MASTER BUILDERS (maestro de obras)

Arcadio De Guzman Arellano Antonio Mañalac Toledo

• The youngest
pensionados sent to the
United States in 1904
• One of the first
professors at the Mapua
Institute of Technology
• Master of the neo-
classical style and has been known for
his design of the UP Padre Faura
campus buildings and Agrifina buildings.
Tomas Fernandez Arguelles
(manila city hall, national museum
building)

1st Gen Juan Marcos Arellano y

Tomas Mapua y De Guzman
Bautista • adhered to the
• first Filipino principles of the
registered architect Parisian Ecole des
• founder and Beaux Art system in
first Filipino favoured Neoclassical
president of Mapua designs.
Institute of • He was trained in the Beaux Arts and
Technology (1925) subsequently went to work for George
• master of Beaux Arts style and a B. Post & Sons in New York City, where
classical revivalist he worked for Frederick Law Olmsted,
Jr. (Works: Jaro municipal hall,
Pambansang Museo ng Sining, Manila
Metropolitan Theatre)
 2nd Generation of Filipino Architects
Andres Luna de San Pedro
• Son of the painter Juan
Luna
• The designs of Luna de
San Pedro
were either modernist or
revivalist of style.
Works: Lizares Mansion,
Regina Building
Juan Nakpil
• First Filipino member of
the American Institute of
Architects
• Studied Civil
Engineering at the
University of the
Philippines
• 1925 he went to France to take
architecture in the Fountainbleau
School of Fine Arts, and received his
diploma d’ architecture
• first architect to be conferred the
National Artist Award (1973)

3rd Gen Architects

Pablo Sebero Antonio Federico Ilustre

• National Artist in Architecture • consulting architect
Pablo S. Antonio pioneered modern from the 1950’s to 1970’s,
Philippine architecture worked on the building of
• Greatly influenced by the Art the Elliptical Road in Q.C.
Deco style • He started his career as
• an advocate of modernism, his a draftsman for Juan Nakpil.
architecture is characterized by clean • He graduated from Mapua Institute of
lines, plain surfaces, bold rectangular Technology and passed his licensure
masses while exploiting the potentials examinations in 1937.
of wood, stone, and reinforced Cesar Concio
concrete.
• First University Architect of the
University of the Philippines. When
the University transferred to Diliman
from Padre Faura in the late 1940’s,
Cesar Concio was tasked to continue
what Louis Croft has
started.
Palma Hall,
Church of UP Diliman
the Risen
Lord, UP
Diliman
 Angel Nakpil Felipe Mendoza
His work includes original and
• Nakpil was a nephew of architect
innovative examples of many
and national artist of the Philippines
different building types, including
Juan Nakpil.
offices, churches, schools, hotels,
• He received his secondary
and transportation terminal (air
education at De La Salle University and
and sea)
then studied architecture at the
• But his prime architectural
University of Santo Tomas, where he
output remains to be the Batasang
received his 1936 bachelor 's degree
Pambansa, currently the house of the
earned.
Philippine House of Representatives.
National Press Club Gabriel Formoso
(NPC) at Intramuros, formed GF and Partners, Architects,
Manila a professional partnership
\ composed of committed architects.
The former Lopez , The firm combines aesthetic,
Museum and Library
Building technical, and economic aspects of
at Pasay City, design with human and functional
Philippines considerations
Alfredo Luz
GT
• The gifted architect of the complex Manila
Tower
was Alfredo J. Luz, brother of National Peninsula
Artist for Sculpture Arturo J. Luz.
• AJ Luz’s architecture embraced the BSP
form and line of modernism but adapted
it to the tropical climate of the Philippines.
He used a lot of passive sun shading made
from aluminum in his projects.
World Health Carlos Arguelles
International Rice Research
Organization
Institute (IRRI)
His designs have a distinct
international style which must
have been honed during his
schooldays in the University of
Otillo Arellano Santo Tomas (UST) and later at
the Massachusetts Institute of
Born in Manila on 1916, He rose into the
Technology where he obtained his Bachelor
Architectural Profession during the 50s to
in Architecture in 1941 and Masterate in
60s, becoming the one of the architects
Architecture in 1946.
representing the Philippines in some
International Expositions
Manila Hilton
• He was also chosen by Imelda Marcos to
restore the Metropolitan Theater, his uncle’s Hotel
Philam
Art Deco masterpiece.
Life Bldg.
Philippine Pavilion 1964, New Holiday
NBI Phil. York
Inn
4th Gen
Leandro Locsin
• Known as “THE
ARCHITECT OF SPACE”
• NATIONAL ARTIST OF THE
PHILIPPINES,1990
• Studied pre-law in De
Lasalle Bros. in 1935, transferred
in University of Sto. Tomas in to
take up Bachelor’s degree in
Music then shifted to architecture
• He also called a sculptor/architect

