaviour of composite steel-concrete bridges 501
G. Ranzi, G. Leoni, L. Dezi & R. Zandonini
Nonlinear inelastic analysis of 3D composite steel-concrete frameworks 503
C.G. Chiorean, M. Buru, A. Chira & I. Marchis
Square concrete filled steel hollow columns 505
M. Dundu
Study on the loading transferring efficiency of large dimension CFT column in joint
zone with internal stiff ring 507
Y. Chen, X.Z. Zhao, N.N. Yan & S.Y. Wu
Connections by adherence – A numerical analysis of preliminary push-out tests 509
H.J.F. Diógenes, A.L.H.C. El Debs & M.K. El Debs
XVI
19. Stainless steel structures
Constitutive equations for stainless steels: Experimental tests and new proposal 513
I. Arrayago, E. Real & E. Mirambell
Direct strength method and continuous strength method for cold-formed lean duplex
stainless steel columns 515
Y. Huang & B. Young
Numerical study of lean duplex stainless steel plate girders with stocky flanges and
slender unstiffened webs under bending 517
M.F. Hassanein & N. Silvestre
Structural response of stainless steel cross-sections under combined compression and biaxial bending 519
M. Theofanous, L. Gardner & E. Koltsakis
Investigating the role of gradual yielding in stainless steel columns and beams by virtual testing 521
P. Hradil & A. Talja
Experiments on ferritic stainless steel columns in fire 523
B. Rossi, J.M. Franssen & N. Tondini
Buckling response of ferritic stainless steel columns at elevated temperatures 525
S. Afshan, L. Gardner & N.R. Baddoo
Interaction effects of constituent plate elements on cold-formed high strength stainless steel
cross-section behaviour in compression 527
F. Zhou, Y. Chen & B. Young
Mechanical properties of austenitic stainless steel after exposure to fire 529
X.Q. Wang, Z. Tao, T.Y. Song & L.H. Han
Study on ferritic stainless steel and its application on architecture structure 531
M. Li & W. Dong
20. Concrete structures, concrete design

Assessing the reliability of existing concrete bridges in terms of shear strength 535
D. Busse, L. Eckfeldt & M. Empelmann
Dismantleable joints of load-bearing reinforced concrete units of prefabricated concrete
building system with controlled stiffness (Invited Paper) 537
J. Witzany, T. Čejka & R. Zigler
Numerical investigations on the shear capacity of reinforced concrete slabs under concentrated loads 539
K. Reissen & J. Hegger
Analysis of the structural behaviour of shear-critical prestressed and reinforced
concrete beams using digital image correlation 541
K. De Wilder, G. De Roeck, L. Vandewalle, P. Lava, D. Debruyne & Y. Wang
The effect of steel fibres on the compressive ductility in lightweight aggregate concrete structures 543
J.A. Øverli & T.M. Jensen
Full-range behavior of FRP-to-concrete bonded joints with trilinear bond-slip law 545
H. Yuan & L. Wu
A comparison of the variable strut inclination and alternative stirrup design methods 547
K.K. Mensah, C. Barnardo-Viljoen & J.V. Retief
Shear strength of reinforced concrete plastic hinges subjected to seismic action 549
R.V. Mehrabani & V. Sigrist
Experimental and numerical investigations on punching behaviour of thick footings
with and without shear reinforcement 551
D. Kueres, C. Siburg, K. Reissen & J. Hegger
XVII
Reliability of EN1992 crack model applied to South African water retaining structures 553
C.H. McLeod, J.V. Retief & J.A. Wium
New design approach for crack width calculation in reinforced concrete structures 555
H.A. Elgohary & M.M. Assas
21. Fibre-reinforced concrete, polymer-reinforced concrete, cement composites

Multi-functional fiber reinforced concrete for sustainable structures (Invited Paper) 559
N. Banthia
Comparison of strain measurement techniques for the characterization of brittle,
cementitious matrix composites 561
D. Arboleda, S. Yuan, J. Giancaspro & A. Nanni
Strut and tie models for disturbed regions: Steel fibre reinforced concrete dapped end beams 563
J.M. Hisdal, G. Zirgulis, E.V. Sarmiento & T. Kanstad
Study of the properties of hybrid fibre reinforced concretes 565
T. Zych
A review of the shear behaviour of reinforced steel fibre concrete 567
S. Zeranka & G.P.A.G. van Zijl
Time-dependent behaviour of pre-cracked polypropylene fibre reinforced concrete (PFRC)
under sustained loading 569
A.J. Babafemi & W.P. Boshoff
Effect of temperature on the behaviour of polymer reinforced concrete façade 571
J.O. Akinyele
Flexural behaviour of normal and high strength concrete beams reinforced with GFRP rods 573
N.F.O. Evbuomwan
Flexural behaviour of GFRP prismatic beams in composite action with concrete 575
N.F.O. Evbuomwan
22. High strength concrete, high performance concrete