Fancisco “Bobby” Manosa

• THE MOST OUTSPOKEN
CHAMPION OF INDIGENOUS
FILIPINO ARCHITECTURE”
• Labelled by Asia Week
Magazine as “ONE OF THE
SEVEN VISIONARY ARCHITECTS IN ASIA”
• Neo-vernacular in style
American Colonial Architecture
Philippine History
• The Philippines established its First
Republic under the leadership of Emilio
Aguinaldo.
• But the first Philippine Republic was
short-lived.
• Spain had lost a war with the United
States, but it was only a mock battle to
show Filipinos that they are enemies.
• The Philippines was illegally ceded to
the United States at the Treaty of Paris
for US$20 million, together with Cuba
and Puerto Rico.
• A Filipino-American War broke out as
the United States attempted to establish
control over the islands.
• The war lasted for more than 10 years,
resulting in the death of more than
600,000 Filipinos.
• The Philippines was then ruled by three
military governors appointed by the
president: Gen. Wesley Merit; Gen
Elwell Otis; and Gen. Arthur McArthur.
• Heads the Philippine Commission,
which was in control of the
development and improvement of the
islands and eventually took over the
civil administration.
• He was appointed as the first civil
governor-general of the Philippines.
• At the closing of the 19th century, the
United States suddenly became a
colonial power.
• Coming out victorious in the Spanish-
American war, they annexed the
Philippines among its colonial
possessions.
• Guided by the rhetoric of manifest
destiny, the American Military Forces
rebuilt the war-torn archipelago.
• They sought to reshape the city of
Manila after an imperial image of a well
ordered and healthful tropical city.
• They deployed all its possible resources
to promote and build public
architecture and sanitary facilities that
signifies the American’s civilizing
mission.
American Colonial Architecture
Early Years
• The early years of American occupation
was beleaguered by a succession of
epidemic diseases attributed to
unhygienic practices of the natives.
• This situation therefore has marked
what Americans should prioritize in
plans of developing the Philippines as
its colony.
• To start with the solution, the use of the
toilet was introduced in 1902 among
the dwellers of the Bahay Kubo in
Manila.
Public Buildings and Sanitary Facilities
The cubeta
• 1902- Americans introduced the use of
the toilet via pail conservancy system or
cubeta in Manila.
• Public toilets were built in congested
nipa districts and the authorities had
banned the use of esteros for bathing
and washing.
• The establishment of new communal
architecture was started combining the
functions of a kubeta, baño, and laudry.
The Sanitary Barrios
• 1908 the concept of a well-planned
neighborhood called Sanitary Barrio was
introduced and led to tsalet a suburban
house or a simple, respectable house
for those moving up to the middle class.
• permitted nipa houses to be built in
blocks of subdivided lots. This has a
built-in system of surface drainage,
public latrine, public bathhouses, and
laundry.
DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE
The Tsalet, Chalet
• Aside from the Sanitary Barrios
to cater with health issues of
the natives, the American had
also made a way to evolve the
typical Filipino Colonial House.
• This has resulted to a new
hybrid Sanitary House known as
the Tsalet. - A single storey
structure that is constructed by
either entirely of wood, or a
combination of faroconcrete
and wood.
• Living areas are maintained at
an elevation a meter above
ground which lower than the
bahay kubo – to discourage the
placement of domestic animals
underneath the house.
• As an improvement, the house
is approached by either an L-
shaped or T-shaped stairs.
• It has an extended veranda in
front which is also a landing
porch before entering the
house.
• The interior space was defined
by wall partitions which divided
it to rooms.
• In 1912, the Bureau Health
drew up the scheme of a
Sanitary Urban House, single
detached, semi-detached, row
house apartments, and one
storey concrete tsalets.
• Originally rooted from the Swiss
“Chalet” which is a housing for
the natives near the Alpine
Regions.
The Ideal Sanitary House
• The Great Fire of Manila - On the 23
May 1903, a great fire consumed the
city burning two thousand native