UHPC – a challenging material for innovative structures (Invited Paper) 579
E. Fehling
Modular constructions made of UHPC 581
N.V. Tue & M. Reichel
Development of ultra-high performance concrete and applications to bridges in Korea 583
C. Joh, S.Y. Park, K.T. Koh, S.W. Kim, Y.J. Kim & B.S. Kim
Behaviour of hybrid PVA-steel fibre reinforced ultra high performance concrete at high temperature 585
S. Sanchayan & S.J. Foster
Sustainable building with ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) – coordinated research
program in Germany 587
M. Schmidt
Composite structures of steel and filigree UHPC-elements – experimental and numerical investigations 589
T. Lechner, O. Fischer & G. Seidl
Optimization process for thin-walled high performance concrete sandwich panels 591
K. Hodicky, T. Hulin, J.W. Schmidt & H. Stang
Quality control of UHPC by using non-destructive ultrasonic testing methods 593
B. Middendorf & A. Glaubitt
Statistical model for compressive strength prediction of high-performance concrete 595
A. Kapelko, M. Kapelko & R. Kapelko
XVIII
Experimental tests and analytical modeling of UHPC beams subjected to torsion 597
E. Fehling, M. Ismail & T. Leutbecher
Compressive strength of high-performance concrete with absorption capacity of
Super-Absorbing-Polymers (SAP) 599
B.J. Olawuyi & W.P. Boshoff
A model for spalling of HPC thin plates exposed to fire 601
T. Hulin, K. Hodicky, J.W. Schmidt, J.H. Nielsen & H. Stang
Micro structural optimization of high strength performance air hardened foam concrete 603
B. Middendorf & A. Just
The anchorage of rebars in UHPC 605
P. Lorenz & E. Fehling
Next generation nano-based carbon concrete 607
P.S. Nagaraja, F.A. Khan, K.N.N. Gowda, S.A.K. Zai & H.R. Srinivas
Evaluation of behaviour and ductility of polymer modified steel fiber reinforced high
performance concrete beams 609
S.A.K. Zai, N. Munirudrappa, K. Muthumani, R. Naveen & H.R. Srinivas
Structural behaviour of high performance fibre-reinforced flowable concrete beams and plates 611
S.G. Ladkany & A.T. Berhe
Influence of fiber orientation on the properties of strain hardening Ultra-High Performance
Fiber Reinforced Concrete (UHPFRC) under direct tensile loading 613
C. Hollmann & K. Wille
23. Durability, creep, shrinkage, transport processes in concrete

The origin of plastic settlement cracking and the effect of re-vibration 617
R. Combrinck & W.P. Boshoff
Composite material under influence of moisture 619
J. Skramlik, M. Novotny & K. Suhajda
Chimney cracked reinforced concrete walls as a problem of durability exploitation 621
M. Kaminski, M. Maj & A. Ubysz
Water transport in surface layer of fair-face concrete 623
P. Reiterman, F. Vogel, O. Holčapek, K. Kolář, P. Konvalinka, M. Keppert, M. Čáchová & E. Vejmelková
Creep influence on concrete slabs, pre-stressed in both directions 625
G. Sossou
Frost resistance property of concrete doped with scrap rubber powder 627
B.M. Wang, Y. Han & S. Liu
24. Construction materials, construction technology, building performance

Determination of the relation between the content of used reclaimed asphalt material and
deformation characteristics of asphalt concretes 631
K. Miláčková, P. Mondschein & J. Valentin
Feasibility of lightweight aggregate concrete for structural and non-structural works in Tanzania 633
A.L. Mrema & H.A. Mboya
Mechanical properties of aluminous cement paste at high temperature 635
O. Holčapek, P. Reiterman, F. Vogel, P. Konvalinka & E. Vejmelková
The influence of percentage replacement from coarse recycled concrete aggregate 637
D.W. Immelman & W. de Villiers
Full-scale model of road structure 639
M. Varaus, P. Hyzl & D. Stehlik
XIX
Monitoring of experimental sections with recycled waste materials 641
D. Stehlik, M. Varaus & P. Hyzl
Experience with experimental designs and performance assessment of cold asphalt
mixtures – New type of pavement structure in the Czech Republic 643
J. Suda, J. Valentin, J. Žák, J. Šedina & K. Miláčková
Knowledge sharing and constructability in structural design 645
V. Kuo & J. Wium
Processes of ID-based linking of structural relevant construction phase data to planning phase
data using auto-ID techniques 647
L. Laußat, A. Kelm, A. Meins-Becker & M. Helmus
Verification of MZELWE module in ESP-r programme with experimental confrontation 649
A.M. Čekon, M. Kalousek & B.J. Hraška
Thermal comfort of the rooms in the designing of commercial buildings 651
K. Nowak, K. Nowak-Dzieszko & M. Rojewska-Warchał
25. Timber structures

Behaviour of steel to timber connections in fire and normal conditions (Invited Paper) 655
A. Bouchaïr, P. Racher & D. Dhima
Shaking table tests on a large scale moment resistant timber frame with post-tensioning
and energy dissipating system 657
F.C. Ponzo, A. Di Cesare, M. Simonetti, D. Nigro, T. Smith & S. Pampanin
Fracture process under moisture content variation in timber structures 659
R. Moutou Pitti, F. Dubois, E. Fournely & B. Mbangagoye
The resilience of timber buildings 661
G. Faller
Numerical modeling of a post-tensioned timber frame building with hysteretic energy dissipation 663
A. Di Cesare, F.C. Ponzo, M. Simonetti, T. Smith & S. Pampanin
26. Masonry structures

In situ full-scale tests for old masonry elements: The out-of-plane response 667
A. Borri, M. Candela & R. Fonti
Seismic behaviour of masonry walls with soft-layer wall bearings 669
N. Mojsilović, B. Stojadinović, A. Barandun & C. Vögeli
Application of sequentially linear analysis to the seismic assessment of slender masonry towers 671
V. Mariani, A.T. Slobbe, M.A.N. Hendriks & J.G. Rots
Experimental evaluation of the response of ferrocement strengthened lightweight masonry
walls to impact loads 673
M.A.N. Abdel-Mooty
Externally applied retrofit system for existing masonry buildings subject to progressive collapse 675
A. Kousgaard & E. Erdogmus
Non-linear static analysis of masonry-infilled RC frames 677
A. Koçak, B. Doran, A. Kalyoncuoglu & B. Zengin
Sisal reinforced cement-based masonry units 679
G. Coetzee, W.P. Boshoff & R.D. Toledo Filho
Structural design for earth buildings 681
A.C. Heath & P.J. Walker
XX
Affordable, sustainable and resilient tornado shelter design using compressed stabilized
earth block construction 683
B. Wagner, E. Erdogmus & A. Schwer
27. Performance of structures in fire, design for fire resistance

Global structural behaviour in fire and consolidated testing of steel structures (Invited Paper) 687
M. Fontana, M. Knobloch & A. Frangi
Structures in fire or fires in structures? Assessing the true performance of structures
in fire (Invited Paper) 689
J.L. Torero
Numerical simulation of thin RC structures exposed to fire (Invited Paper) 691
R. Harte
Shear capacity of steel plate girders with slender webs in fire 693
T. Ohtsuka, M. Knobloch & M. Fontana
Modeling and assessment of the response of super-light elements to fire 695
K.D. Hertz, B.M. Campeanu, M. Giraudo & L. Giuliani
Composite floors with steel fibre reinforced concrete slabs exposed to fire 697
J. Bednář, F. Wald, J. Vodička & A. Kohoutková
Engineering solutions for structures in fire: Should concrete care? 699
L.A. Bisby
The application of fire engineering methods for the design of open steel car parks 701
G. Woźniak & R. Obiała
Numerical study on structural behaviour of cold-formed steel columns under fire conditions 703
S.J.C. Almeida, J.M. Neto & J.P.C. Rodrigues
An analytical method for determining the loading on connections in heating and cooling
during a fire 705
D. Lange & J. Albrektsson
Fire protection of multi-storey straw bale buildings 707
J. Wachtling, D. Hosser & J. Zehfuß
Structural analysis at the fire limit state: Practical applications 709
A. Jowsey & P. Scott
Fire design of wooden box floors 711
D. Dhima & R. Blondeau-Patissier
No-sway collapse of steel frames under fire conditions: A parametric investigation 713
A. Monti, T. Pariciani, F. Gentili & F. Petrini
Numerical studies of load bearing LSF walls under realistic design fire conditions 715
P. Keerthan, A. Ariyanayagam & M. Mahendran
Numerical study of travelling fire in full-scale experimental building 717
K. Horová & F. Wald
Numerical and experimental investigation of the toxicity and light extinction of fire
smoke using experimental data from fire tests of polymers 719
A. Löhnert, N. Monreal, C. Knaust & U. Krause
Development of a simplified design method to predict the fire rating of LSF walls 721
S. Gunalan & M. Mahendran
Fire resistance assessment of steel structure exposed to fire for differentiated safety requirements 723
M. Maślak
Numerical experimental design approach to evaluate the fire resistance of timber connections 725
M. Audebert, D. Dhima & A. Bouchaïr
XXI
Performance of reinforced concrete structures in post-earthquake fire 727
B. Behnam, H. Ronagh & M. Ashraf
Behaviour of structural steel subjected to post-earthquake fire 729
S. Sinaie, A. Heidarpour & X.L. Zhao
28. Structural safety, structural reliability, risk assessment

Target reliability for engineering structures (Invited Paper) 733
M. Holický
Reliability evaluation and design of steel frames with BRBs under severe earthquakes 735
Y.S. Liu, G.Q. Li & X.K. Guo
Reliability analysis of corroding pipelines by enhanced Monte Carlo simulation 737
B.J. Leira, A. Naess & O.E. Brandrud Næss
Some practical aspects of statistics methods of estimation reliability computed for
existing silo constructions 739
M. Kaminski & M. Maj
Model uncertainties in reliability analysis of reinforced concrete structures 741
M. Holický, M. Sykora, C. Barnardo-Viljoen, K.K. Mensah & J.V. Retief
Safety in design for industrial and mining structures 743
T. Langbecker & S. Loganathan
Risk-based design in mining structures 745
M. Mmusi & A. Masarira
Simulated virtual portfolio for masonry buildings 747
A. Mühlhausen, U.E. Dorka, F. Obón Santacana, A. Smolka & M. Stupazzini
29. Structural optimisation, manufacturing processes

Effective lightweight design of a rocket interstage ring through mixed-integer optimization 751
H. Köke, L. Weiß & C. Hühne
Topology optimization with local stress contraints in a simultaneous analysis and design setting 753
D.P. Munro & A.A. Groenwold
Reliability-based robust optimization using variance based methods 755
G. Karaki
Designing adaptive structures for whole life energy savings 757
G. Senatore, P. Duffour, S. Hanna, P. Winslow & C. Wise
Softening some effects of the no free lunch (NFL) theorems in optimization via parallel computing 759
S.S. van Huyssteen & A.A. Groenwold
Exploring the domain of application of adaptive structures 761
G. Senatore, P. Duffour, P. Winslow, S. Hanna & C. Wise
Effect of serviceability limits on optimal design of steel portal frames 763
T.D. Phan, J.H. Lim, J.B.P. Lim, W. Sha, T.T. Tanyimboh & M. Dundu
Optimization of the injection molding processes using the Moldflow simulation
program on the example of electrical connectors 765
M. Szostak & R. Staniek
Comparison of simulation results of injection molding process obtained by Moldflow and
Moldex3D programs 767
M. Szostak & R. Staniek
The use of modified three axes forging to strengthen Nb for superconducting radio frequency cavities 769
P.N. Kalu, N. Bembridge & I. Dagwa
XXII
Biomass in materials processing: Using cassava leaves to case-harden mild steel 771
R. Gordon, K.J. Akinluwade, A.R. Adetunji, P.N. Kalu & O.O. Adewoye
30. Structural health monitoring, damage detection, non-destructive evaluation