houses.
• This event has also led the Americans to
develop a new concept for an “Ideal
Sanitary House”
• The concept was yielded in 1917 and
introduced a ARRIVAL OF THE
AMERICANS fire resistive structure.
• The experiment of materials and
resulted to a new concept of the Ideal
Sanitary House of 1917.
• A refinement of the “tsalet,” the
modular prototype house introduced a
fire resistive roofing materials
composed of diamond shaped roof
shingles.
• Moulded from concrete mixed with rice
husk and reinforced by wood and
bamboo.
• Its modular component cement floor
and wall slabs were implanted with
sawali and woven bamboo.
• Aside from being fire resistive, the new
model of the Sanitary House has also
improved further the health condition
of the native by promoting cleaner
hygienic practices.
American Architects
Edgar K. Bourne
Appointed as chief of the Bureau of Architecture
and Construction of Public Buildings designed
buildings that mimic the impression of Spanish
Colonial buildings.
Daniel H. Burnham
The father of the City
Beautiful movement, was
commissioned by Gov. Gen,
Howard Taft to draft the
master plan for Manila and Baguio, and to
design the Government Capitol Buildings
William E. Parsons
Was chosen by Burnham for
the implementation of his
directives in the Master
Plans of Baguio and Manila.
A Beaux Arts-trained
Consulting Architect.
Contribution:
Improvement of quality of construction
materials and techniques:
• Reinforced concrete
• CHB
• Kahn Truss System
DOMINANT STYLES
SPANISH MISSION REVIVAL
Characterized by a
combination of detail from several eras
of Spanish Baroque, Spanish Colonial, Moorish
Revival and
Mexican Churrigueresque architecture.
The Spanish Mission Revival was then
considered as a transitional form of architecture
under the appointment of Architect Edgar K.
Bourne of New York as chief of the Bureau of
Architecture and Construction of Public
Buildings.
BEAUX-ARTS Style
In French, the term beaux arts mean fine arts or
beautiful arts. Based on ideas taught at the
legendary L’École des Beaux-Arts in Paris, (the
French national school of architecture) the
Beaux Arts style flourished between 1885 and
1920. Beaux Arts buildings have many of these
features:
Massive and grandiose, constructed with stone,
balustrades, balconies, columns, cornices,
pilasters/pilars, grand stairway, large arches,
symmetrical façade, lavish decorations: swags,
medallions, flowers, and shields.
NEOCLASSICAL STYLE
A style which originated in Europe and in the US
from 1885-1925 reviving and combining the
Greek and Roman Classical Architecture with
the ideas of Renaissance Architecture. Also
known as Classical Revival or Beaux Arts
Classicism, this style incorporates; grandiose
symmetrical compositions and façade,
colonnaded portico with grand stair and
imposing columns, balustraded balconies,
pronounced cornices and entablatures,
triangular pediment.
ART DECO
Introduced by the Filipino
pensionado architects.
Also called style moderne,
movement in the
decorative arts and architecture that
originated in the 1920s and developed into
a major style in western Europe and
the United States during the 1930s. Its
name was derived from the Exposition
Internationale des Arts Décoratifs et
Industriels Modernes, held in Paris in 1925,
where the style was first exhibited. Art Deco
design represented modernism turned into
fashion.
ITALIANATE
A style which originated in Western Europe
in circa 1840-1885 reviving the elements of
the Italian Renaissance Architecture of the
16th Century with square cupolas or towers,
elaborate classical detailing, wide
overhanging eaves with closely-spaced
decorative brackets, tall and narrow square
or arched windows, L-shaped plans, arcaded
porches with balustrades, low-pitched or
flat roof.
VICTORIAN
A style in Europe during the reign of Queen
Victoria in Great Britain (1837-1901)
reviving and/ or combining the elements of
Gothic and Italianate styles such as;
steep gabled roof and dormers, cone-
shaped turrets or square tower with
mansard roof, intricate or richly
ornamented paneling, trusses, and braces,
paneled exterior walling with either
horizontal, vertical, or diagonal design and
wide overhanging eaves with exposed
rafters ends.
Siliman University “Hall” (Dumaguete,
Negros Oriental)