Non-destructive evaluation (NDE) practice for concrete bridges in USA (Invited Paper) 775
A. Ghorbanpoor & S. Boone
Rapid and economical condition assessment of concrete bridge decks through automation
of NDE data collection, analysis and interpretation 777
N. Gucunski, A. Maher, H. Ghasemi & F.S. Ibrahim
Making sense of bridge monitoring: Vision for the future (Invited Paper) 779
A. Pavic & J.M.W. Brownjohn
Structural model updating using combined global mode and local primary frequency 781
J.L. Hou, J.P. Ou & Ł. Jankowski
On the application of artificial boundary condition frequencies in structural identification (Invited Paper) 783
Y. Lu, L. Mao & Z.G. Tu
A novel two-step method for localization and assessment of cracks in beams 785
G.R. Gillich & Z.I. Praisach
Model updating of strategic building structures under real earthquake loading 787
R. Ceravolo, A. De Stefano, E. Matta, A. Quattrone & L. Zanotti Fragonara
A frequency analysis applied to force identification 789
M. Thiene, U. Galvanetto, M. Ghajari & M.H. Aliabadi
Influence of multiple cracks upon the dynamic behaviour of beams 791
Z.I. Praisach & G.R. Gillich
Structural health monitoring of continuously welded underground pipelines based on
quasi-distributed wireless inclinometers 793
S. Li, M. Zhao & N. Gao
Cable break detection in pre-stressed bridges, parking decks and girders 795
B. Hillemeier & S. Knapp
Detection of damage due to salt crystallization through the Scaling Subtraction Method 797
P. Antonaci, P.G. Bocca, A.S. Gliozzi & M. Scalerandi
A damage evaluation method for bridge substructures using longitudinal impact dynamic responses 799
J.W. Zhan, H. Xia & N. Zhang
Structural damage identification in small scale models of bridge decks 801
R. Carrazedo & T.M. Juliani
An application of the local flexibility method to hyper-static beams using non-local virtual forces 803
T.Y. Hsu, S.Y. Shiao, W.I. Liao & C.H. Loh
Effect of load redistribution of a steel truss bridge due to fracture of a truss member
on vibration-based fault detection 805
C.W. Kim, S. Kitauchi, K. Hashimoto, K. Sugiura & M. Kawatani
A system model for lifecycle monitoring of bridges 807
M. Wild, O. Fischer, G. Dori & A. Borrmann
The opportunities of blind source separation techniques in the automation of modal
identification for vibration based SHM 809
C. Rainieri & G. Fabbrocino
Transducers frequency influence on ultrasonic velocity measurements in concrete specimens 811
G. Concu, B. De Nicolo, N. Trulli & M. Valdés
Application of SHM system based on modal filtration to the truss structure 813
K. Mendrok, T. Uhl & W. Maj
XXIII
System identification of masonry buildings in Vienna 815
F. Kopf, D. Schäfer, M. Pietsch & H. Wenzel
Shear wave travel times in multi-story buildings for system identification and damage detection 817
E. Şafak, E. Çaktı & E. Zengin
Application and developments of the infrared thermography in the building construction sector 819
S. Knapp & B. Hillemeier
Automated devices for inspection and maintenance 821
E. Kuhn & C. Zimmermann
Structural health monitoring of the Basilica S. Maria di Collemaggio 823
V. Gattulli, F. Graziosi, F. Federici, F. Potenza, A. Colarieti & M. Lepidi
Experimental study on bridge damage identification based on wavelet packet energy
curvature difference method 825
Z. Yu, H. Xia & J. Zhan
Damage detection on reinforced concrete framed structures using a band-variable filter 827
F.C. Ponzo, R. Ditommaso, G. Auletta & A. De Muro
Damage identification in the mistuned bladed system utilizing the outlier analysis 829
A.U. Rehman, F.H. Shah, K. Worden & J.A. Rongong
Modal characteristics-based damage identification in repeating structures 831
A.U. Rehman, F.H. Shah, S. Nazar, C.E. Lord & A. Javed
Research on corrosion monitoring for steel-reinforced concrete structures using fiber
optic sensing technique 833
X.F. Zhao, L. Wang, Q. Liu, S.J. Shan, H. Dong, Y.F. Zhu, Y.H. Jiang & Y. Yu
Steel reinforced concrete structures dynamic damage monitoring using guided wave
testing technique 835
D.S. Li, J.H. Yuan, W. Yang & W.Y. Zhang
Structural condition assessment based on modal flexibility from operational modal
analysis and model updating 837
L.-M. Zhang, T. Wang & X.-K. Lin
31. Structural assessment, damage assessment, failure analysis,

forensic engineering, disaster management
The art of the forensic engineer 841
D. Charrett
Lessons for structural engineers: The Hillsborough disaster (Invited Paper) 843
R.A. Smith
Causal models for the forensic investigation of structural failures 845
S. Arangio, C. Crosti & F. Bontempi
Capacity assessment of damaged school buildings after 2011 Van earthquake 847
R.A. Oyguc
Structural failures and monitoring of structural health with use of WiSeNeMONIT system 849
S. Wierzbicki, M.A. Gizejowski & Z. Stachura
Approaches to quantify the safety gain for existing concrete bridges due to surveillance 851
C. Siegert, L. Eckfeldt & M. Empelmann
An investigation on the collapse sequence of an RC frame during L’Aquila 2009 earthquake 853
M.G. Mulas, L. Martinelli & F. Perotti
Structural assessment during the demolition of an arch bridge by advanced modal techniques 855
K. Islami & R. Betti
XXIV
EQvis: A consequence based risk management software tool 857
D. Schäfer, M. Pietsch & H. Wenzel
Measuring degree of interdependencies at the infrastructure level during emergencies 859
D. Solari, G.P. Cimellaro & A.M. Reinhorn
Back-analysis of the collapse of a metal truss structure 861
C. Crosti & F. Bontempi
FE models for evaluating damages in churches hit by L’Aquila earthquake 863
G. Brando, E. Criber & G. De Matteis
32. Repair, strengthening, retrofitting, sustainable construction

The strengthening and widening of the Okavango River Bridge in Northern Namibia 867
W. Martin
CFRP strengthening of steel I-beam against local web buckling: A numerical analysis 869
M.A. Ghareeb, M.A. Khedr & E.Y. Sayed-Ahmed
Timber beams with external strengthening based on CFRP and GFRP composites 871
M. Karmazínová
Bond characterization between historical concrete substrate and SRG/SRP strengthening systems 873
E. Stievanin, F. da Porto, M. Panizza, E. Garbin & C. Modena
Methods of silo strengthening walls in practice 875
M. Kaminski & M. Maj
Study on mechanical behaviour of circular concrete columns confined by HFRP under
axial compressive load 877
L.J. Li, S.D. Xu, L. Zeng & Y.-C. Guo
Research on concrete repair materials 879
G. Lagoda & T. Gajda
Energy harvesting for the sustainability of structures and infrastructures 881
K. Gkoumas, F. Petrini, S. Arangio & C. Crosti
Sustainability considerations for tunnel projects 883
J. Sauer & O. Fischer
Challenges in rehabilitation techniques in strengthening cracked concrete beams 885
M.K. Murthy, N. Munirudrappa, S.A.K. Zai, J. Guruswamy & S. Krishnan
33. Soil-structure interaction, foundations, geotechnical engineering

The second order solution of Boussinesq’s problem 889
E. Ferretti
Upper and lower bound calculations of the bearing capacity of strip footings near slopes in
cohesionless soil 891
S. Krabbenhoft, L. Damkilde & K. Krabbenhoft
Stress state of massive foundation slabs – Measurements and simulation 893
K. Stopp
Soil-structure-interaction: Analysis through measurements 895
F. Kopf, D. Schäfer & J. Pistrol
Numerical calculation of damping for monopile foundations under cyclic load
during steady-state vibration 897
M. Bayat, L.V. Andersen, S.M. Andersen & L.B. Ibsen
Improved subgrade reaction model in designing embedded piles exposed to static lateral head loads 899
M. Pulsfort & T. Welskopf
XXV
Field test of soil-steel arch with ribs and calculation of internal forces on the basis of measured strains 901
B. Kunecki & L. Korusiewicz
Alternative shape of suction caisson to reduce risk of buckling under high pressure 903
S. Madsen, L.V. Andersen & L.B. Ibsen
Qualitative and quantitative assessment of liquefaction in a saturated road embankment 905
A. Borowiec & K. Maciejewski
A study of frictional interface properties between typical South African sands and
construction materials 907
Z. Bhengu, D. Kalumba & F.C. Chebet
Dynamic soil-structure interaction behaviour of building frames with raft foundation 909
G. Narayana, H. Sharada Bai & M.P. Jyothi
Using the shear strength reduction method to assess the stability of retaining structures
adjacent to excavations for the University of Cape Town’s New Engineering Building 911
C.J. Warren-Codrington & D. Kalumba
34. Structural engineering education