NEOGOTHIC
A style which
originated in
Europe and used
in the PH in the
later part of the
19th Century
reviving the
architecture
vocabulary of
Gothic
architecture. It
includes; Lofty facades, pointed arches, soaring
spires, Ribbed vaulting, Flying buttress, Rich
ornamentation and tracery.
NEO-RENAISSANCE
A style which originated in
Italy during the period of
architectural style revival
in the 19th Century which
has been characterized by;
hip type tiled roof with
low-pitched or inclination,
eaves with supporting
decorative brackets, employment of details such
as columns, pilasters, pediments, quoins, and
arches and often symmetrically balanced.
STREAMLINED DECO
A later strain of Art
Deco. It is simple
unadorned and
linear. Notable
features include a
rounded
streamlined corner,
glass block walls,
banded parapets,
an open deck,
porthole windows
and triple pipe
railings. E.g. 1.
Quezon Institute, 2. Lopez House Boat
BAUHAUSBAUHAUS
A style originated
in Germany,
adopted from
the design school
founded by
Walter Gropius.
Notable
elements include
an asymmetrical
form, smooth
façade, regularity,
cubic form,
pilotis, large
windows,
balconies and flat
roof. E.g. 1. National Library in the Philippines 2.
National Press Club
Maestros de Obra (Master Builders)
• During the Spanish era there were no
schools of Architecture in the
Philippines.
• At that time, Filipino could aspire to
erect an architectural structure through
the help of a Maestro de Obras or
master builder. The first formal school
for master builders was opened only
 during the last decade of the 19th
century.
• On 14 September 1902, many of the
graduates of this school joined the civil
engineers and surveyors in the country
and founded the first professional
organization of architects and allied
professionals
• the Academia de Arquitectura y
Aguimensura de Filipinos (AAAF). It
maintained direct consultation with the
American Institute of Architects (AIA). A
year after, its name was changed to
Academia de Inginieria, Arquitectura y
Agrimensura de Filipinas (AIAAF). In
1904 it founded the first school of
Architecture in the Philippines.
Post War Period
Modernism – Rejecting ornament and embracing
minimalism, became the single most important new
style and philosophy of architecture and design of
the 20th century.
• Also known as International Modernism or
International Style.
• Characterized by an emphasis on volume,
asymmetrical compositions, and minimal
ornamentations
• Walter Gropius and Le Corbusier were the
pioneers of the movement.
• Less is More” Buildings have clean and crisp
lines with minimal or no ornamentation.
Included the absence of mouldings and a
tendency towards white or neutral palette.
• Tropical Modernism, known for its wide
open spaces, increased ventilation, a focus
on local resources and building materials
with cooling factors was introduced.
Dominant Architectural Elements
Glass Walls
glass that is used as a building material.
Brise soleil (sun breakers)
• An architectural feature of a building that
reduces heat gain within that building by
deflecting sunlight.
• It became a favorite feature which defined
the Plain international style; used for
headquarters of big companies and regional
offices.
Pierced Screens
• Extensively adapted in Manila 1960s
• Functioned mainly as diffuser of light and
decorative layer for the exterior.
Concrete Shells
• Also commonly called thin shell concrete
structure, a structure composed of a
relatively thin shell of concrete, usually with
no interior columns or exterior buttresses.
The shells are most commonly flat plates
and domes, but may also take the form of
ellipsoids or cylindrical sections, or some
combination thereof.
Space Age
The 1950’s also witnessed Space Age aesthetics and
Soft modernism, which experimented with the
sculptural plasticity of poured concrete to come up
with soft and sinuous organic forms with the use of
thin shell technology.
High Rise Fever
• In the 1950’s the height of buildings was
limited to 30 meters by law. With the
amendment of Manila ordinance No.
4131, a high-rise fever redefined
Manila’s skyline.
• Angel Nakpil’s 12-storey Picache
Building, considered as the 1st
skyscraper in the Phils.
• Cesar Concio’s Insular Life
Building, the 1st office building
to surpass the old 30-meter
height restriction
Late 20th Century
Post Modernism
The New Millennium
Dominated by fourth generation of Filipino
Architects:
JORGE E. RAMOS
LEANDRO VALENCIA LOCSIN
FRANCISCO Bobby MAÑOSA
Contemporary Architecture
Brutalism style was established
Brutalist buildings usually are formed with striking
repetitive angular geometries, and, where concrete
is used, often revealing the texture of the wooden
forms used for the in-situ casting

Famous Architects
RS LICUP – Ramon S. Licup- Bayview Park Hotel
G & W ARCHITECTS- Eton Tower Makati
WILLIAM V. COSCOLLUELA- ICC
PHILIP H. RECTO- One San Miguel Avenue

The New Millenium

• Architects were labeled as “late
modernists” and, later as “neo-
modernists” and “super modernists.”
• Implementation of “green architecture” to
reverse the negative impact of buildings on
human health and on the environment by
enhancing the efficiency and moderating
the use of materials, energy and space.