Efforts to reduce the drop-out rate in civil and structural engineering programs (Invited Paper) 915
U. Quapp & K. Holschemacher
Teaching and learning of fundamentals of structural engineering in undergraduate level 917
M.R. Karim
Structural stability and the complement to the differential equation 919
R.D. Ziemian
International master program in structural engineering at Leipzig University of Applied
Sciences (HTWK Leipzig) 921
K. Holschemacher & U. Quapp
Author index 923
XXVI
Preface
The International Conference on Structural Engineering, Mechanics and Computation (SEMC) was inaugurated
in 2001 with the aim of “bringing together from around the world academics, researchers and practitioners in
the broad fields of structural mechanics, associated computation and structural engineering, to review recent
achievements in the advancement of knowledge and understanding in these areas, share the latest developments,
and address the challenges that the present and the future pose”. Held every 3 years since then, SEMC has
attracted an ever-increasing level of participation from all over the world. The fifth conference in the series,
SEMC 2013, was held in Cape Town (South Africa) from 2 to 4 September 2013. Well over 400 participants
from 60 countries worldwide attended the conference.
These Proceedings contain over 420 papers that were presented at the Fifth International Conference on
Structural Engineering, Mechanics and Computation. The Proceedings are divided into 34 sections for ease of
reading. The six keynote lectures delivered at the Conference have been collected together into Section 1, while
the rest of the papers have been classified under the most appropriate topics, and appear in Sections 2 to 34
of the Proceedings. As expected, many papers have subject matter that spans more than one topic, and could
equally have been placed in any one of two or more sections of the Proceedings. In trying to access papers on
a particular subject, readers should therefore be mindful of the overlapping nature of the topics, and make sure
they look through all relevant sections of the Proceedings.
Every contribution that was submitted for the Conference was prepared as a full paper of length 6 pages,
and a shortened version of the paper of length 2 pages. The Proceedings have been published in the form of a
printed book containing the short papers, and a CD-ROM containing the full papers. All papers were reviewed
by members of the International Scientific Advisory Board and other identified experts acting independently,
and only those papers that were accepted have been included in the Proceedings. The editor would like to thank
all reviewers for their input in enhancing the quality of the Proceedings.
The SEMC 2013 International Conference was wide in scope, and on opening the Proceedings, one imme-
diately sees this in the diversity of the subject matter treated by the six keynote papers, from analytical and
computational considerations to practical issues of design and monitoring. The first section is followed by a
cluster of sections covering the topics of vibration, dynamics, vibration control and seismic design. Immediately
after these appear papers on the mechanics of materials and modelling in general, and these specifically cover
material modelling, composite materials, numerical modelling, finite-element modelling, damage mechanics,
fracture, fatigue and other problems.The more design-oriented considerations of robustness, progressive collapse,
tall buildings and bridge engineering are dealt with next, followed by a series of papers on lightweight structures,
roofing solutions, plates, shells, laminated and sandwich construction, and the growing area of renewable energy
structures (solar chimneys, wind-turbine structures, and the like).
Not unexpectedly, the Proceedings feature several sections devoted to various aspects of steel structures
(thin-walled sections, cold-formed steel construction, stainless-steel structures, steel joints and connections,
steel-concrete composite construction) as well as concrete structures (reinforced-concrete design, prestressed
concrete, fibre-reinforced concrete, high-strength concrete, high-performance concrete, properties of concrete,
creep, shrinkage and durability). There is also a significant number of contributions on masonry and timber
structures. Performance of structures in fire, and design for fire resistance, are topics which are attracting the
attention of many researchers worldwide, and this is reflected in the large number of papers making up the
section on fire. There is also a healthy number of papers dealing with more general issues of structural safety
and reliability, as well as the important topic of optimization in structural design.
Towards the end of the Proceedings, one finds papers related to the integrity and long-term performance of
structures. The large section on structural health monitoring, damage detection and non-destructive evaluation
reflects the intensity of global research activity in these areas. This is followed by sections on the related topics
of structural assessment, damage assessment, failure analysis, forensic engineering, repair, strengthening and
retrofitting of structures. Papers on soil-structure interaction and foundation design have been collected together
in the second-last section of the Proceedings. The last section features papers on structural-engineering education.
The editor is most grateful to all the many authors who contributed to these Proceedings. It is hoped that
this rich collection of research and technical papers will serve as an enduring resource for all researchers and
practitioners working in various fields, and also provide direction for future activity in these areas.
XXVII
The financial support of the following organisations, who were the offical sponsors of the SEMC 2013
International Conference, is gratefully acknowledged:
• The National Research Foundation of South Africa
• The South African National Roads Agency Limited
• Anglo American Corporation
• ADINA (USA)
In his capacity as Conference chair, the editor is also grateful to colleagues and postgraduate students who
assisted with various aspects of the organisation of the Conference, and to all session chairs for managing the
oral presentations so competently. Last but not least, the editor wishes to acknowledge the support of his wife
Lydia and children Ratidzo, Tafadzwa and Simbarashe, for their patience and understanding in giving him the
space required to accomplish this work.
A. Zingoni
Editor
XXVIII
Committees
LOCAL ORGANISING COMMITTEE
A. Zingoni, University of Cape Town (Chairman) S. Skatulla, University of Cape Town

A. Masarira, Anglo American Corporation D. Kalumba, University of Cape Town
M. Latimer, Joint Struct. Div. of SAICE & IStructE L. Zingoni, University of Cape Town
INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC ADVISORY BOARD
Professor S. Adali Professor H. Bouchaïr

University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa Blaise Pascal University, France
Professor H. Adeli Professor M. Bradford
Ohio State University, USA University of New South Wales, Australia
Professor M.G. Alexander Professor O. Buyukozturk
University of Cape Town, South Africa Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA
Professor C.J. Anumba Professor S. Caddemi
Pennsylvania State University, USA University of Catania, Italy
Professor B. Baier Professor D. Camotim
University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany Technical University of Lisbon, Portugal
Professor C. Bailey Professor W. Cantwell
University of Manchester, UK University of Liverpool, UK
Professor T. Balendra Professor R. Cerny
National University of Singapore, Singapore Czech Technical University in Prague, Czech Republic
Professor Y. Ballim Professor C.K. Choi
University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology,
Professor J.R. Banerjee Korea
City University, UK Professor A.K. Chopra
Professor N. Banthia University of California at Berkeley, USA
University of British Columbia, Canada Professor K.F. Chung
Professor K.J. Bathe Hong Kong Polytechnic University, China
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA Professor J.G.A. Croll
Professor Z.P. Bazant University College London, UK
Northwestern University, USA Professor R. de Borst
Professor D. Beskos University of Glasgow, UK
University of Patras, Greece Professor G. De Matteis
Professor F.S.K. Bijlaard University G. d’Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Italy
Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands
Professor G. De Roeck
Professor Z. Bittnar Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium
Czech Technical University in Prague, Czech Republic
Professor G. Domokos
Professor F. Bontempi Budapest University of Technology & Economics,
University of Rome La Sapienza, Italy Hungary
Profesor G. Borino Professor A. Elnashai
University of Palermo, Italy University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA
XXIX
Professor M. Fontana Professor S. Kitipornchai
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Switzerland City University of Hong Kong, China
Professor D.M. Frangopol Professor J.M. Ko
Lehigh University, USA Hong Kong Polytechnic University, China
Professor E. Fehling Professor J.G. Korvink
University of Kassel, Germany University of Freiburg, Germany
Professor J. Feix Professor W.B. Kratzig
University of Innsbruck, Austria Ruhr University Bochum, Germany
Professor F.C. Filippou Professor T. Laursen
University of California at Berkeley, USA Khalifa University, United Arab Emirates
Professor Y. Fujino Professor R.W. Lewis
University of Tokyo, Japan University of Wales at Swansea, UK
Professor A. Ghobarah Professor H.N. Li
McMaster University, Canada Dalian University of Technology, China
Dr. L. Giuliani Professor A. Long
Technical University of Denmark, Denmark Queen’s University of Belfast, UK
Professor M. Gizejowski Professor J. Loughlan
Warsaw University of Technology, Poland Loughborough University, UK
Professor P.L. Gould Professor Y. Lu
Washington University, USA University of Edinburgh, UK
Professor A.A. Groenwold Professor H.A. Mang
University of Stellenbosch, South Africa Vienna University of Technology, Austria
Dr. S. Guest Professor H. Matsunaga
University of Cambridge, UK Setsunan University, Japan
Professor W. Guggenberger Professor F.M. Mazzolani
Technical University of Graz, Austria University of Naples Federico II, Italy
Professor G. Hancock Professor J. Melcher
University of Sydney, Australia Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic
Professor R. Harte Professor C. Mota Soares
Bergische University Wuppertal, Germany Technical University of Lisbon, Portugal
Professor N.M. Hawkins Professor A. Mufti
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA University of Manitoba, Canada
Professor S. Heyns Professor R.S. Narayanan
University of Pretoria, South Africa Clark Smith Partnership, UK
Professor M. Holicky Professor D.A. Nethercot
Czech Technical University in Prague, Czech Republic Imperial College London, UK
Professor K. Holschemacher Professor H.J. Niemann
Leipzig University of Applied Sciences, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany
Germany
Professor A. Nowak
Professor T. Ibell University of Michigan, USA
University of Bath, UK
Professor G.N. Nurick
Professor K. Jarmai University of Cape Town, South Africa
University of Miskolc, Hungary
Professor J.B. Obrebski
Professor J. Katsikadelis Warsaw University of Technology, Poland
National Technical University of Athens, Greece
Professor R. Ohayon
Professor A. Kaveh Conservatoire National des Arts et Metiers,
Iran University of Science and Technology, Iran France
Professor K. Kayvani Professor J.P. Ou
Aurecon Group, Australia Harbin Institute of Technology, China
XXX
Professor D.R.J. Owen Professor D. Thambiratnam
University of Wales at Swansea, UK Queensland University of Technology, Australia
Professor M. Papadrakakis Professor S. Timashev
National Technical University of Athens, Greece Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia
Professor A. Pavic Professor V. Tvergaard
University of Exeter, UK Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
Professor F. Perotti
Politecnico di Milano, Italy Professor H.C. Uzoegbo
University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa
Professor E. Ramm
University of Stuttgart, Germany Professor B.W.J. van Rensburg
University of Pretoria, South Africa
Professor K. Rasmussen
University of Sydney, Australia Professor G.P.A.G. van Zijl
Professor B.D. Reddy University of Stellenbosch, South Africa
University of Cape Town, South Africa Professor R. Vaziri
Professor J.V. Retief University of British Columbia, Canada
University of Stellenbosch, South Africa Professor O. Vilnay
Professor J.M. Rotter Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Israel
University of Edinburgh, UK
Professor T. Vogel
Professor U. Schneider Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Switzerland
Technical University of Vienna, Austria
Professor F. Wald
Professor S.A. Sheikh Czech Technical University in Prague, Czech Republic
University of Toronto, Canada
Professor S. Shrivastava Professor J.C. Walraven
McGill University, Canada Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands
Professor R.A. Smith Professor A.C. Wijeyewickrema

Imperial College London, UK Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan
Professor H.H. Snijder Professor W. Wunderlich
Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands Technical University of Munich, Germany
Professor U. Starossek Professor Y.B. Yang
Technical University of Hamburg, Germany National Taiwan University, China
Professor C. Szymczak Professor D. Yankelevsky
Technical University of Gdansk, Poland Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Israel
Professor T. Tarnai
Budapest University of Technology & Economics, Professor R. Zandonini
Hungary University of Trento, Italy
Professor J.G. Teng Professor A. Zingoni

Hong Kong Polytechnic University, China University of Cape Town, South Africa
XXXI
1. Keynote lectures
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15 Chapter 15: A suspended mass damper
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16 Chapter 16: Status quo and critical
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17 Chapter 17: Dynamic response of rigid
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18 Chapter 18: Assessment of bridge
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19 Chapter 19: Dynamic response of
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20 Chapter 20: Data-driven model of
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21 Chapter 21: Simultaneous registration
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22 Chapter 22: Vibrations in a
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23 Chapter 23: Direct velocity feedback
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24 Chapter 24: Sensitivity analysis of
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26 Chapter 26: Dynamics of structural
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27 Chapter 27: Nonlinear dynamics of a
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28 Chapter 28: A hybrid time-frequency
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29 Chapter 29: Nonplanar vibration and
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30 Chapter 30: Bifurcation analysis of a
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31 Chapter 31: A computational study of
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32 Chapter 32: Vibrations of cables with
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33 Chapter 33: Singularities that induce
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34 Chapter 34: On the dynamics of stacks
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35 Chapter 35: Numerical bifurcation
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39 Chapter 39: Large natural draft
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41 Chapter 41: Dynamic shakedown design
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42 Chapter 42: Performance of buildings
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43 Chapter 43: Numerical investigation of
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45 Chapter 45: Generation of spectrum
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46 Chapter 46: Large-scale dual shake
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49 Chapter 49: Assessment of evaluation
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51 Chapter 51: Passive energy dissipation
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53 Chapter 53: Multi-story steel
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54 Chapter 54: Effect of basement
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55 Chapter 55: Bidirectional pushover
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56 Chapter 56: Seismic collapsing
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57 Chapter 57: Nonlinear behaviour of
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59 Chapter 59: Effectiveness of seismic
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64 Chapter 64: Numerical implementation
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66 Chapter 66: Determination of effective
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67 Chapter 67: Strain induced product
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68 Chapter 68: Microstructural
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69 Chapter 69: Flame straightening
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263 Chapter 263: A review of the shear
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302 Chapter 302: Thermal comfort of the
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303 Chapter 303: Behaviour of steel to
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304 Chapter 304: Shaking table tests on a
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305 Chapter 305: Fracture process under
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306 Chapter 306: The resilience of timber
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307 Chapter 307: Numerical modeling of a
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308 Chapter 308: In situ full-scale tests
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375 Chapter 375: The opportunities of
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377 Chapter 377: Application of SHM
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378 Chapter 378: System identification of
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379 Chapter 379: Shear wave travel times
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380 Chapter 380: Application and
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382 Chapter 382: Structural health
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391 Chapter 391: Lessons for structural
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APPENDIX
An eyewitness account of a spectator caught in the crush on

the day of the accident has been published in
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392 Chapter 392: Causal models for the
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401 Chapter 401: FE models for evaluating
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Mechanics and Computation

The SEMC international conferences, inaugurated in 2001, aim at bringing

Research and Applications in

No claim to original U.S. Government works

International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-315-85078-8 (eBook - PDF)

2. Dynamic response, vibration analysis, vibration control

3. Vibration serviceability, human-induced vibrations,

5. Seismic response, seismic analysis, earthquake-resistant design

6. Material modelling, composite materials, functionally-graded materials

7. Numerical modelling, FEM modelling

8. Impact, blast, damage mechanics, damage modelling

10. Wind loading, robustness, progressive collapse, tall buildings

11. Bridge engineering, bridge girders

13. Plates, shells, laminated composite structures, sandwich structures

14. Renewable energy structures

15. Cold-formed steel structures, thin-walled sections

16. Steel structures: Stability, strength, design

18. Steel-concrete composite construction

20. Concrete structures, concrete design

21. Fibre-reinforced concrete, polymer-reinforced concrete, cement composites

22. High strength concrete, high performance concrete

23. Durability, creep, shrinkage, transport processes in concrete

24. Construction materials, construction technology, building performance

25. Timber structures

26. Masonry structures

27. Performance of structures in fire, design for fire resistance

28. Structural safety, structural reliability, risk assessment

29. Structural optimisation, manufacturing processes

30. Structural health monitoring, damage detection, non-destructive evaluation

31. Structural assessment, damage assessment, failure analysis,

32. Repair, strengthening, retrofitting, sustainable construction

33. Soil-structure interaction, foundations, geotechnical engineering

34. Structural engineering education

Author index 923

LOCAL ORGANISING COMMITTEE

A. Zingoni, University of Cape Town (Chairman) S. Skatulla, University of Cape Town

INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC ADVISORY BOARD

Professor S. Adali Professor H. Bouchaïr

Professor R.A. Smith Professor A.C. Wijeyewickrema

Professor J.G. Teng Professor A. Zingoni

1 Chapter 1: Insights and advances in the

Bathe, K.J. 1996. Finite Element Procedures. Englewood

Bathe, K.J. 2007. Conserving energy and momentum in

Bathe, K.J. 2012. The subspace iteration method –

Bathe, K.J. & Noh G. 2012. Insight into an implicit time

Bathe, K.J. & Zhang, H. 2009. A mesh adaptivity procedure

Bathe, K. J., Zhang, H. & Yan, Y. 201x. The solution of

Bucalem, M.L. & Bathe, K.J. 2011. The Mechanics of Solids

Chapelle, D. & Bathe, K.J. 2011. The Finite Element

Ham, S. & Bathe, K.J. 2012. A finite element method

Noh, G. & Bathe K.J. 201x. An explicit time integration

Noh, G., Ham, S. & Bathe, K.J. In Press. Performance of an

Payen, D.J. & Bathe, K.J. 2012. A stress improvement

Young B, Silvestre N & Camotim D 2013. Cold-Formed Steel

Duffie, J.A., Beckman, W.A., 2006. Solar Engineering of

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Schlaich, J., 1995. The Solar Chimney, Electricity from the

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